REV front intro xx8l 0 # Introduction to Revelation<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>#### Outline of the Book of Revelation<br><br>1. Opening (1:1-20)<br>1. Letters to the seven churches (2:1-3:22)<br>1. Vision of God in heaven, and a vision of the Lamb (4:1-11)<br>1. The seven seals (6:1-8:1)<br>1. The seven trumpets (8:2-13:18)<br>1. Worshipers of the Lamb, the martyrs, and the harvest of wrath (14:1-20)<br>1. The seven bowls (15:1-18:24)<br>1. Worship in heaven (19:1-10)<br>1. The Lamb's judgment, the destruction of the beast, the thousand years, the destruction of Satan, and the final judgment (20:11-15)<br>1. The new creation and the new Jerusalem (21:1-22:5)<br>1. Jesus' promise to return, the witness from the angels, John's closing words, Christ's message to his church, the invitation and the warning (22:6-21)<br><br>#### Who wrote the Book of Revelation?<br><br>The author identified himself as John. This was probably the Apostle John. He wrote the Book of Revelation while on the island of Patmos. The Romans exiled John there for teaching people about Jesus.<br><br>#### What is the Book of Revelation about?<br><br>John wrote the Book of Revelation to encourage believers to remain faithful even when they are suffering. John described visions he had of Satan and his followers fighting against and killing believers. In the visions God causes many terrible things to happen on the earth to punish wicked people. In the end, Jesus defeats Satan and his followers. Then Jesus comforts those who were faithful. And the believers will live forever with God in the new heavens and earth.<br><br>#### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by one of its traditional titles, "Revelation," "The Revelation of Jesus Christ," "The Revelation to Saint John," or "The Apocalypse of John." Or they may choose a possibly clearer title, such as "The Things that Jesus Christ Showed to John." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>#### What type of writing is the Book of Revelation?<br><br>John used a special style of writing to describe his visions. John described what he saw by using many symbols. This style of writing is called symbolic prophecy or apocalyptic literature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>#### Are the events of Revelation past or future?<br><br>Since early Christian times, scholars have interpreted Revelation differently. Some scholars think John described events that happened during his time. Some scholars think John described events happening from his time until the return of Jesus. Other scholars think John described events that will happen in a short period of time just before Christ returns.<br><br>Translators will not need to decide how to interpret the book before they translate it. Translators should leave the prophecies in the tenses that are used in the ULT.<br><br>#### Are there any other books in the Bible like Revelation?<br><br>No other book of the Bible is like the Book of Revelation. But, passages in Ezekiel, Zechariah, and especially Daniel are similar in content and style to Revelation. It may be beneficial to translate Revelation at the same time as Daniel since they have some imagery and style in common.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>#### Does one need to understand the Book of Revelation to translate it?<br><br>One does not need to understand all of the symbols in the Book of Revelation to translate it properly. Translators should not give possible meanings for the symbols or numbers in their translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Revelation in the ULT?<br><br>The scriptures use these words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating Revelation into English, the ULT uses the following pri
REV 01 intro u1e2 0 # Revelation 01 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter explains how the Book of Revelation records the vision John received on the island of Patmos.<br><br>Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULT does this with the quoted words in verse 7.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Seven churches<br><br>John wrote this book to seven actual churches in Asia Minor, which is now the country of Turkey.<br><br>##### White<br><br>The Bible often speaks of something that belongs to a person as being "white." This is metaphor and metonym for that person living rightly and pleasing God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>##### "Him who is, and who was, and who is to come"<br><br>God exists now. He has always existed. He will always exist. Your language may have a different way of saying this.<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Blood<br><br>Blood is a metonym for death. Jesus "has released us from our sins by his blood." John means that Jesus saved us from our sins by dying for us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### "He is coming with the clouds"<br><br>Jesus went into the clouds when he went up to heaven after God raised him from the dead. When Jesus returns, he will also be "with the clouds." It is not clear whether he will be sitting or riding on clouds or coming in the clouds or "with the clouds" in some other way. Your translation should express this in a way that is natural in your language.<br><br>##### "One like a son of man"<br><br>This refers to Jesus. You should translate the words "son of man" using the same words as you did in the Gospels for when Jesus called himself the "Son of Man."<br><br>##### "The angels of the seven churches"<br><br>The word "angels" here can also mean "messengers." This might refer to heavenly beings, or to the messengers or leaders of these seven churches. John uses the same word "angel" (singular) in verse 1 and in many other places throughout the book. Your translation should also use the same word.<br>
REV 01 01 kv41 0 General Information: This is an introduction to the book of Revelation. It explains that it is a revelation from Jesus Christ and it gives a blessing to those who read it.
REV 01 01 ik5v 0 his servants This refers to people who believe in Christ.
REV 01 01 x8bu 0 what must soon take place "the events that must happen soon"
REV 01 01 kez4 0 made it known "communicated it"
REV 01 01 pb4u figs-123person 0 to his servant John John wrote this book and was referring to himself here. Alternate translation: "to me, John, his servant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV 01 02 va4c 0 the word of God "the message that God spoke"
REV 01 02 b5se 0 the testimony of Jesus Christ Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the testimony that John has given about Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "he has also given testimony about Jesus Christ" or 2) "the testimony that Jesus Christ has given about himself"
REV 01 03 le65 figs-genericnoun 0 the one who reads aloud This does not refer to a specific person. It refers to anyone who reads it aloud. Alternate translation: "anyone who reads aloud" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
REV 01 03 h37b figs-activepassive 0 obey what is written in it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "obey what John has written in it" or "obey what they read in it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 01 03 dwt8 0 the time is near "the things that must happen will soon happen"
REV 01 04 vw1t 0 General Information: This is the beginning of John's letter. Here he names himself as the writer and greets the people he is writing to.
REV 01 04 y9yh figs-abstractnouns 0 May grace be to you and peace from the one who is ... and from the seven spirits This is a wish or blessing. John speaks as if these were things that God could give, although they are really ways in which he hopes God will act for his people. Alternate translation: "May he who is ... and the seven spirits ... treat you kindly and enable you to live peacefully and securely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 01 04 hl5c 0 from the one who is "from God, who is"
REV 01 04 qsu6 figs-metaphor 0 who is to come Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 01 04 x38p writing-symlanguage 0 seven spirits The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The "seven spirits" refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 01 05 w24x 0 and from Jesus Christ This continues the blessing from [Revelation 1:4] (./04.md). "May grace be to you and peace also from Jesus Christ" or "and may Jesus Christ treat you kindly and enable you to live peacefully and securely"
REV 01 05 l3h8 0 the firstborn from the dead "the first person to be raised from death"
REV 01 05 j1xp 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again.
REV 01 05 u6v7 0 has released us "has set us free"
REV 01 06 a4mq 0 has made us a kingdom, priests "has set us apart and begun to rule over us and he has made us priests"
REV 01 06 ne7x 0 his God and Father This is one person. Alternate translation: "God, his Father"
REV 01 06 c77q guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
REV 01 06 qd74 figs-abstractnouns 0 to him be the glory and the power This is a wish or prayer. Possible meanings are 1) "May people honor his glory and power" or 2) "May he have glory and power." John prays that Jesus Christ will be honored and will be able to rule completely over everyone and everything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 01 06 vc5g 0 the power This probably refers to his authority as king.
REV 01 07 ldv8 0 General Information: In verse 7, John is quoting from Daniel and Zechariah.
REV 01 07 hb4i figs-synecdoche 0 every eye Since people see with the eyes, the word "eye" is used to refer to people. Alternate translation: "every person" or "everyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV 01 07 t16v 0 including those who pierced him "even those who pierced him will see him"
REV 01 07 ndf6 figs-metonymy 0 pierced him Jesus' hands and feet were pierced when he was nailed to the cross. Here it refers to people killing him. Alternate translation: "killed him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 01 07 lqs9 0 pierced made a hole in
REV 01 08 mm9z figs-metaphor 0 the alpha and the omega These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Possible meanings are 1) "the one who began all things and who ends all things" or 2) "the one who has always lived and who always will live." If unclear to readers you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. Alternate translation: "the A and the Z" or "the first and the last" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 01 08 in5e figs-metaphor 0 who is to come Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 01 08 c96p writing-quotations 0 says the Lord God Some languages would put "The Lord God says" at the beginning or the end of the whole sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
REV 01 09 up7y 0 General Information: John explains how his vision began and the instructions the Spirit gave him.
REV 01 09 mg1k figs-you 0 your ... you These refer to the believers in the seven churches. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
REV 01 09 p7ii 0 I, John—your brother and the one who shares with you in the suffering and kingdom and patient endurance that are in Jesus—was This can be stated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: "I, John, am your brother who who shares with you in God's kingdom and also suffers and patiently endures trials along with you because we belong to Jesus. I was"
REV 01 09 c1a9 0 because of the word of God "because I told others the word of God"
REV 01 09 j5rg 0 the word of God "the message that God spoke." Translate as in [Revelation 1:2](../01/02.md).
REV 01 09 sim8 0 the testimony about Jesus "the testimony that God has given about Jesus." Translate as in [Revelation 1:2](../01/02.md).
REV 01 10 s2sw figs-idiom 0 I was in the Spirit John speaks of being influenced by God's Spirit as if he were in the Spirit. Alternate translation: "I was influenced by the Spirit" or "The Spirit influenced me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV 01 10 lnj2 0 the Lord's day the day of worship for believers in Christ
REV 01 10 fa68 figs-simile 0 loud voice like a trumpet The voice was so loud it sounded like a trumpet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 01 10 dn8e 0 trumpet This refers to an instrument for producing music or for calling people to gather together for an announcement or meeting.
REV 01 11 kq6x translate-names 0 Smyrna ... Pergamum ... Thyatira ... Sardis ... Philadelphia ... Laodicea These are names of cities in the region of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV 01 12 r89l figs-synecdoche 0 whose voice This refers to the person speaking. Alternate translation: "who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV 01 13 xmx7 figs-metaphor 0 son of man This expression describes a human figure, someone who looks human. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 01 13 y6qk 0 a golden sash a piece of cloth worn around the chest. It may have had golden threads in it.
REV 01 14 qc12 figs-simile 0 His head and hair were as white as wool—as white as snow Wool and snow are examples of things that are very white. The repetition of "as white as" emphasizes that they were very white. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
REV 01 14 j9w4 0 wool This is the hair of a sheep or goat. It was known to be very white.
REV 01 14 vp4t figs-simile 0 his eyes were like a flame of fire His eyes are described as being full of light like a flame of fire. Alternate translation: "his eyes were glowing like a flame of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 01 15 u551 figs-simile 0 His feet were like polished bronze Bronze is polished to make it shine and reflect light. Alternate translation: "His feet were very shiny like polished bronze" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 01 15 d6je figs-events 0 like polished bronze, like bronze that had been refined in a furnace The bronze would be refined first and then polished. Alternate translation: "like bronze that has been purified in a hot furnace and polished" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
REV 01 15 ldx7 0 furnace a strong container for holding a very hot fire. People would put metal in it, and the hot fire would burn away any impurities that were in the metal.
REV 01 15 izg6 0 the sound of many rushing waters This is very loud, like the sound of a large, fast flowing river, of a large waterfall, or of loud waves in the sea.
REV 01 16 pp58 0 a sword ... was coming out of his mouth The sword blade was sticking out of his mouth. The sword itself was not in motion.
REV 01 16 zy4d 0 a sword with two sharp edges This refers to a double-edged sword, which is sharpened on both sides to cut both directions.
REV 01 17 twy9 figs-simile 0 fell at his feet like a dead man John lay down facing the ground. He was probably very frightened and was showing Jesus great respect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 01 17 jw5r 0 He placed his right hand on me "He touched me with his right hand"
REV 01 17 uc3d figs-merism 0 I am the first and the last This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 01 18 a4e2 figs-metaphor 0 I have the keys of death and of Hades Having the power over something is spoken of as having the keys to it. The implied information is that he can give life to those who have died and let them out of Hades. Alternate translation: "I have the power over death and over Hades" or "I have the power to give life to people who have died and to let them out of Hades" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 01 20 d6ez writing-symlanguage 0 stars These stars are symbols that represent the seven angels of the seven churches. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 01 20 fl5d writing-symlanguage 0 lampstands The lampstands are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 01 20 eek9 0 the angels of the seven churches Possible meanings are that these "angels" are 1) heavenly angels who protect the seven churches or 2) human messengers to the seven churches, either messengers who went from John to the churches or the leaders of those churches.
REV 01 20 e25n 0 seven churches This refers to seven churches that actually existed in Asia Minor at that time. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md).
