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 Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
-EXO	front	intro	b4pp		הָ⁠אָבְנָ֑יִם	0		# Introduction to Exodus<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Exodus<br><br>1. Israel in Egypt; preparing to depart from slavery (1–12)<br>- First genealogy (1:1–6)<br>- Israel as slaves in Egypt (1:7–22)<br>- Moses’ history to the time of the Exodus (2:1–4:26)<br>- Israel suffers in Egypt (4:27–6:13)<br>- Second genealogy (6:14–27)<br>- Moses and Aaron go to Pharaoh (6:28–7:25)<br>- The plagues (8:1–11:10)<br>1. Instructions for celebrating the Passover (12:1–30)<br>1. From Egypt to Mount Sinai (12:31–18:27)<br>- The Passover; preparing to leave Egypt; leaving Egypt (12:31–50, 13:1–22)<br>- Journey from Egypt to Mount Sinai (14:1–18:27)<br>1. Mount Sinai and the Law (19-40)<br>- Preparing for the covenant (19:1–25)<br>- The Ten Commandments (20:1–17)<br>- The covenant described (20:18–23:33)<br>- The people agree to the covenant; Moses returns to Mount Sinai (24:1–18)<br>- Design of the tabernacle and its furnishings; what was required of those who serve in it; tabernacle functions (25:1–31:18)<br>- The golden calf; Moses prays for the people (32:1–33:22)<br>- The covenant described again (34:1–35)<br>- Making of the ark and its furnishings (35:1–38:31) and priestly garments (39:1–43, 40:1–33)<br>- The cloud (40:34–38)<br><br>### What is the Book of Exodus about?<br><br>Exodus continues the story of the previous book, Genesis. The first half of Exodus is about how Yahweh made Abraham’s descendants into a nation. This nation, which would be called “Israel,” was meant to belong to Yahweh and worship him. The second half of Exodus describes how God gave the Israelites his law through Moses. The law of Moses told the Israelites how to obey and worship Yahweh properly.<br><br>The Book of Exodus tells how the Israelites were to build the tabernacle. The tabernacle was a tent where Yahweh would be among his people. The Israelites worshiped and sacrificed animals to Yahweh at the tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>“Exodus” means “exit” or “departure.” Translators may translate this title in a way that can communicate its subject clearly, for example, “About the Israelites Leaving Egypt” or “How the Israelites Left the Land of Egypt.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Exodus?<br><br>The writers of both the Old and New Testaments present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Exodus. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.<br><br>### Why did Moses write so much about God delivering or rescuing the people of Israel?<br><br>Moses wrote much about God rescuing his people from the Egyptians to show that Yahweh is very powerful. Egypt was the most powerful nation at that time. And Yahweh was still able to free the Israelites from the Egyptians. Also, by rescuing the Israelites, Yahweh showed that he had chosen them as his people and they should worship him.<br><br>### How does the Book of Exodus show the fulfillment of the promises given to Abraham?<br><br>The Book of Exodus shows God beginning to fulfill his promise to Abraham. In Genesis, God promised Abraham that he would have many descendants and that they would become a large nation. When God rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians, he took them to Mount Sinai. There he made a covenant with them, and they became the nation that belonged to Yahweh.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the Jewish Passover?<br><br>The Jewish Passover was a religious festival. Yahweh commanded the Israelites to celebrate it every year. Passover was a time to remember how God rescued them from the Egyptians. The first Passover meal was eaten in the evening just before they left Egypt.<br><br>### What was the law of Moses to the people of Israel?<br><br>The law of Moses instructed the people of Israel what Yahweh required them to do as his people. In the law, God told the people how they should live so that they honor him. He also instructed them about their need to offer animal sacrifices. God required these sacrifices so that he could forgive their sins and continue living among them. The law also described the duties of the priests and told how to build the tabernacle.<br><br>### What did it mean that Israel was to be a “kingdom of priests and a holy nation” (19:6 ULT)?<br><br>Israel was a holy nation because Yahweh separated them from all other nations to belong to him. They were to honor and worship him only. This made them different than all the other nations of the world. These other nations worshiped many false gods.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Why are the details of the construction of the tabernacle in Exodus 25–32 repeated in Exodus 35–40?<br><br>In Exodus 25-32, God describes exactly how the tabernacle was to be built. The details were repeated in Exodus 35-40. This showed that the people were to be careful to do exactly as God commanded.<br><br>### Are the events in the order that they actually happened?<br><br>Most but not all of the events in the Book of Exodus are told in the order that they actually happened. Translators may need to make it clear when the events are in an unusual order.<br><br>### What does it mean that God “lived” among his people?<br><br>The Book of Exodus presents God as living in the tabernacle among the nation of Israel. God is everywhere, but he lived among the Israelites in a special way. God dwelled with Israelites because they belonged to him. He promised to lead them and bless them. In return, the people were to worship him and honor him.
+EXO	front	intro	b4pp		הָ⁠אָבְנָ֑יִם	0		# Introduction to Exodus<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Exodus<br><br>1. Israel in Egypt; preparing to depart from slavery (1–12)<br>- First genealogy (1:1–6)<br>- Israel as slaves in Egypt (1:7–22)<br>- Moses’ history to the time of the Exodus (2:1–4:26)<br>- Israel suffers in Egypt (4:27–6:13)<br>- Second genealogy (6:14–27)<br>- Moses and Aaron go to Pharaoh (6:28–7:25)<br>- The plagues (8:1–11:10)<br>1. Instructions for celebrating the Passover (12:1–30)<br>1. From Egypt to Mount Sinai (12:31–18:27)<br>- The Passover; preparing to leave Egypt; leaving Egypt (12:31–50, 13:1–22)<br>- Journey from Egypt to Mount Sinai (14:1–18:27)<br>1. Mount Sinai and the Law (19-40)<br>- Preparing for the covenant (19:1–25)<br>- The Ten Commandments (20:1–17)<br>- The covenant described (20:18–23:33)<br>- The people agree to the covenant; Moses returns to Mount Sinai (24:1–18)<br>- Design of the tabernacle and its furnishings; what was required of those who serve in it; tabernacle functions (25:1–31:18)<br>- The golden calf; Moses prays for the people (32:1–33:22)<br>- The covenant described again (34:1–35)<br>- Making of the ark and its furnishings (35:1–38:31) and priestly garments (39:1–43, 40:1–33)<br>- The cloud (40:34–38)<br><br>### What is the Book of Exodus about?<br><br>Exodus continues the story of the previous book, Genesis. The first half of Exodus is about how Yahweh made Abraham’s descendants into a nation. This nation, which would be called “Israel,” was meant to belong to Yahweh and worship him. The second half of Exodus describes how God gave the Israelites his law through Moses. The law of Moses told the Israelites how to obey and worship Yahweh properly.<br><br>The Book of Exodus tells how the Israelites were to build the tabernacle. The tabernacle was a tent where Yahweh would be among his people. The Israelites worshiped and sacrificed animals to Yahweh at the tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>“Exodus” means “exit” or “departure.” Translators may translate this title in a way that can communicate its subject clearly, for example, “About the Israelites Leaving Egypt” or “How the Israelites Left the Land of Egypt.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Exodus?<br><br>The writers of both the Old and New Testaments present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Exodus. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.<br><br>### Why did Moses write so much about God delivering or rescuing the people of Israel?<br><br>Moses wrote much about God rescuing his people from the Egyptians to show that Yahweh is very powerful. Egypt was the most powerful nation at that time. And Yahweh was still able to free the Israelites from the Egyptians. Also, by rescuing the Israelites, Yahweh showed that he had chosen them as his people and they should worship him.<br><br>### How does the Book of Exodus show the fulfillment of the promises given to Abraham?<br><br>The Book of Exodus shows God beginning to fulfill his promise to Abraham. In Genesis, God promised Abraham that he would have many descendants and that they would become a large nation. When God rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians, he took them to Mount Sinai. There he made a covenant with them, and they became the nation that belonged to Yahweh.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the Jewish Passover?<br><br>The Jewish Passover was a religious festival. Yahweh commanded the Israelites to celebrate it every year. Passover was a time to remember how God rescued them from the Egyptians. The first Passover meal was eaten in the evening just before they left Egypt.<br><br>### What was the law of Moses to the people of Israel?<br><br>The law of Moses instructed the people of Israel what Yahweh required them to do as his people. In the law, God told the people how they should live so that they honor him. He also instructed them about their need to offer animal sacrifices. God required these sacrifices so that he could forgive their sins and continue living among them. The law also described the duties of the priests and told how to build the tabernacle.<br><br>### What did it mean that Israel was to be a “kingdom of priests and a holy nation” ([19:6](../19/06.md) ULT)?<br><br>Israel was a holy nation because Yahweh separated them from all other nations to belong to him. They were to honor and worship him only. This made them different than all the other nations of the world. These other nations worshiped many false gods.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Why are the details of the construction of the tabernacle in Exodus 25–32 repeated in Exodus 35–40?<br><br>In Exodus 25-32, God describes exactly how the tabernacle was to be built. The details were repeated in Exodus 35-40. This showed that the people were to be careful to do exactly as God commanded.<br><br>### Are the events in the order that they actually happened?<br><br>Most but not all of the events in the Book of Exodus are told in the order that they actually happened. Translators may need to make it clear when the events are in an unusual order.<br><br>### What does it mean that God “lived” among his people?<br><br>The Book of Exodus presents God as living in the tabernacle among the nation of Israel. God is everywhere, but he lived among the Israelites in a special way. God dwelled with Israelites because they belonged to him. He promised to lead them and bless them. In return, the people were to worship him and honor him.