REV 02 intro zps2 0 # Revelation 02 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>Chapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the "seven letters to the seven churches." You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters.<br><br>Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words of verse 27.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Poverty and wealth<br><br>The Christians in Smyrna were poor because they did not have much money. But they were rich spiritually because God would reward them for their suffering. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])<br><br>##### "The devil is about to"<br><br>People were about to take some of the Christians in Smyrna and throw them into prison and even kill some of them ([Revelation 2:10](../../rev/02/10.md)). John does not say who these people were. But he does speak of them harming the Christians as if Satan himself were harming them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])<br><br>##### Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel<br><br>Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel were people who lived long before Jesus was born. They all tried to harm the Israelites either by cursing them or by making them want to stop obeying God.<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### "Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches"<br><br>The writer knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### "The angel of the church"<br><br>The word "angel" here can also mean "messenger." This might refer to the messenger or leader of the church. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md).<br><br>##### "The words of the one who"<br><br>The verses with these words can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add "These are" to the beginning of these verses. Also, Jesus used these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in [Revelation 1:17](../../rev/01/17.md). He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3.<br>
REV 02 01 mn8x 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the Son of Man's message to the angel of the church in Ephesus.
REV 02 01 kq5r 0 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)
REV 02 01 i92a writing-symlanguage 0 stars These stars are symbols. They represent the seven angels of the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 02 01 ugs3 writing-symlanguage 0 lampstands The lampstands are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 02 02 jg1u figs-abstractnouns 0 I know ... your hard labor and your patient endurance "Labor" and "endurance" are abstract nouns and can be translated with verbs "work" and "endure." Alternate translation: "I know ... that you work very hard and that you endure patiently" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 02 02 szc1 0 but are not "but are not apostles"
REV 02 02 ka9e 0 you have found them to be false "you have recognized that those people are false apostles"
REV 02 03 muq8 figs-metonymy 0 because of my name "Name" here is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "because of me" or "because you believe in my name" or "because you believe in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 02 03 j46d figs-metaphor 0 you have not grown weary Being discouraged is spoken of as being tired. Alternate translation: "you have not become discouraged" or "you have not quit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 02 04 j7gz 0 I have against you the fact that "I disapprove of you because" or "I am angry with you because"
REV 02 04 kx98 figs-metaphor 0 you have left behind your first love To stop doing something is spoken of as leaving it behind. Love is spoken of as if it is an object that can be left behind. AT "you have stopped loving me as you did at the beginning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 02 05 sfw2 figs-metaphor 0 from where you have fallen No longer loving as much as they used to is spoken of as haven fallen. Alternate translation: "how much you have changed" or "how much you used to love me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 02 05 j6p5 0 Unless you repent "If you do not repent"
REV 02 05 j8p5 writing-symlanguage 0 remove your lampstand The lampstands are symbols that represent the seven churches. See how you translated "lampstand" in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 02 06 cvi5 translate-names 0 Nicolaitans people who followed the teachings of a man named Nicolaus (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV 02 07 s3qg figs-metonymy 0 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 02 07 ft48 figs-123person 0 Let the one ... hear Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen to" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV 02 07 wzg1 figs-genericnoun 0 the one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. Alternate translation: "anyone who resists evil" or "those who do not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
REV 02 07 rmf5 0 the paradise of God "God's garden." This is a symbol for heaven.
REV 02 08 is3w 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the Son of Man's message to the angel of the church in Smyrna.
REV 02 08 ie9x 0 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)
REV 02 08 key2 translate-names 0 Smyrna This is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV 02 08 k7qk figs-merism 0 the first and the last This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 02 09 p6hp figs-abstractnouns 0 I know your sufferings and your poverty "Sufferings" and "poverty" can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: "I know how you have suffered and how poor you are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 02 09 f6bp figs-abstractnouns 0 I know the slander of those who say they are Jews "Slander" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "I know how people have slandered you—those who say they are Jews" or "I know how people have said terrible things about you—those who say they are Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 02 09 qf9p 0 but they are not "but they are not real Jews"
REV 02 09 a4yu figs-metaphor 0 a synagogue of Satan People who gather to obey or honor Satan are spoken of as if they were a synagogue, a place of worship and teaching for the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 02 10 agx4 figs-metonymy 0 The devil is about to throw some of you into prison The words "the Devil" here are a metonym for the people who obey the devil. Alternate translation: "The devil will soon cause others to put some of you in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 02 10 f5t1 0 Be faithful until death "Be faithful to me even if they kill you." The use of the word "until" does not mean that you should stop being faithful at death.
REV 02 10 sp8z 0 the crown "the winner's crown." This was a wreath, originally of olive branches or laurel leaves, that was put on the head of a victorious athlete.
REV 02 10 zhj8 figs-metaphor 0 the crown of life Possible meanings are 1) "a crown that shows that I have given you eternal life" or 2) "true life as a prize like a winner's crown" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 02 11 g7zq figs-metonymy 0 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 02 11 dc3n figs-123person 0 Let the one ... hear Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen to" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV 02 11 s9d2 figs-genericnoun 0 The one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Anyone who resists evil" or "Those who do not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
REV 02 11 q6w2 0 will not be hurt by the second death "will not experience the second death" or "will not die a second time"
REV 02 12 ll17 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the Son of Man's message to the angel of the church in Pergamum.
REV 02 12 y864 0 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)
REV 02 12 il7c translate-names 0 Pergamum This is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV 02 12 f6s5 0 the sword with two sharp edges This refers to a double-edged sword, which is sharpened on both sides to cut both directions. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md)
REV 02 13 ryn6 figs-metonymy 0 Satan's throne Possible meanings are 1) Satan's power and evil influence on people, or 2) the place where Satan rules. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 02 13 tf7c figs-metaphor 0 you hold on tightly to my name "Name" here is a metonym for the person. Firmly believing is spoken of as holding on tightly. Alternate translation: "you firmly believe in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 02 13 x6j6 figs-abstractnouns 0 you did not deny your faith in me "Faith" can be translated with the verb "believe." AT "you continued to tell people that you believe in me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 02 13 lu4b translate-names 0 Antipas This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV 02 14 wu6n 0 But I have a few things against you "I disapprove of you because of a few things you have done" or "I am angry with you because of a few things you did." See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:4](../02/04.md).
REV 02 14 rd44 figs-metaphor 0 who hold tightly to the teaching of Balaam, who Possible meanings are 1) "who teach what Balaam taught; he" or 2) "who do what Balaam taught; he." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 02 14 j3nc translate-names 0 Balak This is the name of a king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV 02 14 hg4g figs-metaphor 0 who taught Balak to throw a stumbling block before the children of Israel Something that leads people to sin is spoken of as a stone in the road that people stumble on. Alternate translation: "who showed Balak how to cause the people of Israel to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 02 14 u19f 0 be sexually immoral "sin sexually" or "commit sexual sin"
REV 02 15 hc85 translate-names 0 Nicolaitans This was the name for a group of people who followed the teachings of a man named Nicolaus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:6](../02/06.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV 02 16 rwa4 0 Repent, therefore "So repent"
REV 02 16 f8dy figs-ellipsis 0 If you do not, I The verb can be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "If you do not repent, I" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
REV 02 16 fd6u 0 wage war against them "fight against them"
REV 02 16 j52q writing-symlanguage 0 with the sword in my mouth This refers to the sword in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). Although symbols in apocalyptic language are not normally to be replaced with the item they represent, translators may choose whether or not to show that this as a symbol represents God's word, as the UST does. This symbol indicates that Christ will defeat his enemies by giving a simple command. Alternate translation: "with the sword in my mouth, which is the word of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 02 17 lm1j figs-metonymy 0 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 02 17 m867 figs-123person 0 Let the one ... hear Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen to" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV 02 17 i61b figs-genericnoun 0 To the one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "anyone who resists evil" or "those who do not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
REV 02 18 b83m 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the Son of Man's message to the angel of the church in Thyatira.
REV 02 18 nd4m 0 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)
REV 02 18 kd5v translate-names 0 Thyatira This is the name of a city in a part of western Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV 02 18 q3w9 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
REV 02 18 zbx5 figs-simile 0 who has eyes like a flame of fire His eyes are describes as being full of light like a flame of fire. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: "whose eyes glow like a flame of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 02 18 p86i figs-simile 0 feet like polished bronze Bronze is polished to make it shine and reflect light. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: "whose feet are very shiny like polished bronze" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 02 19 bx33 figs-abstractnouns 0 your love and faith and service and your patient endurance The abstract nouns "love," "faith," "service," and "endurance" can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: "How you have loved, trusted, served, and endured patiently" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 02 19 y2mu figs-explicit 0 your love and faith and service and your patient endurance The implied objects of these verbs can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "How you have loved me and others, trusted me, served me and others, and endured troubles patiently" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 02 20 wbu1 0 But I have this against you "But I disapprove of some of the things you are doing" or "But I am angry with you because of something you are doing." See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:4](../02/04.md).
REV 02 20 f6e8 figs-metaphor 0 the woman Jezebel, who Jesus spoke of a certain woman in their church as if she were Queen Jezebel, because she did the same kinds of sinful things that Queen Jezebel had done long before that time. Alternate translation: "the woman who is just like Jezebel and" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 02 21 g7yh 0 I gave her time to repent "I gave her opportunity to repent" or "I waited for her to repent"
REV 02 22 twa2 figs-metonymy 0 I will throw her onto a sickbed ... into great suffering Her having to lie in bed would be the result of Jesus making her very sick. Alternate translation: "I will make her lie sick in bed ... I will make suffer greatly" or "I will make her very sick ... I will make suffer greatly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 02 22 lj36 figs-metaphor 0 those who commit adultery with her into great suffering Jesus speaks of causing people to suffer as throwing them into suffering. Alternate translation: "I will make those who commit adultery with her to suffer greatly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 02 22 g53b figs-explicit 0 unless they repent of her deeds This implies that they have participated with her in her wicked behavior. By repenting of her deeds, they also repent of participating in her behavior. Alternate translation: "if they do not repent from doing the evil that she does" or "if they do not repent of participating in her deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 02 23 kx34 0 I will strike her children dead "I will kill her children"
REV 02 23 cn5s figs-metaphor 0 her children Jesus spoke of her followers as if they were her children. Alternate translation: 'her followers" or "the people who do what she teaches" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 02 23 zm6t figs-metonymy 0 thoughts and hearts The term "heart" a metonym that represents feelings and desires. Alternate translation: "what people think and want" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 02 23 bgs9 figs-idiom 0 I will give to each one of you This is an expression about punishment and reward. Alternate translation: "I will punish or reward each one of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV 02 24 tli6 figs-metaphor 0 everyone who does not hold this teaching Believing a teaching is spoken of as holding the teaching. Alternate translation: "everyone who does not believe this teaching" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 02 24 scu6 0 does not hold this teaching The noun "teaching" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "does not hold to what she teaches" or "does not believe what she teaches"
REV 02 24 d5i9 figs-metaphor 0 deep things Secret things are spoken of as if they were deep. Alternate translation: "secret things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 02 26 z5xi figs-genericnoun 0 The one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Anyone who resists evil" or "The person who does not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
REV 02 27 c9gu 0 He will rule ... break them into pieces This is a prophecy from the Old Testament about a king of Israel, but Jesus applied it here to those to whom he gives authority over the nations.
REV 02 27 w8pp figs-metaphor 0 He will rule them with an iron rod Ruling harshly is spoken of as ruling with an iron rod. Alternate translation: "He will rule them harshly as if striking them with an iron stick" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 02 27 ksl1 figs-simile 0 like clay jars he will break them into pieces Breaking them to pieces is an image that represents either 1) destroying evildoers or 2) defeating enemies. Alternate translation: "He will defeat his enemies completely as if breaking clay jars into pieces" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 02 28 n9ts figs-explicit 0 Just as I have received from my Father Some languages may need to tell what was received. Possible meanings are 1) "Just as I have received authority from my Father" or 2) "Just as I have received the morning star from my Father." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 02 28 hr39 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
REV 02 28 c1zc 0 I will also give him Here "him" refers to the one who conquers.
REV 02 28 g5iy writing-symlanguage 0 morning star This is a bright star that sometimes appears early in the morning just before dawn. It was a symbol of victory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 02 29 ilk8 figs-metonymy 0 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 02 29 ikm8 figs-123person 0 Let the one ... hear Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen to" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV 03 intro q1l9 0 # Revelation 03 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>Chapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the "seven letters to the seven churches." You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 7.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Seven spirits of God<br><br>These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md).<br><br>##### Seven stars<br><br>These stars are the seven stars of [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md).<br><br>#### Important metaphors in this chapter<br><br>##### Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking<br><br>Jesus speaks of his desire to have the Christians in Laodicea obey him as if he were a man asking people in a house to allow him to enter and eat with them ([Revelation 3:20](../../rev/03/20.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>##### "Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches"<br><br>The speaker knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### "The angel of the church"<br><br>The word "angel" here can also mean "messenger." This might refer to the messenger or leader of the church. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md).<br><br>##### "The words of the one who"<br><br>The verses with these words can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add "These are" to the beginning of these verses. Also, Jesus used these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in [Revelation 1:17](../../rev/01/17.md). He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3.<br>
REV 03 01 k6b7 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the Son of Man's message to the angel of the church in Sardis.
REV 03 01 u1zs 0 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md).
REV 03 01 q7n9 translate-names 0 Sardis This is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV 03 01 un3c writing-symlanguage 0 the seven spirits The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The "seven spirits" refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 03 01 t8wv writing-symlanguage 0 the seven stars These stars are symbols that represent the seven angels of the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 03 01 ty18 figs-metaphor 0 alive ... dead Obeying and honoring God is spoken of as being alive; disobeying and dishonoring him is spoken of as being dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 02 d8cw figs-metaphor 0 Wake up and strengthen what remains, but is about to die The good deeds done by the believers in Sardis are spoken of as if they were alive but in danger of dying. Alternate translation: "Wake up and complete the work that remains, or what you have done will become worthless" or "Wake up. If you do not finish what you have started to do, your previous work will have been useless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 02 l7qg figs-metaphor 0 Wake up Being alert to danger is spoken of as waking up. Alternate translation: "Be alert" or "Be careful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 03 wcs4 figs-explicit 0 what you have received and heard This refers to God's word, which they believed. Alternate translation: "God's word that you heard and the truth that you believed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 03 03 gwk8 figs-metaphor 0 if you do not wake up Being alert to danger is spoken of as waking up. See how you translated "wake up" on [Revelation 3:2](../03/02.md). Alternate translation: "If you are not alert" or "If you are not careful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 03 ypw4 figs-simile 0 I will come as a thief Jesus will come at a time when people do not expect him, just as a thief comes when not expected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 03 04 fy7f figs-metonymy 0 a few names The word "names" is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: "a few people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 03 04 x2if figs-metaphor 0 have not stained their clothes Jesus speaks of sin in a person's life as if it were dirty clothes. Alternate translation: "have not made their lives sinful like dirty clothes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 04 x48r figs-metaphor 0 will walk with me People commonly spoke of living as "walking." Alternate translation: "will live with me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 04 w5t9 figs-metaphor 0 dressed in white White clothes represent a pure life without sin. Alternate translation: "and they will be dressed in white, which shows that they are pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 05 v69e figs-genericnoun 0 The one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Anyone who resists evil" or "Anyone who does not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
REV 03 05 w5k4 figs-activepassive 0 will be clothed in white garments This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "will wear white garments" or "I will give white clothes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 03 05 yyu5 figs-metonymy 0 I will confess his name He would announce that the person belongs to him, not simply say the person's name. Alternate translation: "I will announce that he belongs to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 03 05 d7l5 0 before my Father "in the presence of my Father"
REV 03 05 bi3h guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
REV 03 06 zxc7 figs-metonymy 0 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 03 06 k2k6 figs-123person 0 Let the one ... hear Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen to" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV 03 07 rf9b 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the Son of Man's message to the angel of the church in Philadelphia.
REV 03 07 ksg4 0 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)
REV 03 07 mm6x translate-names 0 Philadelphia This is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV 03 07 ih6i writing-symlanguage 0 key of David Jesus speaks of his authority to decide who may go into his kingdom as if it were King David's key. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 03 07 aam6 0 he opens and no one shuts "he opens the door to the kingdom and no one can close it"
REV 03 07 pzy2 0 he shuts and no one can open "he closes the door and no one can open it"
REV 03 08 j1x7 0 I have put before you an open door "I have opened a door for you"
REV 03 08 xyw6 0 you have obeyed my word Possible meanings are 1) "you have followed by teachings" or 2) "you have obeyed my commands"
REV 03 08 b3kz figs-metonymy 0 my name The word "name" here is is a metonym for the person who has that name. Alternate translation: "me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 03 09 x78m figs-metaphor 0 synagogue of Satan People who gather to obey or honor Satan are spoken of as if they were in a synagogue, a place of worship and teaching for the Jews. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:9](../02/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 09 q496 translate-symaction 0 bow down This is a sign of submission, not worship. Alternate translation: "bow down in submission" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
REV 03 09 ah4w figs-synecdoche 0 before your feet Here the word "feet" represent the person before whom these people bow down. Alternate translation: "before you" or "to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV 03 09 k2g5 0 they will come to know "they will learn" or "they will admit"
REV 03 10 gv5g 0 will also keep you from the hour of testing "will also prevent the hour of testing from happening to you" or "will protect you so you do not enter the hour of testing"
REV 03 10 ckm4 0 hour of testing "time of testing." This probably means "the time when people try to make you disobey me."
REV 03 10 e6bw figs-metaphor 0 is coming Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 11 ih12 figs-explicit 0 I am coming soon It is understood that he is coming in order to judge. Alternate translation: "I am coming to judge soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 03 11 n9a9 figs-metaphor 0 Hold to what you have Continuing to believe firmly in Christ is spoken of as if it were holding something tightly. Alternate translation: "Continue to believe firmly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 11 a4m5 figs-metaphor 0 crown A crown was a wreath, originally of olive branches or laurel leaves, that was put on the head of a victorious athlete. Here "crown" stands for a reward. See how you translated "crown" in [Revelation 2:10](../02/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 12 px36 figs-genericnoun 0 The one who conquers, I will make a pillar in the temple of my God Here "The one who conquers" refers to anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). The "pillar" represents an important and permanent part of God's kingdom. Alternate translation: "I will make anyone who resists evil strong, like a pillar in the temple of my God" or "Those who do not agree to do evil I will make strong, like a pillar in the temple of my God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 13 u5jk figs-metonymy 0 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 03 13 ug5m figs-123person 0 Let the one ... hear Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen to" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV 03 14 r6bz 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the Son of Man's message to the angel of the church in Laodicea.
REV 03 14 jg3b 0 the angel Possible meanings are that this "angel" is 1) a heavenly angels who protect this church or 2) a human messenger to the church, either a messenger who went from John to the church or the leader of the churches. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md)
REV 03 14 wzg9 translate-names 0 Laodicea This is the name of a city in the western part of Asia that today is modern Turkey. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV 03 14 f65v 0 The words of the Amen Here "the Amen" is a name for Jesus Christ. He guarantees God's promises by saying amen to them.
REV 03 14 btv1 0 the ruler over God's creation Possible meanings are 1) "the one who rules over everything that God created" or 2) "the one through whom God created everything."
REV 03 15 pf9x figs-metaphor 0 you are neither cold nor hot The writer speaks of the Laodiceans as if they were water. Possible meanings are 1) "cold" and hot" represent two extremes of spiritual interest or love for God, where "cold" is to be completely against God, and to be "hot" is to be zealous to serve him, or 2) "cold" and "hot" both refer to water that is useful for drinking or for cooking or healing, respectively. Alternate translation: "you are like water that is neither cold nor hot" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 16 y9vt figs-metaphor 0 I am about to vomit you out of my mouth Rejecting them is spoken of as vomiting them out of the mouth. Alternate translation: "I will reject you as I would spit out lukewarm water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 17 v1pj figs-metaphor 0 you are most miserable, pitiable, poor, blind, and naked Jesus speaks of their spiritual condition as if he were speaking about their physical condition. Alternate translation: "You are like people who are most miserable, pitiable, poor, blind, and naked" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 18 tmm7 0 Buy from me gold refined by fire so that you may become rich, and brilliant white garments so you may clothe yourself and not show the shame of your nakedness, and salve to anoint your eyes so you will see Here to "buy" represents receiving things from Jesus that have true spiritual value. The "gold refined by fire" represents spiritual wealth. The "brilliant white garments" represents rightousness. And the "salve to anoint your eyes" represents the ability to understand spiritual things. Alternate translation: "Come to me and receive spiritual wealth, which is more valuable than gold that is refined by fire. Receive from me righteousness, which is like brilliant white garments, so that you will not be ashamed. And receive from me wisdom, which is like salve for the eyes, so that you may understand spiritual things" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)
REV 03 19 sf66 0 be earnest and repent "be serious and repent"
REV 03 20 i7gy figs-metaphor 0 I am standing at the door and am knocking Jesus speaks about wanting people to relate to him as if he wanted them to invite him into their home. Alternate translation: "I am like one standing at the door and knocking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 20 sr5y translate-symaction 0 am knocking When people want someone to welcome them into their home, they knock on the door. Alternate translation: "I want you to let me come inside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
REV 03 20 m6n2 figs-metonymy 0 hears my voice The phrase "my voice" refers to Christ speaking. Alternate translation: "hears me speak" or "hears me call" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 03 20 di8q figs-go 0 I will come into his home Some languages might prefer the verb "go" here. Alternate translation: "I will go in to his home" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
REV 03 20 une1 figs-metaphor 0 and will eat with him This represents being together as friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 03 21 n83q figs-genericnoun 0 The one who conquers This refers anyone who conquers. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Anyone who resists evil" or "Anyone who does not agree to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
REV 03 21 mn2c figs-metonymy 0 to sit down with me on my throne To sit on a throne means to rule. Alternate translation: "to rule with me" or "to sit down on my throne and rule with me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 03 21 un17 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 my Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
REV 03 22 m13x figs-metonymy 0 Let the one who has an ear, hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to" or "The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 03 22 mjv6 figs-123person 0 Let the one ... hear Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen to" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV 04 intro cl9f 0 # Revelation 04 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 8 and 11.<br><br>John has finished describing the letters to the churches. He now begins to describe a vision that God showed him.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Jasper, carnelian, and emerald<br><br>These words refer to kinds of special stones that the people in John's day considered valuable. It may be difficult for you to translate these words if people in your culture do not value special kinds of stones.<br><br>##### Twenty-four elders<br><br>Elders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>##### Seven spirits of God<br><br>These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md).<br><br>##### Giving glory to God<br><br>God's glory is the great beauty and radiant majesty that God has because he is God. Other Bible writers describe it as if it were a light so bright that no one can look at it. No one can give God this kind of glory, because it is already his. When people give glory to God or when God receives glory, people say that God has the glory that is his, that it is right for God to have that glory, and that people should worship God because he has that glory. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worthy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### Difficult images<br><br>Such things as bolts of lightning coming from the throne, lamps that are spirits, and a sea in front of the throne may be difficult to imagine, and so the words for them may be difficult to translate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br>
REV 04 01 ws2q 0 General Information: John begins to describe his vision of the throne of God.
REV 04 01 vh4i 0 After these things "After I had just seen these things" ([Revelation 2:1-3:22](../02/01.md))
REV 04 01 z8r8 figs-metaphor 0 an open door in heaven This expression stands for the ability that God gave John to see into heaven, at least by means of a vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 04 01 a49s figs-simile 0 speaking to me like a trumpet How the voice was like a trumpet can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "speaking to me loudly like the sound of a trumpet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 04 01 j713 0 trumpet This refers to an instrument for producing music or for calling people to gather together for an announcement or meeting. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md).
REV 04 02 ie3w figs-idiom 0 I was in the Spirit John speaks of being influenced by God's Spirit as if he were in the Spirit. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). Alternate translation: "I was influenced by the Spirit" or "The Spirit influenced me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV 04 03 m4mi translate-unknown 0 jasper and carnelian These are valuable stones. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal, and carnelian may have been red. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 04 03 aap1 translate-unknown 0 emerald a green, valuable stone (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 04 04 ivw8 0 golden crowns These were likenesses of wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. Such crowns, made of leaves, were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads.
REV 04 05 ryb1 0 flashes of lightning Use your language's way of describing what lightning looks like each time it appears.
REV 04 05 u1da 0 rumblings, and crashes of thunder These are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language's way of describing the sound of thunder.
REV 04 05 e1jm writing-symlanguage 0 seven spirits of God The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The "seven spirits" refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 04 06 ja33 figs-metaphor 0 a sea of glass How it was like glass or a sea can be stated clearly. Possible meanings are 1) a sea is spoken of as if it were glass. Alternate translation: "a sea that was as smooth as glass" or 2) glass if spoken of as if it were a sea. Alternate translation: "glass that was spread out like a sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 04 06 cv9p figs-simile 0 like crystal How it was like crystal can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "clear as crystal" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 04 06 fr7x 0 In the middle of the throne and around the throne "Immediately around the throne" or "Close to the throne and around it"
REV 04 06 b66k 0 four living creatures "four living beings" or "four living things"
REV 04 07 d84n figs-simile 0 The first living creature was like a lion, the second living creature was like a calf, the third living creature had a face like a man, and the fourth living creature was like a flying eagle How the head of each living creature appeared to John is expressed as a comparison with something more familiar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 04 07 b9tx 0 living creature "living being" or "living thing." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md)
REV 04 08 n8g2 0 full of eyes on top and underneath The top and bottom of each wing was covered with eyes.