 EXO	1	intro	cj55	​	וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ	0		# Exodus 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is intended to form a smooth transition with the last chapter of the book of Genesis.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Israel’s growth<br>Israel grew in number. This was in fulfillment of the covenant God made with Abraham. It also caused the Egyptians great concern that there would be more Israelites than Egyptians because they would be unable to defend themselves against such a large number of people. Pharaoh also tried to kill all of the male babies so they would not become soldiers who fought against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>### End of the famine<br>It is obvious that some time has passed since the beginning of the famine which brought the Israelites into Egypt. Yahweh appears to be punishing the Hebrews for not returning back to the Promised Land instead choosing to stay in Egypt. No return attempt is recorded to have been made. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “All of the descendants of Jacob were seventy in number”<br>This number included both Jacob’s children and grandchildren. It may cause confusion, but it is important to remember Jacob only had 12 sons.
 EXO	1	1	851f	​writing-background	​	0		​Verses 1-7 are background information for the story. If your language has a way of structuring background information consider using it for these verses. (See: \[\[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background\]\])
 EXO	1	1	g89k	figs-metonymy	​וּ⁠בֵית֖⁠וֹ	0	household	Here, **house** refers to all of the people who live together, usually a large family with servants. Alternate translation: “household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -35,9 +35,11 @@ EXO	1	11	l9lj		​לְמַ֥עַן עַנֹּת֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠סִבְלֹת
 EXO	1	11	pkz4	​translate-unknown	​עָרֵ֤י מִסְכְּנוֹת֙	0	store cities	These were places where the leaders put food and other important things to keep them safe. Alternative translation: “cities for the king to put things to keep them safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
 EXO	1	11	dy34	​figs-possession	​עָרֵ֤י מִסְכְּנוֹת֙	0		The possessive is objective, storage of goods is what occurs in the cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
 EXO	1	12	c1fy	​grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠כַ⁠אֲשֶׁר֙ יְעַנּ֣וּ אֹת֔⁠וֹ כֵּ֥ן יִרְבֶּ֖ה וְ⁠כֵ֣ן יִפְרֹ֑ץ	0		This sentence expresses a result that is opposite of what the king expected. If your language has a way to express something happening that was opposite of what was expected, use that structure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
-EXO	1	12	qgzz	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	0		Here **face** figuratively means the presence of a person. The phrase means that the Egyptians were afraid of the Israelites’ existence in the country. Alternate translation: “And they felt a sickening dread whenever they saw an Israelite.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EXO	1	13	j1q6	​	​בְּ⁠פָֽרֶךְ	0	made…work rigorously	“made…work very hard” or “harshly made…work”
+EXO	1	12	pdfk	figs-abstractnouns	וַ⁠יָּקֻ֕צוּ	0		“were afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO	1	12	qgzz	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	0		Here **face** figuratively means the presence of a person. The phrase means that the Egyptians were afraid of the Israelites’ existence in the country. Alternate translation: “And they felt a sickening dread whenever they saw an Israelite.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EXO	1	13	j1q6	​figs-abstractnouns	​בְּ⁠פָֽרֶךְ	0	made…work rigorously	“made…work very hard” or “harshly made…work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 EXO	1	14	mx6v	figs-metaphor	​וַ⁠יְמָרְר֨וּ	0	made their lives bitter	The difficult lives of the Israelites are spoken of as if they were bitter food that was difficult to eat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+EXO	1	14	jre2	figs-abstractnouns	בַּ⁠עֲבֹדָ֣ה קָשָׁ֗ה	0		**Slavery** is an abstract noun modified by **hard**. Alternative translation: “by making them work hard as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 EXO	1	14	cuq7	​translate-unknown	​בְּ⁠חֹ֨מֶר֙	0	mortar	This was a wet glue or mud put between bricks or stones that held them together when it dried. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])<br><br><br>
 EXO	1	14	gzq7	​	​אֵ֚ת כָּל־עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔⁠ם אֲשֶׁר־עָבְד֥וּ בָ⁠הֶ֖ם בְּ⁠פָֽרֶךְ׃	0	All their required work was hard	“The Egyptians made them work very hard” or “The Egyptians forced them to work very hard” See how you translated this in [verse 13](../01/13.md)
 EXO	1	14	5nzx	​writing-participants	​וַ⁠יְמָרְר֨וּ... בָ⁠הֶ֖ם	0		These pronouns refer to the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ EXO	1	18	q1sy		מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר ה
 EXO	1	18	8onv	​figs-youdual	עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן וַ⁠תְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ	0		This *you* is plural. The king is speaking to the two midwives. If your language uses different forms of you depending on the number of people addresses use a dual or plural here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/​figs-youdual]])
 EXO	1	19	7t6z	figs-quotations	כִּ֣י לֹ֧א כַ⁠נָּשִׁ֛ים הַ⁠מִּצְרִיֹּ֖ת הָֽ⁠עִבְרִיֹּ֑ת כִּֽי־חָי֣וֹת הֵ֔נָּה בְּ⁠טֶ֨רֶם תָּב֧וֹא אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֛ן הַ⁠מְיַלֶּ֖דֶת וְ⁠יָלָֽדוּ	0		This is a direct quote of the midwives’ response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
 EXO	1	19	9gqe	grammar-connect-logic-result	כִּ֣י לֹ֧א כַ⁠נָּשִׁ֛ים הַ⁠מִּצְרִיֹּ֖ת הָֽ⁠עִבְרִיֹּ֑ת כִּֽי־חָי֣וֹת הֵ֔נָּה בְּ⁠טֶ֨רֶם תָּב֧וֹא אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֛ן הַ⁠מְיַלֶּ֖דֶת וְ⁠יָלָֽדוּ	0		The midwives give a reason, *the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women*, then they expand on that reason, *for they are lively (or energetic)*, with the result that *before the midwife comes to them, they have given birth*.  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
-EXO	1	19	0ppa		וַ⁠תֹּאמַ֤רְןָ הַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹת֙	0		It may not make sense in your language to say that multiple people said something so you may need to translate it in the singular (see UST).
+EXO	1	19	0ppa	figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠תֹּאמַ֤רְןָ הַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹת֙	0		It may not make sense in your language to say that multiple people said something so you may need to translate it in the singular (see UST). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
 EXO	1	19	2ivn		הַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹת֙	0		These were women who helped a woman give birth to a baby. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:15](../01/15.md).
 EXO	1	20	eh25	​	​לַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֑ת	0	midwives	These were women who helped a woman give birth to a baby. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:15](../01/15.md).
 EXO	1	20	h133	figs-doublet	וַ⁠יִּ֧רֶב הָ⁠עָ֛ם וַ⁠יַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ מְאֹֽד	0	The people increased in numbers	These words mean similar things and are used together to emphasize their numeric growth. If your language doesn’t have as many words that mean the same thing, you can use fewer words and express the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
@@ -83,7 +85,8 @@ EXO	2	3	ym3k	translate-unknown	בַ⁠חֵמָ֖ר	0	bitumen	This is a sticky bl
 EXO	2	3	v825	translate-unknown	וּ⁠בַ⁠זָּ֑פֶת 	0	pitch	This is a sticky brown or black paste that can be made from tree sap or from petroleum. Therefore, **pitch** would include not only **bitumen** but also plant-based resins. It too can be used to keep out water. Alternate translation: “tar” or “resin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
 EXO	2	3	y8gq	translate-unknown	בַּ⁠סּ֖וּף	0	reeds	These **reeds** were a type of tall grass that grew in flat, wet areas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
 EXO	2	4	av8b		וַ⁠תֵּתַצַּ֥ב אֲחֹת֖⁠וֹ מֵ⁠רָחֹ֑ק	0	at a distance	This means she stood far enough away so that she would not be noticed, but close enough to see the ark. Use a word that expresses this sort of distance in your language.