REV 04 08 y1u5 figs-metaphor 0 who is to come Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 04 09 xj6b 0 the one who sits on the throne, the one who lives forever and ever This is one person. The one who sits on the throne lives forever and ever.
REV 04 09 a19z figs-doublet 0 forever and ever These two words mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: "for all eternity" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
REV 04 10 cmj9 translate-numbers 0 twenty-four elders "24 elders." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV 04 10 c2vg 0 fall down They purposely lie down facing the ground to show that they are worshiping.
REV 04 10 sly8 translate-symaction 0 They lay their crowns before the throne These crowns looked like wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. The elders were respectfully placing the crowns on the ground, showing that they were submitting to God's authority to rule. Alternate translation: "they lay their crowns before the throne to show that they were submitting to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
REV 04 10 wvf9 0 lay Possible meanings are 1) to place or 2) to throw down forcibly, as of something worthless ("throw," [Revelation 2:22](../02/22.md)). The reader should understand that the elders are acting respectfully.
REV 04 11 idj1 0 our Lord and our God "our Lord and God." This is one person, the one who was sitting on the throne.
REV 04 11 q91l figs-metonymy 0 to receive glory and honor and power These are things that God always has. Being praised for having them is spoken of as receiving them. Alternate translation: "to be praised for your glory, honor, and power" or "for everyone to praise you because you are glorious, honorable, and powerful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 05 intro g7ey 0 # Revelation 05 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this in verses 9-13.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Sealed scroll<br><br>Kings and important people in John's time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, "the one who was seated on the throne" had written the scroll. Only the person called "the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David" and "the Lamb" had the authority to open it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/scroll]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/authority]])<br><br>##### Twenty-four elders<br><br>Elders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>##### Christian prayers<br><br>The prayers of Christians are described as incense. Christian prayers have a good smell to God. He is pleased when Christians pray.<br><br>##### Seven spirits of God<br><br>These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md).<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Metaphors<br><br>The "Lion of the tribe of Judah" and the "Root of David" are metaphors that refer to Jesus. Jesus descended from the tribe of Judah and the family of David. Lions are fierce, and all animals and people are afraid of them, so they are a metaphor for a king whom everyone obeys. The words "Root of David" speak of Israel's King David as if he were a seed that God had planted and of Jesus as if he were a root growing from that seed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br>
REV 05 01 w3yi 0 Then I saw "After I saw those things, I saw"
REV 05 01 u3br 0 the one who was seated on the throne This is the same "one" as in [Revelation 4:2-3](../04/02.md).
REV 05 01 yhm3 0 a scroll written on the front and on the back "a scroll with writing on the front and the back"
REV 05 01 aj7m 0 sealed with seven seals "and it had seven seals keeping it closed"
REV 05 02 r2vt figs-events 0 Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? The person would need to break the seals in order to open the scroll. Alternate translation: "Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
REV 05 02 v4r4 figs-rquestion 0 Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? This can be translated as a command: "The one who is worthy to do this should come to break the seals and open the scroll!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
REV 05 03 lj9u figs-merism 0 in heaven or on the earth or under the earth This means everywhere: the place where God and the angels live, the place where people and animals live, and the place where those who have died are. Alternate translation: "anywhere in heaven or on the earth or under the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 05 05 dm5p 0 Look "Listen" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you"
REV 05 05 j67w 0 The Lion of the tribe of Judah This is a title for the man from the tribe of Judah that God had promised would be the great king. Alternate translation: "The one who is called the Lion of the tribe of Judah" or "The king who is called the Lion of the tribe of Judah"
REV 05 05 b6wg figs-metaphor 0 The Lion The king is spoken of as if he were a lion because a lion is very strong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 05 05 i89j 0 the Root of David This is a title for the descendant of David that God had promised would be the great king. Alternate translation: "the one who is called the Root of David"
REV 05 05 z3vw figs-metaphor 0 the Root of David The descendant is spoken of as if David's family were a tree and he were a root of that tree. Alternate translation: "the Descendant of David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 05 06 v99j writing-participants 0 General Information: The Lamb appears in the throne room. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
REV 05 06 du51 writing-symlanguage 0 a Lamb A "lamb" is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 05 06 erg2 writing-symlanguage 0 seven spirits of God The number seven is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The "seven spirits" refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 05 06 t7d1 figs-activepassive 0 sent out into all the earth This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "which God sent out over all the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 05 07 egp6 figs-go 0 He went He approached the throne. Some languages would use the verb "come." Alternate translation: "He came" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
REV 05 08 e3fh writing-symlanguage 0 the Lamb This is a young male sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 05 08 cgs1 translate-numbers 0 twenty-four elders "24 elders." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV 05 08 ff8y 0 fell down "lay down on the ground." Their faces were toward the ground to show that they were worshiping the Lamb. They did this on purpose; they did not fall accidentally.
REV 05 08 uv6w 0 Each of them Possible meanings are 1) "each of the elders and living creatures" or 2) "each of the elders."
REV 05 08 qak6 writing-symlanguage 0 a golden bowl full of incense, which are the prayers of the saints The incense here is a symbol for the believers' prayers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 05 09 yu7h figs-activepassive 0 For you were slaughtered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For they slaughtered you" or "For people killed you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 05 09 j1jn 0 slaughtered If your language has a word for killing an animal for a sacrifice, consider using it here.
REV 05 09 qtv5 figs-metonymy 0 with your blood Since blood represents a person's life, losing the blood represents dying. This probably means "by your death" or "by dying." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 05 09 k8re 0 you purchased people for God "you bought people so that they could belong to God" or "you paid the price so that people could belong to God"
REV 05 09 zzc7 0 from every tribe, language, people, and nation This means that people from every ethnic group are included.
REV 05 11 xuy1 translate-numbers 0 ten thousands of ten thousands and thousands of thousands Use an expression in your language that shows that it is a huge number. Alternate translation: "millions" or "too many thousands to count" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV 05 12 gnv1 0 Worthy is the Lamb who has been slaughtered "The Lamb who has been slaughtered is worthy"
REV 05 12 mt28 figs-metonymy 0 to receive power, wealth, wisdom, strength, honor, glory, and praise These are all things that the Lamb has. Being praised for having them is spoken of as receiving them. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns. See how you translated a similar sentence in [Revelation 4:11](../04/11.md). Alternate translation: "for everyone to honor, glorify, and praise him because he is powerful, wealthy, wise, and strong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 05 13 sad6 figs-merism 0 in heaven and on the earth and under the earth This means everywhere: the place where God and the angels live, the place where people and animals live, and the place where those who have died are. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 05 13 t3zy 0 To the one who sits on the throne and to the Lamb be "May he who sits on the throne and the Lamb have"
REV 06 intro zkn7 0 # Revelation 06 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>The author describes what happened after the Lamb opens each of the first six seals. The Lamb does not open the seventh seal until Chapter 8.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Seven Seals<br>Kings and important people in John's time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, the Lamb opens the seals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>##### The Four Horsemen<br>As the Lamb opens each of the first four seals, the author describes horsemen riding different colored horses. The colors of the horses seem to symbolize how the rider will affect the earth.<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### The Lamb<br>This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lamb]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>##### Similes<br>In verses 12-14, the author uses several similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br>
REV 06 01 i392 0 Connecting Statement: John continues to describe the events that happened before the throne of God. The Lamb begins to open the seals on the scroll.
REV 06 01 be7p 0 Come! This is a command to one person, apparently the rider of the white horse who is spoken of in verse 2.
REV 06 02 t2qg figs-activepassive 0 he was given a crown This kind of crown was a likeness of wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, probably hammered out in gold. Examples actually made of leaves were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads. This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "he received a crown" or "God gave him a crown (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 06 02 r5mh 0 a crown This was a wreath of olive branches or of laurel leaves like the wreaths that winning athletes received in contests at the time of John.
REV 06 03 bs66 translate-ordinal 0 the second seal "the next seal" or "seal number two" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV 06 03 i1p4 translate-ordinal 0 the second living creature "the next living creature" or "living creature number two" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV 06 04 qg8s 0 came out—fiery red This can the stated as a second sentence. Alternate translation: "came out. It was red like fire" or "came out. It was bright red"
REV 06 04 w57m figs-activepassive 0 To its rider was given permission This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "God gave permission to its rider" or "Its rider received person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 06 04 je64 figs-activepassive 0 This rider was given a huge sword This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "This rider received a huge sword" or "God gave this rider a huge sword" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 06 04 n58n 0 a huge sword "a very large sword" or "a great sword"
REV 06 05 v4us translate-ordinal 0 the third seal "the next seal" or "seal number three" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV 06 05 zec1 translate-ordinal 0 the third living creature "the next living creature" or "living creature number three" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV 06 05 rm4y 0 a pair of scales a tool used for weighing things
REV 06 06 cq7h 0 A choenix of wheat for one denarius Some languages might want a verb such as "cost" or "buy" in the sentence. There was very little wheat for all the people, so its price was very high. Alternate translation: "A choenix of wheat now costs one denarius" or "Buy a choenix of wheat with one denarius"
REV 06 06 b5rr translate-bvolume 0 A choenix of wheat ... three choenices of barley a "choenix" was a specific measure that was about one liter. The plural of "choenix" is "choenices." Alternate translation: "one liter of wheat ... three liters of barley" or "one bowl of wheat ... three bowls of barley" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
REV 06 06 v3sn translate-bmoney 0 one denarius This coin was worth a day's wages. Alternate translation: "one silver coin" or "the pay for one day of work" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
REV 06 06 ej1v 0 But do not harm the oil and the wine If the oil and wine were harmed, there would be less of them for people to buy, and their prices would go up.
REV 06 06 c5ik figs-metonymy 0 the oil and the wine These expressions probably stand for the olive oil harvest and the grape harvest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 06 07 mu5f translate-ordinal 0 the fourth seal "the next seal" or "seal number four" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV 06 07 zj87 translate-ordinal 0 the fourth living creature "the next living creature" or "living creature number four" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV 06 08 e11y 0 pale horse "grey horse." This is the color of a dead body, so its color is a symbol of death.
REV 06 08 df32 figs-metonymy 0 one-fourth of the earth Here "the earth" represents the people of the earth. Alternate translation: "one-fourth of the people on the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
REV 06 08 tjw8 figs-metonymy 0 the sword A sword is a weapon, and here it represents war. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 06 08 n9x3 0 with the wild animals of the earth This means that Death and Hades would cause the wild animals to attack and kill people.
REV 06 09 bv8r translate-ordinal 0 the fifth seal "the next seal" or "seal number five" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV 06 09 n3mi 0 under the altar This may have been "at the base of the altar."
REV 06 09 b2kp figs-activepassive 0 those who had been killed This can be translated with an active verb. AT "those whom others had killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 06 09 y8c6 figs-metaphor 0 because of the word of God and the testimony which they held Here "Word of God" is a metonym for the message from God and "held" is a metaphor. Possible meanings are 1) holding the testimony refers to believing God's word and testimony. Alternate translation: "because of the teachings of scripture and what they taught about Jesus Christ" or "because they believed the word of God, which is his testimony" or 2) holding the testimony refers to testifying about the word of God. Alternate translation: "because they testified about the word of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 06 10 qz1i figs-metonymy 0 avenge our blood The word blood here represents their deaths. Alternate translation: "punish those who killed us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 06 11 bq1p figs-rquestion 0 until the full number of their fellow servants and their brothers was reached who were to be killed, just as they had been killed This implies that God had decided that a certain number of people should be killed by their enemies. This can be translated in an active form. Alternate translation: "until people had killed the full number of their fellow servants ... sisters whom God had decided people would kill, just as people had killed their fellow servants ... sisters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
REV 06 11 q9xh 0 their fellow servants and their brothers This is one group of people described in two ways: as servants and as brothers. Alternate translation: "their brothers who serve God with them" or "their fellow believers who serve God with them"
REV 06 11 p615 figs-metaphor 0 brothers Christians are often spoken of as being one another's brothers. Females were among those spoken of here. Alternate translation: "fellow Christians" or "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 06 12 z9qm translate-ordinal 0 the sixth seal "the next seal" or "seal number six" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV 06 12 xu8l figs-simile 0 as black as sackcloth Sometimes sackcloth was made of black hair. People would wear sackcloth when they were mourning. The image of sackcloth is meant to lead people to think of death and mourning. Alternate translation: "as black as mourning clothes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 06 12 g7rt figs-simile 0 like blood The image of blood is meant to lead people to think of death. How it was like blood can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "red like blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 06 13 s137 figs-activepassive 0 just as a fig tree drops its unripe fruit when shaken by a stormy wind This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "just as a stormy wind shakes a fig tree and causes it to drop its unripe fruit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 06 14 jyb7 figs-simile 0 The sky vanished like a scroll that was being rolled up The sky was normally thought of as being strong like a sheet of metal, but now it was weak like a sheet of paper and easily torn and rolled up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 06 15 m6j6 0 the generals This word refers to the warriors who command in the battle.