-EXO	2	4	4d7n	translate-kinship	אֲחֹת֖⁠וֹ	0		In the UST “older” is supplied because her actions clearly show she is his older sister. In some languages a different term is used for siblings based on their relative ages and/or the gender of the siblings. **future possible article:** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
+EXO	2	4	9m7y	figs-abstractnouns	מֵ⁠רָחֹ֑ק	0		This probably means somewhere in the reeds where she could see the basket but no one would see her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+EXO	2	4	4d7n	figs-kinship	אֲחֹת֖⁠וֹ	0		In the UST “older” is supplied because her actions clearly show she is his older sister. In some languages a different term is used for siblings based on their relative ages and/or the gender of the siblings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-kinship]])
 EXO	2	4	z1cy	grammar-connect-logic-goal	לְ⁠דֵעָ֕ה מַה־יֵּעָשֶׂ֖ה לֽ⁠וֹ	0		This is her purpose in being close by. Alternative translation: “in order to know...” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
 EXO	2	5	1vls	figs-go	וַ⁠תֵּ֤רֶד	0		**Came down** may be literal or figurative, important places are often considered to be in a higher place. This means she came from her home, probably Pharaoh’s palace. If a perspective is required for Pharaoh’s daughter, you may choose go or come as works best in your language. “Come” is better as the scene is at the river and she comes to the scene location. However, you also need to consider your language’s way of introducing new participants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
 EXO	2	5	3van	writing-participants	בַּת־פַּרְעֹה֙...וְ⁠נַעֲרֹתֶ֥י⁠הָ	0		These women are introduced here as new participants, however they are not mentioned again after this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
@@ -194,14 +197,14 @@ EXO	3	6	lfbb	​grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יַּסְתֵּ֤ר מֹש
 EXO	3	7	nl33	figs-quotations	רָאֹ֥ה	0		This begins a quotation that goes through the end of [verse 11](../03/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
 EXO	3	7	xoz0	figs-idiom	רָאֹ֥ה רָאִ֛יתִי	0		The repetition of **see** expresses the intensity, certainly, or clarity of Yahweh’s seeing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
 EXO	3	7	tpk0	figs-possession	אֶת־עֳנִ֥י עַמִּ֖⁠י	0		There are two possessives here. 1) “affliction of ... people”: This is an event related possessive where the people are the objects of affliction. They are treated badly as slaves. 2) “my people”: this one is more difficult as it involves both ownership and social relationship possessive. God views his people as his possession and he is also in relationship with them as their God because they are descended from Abraham etc. - though at this time they may not know him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
-EXO	3	7	p3tx	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י נֹֽגְשָׂ֔י⁠ו	0		**Faces** refer to the whole person, or the presence of the person(s) who were oppressing the Israelites. If this image is used in your language you may translate it, if a similar image is used you may consider using it, if neither is the case you may omit *face* and translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+EXO	3	7	p3tx	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י נֹֽגְשָׂ֔י⁠ו	0		**Faces** refer to the whole person, or the presence of the person(s) who were oppressing the Israelites. If this image is used in your language you may translate it, if a similar image is used you may consider using it, if neither is the case you may omit *face* and translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 EXO	3	7	xx7r		נֹֽגְשָׂ֔י⁠ו	0	taskmasters	“his oppressors”
 EXO	3	7	ofxt		כִּ֥י	0		The conjunction is probably functioning modally here, intensifying the expression of Yahweh’s knowledge. Your translation should express Yahweh’s knowing with certainty or strength.
-EXO	3	7	mfn2		נֹֽגְשָׂ֔י⁠ו...מַכְאֹבָֽי⁠ו	0		These pronouns refer to the Israelites as a group in the singular. This is a collective noun. Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for **people** in their language. Alternative translation: Change **him** to “them” or change **his** to “hers” or “its” (depending on grammatical gender of “people”.) 
+EXO	3	7	mfn2	figs-collectivenouns	נֹֽגְשָׂ֔י⁠ו...מַכְאֹבָֽי⁠ו	0		These pronouns refer to the Israelites as a group in the singular. This is a collective noun. Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for **people** in their language. Alternative translation: Change **him** to “them” or change **his** to “hers” or “its” (depending on grammatical gender of “people”.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
 EXO	3	7	hkcj	figs-possession	מַכְאֹבָֽי⁠ו	0		This is an event related possessive where the people (as a group: **his**) are the subjects of anguish. Your translation should express that they are in deep mental and emotional distress (anguish) (implied: because they are treated badly as slaves). (See: \[\[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession\]\] and \[\[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit\]\])
 EXO	3	8	9ia8	grammar-connect-logic-result	וָ⁠אֵרֵ֞ד לְ⁠הַצִּיל֣⁠וֹ׀ מִ⁠יַּ֣ד מִצְרַ֗יִם וּֽ⁠לְ⁠הַעֲלֹת⁠וֹ֮ מִן־הָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ הַ⁠הִוא֒ אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ טוֹבָה֙ וּ⁠רְחָבָ֔ה אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ אֶל־מְק֤וֹם הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ וְ⁠הַ֣⁠חִתִּ֔י וְ⁠הָֽ⁠אֱמֹרִי֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֔י וְ⁠הַ⁠חִוִּ֖י וְ⁠הַ⁠יְבוּסִֽי׃	0		Verse 8 contains God’s intended result from his acts of seeing and hearing expressed in both verses 7 and 9. You may need to expressly mark this, for instance by introducing verse 8 with something like “therefore,” and verse 9 with something like “again, because.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
 EXO	3	8	xy36	figs-go	וָ⁠אֵרֵ֞ד	0		God is figuratively expressing that he is descending from heaven to earth to intervene. God is always everywhere, but this means his special attention will be directed to this situation. Use whatever form of come or go is appropriate in your language for this. (See: \[\[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go\]\])
-EXO	3	8	nahb		לְ⁠הַצִּיל֣⁠וֹ...וּֽ⁠לְ⁠הַעֲלֹת⁠וֹ֮	0		These pronouns refer to the Israelites as a group in the singular. This is a collective noun. Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for **people** in their language. See what you did in the [previous verse](../03/07.md).
+EXO	3	8	nahb	figs-collectivenouns	לְ⁠הַצִּיל֣⁠וֹ...וּֽ⁠לְ⁠הַעֲלֹת⁠וֹ֮	0		These pronouns refer to the Israelites as a group in the singular. This is a collective noun. Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for **people** in their language. See what you did in the [previous verse](../03/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
 EXO	3	8	8afv	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠יַּ֣ד	0		Someone’s **hand** is a common metaphor for power and control. Use a similar image if your language has one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EXO	3	8	djbz	figs-possession	מִ⁠יַּ֣ד מִצְרַ֗יִם	0		This is a possessive where the Egyptians are the subject of “the hand” which means power. The Egyptian’s use their power and control to oppress the Israelites. Use a phrase in your language that expresses the idea of a group of people having power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
 EXO	3	8	mqyp	figs-parallelism	אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ טוֹבָה֙ וּ⁠רְחָבָ֔ה אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	0		There are multiple levels of parallelism here. First, the statements, **to a good and wide land** and **to a land flowing with milk and honey** are in parallel with each other. Within each of those, **good** and **wide** are in parallel with each other and also **milk** and **honey** are in parallel with each other. Each of these levels is meant to reinforce and expand on one another. These are not examples of synonymous parallelism and each part of the statement should be translated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
@@ -212,6 +215,7 @@ EXO	3	8	l1as	figs-metonymy	וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	0	honey	Since honey is produced
 EXO	3	9	a2kf	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠עַתָּ֕ה	0		This functions as a discourse marker expressing logical conclusion. “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
 EXO	3	9	tp2v	figs-exclamations	הִנֵּ֛ה	0		This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “certainly.” ​(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
 EXO	3	9	uup9	figs-personification	​צַעֲקַ֥ת	0	the shouts of the people of Israel have come to me	Here the **cry** is spoken of as if it was a person who is capable of moving on his own. Alternate translation: “I have heard the cries of the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+EXO	3	9	gwou	figs-abstractnouns	הַ⁠לַּ֔חַץ	0		“I have seen how the Egyptians are oppressing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 EXO	3	10	y4m1	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה	0		This functions as a discourse marker expressing logical conclusion. “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
 EXO	3	11	y8cr	figs-rquestion	מִ֣י אָנֹ֔כִי כִּ֥י אֵלֵ֖ךְ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה וְ⁠כִ֥י אוֹצִ֛יא אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם	0	Who am I, that I should go to Pharaoh…Egypt?	Moses uses this question to tell God that Moses is not the right person for the job. Alternate translation: See UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
 EXO	3	12	xugf	figs-youdual	תַּֽעַבְדוּ⁠ן֙	0		If your language uses different forms of you depending on the number of people addressed use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/​figs-youdual]])
@@ -228,61 +232,157 @@ EXO	3	14	s62u		אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה...אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה...אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה	0	I
 EXO	3	14	t745		וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	0		This is still God speaking. It may make more sense to omit this in some languages.
 EXO	3	14	70ge	figs-quotesinquotes	אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה שְׁלָחַ֥⁠נִי אֲלֵי⁠כֶֽם	0		This is a second layer quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer layer. It may also be possible to translate this as an indirect quotation, see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
 EXO	3	15	897b		וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֩ ע֨וֹד אֱלֹהִ֜ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה	0		As God is still speaking, it may make more sense to omit this in some languages.
-EXO	3	15	7aoa		כֹּֽה	0		This is the beginning of a direct quotation that goes all the way to [the end of chapter 3 at verse 22](../03/22.md). There are up to third layer quotations within this quotation as God tells Moses to tell the Israelite elders a specific message from God. 
+EXO	3	15	7aoa		כֹּֽה	0		This is the beginning of a direct quotation that goes all the way to [the end of chapter 3 at verse 22](../03/22.md). There are up to fourth layer quotations within this quotation as God tells Moses to tell the Israelite elders a specific message from God. 
 EXO	3	15	l962	figs-quotesinquotes	יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם אֱלֹהֵ֨י אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֛ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹ֖ב שְׁלָחַ֣⁠נִי אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם זֶה־שְּׁמִ֣⁠י לְ⁠עֹלָ֔ם וְ⁠זֶ֥ה זִכְרִ֖⁠י לְ⁠דֹ֥ר דֹּֽר	0		This is a second layer quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer layer. It may be possible to translate it as an indirect quotation, but you will need to be careful to correctly change the pronoun persons. Alternative translation: “You must tell the Israelites *that* Yahweh, the God of *their* fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, sent *you* to *them*. This is *his* name forever, and this is *his* memorial from generation to generation.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
 EXO	3	15	ixcb	figs-merism	לְ⁠דֹ֥ר דֹּֽר	0		The repetition of **generation** means something like “to each and every generation,” which means for all people at all times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
 EXO	3	16	ec3v	figs-quotesinquotes	יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֤י אֲבֹֽתֵי⁠כֶם֙ נִרְאָ֣ה אֵלַ֔⁠י אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם יִצְחָ֥ק וְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	0	General Information:	This begins a second layer quotation that continues until the end of [verse 17](../03/17.md). It contains a third layer quotation that begins at **I have certainly** and also continues to the end of verse 17. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer layer. The closing marks for both the second and third layer quotations should not be until the end of verse 17. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
-EXO	3	16	xqy9			0	the God of your ancestors, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob	Abraham, Isaac and Jacob were three of Moses’s ancestors. They all worshiped the same God.
+EXO	3	16	xqy9		אַבְרָהָ֛ם יִצְחָ֥ק וְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב	0	the God of your ancestors, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob	Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were three of the Israelites ancestors. They all worshiped the same God.
 EXO	3	16	dvsz	figs-quotesinquotes	פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠אֶת־הֶ⁠עָשׂ֥וּי לָ⁠כֶ֖ם בְּ⁠מִצְרָֽיִם	0		This begins a third layer quotation that continues until the end of [verse 17](../03/17.md). It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer two layers. The closing marks for both the second and third layer quotations should not be until the end of verse 17. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
-EXO	3	16	fv77			0	I have indeed observed you	The word “you” refers to the people of Israel.
-EXO	3	17	pwn5	figs-metaphor	​אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	0	a land flowing with milk and honey	“a land where milk and honey flow.” God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. See how you translated this in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md). Alternate translation: “a land that is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EXO	3	17	za9l			0	flowing with	“full of” or “with an abundance of”
+EXO	3	16	efhh	figs-idiom	פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙	0		The Hebrew word meaning **attend,** visit, or observe is repeated here for emphasis. This word often means God is coming to take action. Translate this phrase in a way that communicates God’s focused, caring observation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+EXO	3	16	fv77	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם	0	I have indeed observed you	The word “you” refers to the people of Israel. If your language uses different forms of you depending on the number of people addressed use a plural here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
+EXO	3	16	55jm	figs-activepassive	הֶ⁠עָשׂ֥וּי	0		In some languages you may not be able to translate this as passive. Alternative translation: see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+EXO	3	16	4vgc	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠מִצְרָֽיִם	0		The phrase **in Egypt** is a metonym for the Egyptian oppressors. Alternative translation: “by the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EXO	3	17	c54k	figs-quotesinquotes	אַעֲלֶ֣ה אֶתְ⁠כֶם֮ מֵ⁠עֳנִ֣י מִצְרַיִם֒ אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ וְ⁠הַ֣⁠חִתִּ֔י וְ⁠הָֽ⁠אֱמֹרִי֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֔י וְ⁠הַ⁠חִוִּ֖י וְ⁠הַ⁠יְבוּסִ֑י אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	0		This is a fourth layer quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer three layers. Alternatively it can be translated as an indirect quotation, see UST. If you are using direct quotations, at the end of this verse you should have three closing markers. In English, it looks like **’ ” ’** (without spaces). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
+EXO	3	17	r8mg	figs-idiom	אַעֲלֶ֣ה	0		Regardless of the geographic realities, to **bring up** does not primarily have a literal meaning. Rather it means to bring the Israelites into a better situation. God promised to bring them up from their low status as slaves, to a place where they would be the masters of a good land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+EXO	3	17	pwn5	figs-metaphor	​אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	0	a land flowing with milk and honey	God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. See how you translated this in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md). Alternate translation: “a land that is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” or “a land where milk and honey flow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EXO	3	17	za9l		זָבַ֥ת	0	flowing with	“full of” or “with an abundance of”
 EXO	3	17	rtr5	figs-metonymy	​חָלָ֖ב	0	milk	Since milk comes from cows and goats, this represents food produced by livestock. Alternate translation: “food from livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 EXO	3	17	msf8	figs-metonymy	​וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	0	honey	Since honey is produced from flowers, this represents food from crops. Alternate translation: “food from crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EXO	3	18	j24k			0	They will listen to you	The word “you” refers to Moses. Alternate translation: “The elders will listen to you”
-EXO	3	19	idp7			0	General Information:	God continues speaking to Moses.
+EXO	3	18	cy2z	figs-idiom	וְ⁠שָׁמְע֖וּ	0		This term often means “hear and do/obey.” Alternative translation: “heed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+EXO	3	18	j24k	writing-participants	לְ⁠קֹלֶ֑⁠ךָ...אַתָּה֩	0	They will listen to you	The word “you” refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	3	18	9na8	figs-synecdoche	לְ⁠קֹלֶ֑⁠ךָ	0		This means the elders will listen to the message Moses brings from God. Alternative translation: “to your message” or “to my message which you tell them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+EXO	3	18	r74o	figs-possession	וְ⁠זִקְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל	0		This is a possessive of social relationship. Alternative translation: “elders in charge of the Israelites" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
+EXO	3	18	eep7	figs-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל	0		This is a collective noun that refers to all the Israelites. Alternative translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
+EXO	3	18	ot9r	figs-metonymy	מִצְרַ֗יִם	0		Here **Egypt** refers to the Egyptian nation. Alternate translation: “of the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EXO	3	18	idp7	figs-youdual	וַ⁠אֲמַרְתֶּ֤ם	0	General Information:	If your language uses different forms of you depending on the number of people addressed use a plural here. <br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
+EXO	3	18	i47o	figs-inclusive	עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ...נֵֽלֲכָה...וְ⁠נִזְבְּחָ֖ה	0		These instances of **us** are exclusive, they include Moses, the elders, and all the Israelites, but exclude the king of Egypt. If your language makes this distinction verify that you used the correct form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
+EXO	3	18	4eal	translate-numbers	שְׁלֹ֤שֶׁת	0		“3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
 EXO	3	19	qf46	figs-metonymy	​וְ⁠לֹ֖א בְּ⁠יָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה	0	unless his hand is forced	This can be stated in active form. The word “hand” is a metonym for the power of the owner of the hand. Possible meanings are (1) “only if he sees that he has no power to do anything else,” where the “hand” belongs to Pharaoh; where the “hand” belongs to Yahweh, (2) “only if I force him to let you go” or (3) “not even if I force him to let you go.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-EXO	3	20	yds5	figs-metonymy		0	I will reach out with my hand and attack	Here “hand” refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “I will powerfully attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EXO	3	21	kt7b	figs-doublenegatives		0	will not go empty-handed	The word here “empty-handed” is used to emphasize the opposite meaning. Alternate translation: “will go with your hands full of good things” or “will go with many valuable things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
-EXO	3	22	w2av			0	any women staying in her neighbors’ houses	“any Egyptian woman staying in the houses of her Egyptian neighbors”
-EXO	4	intro	kap5			0		# Exodus 04 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Moses does not understand<br>Although Moses believes in Yahweh, he does not trust in him. This is because Moses lacks understanding. Moses tries to believe the things he is asked to do are done by his own power. Yahweh is trying to get Moses to trust that these are Yahweh’s doing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>### Children of God<br>This chapter really introduces the concept that the people group Israel is the chosen people of God and God’s children, possibly God’s firstborn children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstborn]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart<br>Scholars are divided over how to understand this statement. There is debate over whether Pharaoh plays an active or passive role in the hardening of his own heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-EXO	4	1	j4yg			0	if they do not believe	“if the Israelites do not believe”
-EXO	4	4	g6bk			0	take it by the tail	“pick it up by the tail” or “grasp it by the tail”
-EXO	4	4	m86n			0	became a staff	“turned into a rod” or “changed into a staff”
-EXO	4	5	jr8m			0	the God of their ancestors, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob	Abraham, Isaac and Jacob were three of their ancestors. They all worshiped the same God.