REV 06 15 vl6h 0 caves large holes in the sides of hills
REV 06 16 f4bj figs-metonymy 0 the face of the one Here "face" represents "presence." Alternate translation: "the presence of the one" or "the one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 06 17 bd8v figs-metonymy 0 the great day of their wrath has come The day of their wrath refers to the time when they would punish wicked people. Alternate translation: "this is the terrible time when they will punish people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 06 17 i7t4 figs-metaphor 0 has come Existing now is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 06 17 cq9e 0 their wrath "Their" refers to the one on the throne and the Lamb.
REV 06 17 r1ta figs-metonymy 0 Who is able to stand? Surviving, or staying alive, is spoken of as standing. This question is used to express their great sadness and fear that no one will be able to survive when God punishes them. Alternate translation: "No one can survive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
REV 07 intro f27i 0 # Revelation 07 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>Scholars have interpreted parts of this chapter in many different ways. Translators do not need to fully understand what this chapter means to accurately translate its contents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>It is important to accurately translate the large numbers in this chapter. The number 144,000 is twelve times twelve thousand.<br><br>Translators should be aware that the tribes of the people of Israel are not listed in this chapter the same as they are generally listed in the Old Testament.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 5-8 and 15-17.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Worship<br>God saves his people and keeps them through times of trouble. His people respond by worshipping him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]])<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### The Lamb<br>This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
REV 07 01 b1yl 0 General Information: John begins to describe a vision of 144,000 servants of God who become marked with seals. Their marking takes place after the Lamb opens the sixth seal and before he opens the seventh seal.
REV 07 01 id3y 0 the four corners of the earth The earth is spoken of as if it were flat and square like a sheet of paper. The phrase "the four corners" refers to the north, south, east, and west.
REV 07 02 sgq7 figs-metonymy 0 the seal of the living God The word "seal" here refers to a tool that is used to press a mark onto a wax seal. In this case the tool would be used to put a mark on God's people. Alternate translation: "the marker" or "stamp" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 07 03 upb7 figs-metonymy 0 put a seal on the foreheads The word "seal" here refers to a mark. This mark shows that the people belong to God and that he will protect them. Alternate translation: "put a mark on the foreheads" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 07 03 je8m 0 foreheads The forehead is the top of the face, above the eyes.
REV 07 04 m58v figs-activepassive 0 those who were sealed This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "those whom God's angel marked" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 07 09 cj5k 0 General Information: John begins to describe a second vision about a multitude praising God. This vision also takes place after the Lamb opens the sixth seal and before he opens the seventh seal.
REV 07 09 au1m 0 a huge multitude "a huge crowd" or "a great number of people"
REV 07 09 v63z 0 white robes Here the color "white" represents purity.
REV 07 10 m5az 0 Salvation belongs to "Salvation comes from"
REV 07 10 vlv1 figs-abstractnouns 0 Salvation belongs ... to the Lamb They were praising God and the Lamb. The noun "salvation" can be expressed with the verb "save." AT "Our God, who sits on the throne, and the Lamb have saved us!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 07 11 a45p 0 the four living creatures These are the four creatures mentioned in [Revelation 4:6-8](../04/06.md).
REV 07 11 aja9 figs-idiom 0 they fell on their faces Here "fell on their faces" is an idiom that means hey lay down facing the ground. See how you translated "prostrated themselves" in [Revelation 4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: "they bowed down" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV 07 12 lf1m 0 Praise, glory ... be to our God "Our God is worthy of all praise, glory, wisdom, thanks, honor, power and strength"
REV 07 12 q3gt 0 Praise, glory ... thanksgiving, honor ... be to our God The verb "give" can be used to show how praise, glory, and honor, are to be "to" God. Alternate translation: "We must give praise, glory, thanks, and honor to our God"
REV 07 12 d74f 0 forever and ever These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the praise will never end.
REV 07 13 wz8z 0 clothed with white robes These white robes showed that they were righteous.
REV 07 14 p6en 0 have come out of the great tribulation "have survived the great tribulation" or "have lived through the great tribulation"
REV 07 14 u6fc 0 the great tribulation "the time of terrible suffering" or "the time when people will suffer terribly"
REV 07 14 b7mi figs-metaphor 0 They have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb Being made righteous by the blood of the Lamb is spoken of as washing their robes in his blood. Alternate translation: "They have been made righteous by washing their robes white in his blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 07 14 ym21 figs-metonymy 0 the blood of the Lamb The word "blood" is used to refer to the death of Lamb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 07 15 qs23 0 they ... them These words refer to those people who have come through the great tribulation.
REV 07 15 us3i figs-merism 0 day and night These two parts of the day are used together to mean "all the time" or "without stopping" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 07 15 k9f2 figs-metaphor 0 will spread his tent over them "will put his tent up over them." Protecting them is spoken of as if he were giving them shelter to live under. Alternate translation: "will shelter them" or "will protect them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 07 16 p6u7 0 They ... them These words refer to those people who have come through the great tribulation.
REV 07 16 t45h figs-metaphor 0 The sun will not beat down The sun's heat is compared to punishment that causes people to suffer. Alternate translation: "The sun will not burn them" or "The sun will not make them weak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 07 17 wc49 0 their ... them These words refer to those people who have come through the great tribulation.
REV 07 17 b5rp 0 the Lamb at the center of the throne "the Lamb, who is standing in the middle of the area around the throne"
REV 07 17 bi5i figs-metaphor 0 For the Lamb ... will be their shepherd The elder speaks of the Lamb's care for his people as if it were a shepherd's care for his sheep. Alternate translation: "For the Lamb ... will be like a shepherd to them" or "For the Lamb ... will care for them as a shepherd cares for his sheep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 07 17 m6m8 figs-metaphor 0 he will guide them to springs of living water The elder speaks of what gives life as if it were springs of fresh water. Alternate translation: "he will guide them like a shepherd guiding his sheep to fresh water" or "he will guide them to life like a shepherd guiding his sheep to living water" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 07 17 g3d2 figs-metonymy 0 God will wipe away every tear from their eyes Tears here represent sadness. Alternate translation: "God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears" or "God will cause them to not be sad anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 08 intro ma7f 0 # Revelation 08 General Notes<br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Seven seals and seven trumpets<br>This chapter begins to show what happens when the Lamb opens the seventh seal. God uses the prayers of all believers to cause dramatic things to happen on earth. John then describes what happens when angels sound the first four of seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Passive voice<br>John uses the passive voice several times in this chapter. This hides who performs the action. This will be difficult to convey if the translator's language does not have a passive voice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])<br><br>##### Similes<br>In verses 8 and 10, John uses similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br>
REV 08 01 mh2b translate-ordinal 0 the seventh seal This is the last of the seven seals on the scroll. Alternate translation: "the next seal" or "the final seal" or "seal number seven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV 08 02 fri9 figs-activepassive 0 seven trumpets were given to them They were each given one trumpet. This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are 1) "God gave them seven trumpets" or 2) "the Lamb gave them seven trumpets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 08 03 f9g9 0 he would offer it "he would offer the incense to God by burning it"
REV 08 04 lq1q figs-metonymy 0 the angel's hand This refers to the bowl in the angel's hand. Alternate translation: "the bowl in the angel's hand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 08 05 l79w figs-metonymy 0 filled it with fire The word "fire" here probably refers to burning coals. Alternate translation: "filled it with burning coals" or "filled it with coals of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 08 06 xys5 0 General Information: The seven angels sound the seven trumpets, one at a time.
REV 08 07 g5gp figs-activepassive 0 It was thrown down onto the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The angel threw the hail and fire mixed with blood down onto the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 08 07 ga1r figs-activepassive 0 a third of it was burned up, a third of the trees were burned up, and all the green grass was burned up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "it burned up a third of the earth, a third of the trees, and all the green grass" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 08 08 rnh8 translate-ordinal 0 The second angel "The next angel" or "Angel number two" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV 08 08 uw2h figs-activepassive 0 something like a great mountain burning with fire was thrown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the angel threw something like a great mountain burning with fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 08 08 ev7g translate-fraction 0 A third of the sea became blood The fraction "A third" can be explained in translation. Alternate translation: "It was like the sea was divided into three parts, and one of those parts became blood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
REV 08 08 k43y figs-simile 0 became blood Possible meanings are it 1) "became red like blood" or it 2) really became blood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 08 09 vgf4 0 the living creatures in the sea "the things living in the sea" or "the fish and other animals that lived in the sea"
REV 08 10 n8ue figs-simile 0 a huge star fell from the sky, blazing like a torch "a huge star that was blazing like a torch fell from the sky." The fire of the huge star looked similar to the fire of a torch. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 08 10 int4 0 torch a stick with one end lit on fire to provide light
REV 08 11 as2n translate-unknown 0 The name of the star is Wormwood Wormwood is a shrub that tastes bitter. People made medicine out of it, but they also believed that it was poisonous. Alternate translation: "The name of the star is Bitterness" or "The name of the star is Bitter Medicine" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 08 11 gei4 figs-metaphor 0 became wormwood The bitter taste of the water is spoken of as if it were wormwood. Alternate translation: "became bitter like wormwood" or "became bitter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 08 11 g4q5 0 died from the waters that became bitter "died when they drank the bitter water"
REV 08 12 z936 figs-metaphor 0 a third of the sun was struck Causing something bad to happen to the sun is spoken of as striking, or hitting, it. This can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: "a third of the sun changed" or "God changed a third of the sun" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 08 12 ukh6 0 a third of them turned dark Possible meanings are 1) "one third of the time they were dark" or 2) "one third of the sun, one third of the moon, and one third of the stars became dark"
REV 08 12 t1ag 0 a third of the day and a third of the night had no light "there was no light during one third of the day and one third of the night" or "they did not shine during one third of the day and one third of the night"
REV 08 13 x375 figs-activepassive 0 because of the remaining trumpet ... angels This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because the three angels who have not yet sounded their trumpets are about to sound them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 09 intro sq5c 0 # Revelation 09 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>In this chapter, John continues to describe what happens when angels sound seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>##### Woe<br>John describes several "woes" in the Book of Revelation. This chapter begins to describe three "woes" announced at the end of Chapter 8.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Animal imagery<br>This chapter includes several animals: locusts, scorpions, horses, lions, and snakes. Animals convey different qualities or traits. For example, a lion is powerful and dangerous. Translators should use the same animals in their translation if possible. If the animal is unknown, one with similar qualities or traits should be used.<br><br>##### Bottomless pit<br>This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])<br><br>##### Abaddon and Apollyon<br><br>"Abaddon" is a Hebrew word. "Apollyon" is a Greek word. Both words mean "Destroyer." John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. The ULT and UST write the sounds of both words with English letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate these words using the letters of the target language. The original Greek readers would have understood "Apollyon" to mean "Destroyer." So translators may also supply what it means in the text or in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])<br><br>##### Repentance<br>Despite great signs, people are described as not repenting and so remain in their sin. People refusing to repent are also mentioned in Chapter 16. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Simile<br>John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br>
REV 09 01 jim6 0 I saw a star from heaven that had fallen John saw the star after it had fallen. He did not watch if fall.
REV 09 01 v12j 0 the key to the shaft of the bottomless pit "the key that unlocks the shaft of the bottomless pit"
REV 09 01 cjr9 0 the shaft of the bottomless pit Possible meanings are 1) "shaft" is another way of referring to the pit and describes it as long and narrow, or 2) "shaft" refers to the opening of the pit.
REV 09 01 p886 0 the bottomless pit This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are 1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or 2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom.