-EXO	4	6	ep52	figs-exclamations		0	behold	This word is used to create an exclamation, showing surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
-EXO	4	6	pw7g	figs-simile		0	as white as snow	The word “as” here is used to compare what Moses’ hand looked like. Leprosy causes the skin to look white. You may not have a word for snow in your language. If so, consider an alternative that describes something white. Alternate translation: “as white as wool or as white as the sand on the beach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
-EXO	4	8	lsb3			0	pay attention	“acknowledge” or “accept”
-EXO	4	10	w12a			0	have never been eloquent	“have never been an excellent speaker”
-EXO	4	10	bv64	figs-doublet		0	I am slow of speech and slow of tongue	The phrases “slow of speech” and “slow of tongue” mean basically the same thing. Moses uses them to emphasize that he is not a good speaker. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
-EXO	4	10	zm3y	figs-metonymy		0	slow of tongue	Here “tongue” refers to Moses’ ability to speak. Alternate translation: “unable to speak well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EXO	4	11	ks2m	figs-rquestion		0	Who is it who made man’s mouth?	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the Creator who makes if possible for people to speak. Alternate translation: “I Yahweh am the one who created the human mouth and the ability to speak!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-EXO	4	11	e1y6	figs-rquestion		0	Who makes a man mute or deaf or seeing or blind?	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who decides if people can speak and hear, and if they can see. Alternate translation: “I Yahweh make people able to speak, or hear, or to see, or to be blind!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-EXO	4	11	uq7j	figs-rquestion		0	Is it not I, Yahweh?	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he alone makes these decisions. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am the one who does this!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-EXO	4	12	kkr1	figs-metonymy		0	I will be with your mouth	Here “mouth” refers to Moses’ ability to speak. Alternate translation: “I will give you the ability to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EXO	4	14	ew4h	figs-metonymy		0	he will be glad in his heart	Here “heart” refers to inner thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “he will be very happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EXO	4	15	u97f	figs-metaphor		0	put the words to say into his mouth	Words here are spoken of as if they were something that can be physically placed in a person’s mouth. Alternate translation: “give him the message that he is to repeat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EXO	4	15	q9cf	figs-metonymy		0	I will be with your mouth	The word “mouth” here represents Moses choice of words. Alternate translation: “I will give you the right words to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EXO	4	15	v57x	figs-metonymy		0	with his mouth	The word “mouth” here represents Aaron’s choice of words. Alternate translation: “I will give him the right words to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EXO	4	16	z24t	figs-metonymy		0	He will be your mouth	The word “mouth” here represents Aaron repeating what Moses told him. Alternate translation: “He will say what you tell him to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EXO	4	16	gn5v	figs-simile		0	you will be to him like me, God	The word “like” here means Moses would represent the same authority to Aaron as God did to Moses. Alternate translation: “you will speak to Aaron with the same authority with which I spoke to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
-EXO	4	18	b6mf			0	father-in-law	This refers to the father of Moses’ wife.
-EXO	4	21	bq9d	figs-synecdoche		0	will harden his heart	Here “heart” refers to Pharaoh. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart was hard. Alternate translation: “will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EXO	4	22	pt4n	figs-metonymy		0	Israel is my son	The word “Israel” here represents all the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “The people of Israel are my own children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EXO	4	22	j4av	figs-metaphor		0	is my son, my firstborn	Here the people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a firstborn son who causes joy and pride. Alternate translation: “is like my own firstborn son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EXO	4	23	k7mh	figs-metonymy		0	you have refused to let him go	The word “him” refers to the people of Israel as God’s son. Alternate translation: “you have refused to let my son go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EXO	4	23	re11			0	I will certainly kill your son, your firstborn	The word “son” here refers to the actual son of Pharaoh.
-EXO	4	24	sp6h			0	Yahweh met Moses and tried to kill him	This may have been because Moses had not circumcised his son.
-EXO	4	25	m1la	translate-names		0	Zipporah	This is the name of Moses’s wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
-EXO	4	25	a36h			0	flint knife	This was a knife with a sharpened stone blade.
-EXO	4	25	l6sr	figs-euphemism		0	to his feet	It is possible that the word “feet” here may have been a more respectful way to refer to the genital area of the body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
-EXO	4	25	b2t3	figs-metaphor		0	you are a bridegroom to me by blood	The meaning of this metaphor is unclear. It was probably a known saying in that culture. Alternate translation: “you are related to me by this blood” or “you are my husband because of blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-EXO	4	27	xk6b			0	Yahweh said to Aaron	You may want to add a word that marks the beginning of a new part of the story, as the UST does with the word “Meanwhile.”
-EXO	4	27	wy4n			0	at the mountain of God	This may have been the mountain at Sinai, but the text does not include that information.
-EXO	4	28	b429			0	he had sent him to say	The word “he” refers to Yahweh, and “him” refers to Moses.
-EXO	4	30	bm2x			0	in the sight of the people	“before the people” or “in the presence of the people”
-EXO	4	31	q1er			0	had observed the Israelites	“saw the Israelites” or “was concerned about the Israelites”
-EXO	4	31	g83a	translate-symaction		0	they bowed their heads	Possible meanings are (1) “they bowed their heads in awe” or (2) “they bowed down low in reverence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
+EXO	3	20	nuzx	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠שָׁלַחְתִּ֤י	0		God says that his stretching out his hand to strike Egypt will be a result of the king of Egypt’s stubbornness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 
+EXO	3	20	yds5	figs-metonymy	 וְ⁠שָׁלַחְתִּ֤י אֶת־יָדִ⁠י֙	0	I will reach out with my hand and attack	Here **hand** refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “I will powerfully attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EXO	3	20	dzsp	figs-metonymy	מִצְרַ֔יִם	0		This refers to both the land and the people group, then by extension to Pharaoh as well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EXO	3	20	c9a3		מִצְרַ֔יִם...בְּ⁠קִרְבּ֑⁠וֹ	0		Here **him** refers to Egypt as a collective. 
+EXO	3	20	6dw3	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וְ⁠אַחֲרֵי־כֵ֖ן	0		Here the sequential nature of these happenings is emphasized. Consider using a stronger sequential connective term than usual here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
+EXO	3	20	ay53	writing-participants	יְשַׁלַּ֥ח	0		**he** refers to the king of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	3	20	awxs	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶֽם	0		This refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of you depending on the number of people addressed use a plural here. <br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	3	21	btwc	figs-idiom	חֵ֥ן...בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם	0		This means that when the Egyptians see the Israelites (Hebrews) leaving Egypt, they will gladly help them (because they want them to leave so badly due to God's judgement.) **in the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings. If your language has the same or a similar idiom you can translate or use it, otherwise you can translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+EXO	3	21	82wf	figs-possession	בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם	0		This is part-whole possessive, also possibly inalienable possessive if your language uses a different form of possessive for things you cannot lose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
+EXO	3	21	s45u		הָֽ⁠עָם־הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה	0		“you”
+EXO	3	21	uz3c	figs-youdual	תֵֽלֵכ֔וּ⁠ן...תֵלְכ֖וּ	0		If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed use a plural here. <br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
+EXO	3	21	19sl	figs-go	תֵֽלֵכ֔וּ⁠ן...תֵלְכ֖וּ	0		“leave” or “go out” or “come out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
+EXO	3	21	kt7b	figs-doublenegatives	לֹ֥א תֵלְכ֖וּ רֵיקָֽם	0	will not go empty-handed	This phrase is used to emphasize the opposite meaning. Alternate translation: “will go with your hands full of good things” or “will go with many valuable things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
+EXO	3	22	w2av		וּ⁠מִ⁠גָּרַ֣ת בֵּיתָ֔⁠הּ	0	any women staying in her neighbors’ houses	**Sojourning** means living somewhere other than one’s native land, usually temporarily. It is unclear both who the sojourning (visiting) women are and in whose house they are sojourning, leaving several possibilities. Most translations that make a decision about who they are identify both the temporary resident and her host home as Egyptian. This makes sense as the Israelites will be plundering the Egyptians. If it is possible to leave this ambiguous in your translation, that is best. 
+EXO	3	22	474q	figs-youdual	וְ⁠שַׂמְתֶּ֗ם עַל־בְּנֵי⁠כֶם֙ וְ⁠עַל־בְּנֹ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠נִצַּלְתֶּ֖ם	0		Each of these is a plural **you.** If your language uses different forms of you depending on the number of people addressed use a plural here. <br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
+EXO	4	intro	kap5			0		# Exodus 04 General Notes<br><br>## Potential Translation Issues<br>### Quotations<br>- There is a difficult transition between [4:4](../04/04.md) and [4:5](../04/05.md) because the quotation stops in the middle to inject a bit of narrative and when it resumes in [4:5](../04/05.md) the sentence seems incomplete (even if merged directly with the quotation fragment in [4:4](../04/04.md)).<br>- Yahweh’s instructions to Moses are complex and there are up to fourth layer quotations in this chapter. Translators will need to decide if some of these need to become indirect quotations (if that is possible in their language) and use great care to use the proper quotation markings in the proper location.<br><br>### Order of events<br>- The order of events is not always clear. In [4:14](../04/14.md) Yahweh tells Moses that Aaron is coming to meet him, but Yahweh telling Aaron to go meet Moses in the wilderness is not recorded until [4:27](../04/27.md).<br>- The timing of the events in [4:18](../18/.md)-[4:27](../04/23.md), especially verse 18-19 & 27, in relation to the rest of the events of the chapter is unclear.<br><br>### Yahweh’s attempt to kill someone<br>The encounter recorded from [4:24](../04/24.md) to [4:26](../04/26.md) is one of the strangest and most difficult passages in the entire book. Difficulties include:<br>- To whom do the pronouns refer? Masculine pronouns are used throughout the section, but there are two possible antecedents, Moses (who is not named in the narrative) and Zipporah’s son (who was presumably also Moses’ son, but this is how he is referred to in this text, for why see below on why Yahweh did this). Most commentators believe the pronouns refer to Moses.<br>- Circumcision is described in fairly graphic detail. Different cultures will need to approach this differently. Some may have terms for circumcision, others may be comfortable translating mostly literally, others will need to use euphemisms or other strategies to translate. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])<br>- The meaning of the phrase **a bridegroom of blood** (ULT) is unknown.<br>- Why did Yahweh attack Moses? Many commentators conclude that Moses had neglected to circumcise one of his sons because it displeased Zipporah and Yahweh was holding Moses responsible before he returned to lead the Israelites (who should have been circumcised). When Zipporah repented by circumcising the son herself and touching the foreskin to Moses’ feet, Yahweh relents. These conclusions should help inform translation but should not be made explicit in the text.<br><br>## *Study* concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Moses does not understand<br>Although Moses believes in Yahweh, he does not trust in him. This is because Moses lacks understanding. Moses tries to believe the things he is asked to do are done by his own power. Yahweh is trying to get Moses to trust that these are Yahweh’s doing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>### Children of God<br>This chapter introduces the concept that the people group Israel is the chosen people of God and God’s firstborn son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstborn]])<br><br>### Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart<br>Scholars are divided over how to understand this statement. There is debate over whether Pharaoh plays an active or passive role in the hardening of his own heart. Translators should simply follow the text. In Exodus 4-14 there are ten statements that Yahweh hardens Pharaoh’s heart, and ten statements that Pharaoh hardens his own heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
+EXO	4	1	j4yg		וַ⁠יַּ֤עַן מֹשֶׁה֙ וַ⁠יֹּ֔אמֶר	0	if they do not believe	**answered and said** is a Hebrew expression which does not convey any extra information. Unless your language naturally uses a similar structure, it is better to translate one verb and omit the other. In this case you could use the alternative translation: *Moses answered, “But...*
+EXO	4	1	b3xv	figs-quotations	וְ⁠הֵן֙ לֹֽא־יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ לִ֔⁠י וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִשְׁמְע֖וּ בְּ⁠קֹלִ֑⁠י כִּ֣י יֹֽאמְר֔וּ לֹֽא־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ יְהוָֽה	0		This is a direct quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
+EXO	4	1	neto	figs-quotesinquotes	לֹֽא־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ יְהוָֽה	0		This is a second layer quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer layer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
+EXO	4	1	327j		וְ⁠הֵן֙	0		This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like, “Listen to me.”
+EXO	4	2	87dl	writing-participants	אֵלָ֛י⁠ו...וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	0		“Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])<br>
+EXO	4	3	zycd	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פָּנָֽי⁠ו	0		Here “face” figuratively represents the snake itself. Alternative translation: “from the snake.” (See:  [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EXO	4	4	g6bk		וֶ⁠אֱחֹ֖ז בִּ⁠זְנָב֑⁠וֹ	0	take it by the tail	“pick it up by the tail” or “grasp it by the tail”
+EXO	4	4	bzmp	figs-quotations	שְׁלַח֙ יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֔ וֶ⁠אֱחֹ֖ז בִּ⁠זְנָב֑⁠וֹ	0		This is a direct quotation that is interrupted by Moses obeying Yahweh. This is probably a tightly ordered sequence of events where Yahweh paused and then continued speaking immediately after Moses obeyed. The quote resumes in [verse 5](../04/05.md) and there is more discussion there about how to handle the resumption.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
+EXO	4	4	m86n		וַ⁠יְהִ֥י לְ⁠מַטֶּ֖ה	0	became a staff	“turned into a rod” or “changed into a staff”
+EXO	4	5	l4tn	figs-quotations	לְמַ֣עַן יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֛י⁠ךָ יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב	0		This continues the direct quotation from the first part of [verse 4](../04/04.md). It may be more natural to reorganize verses four and five to keep the quote together. If you rearrange like this, Moses picking up the snake/staff should come after the full quotation. However it is better to do something similar to the UST which restates that Yahweh is speaking and provides some implied directives from Yahweh to make a complete sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
+EXO	4	5	9iok	writing-participants	יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ...אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם	0		These pronouns refer either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. As God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders, if you make this participant explicit elders is a better option. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	5	oqi5	writing-participants	אֵלֶ֛י⁠ךָ	0		This refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	5	jr8m		אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב	0	the God of their ancestors, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob	Abraham, Isaac and Jacob were three of their ancestors. They all worshiped the same God.
+EXO	4	6	ep52	figs-exclamations	וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה	0	behold	This word is used to create an exclamation, showing surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
+EXO	4	6	pw7g	figs-simile	כַּ⁠שָּֽׁלֶג	0	as white as snow	The word **like** (ULT) or **as** (UST) here is used to compare what Moses’ hand looked like. You may not have a word for snow in your language. If so, consider an alternative that describes something white. Alternate translation: “as white as wool” or “white like the sand on the beach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+EXO	4	7	prr9	figs-exclamations	וְ⁠הִנֵּה	0		This word is used to create an exclamation, showing surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
+EXO	4	8	well	figs-personification	לְ⁠קֹ֖ל הָ⁠אֹ֣ת...לְ⁠קֹ֖ל הָ⁠אֹ֥ת	0		Here the signs are spoken of as if they had a voice with which they could speak. Alternative translation: “if they do not believe you, and they are not convinced that God has appeared to you by you showing them the first sign, then they will be convinced by you showing them the second sign.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+EXO	4	8	gxlg	writing-participants	יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ...יִשְׁמְע֔וּ...וְ⁠הֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ	0		These pronouns refer either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. As God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders, if you make this participant explicit elders is a better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in [verse 7](../04/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	8	lsb3		יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ...וְ⁠הֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ	0	pay attention	“acknowledge” or “accept”
+EXO	4	9	q82r	writing-participants	יַאֲמִ֡ינוּ...יִשְׁמְעוּ⁠ן֙	0		These pronouns refer either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. As God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders, if you make this participant explicit elders is a better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in [verse 7](../04/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	10	t8i9		בִּ֣י	0		This word is used by a speaker to beg a superior to allow him to speak.
+EXO	4	10	w12a		לֹא֩ אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים אָנֹ֗כִי גַּ֤ם מִ⁠תְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִ⁠שִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם	0	have never been eloquent	“have never been an excellent speaker”
+EXO	4	10	opes		אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים	0		This expression means “a man who uses words well,” in other words an eloquent man, who can speak well and convincingly. 
+EXO	4	10	pk0l	figs-merism	גַּ֤ם מִ⁠תְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִ⁠שִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם	0		This phrase simply means, “in the past.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 
+EXO	4	10	wsl4	figs-123person	עַבְדֶּ֑⁠ךָ	0		Moses refers to himself as God’s servant to lower his status before God (and perhaps by doing to so make it argument of inability stronger). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
+EXO	4	10	bv64	figs-doublet	כְבַד־פֶּ֛ה וּ⁠כְבַ֥ד לָשׁ֖וֹן	0	I am slow of speech and slow of tongue	These phrases mean basically the same thing. Moses uses them to emphasize that he is not a good speaker. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+EXO	4	10	zm3y	figs-metonymy	לָשׁ֖וֹן	0	slow of tongue	Here “tongue” refers to Moses’ ability to speak. Alternate translation: “unable to speak well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EXO	4	11	ks2m	figs-rquestion	מִ֣י שָׂ֣ם פֶּה֮ לָֽ⁠אָדָם֒	0	Who is it who made man’s mouth?	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the Creator who makes if possible for people to speak. Alternate translation: “I Yahweh am the one who created the human mouth and the ability to speak!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+EXO	4	11	e1y6	figs-rquestion	מִֽי־יָשׂ֣וּם אִלֵּ֔ם א֣וֹ חֵרֵ֔שׁ א֥וֹ פִקֵּ֖חַ א֣וֹ עִוֵּ֑ר	0	Who makes a man mute or deaf or seeing or blind?	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who decides if people can speak and hear, and if they can see. Alternate translation: “I Yahweh make people able to speak, or hear, or to see, or to be blind!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+EXO	4	11	uq7j	figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹ֥א אָנֹכִ֖י יְהוָֽה	0	Is it not I, Yahweh?	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he alone makes these decisions. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am the one who does this!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+EXO	4	12	kkr1	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠אָנֹכִי֙ אֶֽהְיֶ֣ה עִם־פִּ֔י⁠ךָ	0	I will be with your mouth	Here “mouth” refers to Moses’ ability to speak. Alternate translation: “I will give you the ability to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EXO	4	13	brer		בִּ֣י	0		This word is used by a speaker to beg a superior to allow him to speak. See what you did in [verse 10](../04/10.md).