REV 09 02 tp79 figs-simile 0 like smoke from a huge furnace A huge furnace gives off a great amount of thick, dark smoke. Alternate translation: "like the great amount of smoke that comes from a huge furnace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 09 02 nd4n 0 turned dark "became dark"
REV 09 03 mb9m translate-unknown 0 locusts insects that fly together in large groups. People fear them because they can eat up all the leaves in gardens and on trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 09 03 a4e7 figs-explicit 0 power like that of scorpions Scorpions have the ability to sting and poison other animals and people. Alternate translation: "the ability to sting people as scorpions do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 09 03 mjf1 translate-unknown 0 scorpions small insects with poisonous stingers on their tails. Their sting is extremely painful and the pain lasts a long time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 09 04 cl6p 0 They were told not to damage the grass on the earth or any green plant or tree Ordinary locusts were a terrible threat to people because when they swarm, they can eat up all the grass and all the leaves on plants and trees. These locusts were told not to do this.
REV 09 04 pb9q figs-ellipsis 0 but only the people The phrase "to damage" or "to harm" is understood. Alternate translation: "but only to harm the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
REV 09 04 gi1a figs-metonymy 0 the seal of God The word "seal" here refers to a tool that is used to press a mark onto a wax seal. In this case the tool would be used to put a mark on God's people. See how you translated "seal" in [Revelation 7:3](../07/03.md). Alternate translation: "the marker of God" or "stamp of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 09 04 tl6n 0 foreheads The forehead is the top of the face, above the eyes.
REV 09 05 rui1 0 They were not given permission "They" refers to the locusts. ([Revelation 9:3](../09/03.md))
REV 09 05 vfj7 0 those people the people whom the locusts were stinging
REV 09 05 ii8s figs-ellipsis 0 but only to torture them Here the words "given permission" are understood. Alternate translation: "but only given permission to torture them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
REV 09 05 nm7q 0 to torture them for five months The locusts would be allowed to do this for five months.
REV 09 05 a3dw 0 to torture them "to make them suffer terrible pain"
REV 09 05 qtk9 0 the sting of a scorpion A scorpion is a small insect with a poisonous stinger at the end of its long tail. The sting can cause severe pain or even death.
REV 09 06 p4mb figs-abstractnouns 0 people will seek death, but will not find it This can be restated to remove the abstract noun "death." Alternate translation: "people will try to find a way to die, but will not find it" or "people will try to kill themselves, but will not find a way to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 09 06 hiq8 0 will greatly desire to die "will want very much to die" or "will wish that they could die"
REV 09 06 f1b4 figs-personification 0 death will flee from them John speaks of death as if it were a person or animal that could run away. Alternate translation: "they will not be able to die" or "they will not die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV 09 07 zh82 0 General Information: These locusts did not look like ordinary locusts. John describes them by telling how parts of them looked like other things.
REV 09 07 s9gl 0 crowns of gold These were likenesses of wreaths of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. Examples actually made of leaves were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads.
REV 09 10 mac3 0 They had tails The word "They" refers to the locusts.
REV 09 10 qdc3 figs-simile 0 with stingers like scorpions A scorpion is a small insect with a poisonous stinger at the end of its long tail. The sting can cause severe pain or even death. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 9:6](../09/06.md). Alternate translation: "with stingers like scorpion stingers" or "with stingers that could cause terrible pain as scorpion stingers can" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 09 10 lim1 0 in their tails they had power to harm people for five months Possible meanings are 1) they had power for five months to harm people or 2) they could sting people and the people would be in pain for five months.
REV 09 11 fiu6 0 the bottomless pit This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are 1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or 2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md).
REV 09 11 bkg6 translate-names 0 Abaddon ... Apollyon Both names mean "Destroyer." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
REV 09 12 ts26 figs-metaphor 0 there are still two disasters to come Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 09 13 x4md figs-synecdoche 0 I heard a voice coming The voice refers to the one who was speaking. John does not say who the speaker was, but it may have been God. Alternate translation: "I heard someone speaking" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV 09 13 q3a3 0 horns of the golden altar These are horn-shaped extensions at each of the four corners of the top of the altar.
REV 09 14 iq5t figs-synecdoche 0 The voice said The voice refers to the speaker. Alternate translation: "The speaker said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV 09 14 su17 figs-activepassive 0 the four angels who are bound The text does not say who has bound the angels, but it implies that God told someone to bind them. This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: "the four angels whom God has commanded them to bind" or "the four angels whom God has commanded someone to bind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 09 15 ijx2 figs-activepassive 0 The four angels who had been prepared for ... that year, were released This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: "The angel released the four angels who had been prepared for ... that year" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 09 15 p3w1 figs-activepassive 0 The four angels who had been prepared This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: "The four angels whom God had prepared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 09 15 b3d6 figs-parallelism 0 for that hour, that day, that month, and that year These words are used to show that there is a specific, chosen time and not just any time. Alternate translation: "for that exact time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
REV 09 16 h8uf 0 General Information: Suddenly, 200,000,000 soldiers on horseback appear in John's vision. John is no longer speaking about the four angels mentioned in the previous verse.
REV 09 16 ays5 translate-numbers 0 200,000,000 Some ways to express this are: "two hundred million" or "two hundred thousand thousand" or "twenty thousand times ten thousand." If your language does not have a specific number for this, you could also see how you translated a similar large number in [Revelation 5:11](../05/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV 09 17 j5n9 0 fiery red "red like fire" or "bright red." See how you translated this in [Revelation 6:3](../06/03.md).
REV 09 17 pqe8 0 sulfurous yellow "yellow like sulfur" or "bright yellow like sulfur"
REV 09 17 mzf7 0 out of their mouths came fire, smoke, and sulfur "fire, smoke, and sulfur came out of their mouths"
REV 09 18 x4fr translate-fraction 0 A third of the people "One third of the people." See how you translated "A third" in [Revelation 8:7](../08/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
REV 09 20 xf3t figs-activepassive 0 those who were not killed by these plagues This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom the plagues had not killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 09 20 d3vn figs-distinguish 0 things that cannot see, hear, or walk This phrase reminds us that idols are not alive and do not deserve to be worshiped. But the people did not stop worshiping them. Alternate translation: "even though idols cannot see, hear, or walk" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
REV 10 intro ys3l 0 # Revelation 10 General Notes<br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Seven thunders<br>John here describes the seven thunders as making sounds that he could understand as words. However, translators should use their normal word for "thunder" when translating these verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>##### "The mystery of God"<br>This refers to some aspect of the hidden plan of God. It is not necessary to know what this mystery is to translate it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Simile<br>John uses similes to help him describe the face, legs, and voice of the mighty angel. Translators should understand other objects in this chapter, such as the rainbow and the cloud, with their normal meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br>
REV 10 01 xr6f 0 General Information: John begins to describe a vision of a mighty angel holding a scroll. In John's vision he is viewing what is happening from earth. This takes place between the blowing of the sixth and seventh trumpets.
REV 10 01 jj2e figs-metaphor 0 He was robed in a cloud John speaks of the angel as if he were wearing a cloud as his clothing. This expression may be understood as metaphor. However, because very unusual things were often seen in visions, it might be understood as a literally true statement in its context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 10 01 qax6 figs-simile 0 His face was like the sun John compares the brightness of his face with the brightness of the sun. Alternate translation: "His face was bright like the sun" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 10 01 p81x figs-metonymy 0 his feet were like pillars of fire The word "feet" here refers to the legs. Alternate translation: "his legs were like pillars of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 10 02 l3r8 0 He put his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land "He stood with his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land"
REV 10 03 ubb9 0 Then he shouted "Then the angel shouted"
REV 10 03 r4j6 0 the seven thunders spoke out The thunder is described as if it were a person who could speak. Alternate translation: "the seven thunders made a loud noise" or "the thunder sounded very loudly seven times"
REV 10 03 qag8 0 seven thunders Thunder occurring seven times is spoken of as if it were seven different "thunders."
REV 10 04 az1z figs-synecdoche 0 but I heard a voice from heaven The word "voice" refers to words spoken by someone other than the angel. Alternate translation: "but I heard someone speaking from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV 10 05 l5xy translate-symaction 0 raised his right hand to heaven He did this to show that he was swearing by God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
REV 10 06 t2f6 0 He swore by the one who lives forever and ever "He asked that what he was going to say would be confirmed by the one who lives forever and ever"
REV 10 06 gmm8 0 the one who lives forever and ever Here "the one" refers to God.
REV 10 06 egm1 0 There will be no more delay "There will be no more waiting" or "God will not delay"
REV 10 07 c5gy figs-activepassive 0 the mystery of God will be accomplished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will accomplish his mystery" or "God will complete his secret plan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 10 08 v6a9 figs-synecdoche 0 The voice I heard from heaven The word "voice" refers to the speaker. Alternate translation: "The one I heard speak from heaven" or "The one who had spoken to me from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV 10 08 tkq7 0 I heard John heard
REV 10 09 x13b 0 He said to me "The angel said to me"
REV 10 09 tg31 0 make ... bitter "make ... sour" or "make ... acid." This refers to a bad taste from the stomach after eating something that is not good.
REV 10 11 ahb4 figs-metonymy 0 languages This refers to the people who speak the languages. Alternate translation: "many language communities" or "many groups of people who speak their own languages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 11 intro s117 0 # Revelation 11 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 15 and 17-18.<br><br>##### Woe<br><br>John describes several "woes" in the book of Revelation. This chapter describes a second and third "woe" announced at the end of Chapter 8.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Gentiles<br>The word "Gentiles" here refers to ungodly people groups and not Gentile Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>##### Two witnesses<br>Scholars have suggested many different ideas about these two witnesses. Translators do not need to understand this passage to accurately translate it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>##### Bottomless pit<br>This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])<br>
REV 11 01 ba9b 0 General Information: John begins to describe a vision about receiving a measuring rod and two witnesses that God appointed. This vision also takes place between the blowing of the sixth and seventh trumpets.
REV 11 01 lkn6 figs-activepassive 0 A reed was given to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone gave me a reed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 11 01 tl86 0 given to me ... I was told The words "me" and "I" refer to John.
REV 11 01 ha6e 0 those who worship in it "count those who worship in the temple"
REV 11 02 jae6 0 trample to treat something as worthless by walking on it
REV 11 03 rib4 translate-numbers 0 for 1,260 days "for one thousand two hundred and sixty days" or "for twelve hundred and sixty days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV 11 03 h8vh translate-unknown 0 days, clothed in sackcloth Why they will wear sackcloth can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "days, wearing rough mourning clothes" or "days: they will wear scratchy clothes to show that they are very sad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 11 04 pa44 writing-symlanguage 0 These witnesses are the two olive trees and the two lampstands that have stood before the Lord of the earth The two olive trees and the two lampstands symbolize these people, but they are not literally the people. Alternate translation: "The two olive trees and the two lampstands that have stood before the Lord of the earth represent these witnesses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 11 04 p6mi figs-explicit 0 the two olive trees and the two lampstands that John expects his readers to know about them because many years earlier another prophet had written about them. Alternate translation: "the two olive trees and the two lampstands, told about in scripture, that" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 11 05 nr2s 0 fire comes out of their mouth and devours their enemies Because this is about future events, it can also be stated in the future tense. Alternate translation: "fire will come out of their mouth and devour their enemies"
REV 11 05 ab6b figs-metaphor 0 fire ... devours their enemies Fire burning and killing people is spoken of as if it were an animal that could eat them up. Alternate translation: "fire ... will destroy their enemies" or "fire ... will completely burn up their enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 11 06 cac1 figs-metaphor 0 to close up the sky so that no rain will fall John speaks of the sky as if it had a door that can be opened to let rain fall or closed to stop the rain. Alternate translation: "to keep rain from falling from the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 11 06 a7ed 0 to turn "to change"
REV 11 06 kth7 figs-metaphor 0 to strike the earth with every kind of plague John speaks of the plagues as if they were a stick that someone could hit the earth with. Alternate translation: "to cause all kinds of trouble to occur on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 11 07 i679 0 bottomless pit This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are 1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or 2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md).
REV 11 08 r45p 0 Their bodies This refers to the bodies of the two witnesses.
REV 11 08 p9fu 0 in the street of the great city The city had more than one street. This was a public place where people could see them. Alternate translation: "in one of the streets of the great city" or "in the main street of the great city"
REV 11 08 iea1 0 their Lord They served the Lord, and like him would die in that city.
REV 11 09 h3i2 translate-numbers 0 three and a half days "3 full days and one half day" or "3.5 days" or "3 1/2 days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV 11 09 bp61 0 They will not permit them to be placed in a tomb This will be a sign of disrespect.
REV 11 10 dm89 0 will rejoice over them and celebrate "will rejoice that the two witnesses have died"
REV 11 10 trs2 translate-symaction 0 even send gifts to one another This action shows how happy the people were. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
REV 11 10 h4pq 0 because these two prophets tormented those who lived on the earth This is the reason that the people will be so happy that the witnesses have died.