+EXO	4	13	s8nl		שְֽׁלַֽח־נָ֖א בְּ⁠יַד־תִּשְׁלָֽח	0		In translating this phrase it is important to make clear that Moses is asking Yahweh to send **someone else**. He is not here accepting Yahweh’s commission.
+EXO	4	13	8ta6	figs-synecdoche	בְּ⁠יַד	0		This phrase means “by a person.” The figure is of a person taking Yahweh’s message in his hand to the Israelites and Pharaoh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+EXO	4	14	uy2v	figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּֽחַר־אַ֨ף	0		This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh is angry. Alternate translation: “Yahweh became angry” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom)
+EXO	4	14	ifax	writing-participants	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	0		“Yahweh said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	14	okko	figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹ֨א אַהֲרֹ֤ן אָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ הַ⁠לֵּוִ֔י	0		Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to suggest an alternative to Moses. Alternative translation: “I know you have a brother, Aaron the Levite.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+EXO	4	14	e0js	figs-kinship	אָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙	0		Aaron was three years older than Moses (see [Exodus 7:7](../07/07.md)), which may be important for translating “brother” in some languages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-kinship]])
+EXO	4	14	y5ed	figs-idiom	דַבֵּ֥ר יְדַבֵּ֖ר	0		In Hebrew, the word **speak** is repeated. This means he speaks well. English cannot convey this by doubling so the meaning was translated in the ULT in this case. If your language can say something like “speaking speaks” to mean “speaks well,” consider it, otherwise translate the meaning similarly to the ULT or UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+EXO	4	14	8q64		הִנֵּה	0		This is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. If your language has a term that functions in that way (“Listen!” or “Look!” or “Pay Attention!”), use it here.
+EXO	4	14	ettp	figs-go	יֹצֵ֣א	0		Yahweh says Aaron is coming from Egypt to Midian to find Moses. He is probably on foot. Depending on the language the required form of go or come may vary. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
+EXO	4	14	8kn8	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠שָׂמַ֥ח	0		Aaron will be glad *because* he sees Moses. Consider a conjunction or other form that expresses result as in the UST or alternative translation: “because he sees you, he will have joy in his heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
+EXO	4	14	ew4h	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠לִבּֽ⁠וֹ	0	he will be glad in his heart	Here “heart” refers to inner thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “he will be very happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EXO	4	15	u97f	figs-metaphor	הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים	0	put the words to say into his mouth	Words here are spoken of as if they were something that can be physically placed in a person’s mouth. Alternate translation: “give him the message that he is to repeat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+EXO	4	15	q9cf	figs-metonymy	פִּ֨י⁠ךָ֙...פִּ֔י⁠הוּ	0	I will be with your mouth	The word **mouth** here represents Moses and Aaron’s choice of words. Alternate translation: “I will give you the right words to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EXO	4	15	v57x	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם...תַּעֲשֽׂוּ⁠ן	0	with his mouth	These refer to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of you depending on the number of people addressed use a dual if you have one or if not use a plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])<br>
+EXO	4	16	mnsp	figs-simile	לְ⁠פֶ֔ה 	0		This phrase compares Aaron to a mouth because he will be the one actually to vocalize to the Israelites and Pharaoh what Moses tells him. Alternate translation: “He will say what you tell him to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+EXO	4	16	gn5v	figs-simile	תִּֽהְיֶה־לּ֥⁠וֹ לֵֽ⁠אלֹהִֽים	0	you will be to him like me, God	The word “like” here means Moses would represent the same authority to Aaron as God did to Moses. Alternate translation: “you will speak to Aaron with the same authority with which I spoke to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+EXO	4	18	j2ix	writing-participants	יֶ֣תֶר	0		Jethro is reintroduced as a participant in the narrative here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	18	cbop	figs-go	וַ⁠יֵּ֨לֶךְ	0		Because the setting has shifted back to Jethro’s home, some languages may need to use “come” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
+EXO	4	18	b6mf	figs-kinship	חֹֽתְנ֗⁠וֹ	0	father-in-law	This refers to the father of Moses’ wife. Some languages may use a different term for the husband’s or wife’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-kinship]]) 
+EXO	4	18	wlit	writing-participants	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר	0		“and Moses said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	18	7zke	writing-participants	ל⁠וֹ֙	0		“to Jethro” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	18	67yz	figs-metonymy	אַחַ֣⁠י	0		“my relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EXO	4	18	gq2g	figs-idiom	וְ⁠אֶרְאֶ֖ה הַ⁠עוֹדָ֣⁠ם	0		Later in the Bible we are told that Moses was in Midian for 40 years. Moses’ request may have been literal or an idiom that meant he wanted to know how they were doing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+EXO	4	18	yay3	figs-explicit	לֵ֥ךְ לְ⁠שָׁלֽוֹם	0		This is a phrase of assent and blessing. It may be necessary for some languages to explicitly add, “Yes,” to the beginning of Jethro’s response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+EXO	4	19	wwr8	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֤ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֙	0		The timing and situation for Yahweh speaking to Moses here is not specified. Some conjecture that it was part of the narrative of the encounter with Yahweh from the previous verses but placed after his request to Jethro for an unknown reason. Another speculation is that Moses delayed returning to Egypt (either by his own choice, Yahweh’s instructions, or someone else delaying him) and Yahweh came and told him again (the UST explicitly offers this optional translation). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
+EXO	4	20	fua6	writing-participants	בָּנָ֗י⁠ו	0		Moses’ second son is not introduced until [18:4](../18/.04.md) but had already been born before they left Midian. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	20	zi5m	writing-participants	וַ⁠יָּ֖שָׁב אַ֣רְצָ⁠ה מִצְרָ֑יִם	0		It is clear from [verse 24](../04/24.md) and [25](../04/25.md) that his family went with him, so you may need to translate as “they returned.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	20	47k5	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַ⁠יָּ֖שָׁב אַ֣רְצָ⁠ה מִצְרָ֑יִם	0		After the incident on the road in verses [24](../04/24.md)-[26](../04/26.md), Moses’ family is not mentioned again until [18:2](../18/02.md) which says that Moses sent them back, so a translation similar to the UST which only commits to the family starting on the way to Egypt may be better. This option has the further benefit of allowing for the several events that happen before Moses gets to Egypt. The ULT’s **towards** is another way of giving space in the translation for the next several events. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
+EXO	4	20	7e3s	figs-possession	מַטֵּ֥ה הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	0		There are a few possible options for the meaning of this phrase mostly concerning the question of whether or not it is the same staff that Yahweh told him to take in [4:17](../04/17.md) or a different one and in what way does God possess this staff. If an explicit interpretation is made in the translation it would be best to do something like the UST, which references back to Yahweh’s instruction in [4:17](../04/17.md). Optionally, you may further explicate God’s appointing the staff as his instrument to do miraculous works while in Moses’ hand, such as, “the staff God told Moses to take because God planned to work powerfully when Moses stretched the staff out.” Make sure your translation does not make people think the staff was a magic wand or shaman’s staff that had its own power, or power from Moses, or gave Moses the ability to command God. In every instance where miracles happened, God tells Moses to do something with the staff, Moses obeys, and then God causes a miracle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
+EXO	4	21	lva8	figs-quotations	בְּ⁠לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ֙ 	0		This begins a direct quotation that continues to the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It contains up to fourth layer quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
+EXO	4	21	oajf		רְאֵ֗ה	0		Most translations and interpretations of this verb take it to mean something like, “see that you do”
+EXO	4	21	0gqf	figs-metaphor	כָּל־הַ⁠מֹּֽפְתִים֙ אֲשֶׁר־שַׂ֣מְתִּי בְ⁠יָדֶ֔⁠ךָ	0		Here, the miracles are spoken of as if they were items Moses could carry. This may in part be because the three signs already given to Moses involved the use of his hand. Alternative translation: “all the wonders I have authorized you to perform” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+EXO	4	21	kdsb	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה	0		This time while, **before the face of,**  still has the standard figurative meaning of *in the presence of,* it is a much more literal use here. Moses is to actually do the miracles in front of Pharaoh, in his sight. Alternative translation: “in Pharaoh’s sight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EXO	4	21	ovma	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠אֲנִי֙ אֲחַזֵּ֣ק	0		Referring to himself in the opening of this sentence serves to emphasize a contrast in what might be expected and what will happen. Translate this in a way that clearly contrasts the performance of miracles before Pharaoh (which might be expected to lead to him releasing the Israelites) with what Yahweh says he will do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
+EXO	4	21	uvoh	figs-idiom	וַ⁠אֲנִי֙ אֲחַזֵּ֣ק אֶת־לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	0		This is an idiom meaning that God will make Pharaoh resist listening to Moses. Alternative translation: “I will cause him to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+EXO	4	21	bq9d	figs-synecdoche	לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	0	will harden his heart	Here **heart** refers to Pharaoh. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart was hard. Alternate translation: “will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+EXO	4	21	uudz	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יְשַׁלַּ֖ח אֶת־הָ⁠עָֽם	0		Make it clear in translation that this is a result of God hardening Pharaoh’s heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
+EXO	4	22	ftde		כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	0		This is the first of hundreds of occurrences throughout the Old Testament of a standard phrase used to introduce direct, authoritative instruction from Yahweh. It would be good for your team to have a standard way to translate this that makes it clear that the words that come next are directly from God. If your language has a standard way of introducing a new message from your leaders that alerts the hearers that these are the words of the leader, that would be a good phrase to consider.
+EXO	4	22	zb2e	figs-quotesinquotes	כֹּ֚ה	0		This begins a second layer quotation that continues until the end of  [4:23](../04/23.md). It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer layer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])<br>
+EXO	4	22	teyy	figs-quotations	כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	0		The second layer quotation here may be a good one to translate as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “tell Pharaoh that Yahweh says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
+EXO	4	22	kud7	figs-quotesinquotes	בְּנִ֥⁠י	0		This is the beginning of a third layer quotation that continues until the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer layers.  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
+EXO	4	22	1od0	figs-metaphor	בְּנִ֥⁠י בְכֹרִ֖⁠י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃	0		Some languages may need to change the metaphor here into a simile. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+EXO	4	22	pt4n	figs-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	0	Israel is my son	The word **Israel** here represents all the people of Israel as a group. It is important to keep the singular reference to Israel as son, rather than change it to something like, ‘the Israelites are my children,’ because God is making a particular contrast here between his son and Pharaoh’s son. Some languages may not be able to use **Israel** as a collective noun and may need to choose a translation like, “the nation of Israel” or “the Israelite nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
+EXO	4	22	8oc8	figs-metonymy	יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	0		The Israelite nation is often referred to simply by the name of the patriarch. For alternative translation see: [[rc://en/tn/help/exo/04/22/pt4n]] (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EXO	4	23	syar	figs-quotesinquotes	שַׁלַּ֤ח אֶת־בְּנִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֵ֔⁠נִי	0		This is a fourth layer quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer layers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])<br>
+EXO	4	23	0pc4	figs-quotations	שַׁלַּ֤ח אֶת־בְּנִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֵ֔⁠נִי	0		The fourth layer quotation here may be a good one to translate as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “...I told you to let my son go that he may serve me. But...” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
+EXO	4	23	k7mh	figs-metaphor	בְּנִ⁠י֙	0	you have refused to let him go	Yahweh continues to metaphorically speak of Israel as **my son.** See what you did at [[rc://en/tn/help/exo/04/22/1od0]]. Alternative translation: “the Israelite nation which is like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+EXO	4	23	u825	figs-pronouns	וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֵ֔⁠נִי...לְ⁠שַׁלְּח֑⁠וֹ	0		The pronouns **he** and **him** agree with **son.** What you use may depend on how you translated son at [[rc://en/tn/help/exo/04/23/k7mh]]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
+EXO	4	23	2g32		הִנֵּה֙	0		This is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternative translation: “Know this” 
+EXO	4	23	re11		בִּנְ⁠ךָ֖ 	0	I will certainly kill your son, your firstborn	This refers to the actual son of Pharaoh.
+EXO	4	24	sp6h	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֥י	0	Yahweh met Moses and tried to kill him	This introduces a new event. Mark the transition in a natural way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
+EXO	4	24	p820	writing-participants	וַ⁠יִּפְגְּשֵׁ֣⁠הוּ...הֲמִיתֽ⁠וֹ	0		Here, it is not clear who **him** refers to. Most commentators believe it refers to Moses, but it could refer to the son, though that is less likely. If it is necessary to choose for your translation, use Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	24	3xy0	writing-participants	הֲמִיתֽ⁠וֹ	0		Here, **he** refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	25	m1la	translate-names	צִפֹּרָ֜ה	0	Zipporah	This is the name of Moses’s wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
+EXO	4	25	sftg	writing-participants	צִפֹּרָ֜ה	0		Zipporah is introduced here as a new participant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	25	a36h	translate-unknown	צֹ֗ר	0	flint knife	This was a knife with a sharpened stone blade. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+EXO	4	25	nkxn	translate-unknown	עָרְלַ֣ת	0		The**foreskin** is the retractable fold of skin which covers and protects the end of the penis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+EXO	4	25	l6sr	figs-euphemism	לְ⁠רַגְלָ֑י⁠ו	0	to his feet	It is possible that the word **feet** may have been a more respectful way to refer to the genital area of the body. However, that possibility is not high enough that you should translate it either literally as genitals or with another euphemism meaning genitals in your language. If you have a word that means primarily feet or legs, but could in some cases also euphemistically mean genitals, you may consider it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
+EXO	4	25	3g3x	figs-quotations	כִּ֧י חֲתַן־דָּמִ֛ים אַתָּ֖ה לִֽ⁠י	0		This is a direct quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
+EXO	4	25	b2t3	figs-metaphor	כִּ֧י חֲתַן־דָּמִ֛ים אַתָּ֖ה לִֽ⁠י	0	you are a bridegroom to me by blood	The meaning of this metaphor is unclear. It was probably a known saying in that culture. Alternate translation: “you are related to me by this blood” or “you are my husband because of blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+EXO	4	26	ceqk	grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יִּ֖רֶף	0		As a result of Zipporah’s action. Consider a conjunction or other form that expresses result as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])<br>
+EXO	4	26	o4zt	writing-participants	וַ⁠יִּ֖רֶף	0		“Yahweh relented” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	26	4l5u	writing-participants	מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ	0		As in [4:24](../04/24.md) this could mean either Moses or the son, but most commentators think it is still Moses. The UST uses *anyone* to preserve ambiguity. Alternative translation: “from Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	26	r8hj	figs-quotations	חֲתַ֥ן דָּמִ֖ים	0		This is a unique quotation because Zipporah probably does not speak again, rather the quotation refers back to her statement in [4:25](../04/25.md). Your language may handle this sort of quotation in a special way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
+EXO	4	26	abmg	figs-quotations	חֲתַ֥ן דָּמִ֖ים לַ⁠מּוּלֹֽת	0		It is not clear if the quotation includes **because of the circumcision** or if that is a comment explaining the quotation. Translations are divided in where they end the quotation, but most exclude **because of the circumcision** and it is best to follow that unless a locally respected translation includes it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
+EXO	4	27	xk6b	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר	0	Yahweh said to Aaron	You may want to add a word that marks the beginning of a new part of the story, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
+EXO	4	27	qxpc	writing-participants	אַהֲרֹ֔ן	0		**Aaron** is introduced as a new participant. Some languages may mark this in some way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	27	wy4n	figs-possession	בְּ⁠הַ֥ר הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	0	at the mountain of God	See how you translated this in [3:1](../03/01.md), consult this this note: [[rc://en/tn/help/exo/03/01/p27s]] (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
+EXO	4	27	tfn2	translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּשַּׁק	0		This was a traditional way of greeting which showed love. You can make this explicit as the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
+EXO	4	28	ad9x		שְׁלָח֑⁠וֹ...צִוָּֽ⁠הוּ	0		These are a bit awkward to translate in English, so the UST adds more information. Other languages may not have the same difficulty.
+EXO	4	28	b429	writing-participants	שְׁלָח֑⁠וֹ...צִוָּֽ⁠הוּ	0	he had sent him to say	The words **he** refers to Yahweh, and **him** refers to Moses. Alternative translation: “Yahweh sent Moses...Yahweh commanded Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	29	y8o3	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ	0		This begins a new event which you may need to mark in your translation with a transitional word like the UST’s *When.* (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
+EXO	4	30	bm2x	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ⁠עָֽם	0	in the sight of the people	This means he did the signs so they could see them. Alternative translation: “in their sight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+EXO	4	30	x1v3	writing-participants	הָ⁠עָֽם	0		Context suggests that **people** refers to the leaders gathered in [4:29](../04/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	31	8n78	writing-participants	הָ⁠עָ֑ם	0		Context suggests that **people** refers to the leaders gathered in [4:29](../04/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
+EXO	4	31	q1er		פָקַ֨ד...בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל	0	had observed the Israelites	“saw the Israelites” or “was concerned about the Israelites”
+EXO	4	31	g83a	translate-symaction	וַֽ⁠יִּקְּד֖וּ וַ⁠יִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוּֽוּ	0	they bowed their heads	Alternative translations: “they bowed their heads in awe” or “they bowed down low in reverence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
 EXO	5	intro	kea2			0		# Exodus 05 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### A slave’s work<br>The Egyptians were known for making their slaves do a lot of work. They were forced to make a specific number of bricks every day. In this chapter, the were required to not only make these bricks, but also to gather the straw in order to make these bricks.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Let my people go”<br>This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to “let go” of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.<br><br>### Titles<br>The leaders are given different titles in this chapter. The ULT uses “taskmasters” and “foremen.” Many cultures will not have these types of titles. Generic expressions like “Egyptian leaders” and “Hebrew leaders” may be necessary.
 EXO	5	1	q9kn			0	After these things happened	It is unclear how long Moses and Aaron waited until they went to see Pharoah.
 EXO	5	1	u2vt			0	festival for me	This is a celebration to worship Yahweh.