REV 11 11 x3gn translate-numbers 0 three and a half days "3 full days and one half day" or "3.5 days" or "3 1/2 days." See how you translated this in [Revelation 11:9](../11/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV 11 11 al5w figs-metaphor 0 a breath of life from God will enter them The ability to breathe is spoken of as if it were something that can go into people. Alternate translation: "God will cause the two witnesses to breathe again and live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 11 11 u265 figs-metaphor 0 Great fear will fall on those who see them Fear is spoken of as if it is a object that can fall on people. Alternate translation: "Those who see them will be extremely afraid" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 11 12 f8ze 0 Then they will hear Possible meanings are 1) the two witnesses will hear or 2) the people will hear what is said to the two witnesses.
REV 11 12 mkq9 figs-metonymy 0 a loud voice from heaven The word "voice" refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: "someone speak loudly to them from heaven and" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 11 12 l1x7 0 say to them "say to the two witnesses"
REV 11 13 fa14 0 the survivors "those who do not die" or "those who are still living"
REV 11 13 f4r2 0 give glory to the God of heaven "say that the God of heaven is glorious"
REV 11 14 l7jp 0 The second woe is past "The second terrible event is over." See how you translated "The first woe is past" in [Revelation 9:12](../09/12.md).
REV 11 14 j1m5 figs-metaphor 0 The third woe is coming quickly Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. Alternate translation: "The third woe will happen soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 11 15 sxx9 translate-ordinal 0 the seventh angel This is the last of the seven angels. See how you translated "seventh" in [Revelation 8.1](../08/01.md). Alternate translation: "the final angel" or "angel number seven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV 11 15 zt2f 0 loud voices spoke in heaven and said The phrase "loud voices" represents speakers who spoke loudly. Alternate translation: "speakers in heaven spoke loudly and said"
REV 11 15 jsm2 figs-metonymy 0 The kingdom of the world ... the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ Here "kingdom" refers to the authority to rule the world. Alternate translation: "The authority to rule the world ... the authority that belongs to our Lord and his Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 11 15 en51 figs-metonymy 0 the world This refers to everyone in the world. Alternate translation: "everyone in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 11 15 sw4u 0 The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ "Our Lord and his Christ are now the rulers of the world"
REV 11 16 jv5s translate-numbers 0 twenty-four elders "24 elders." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV 11 16 s2nv figs-idiom 0 fell upon their faces This is an idiom that means they lay down facing the ground. See how you translated "prostrated themselves" in [Revelation 4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: "they bowed down" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV 11 17 dw6v figs-distinguish 0 you, Lord God Almighty, the one who is and who was These phrases can be stated as sentences. Alternate translation: "you, Lord God, the ruler over all. You are the one who is, and you are the one who was" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
REV 11 17 fq4b 0 the one who is "the one who exists" or "the one who lives"
REV 11 17 ea29 0 who was "who has always existed" or "who has always lived"
REV 11 17 fe2b figs-explicit 0 you have taken your great power What God did with his great power can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "you have defeated with your power everyone who has rebelled against you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 11 18 qw72 0 General Information: The words "you" and "your" refer to God.
REV 11 18 amc2 0 were enraged "were extremely angry"
REV 11 18 iv5k figs-metaphor 0 your wrath has come Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. Alternate translation: "You are ready to show your anger" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 11 18 v18q figs-metaphor 0 The time has come Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. Alternate translation: "The time is right" or "Now is the time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 11 18 h833 figs-activepassive 0 for the dead to be judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for God to judge the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 11 18 zk1u figs-nominaladj 0 the dead This nominal adjective can be stated as a verb or adjective. Alternate translation: "Those who have died" or "the dead people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
REV 11 18 k3ba figs-metonymy 0 the prophets, those who are believers, and those who feared your name This list explains what "your servants" means. These were not three completely different groups of people. The prophets also were believers and feared God's name. "Name" here is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "the prophets, those who are believers, and those who fear you" or "the prophets and the others who are believers and fear your name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 11 19 c7pd figs-activepassive 0 Then God's temple in heaven was opened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Then someone opened God's temple in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 11 19 d9z7 figs-activepassive 0 the ark of his covenant was seen within his temple This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I saw the ark of his covenant in his temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 11 19 b6ly 0 flashes of lightning Use your language's way of describing what lightning looks like each time it appears. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md).
REV 11 19 ap5g 0 rumblings, crashes of thunder These are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language's way of describing the sound of thunder. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md).
REV 12 intro cq7x 0 # Revelation 12 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 10-12.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Serpent<br>The Book of Revelation uses imagery from the Old Testament. For example, John refers to Satan as the serpent. This image comes from the account of the Garden of Eden when Satan tempted Eve. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### "A great sign was seen in heaven"<br>By using the passive voice here, John does not say who saw this great sign in heaven. The translation may be difficult when the subject is unclear, if your language does not have a passive voice. Many English translations use the past tense here and say "A great sign appeared in heaven." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br>
REV 12 01 n4ii 0 General Information: John begins to describe a woman who appears in his vision.
REV 12 01 d7pw figs-activepassive 0 A great sign was seen in heaven This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "A great sign appeared in heaven" or "I, John, saw a great sign in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 12 01 j9yl figs-activepassive 0 a woman clothed with the sun, and with the moon under her feet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "A woman who was wearing the sun and had the moon under her feet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 12 01 tg62 0 a crown of twelve stars This was apparently a likeness of a wreath made of laurel leaves or olive branches, but with twelve stars included in it.
REV 12 03 s1j6 writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 12 04 r1lr 0 His tail swept away a third of the stars "With his tail he swept away a third of the stars"
REV 12 04 ii1k translate-fraction 0 a third "one third." See how you translated this in [Revelation 8:7](../08/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
REV 12 05 zr5q figs-metaphor 0 rule all the nations with an iron rod Ruling harshly is spoken of as ruling with an iron rod. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:27](../02/27.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 12 05 kfr1 figs-activepassive 0 Her child was snatched away to God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God quickly took her child to himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 12 06 a5bd translate-numbers 0 for 1,260 days "for one thousand two hundred and sixty days" or "for twelve hundred and sixty days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV 12 07 tb66 0 Now John uses this word to mark a shift in his account to introduce something else happening in his vision.
REV 12 07 wh37 writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 12 08 uj6a 0 So there was no longer any place in heaven for him and his angels "So the dragon and his angels could no longer stay in heaven"
REV 12 09 pk5u figs-distinguish 0 dragon—that old serpent called the devil or Satan, who deceives the whole world—was thrown down to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him The information about the serpent can be given in a separate sentence after the statement that it was thrown down to the earth. Alternate translation: "dragon was thrown down to earth, and his angels were thrown down with him. He is the old serpent who deceives the world and is called the devil or Satan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
REV 12 09 v1tp figs-activepassive 0 The great dragon ... was thrown down to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God threw the great dragon ... and his angels out of heaven and sent them to the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 12 10 jb7z 0 I The word "I" refers to John.
REV 12 10 i112 figs-metonymy 0 I heard a loud voice in heaven The word "voice" refers to someone who speaks. Alternate translation: "I heard someone saying loudly from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 12 10 nt1j figs-metaphor 0 Now have come the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God, and the authority of his Christ God saving people by his power is spoken of as if his salvation and power were things that have come. God's ruling and Christ's authority are also spoken of as if they have come. Alternate translation: "Now God has saved his people by his power, God rules as king, and his Christ has all authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 12 10 a5fm 0 have come "have begun to really exist" or "have appeared" or "have become real." God is revealing these things because their time to occur has "come." It is not that they did not exist before.
REV 12 10 yg1a 0 the accuser of our brothers has been thrown down This is the dragon that was thrown down in [Revelation 12:9](../12/09.md).
REV 12 10 a9wf figs-metaphor 0 our brothers Fellow believers are spoken of as if they were brothers. Alternate translation: "our fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 12 10 jn6q figs-merism 0 day and night These two parts of the day are used together to mean "all the time" or "without stopping" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 12 11 qmg8 0 They conquered him "They conquered the accuser"
REV 12 11 zt7v figs-metonymy 0 by the blood of the Lamb The blood refers to his death. Alternate translation: "because the lamb had shed his blood and died for them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 12 11 lht6 figs-abstractnouns 0 by the word of their testimony The word "testimony" can be expressed with the verb "testify." Also who they testified about can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "by what they said when they testified to others about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 12 11 n6wk 0 even to death The believers told the truth about Jesus, even though they knew that their enemies might try to kill them because of it. Alternate translation: "but they kept testifying even though they knew that they might die for it"
REV 12 12 l3ra figs-metaphor 0 He is filled with terrible anger The devil is spoken of as if he were a container, and anger is spoken of as if it were a liquid that could be in him. Alternate translation: "He is terribly angry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 12 13 x7st figs-activepassive 0 the dragon realized he had been thrown down to the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the dragon realized that God had thrown him out of heaven and sent him to earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 12 13 z3hb 0 he pursued the woman "he chased after the woman"
REV 12 13 kgv9 writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 12 14 sxw1 0 the serpent This is another way of referring to the dragon.
REV 12 15 c73v 0 serpent This is the same being as the dragon mentioned earlier in [Revelation 12:9](../12/09.md).
REV 12 15 y5ml figs-simile 0 like a river The water flowed from his mouth like a river flows. Alternate translation: "in large volume" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 12 15 a9wh 0 to sweep her away "to wash her away"
REV 12 16 i4u5 figs-personification 0 The earth opened its mouth and swallowed the river that the dragon was pouring out of his mouth The earth is spoken of as if it were a living thing, and a hole in the earth is spoken of as if it were a mouth that could drink up the water. Alternate translation: "A hole in the ground opened up and the water went down into the hole" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV 12 16 lgt7 writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 12 17 t6jf 0 hold to the testimony about Jesus The word "testimony" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "continue to testify about Jesus"
REV 13 intro c9mw 0 # Revelation 13 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 10, which are from the Old Testament.<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Similes<br>John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### Unknown animals<br>John uses different animals to try to describe what he saw. Some of these animals may not be known in the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])<br>
REV 13 01 su49 0 General Information: John begins to describe a beast who appears in his vision. The word "I" here refers to John.
REV 13 02 k6qh writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 13 02 xa3a 0 The dragon gave his power to it The dragon made the beast as powerful as he was. He did not lose his power, however, by giving it to the beast.
REV 13 02 c4wx 0 his power ... his throne, and his great authority to rule These are three ways of referring to his authority, and together they emphasize that the authority was great.
REV 13 02 gyv9 figs-metonymy 0 his throne The word "throne" here refers to the dragon's authority to rule as king. Alternate translation: "his royal authority" or "his authority to rule as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 13 03 yt22 figs-activepassive 0 but its fatal wound was healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but its fatal wound healed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 13 03 ba2z 0 fatal wound "deadly wound." This is an injury that is serious enough to cause a person to die.
REV 13 03 jc7x figs-metonymy 0 The whole earth The word "earth" refers to the people on it. Alternate translation: "All the people on the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 13 03 xx3h 0 followed the beast "obeyed the beast"
REV 13 04 t15f writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 13 04 yuu8 0 he had given his authority to the beast "he had caused the beast to have as much authority as he had"
REV 13 04 ep4n figs-rquestion 0 Who is like the beast? This question shows how amazed they were about the beast. Alternate translation: "No one is as powerful as the beast!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
REV 13 04 mdd2 figs-rquestion 0 Who can fight against it? This question shows how much the people feared the power of the beast. Alternate translation: "No one could ever fight against the beast and win!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
REV 13 05 p2n5 figs-activepassive 0 The beast was given ... It was permitted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God gave the beast ... God permitted the beast" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 13 05 y29e figs-metonymy 0 The beast was given a mouth that could speak Being given a mouth refers to being allowed to speak. Alternate translation: "The beast was allowed to speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 13 06 ru6v 0 to speak blasphemies against God "to say disrespectful things about God"
REV 13 06 k71y 0 blaspheming his name, the place where he lives, and those who live in heaven These phrases tell how the beast spoke blasphemies against God.
REV 13 07 fyp6 figs-activepassive 0 authority was given to it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God gave authority to the beast" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 13 07 f5rl 0 every tribe, people, language, and nation This means that people from every ethnic group are included. See how you translated a similar list in [Revelation 5:9](../05/09.md).
REV 13 08 nr7r 0 will worship it "will worship the beast"
REV 13 08 vyy8 figs-activepassive 0 everyone whose name was not written ... in the Book of Life This phrase clarifies who on the earth will worship the beast. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whose names the Lamb did not write ... in The Book of Life" or "those whose names were not ... in the Book of Life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 13 08 nj7e 0 since the creation of the world "when God created the world"
REV 13 08 vac6 writing-symlanguage 0 the Lamb A "lamb" is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 13 08 bcu5 figs-activepassive 0 who had been slaughtered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom the people slaughtered" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 13 09 tdy8 0 General Information: These verses are a break from John's account of his vision. Here he give a warning to the people reading his account.
REV 13 09 rr9a figs-metonymy 0 If anyone has an ear, let him hear Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. The phrase "has an ear" here is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If anyone is willing to listen, listen" or "If anyone is willing to understand, let him understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 13 09 tx89 figs-123person 0 If anyone ... let him hear Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: "If you are willing to listen, listen" or "If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV 13 10 r6sx figs-explicit 0 If anyone is to be taken This expression means that someone has decided who should be taken. If needed, translators may state clearly who decided it. Alternate translation: "If God has decided that someone should be taken" or "If it is God's will that someone should be taken" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 13 10 ipw7 figs-activepassive 0 If anyone is to be taken into captivity This can be stated in active form. The noun "captivity" can be stated with the verb "capture." Alternate translation: "If it is God's will for the enemy to capture a certain person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 13 10 na15 figs-abstractnouns 0 into captivity he will go The noun "captivity" can be stated with the verb "capture." Alternate translation: "he will be captured" or "the enemy will capture him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 13 10 mtu9 figs-activepassive 0 If anyone is to be killed with the sword This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If it is God's will for the enemy to kill a certain person with a sword" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 13 10 cdi9 figs-metonymy 0 with the sword The sword represents war. Alternate translation: "in war" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 13 10 d2rw figs-activepassive 0 he will be killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the enemy will kill him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 13 10 pk8r 0 Here is a call for the patient endurance and faith of the saints "God's holy people must endure patiently and be faithful"
REV 13 11 e7aw figs-simile 0 it spoke like a dragon Harsh speech is spoken of as if it were the roar of a dragon. Alternate translation: "it spoke harshly like a dragon speaks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 13 11 k9g8 writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 13 12 a2fp 0 the earth and those who live on it "everyone on the earth"
REV 13 12 ys3n figs-activepassive 0 the one whose lethal wound had been healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the one who had a lethal wound that healed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 13 12 jc77 0 lethal wound "deadly wound." This was an injury that was serious enough that it could have made him die.
REV 13 13 z2ws 0 It performed "The beast from the earth performed"
REV 13 15 dl87 figs-activepassive 0 It was permitted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God permitted the beast from the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 13 15 cw55 figs-metonymy 0 to give breath to the beast's image Here the word "breath" represents life. Alternate translation: "to give life to the beast's image" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 13 15 dey8 0 the beast's image This is the image of the first beast that had been mentioned.
REV 13 15 ruk5 0 cause all who refused to worship the beast to be killed "put to death anyone who refused to worship the first beast"
REV 13 16 h9u9 0 It also forced everyone "The beast from the earth also forced everyone"
REV 13 17 t7wm figs-explicit 0 It was impossible for anyone to buy or sell unless he had the mark of the beast "People could buy or sell things only if they had the mark of the beast." The implicit information that the beast from the earth commanded it can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "He commanded that people could buy or sell things only if they had the mark of the beast" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 13 17 j8x4 0 the mark of the beast This was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast.
REV 13 18 i46m 0 General Information: This verse is a break from John's account of his vision. Here he gives another warning to the people reading his account.
REV 13 18 uk74 0 This calls for wisdom "Wisdom is needed" or "You need to be wise about this"
REV 13 18 z8tz figs-abstractnouns 0 If anyone has insight The word "insight" can be translated with the verb "understand." Alternate translation: "If anyone is able to understand things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 13 18 ri1y 0 let him calculate the number of the beast "he should discern what the number of the beast means" or "he should figure out what the number of the beast means"
REV 13 18 bbn2 0 is the number of a human being Possible meanings are 1) the number represents one person or 2) the number represents all of humanity.
REV 14 intro q71v 0 # Revelation 14 General Notes<br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Harvest<br><br>Harvest is when people go out to gather ripe food from plants. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about him so those people can be part of God's kingdom. This chapter uses the metaphor of two harvests. Jesus gathers in his people from the whole earth. Then an angel gathers in wicked people whom God will punish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br>
REV 14 01 a3kz writing-symlanguage 0 Lamb A "lamb" is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 14 01 uc96 translate-numbers 0 144,000 "one hundred forty-four thousand." See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:4](../07/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV 14 01 z963 figs-activepassive 0 who had his name and his Father's name written on their foreheads This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "on whose foreheads the Lamb and his Father had written their names" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 14 01 rf47 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 his Father This is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
REV 14 02 hwu4 0 a voice from heaven "a sound from heaven"
REV 14 03 sz1f 0 They sang a new song "The 144,000 people sang a new song." This explains what the sound was that John heard. Alternate translation: "That sound was a new song that they sang"
REV 14 03 ii11 0 the four living creatures "living being" or "living thing." See how you translated "living creature" in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md)
REV 14 03 m75y 0 elders This refers to the twenty-four elders around the throne. See how you translated "elders" in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md).
REV 14 03 q6fc translate-numbers 0 144,000 "one hundred forty-four thousand." See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:4](../07/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV 14 04 jet6 0 have not defiled themselves with women Possible meanings are 1) "have never had immoral sexual relations with a woman" or 2) "have never had sexual relations with a woman." Defiling oneself with women may be a symbol of worshiping idols.
REV 14 04 a7ir 0 they have kept themselves sexually pure Possible meanings are 1) "they did not have sexual relations with a woman who was not their wife" or 2) "they are virgins."
REV 14 04 q3hg figs-metaphor 0 follow the Lamb wherever he goes Doing what the Lamb does is spoken of as following him. Alternate translation: "they do whatever the Lamb does" or "they obey the Lamb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 14 04 mlw3 figs-metaphor 0 redeemed from among mankind as firstfruits "Firstfruits" here is a metaphor for the first offering to be made to God in celebration of harvest. Alternate translation: "purchased out of the midst of the rest of mankind as a special celebration of salvation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 14 05 ga8p figs-metonymy 0 No lie was found in their mouth Their "mouth" refers to what they said." Alternate translation: "They never lied when they spoke" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 14 06 n1fr 0 Connecting Statement: John begins to describe the next part of his vision. This is the first of three angels who proclaim judgment on the earth.
REV 14 06 pp1l 0 every nation, tribe, language, and people This means that people from every ethnic group are included. See how you translated a similar list in [Revelation 5:9](../05/09.md).
REV 14 07 cj5z figs-metaphor 0 the hour of his judgment has come Here "the hour" represents the time that has been chosen for something, and the hour having "come" is a metaphor for now being the chosen time. The idea of "judgment" can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: "now is the time that God has chosen for judgment" or "it is now the time for God to judge people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 14 08 b18s figs-metaphor 0 Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great The angel speaks of Babylon having been destroyed as if it had fallen. Alternate translation: "Babylon the great has been destroyed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 14 08 jh3r writing-symlanguage 0 Babylon the great "Babylon the large city" or "the important city of Babylon." This was probably a symbol for the city of Rome, which was large, wealthy, and sinful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 14 08 kg1i figs-metonymy 0 who persuaded Babylon is spoken of as if it were a person, instead of a city filled with people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 14 08 ldz2 writing-symlanguage 0 to drink the wine of her immoral passion This is a symbol for participating in her sexually immoral passion. Alternate translation: "to be sexually immoral like her" or "to get drunk like her in sexual sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 14 08 v3zk figs-personification 0 her immoral passion Babylon is spoken of as if it were a prostitute who has caused other people to sin along with her. This may well have a double meaning: literal sexual immorality and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 14 09 z6xp 0 with a loud voice "loudly"
REV 14 10 qw28 writing-symlanguage 0 will also drink some of the wine of God's wrath Drinking the wine of God's wrath is a symbol for being punished by God. Alternate translation: "will also drink some of the wine that represents God's wrath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 14 10 fe83 figs-activepassive 0 that has been poured undiluted This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God has poured full strength" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 14 10 bb38 writing-symlanguage 0 that has been poured undiluted This means that the wine has no water mixed into it. It is strong, and a person who drinks much of it will get very drunk. As a symbol, it means that God will be extremely angry, not just a little angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 14 10 zl4g writing-symlanguage 0 cup of his anger This symbolic cup holds the wine that represents God's anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 14 11 dds6 figs-metonymy 0 The smoke from their torment The phrase "their torment" refers to the fire that torments them. Alternate translation: "The smoke from the fire that torments them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 14 11 z5ea 0 they have no rest "they have no relief" or "the torment does not stop"
REV 14 12 me1j 0 Here is a call for the patient endurance of the saints "God's holy people must endure patiently and be faithful." See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 13:10](../13/10.md).
REV 14 13 x62q 0 the dead who die "those who die"
REV 14 13 hy1a 0 who die in the Lord "who are united to the Lord and die." This may refer to people who are killed by their enemies. Alternate translation: "who die because they are united to the Lord"
REV 14 13 vd4m 0 labors difficulties and sufferings
REV 14 13 v4xz figs-personification 0 their deeds will follow them These deeds are spoken of as if they were alive and able to follow those who did them. Possible meanings are 1) "others will know the good deeds these people have done" or 2) "God will reward them for their deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV 14 14 ft6v writing-symlanguage 0 John begins to describe the next part of his vision. This part is about the Son of Man harvesting the earth. Harvesting the grain is a symbol of God's judging people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 14 14 gvw8 figs-simile 0 one like a son of man This expression describes a human figure, someone who looks human. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 14 14 i8se 0 golden crown This was the likeness of a wreath of olive branches or laurel leaves, hammered out in gold. Examples actually made of leaves were given to victorious athletes to wear on their heads.
REV 14 14 l89c translate-unknown 0 sickle a tool with a curved blade used for cutting grass, grain, and vines (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 14 15 v6dy 0 came out of the temple "came out of the heavenly temple"
REV 14 15 v2xf figs-metaphor 0 the time to reap has come Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 14 16 nt7k figs-activepassive 0 the earth was harvested This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he harvested the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 14 18 jp7l 0 who had authority over the fire Here "authority over" refers to responsibility to tend the fire.
REV 14 19 f3mn 0 the great wine vat of God's wrath "the large wine vat where God will show his wrath"
REV 14 20 b1bw 0 winepress This is "the great wine vat" of [Revelation 14:19] (./19.md).
REV 14 20 xt4z 0 up to the height of a horse's bridle "as high as the bridle in a horse's mouth"
REV 14 20 m2i9 0 bridle a device made of leather straps that goes around a horse's head and is used for directing the horse
REV 14 20 gdl8 translate-numbers 0 1,600 stadia "one thousand six hundred stadia" or "sixteen hundred stadia." A "stadium" is 185 meters. In modern measures this would be about "300 kilometers" or "200 miles." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
REV 15 intro zxt7 0 # Revelation 15 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>In this chapter, John describes events and pictures that occur in heaven.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 3-4.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### "Victorious over the beast"<br><br>These people are spiritually victorious. While most spiritual battles cannot be seen, the Book of Revelation pictures spiritual battles as openly occurring. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>##### "The temple having the tent of witness, was open in heaven"<br>Scripture elsewhere indicates the earthly temple copied God's perfect dwelling place in heaven. Here John seems to refer to God's heavenly dwelling place or temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>##### Songs<br><br>The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped.<br>
REV 15 01 p98c 0 General Information: This verse is a summary of what will happen in 15:6-16:21.
REV 15 01 l345 figs-doublet 0 great and marvelous These words have similar meanings and are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: "something that greatly amazed me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
REV 15 01 w6lf 0 seven angels with seven plagues "seven angels who had authority to send seven plagues on the earth"
REV 15 01 mw7g 0 which are the final plagues "and after them, there will not be any more plagues"
REV 15 01 ij3d figs-activepassive 0 for with them the wrath of God will be completed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for these plagues will complete the wrath of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 15 01 gdt5 0 for with them the wrath of God will be completed Possible meanings are 1) these plagues will show all of God's anger or 2) after these plagues, God will no longer be angry.
REV 15 02 ytq6 0 General Information: Here John begins to describe his vision of the people who had been victorious over the beast and who are praising God.
REV 15 02 n9yj figs-metaphor 0 sea of glass How it was like glass or a sea can be stated clearly. Possible meanings are 1) a sea is spoken of as if it were glass. Alternate translation: "a sea that was as smooth as glass" or 2) glass if spoken of as if it were a sea. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md). Alternate translation: "glass that was spread out like a sea" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 15 02 pt8v figs-explicit 0 who had been victorious over the beast and his image How they were victorious can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "who had been victorious over the beast and his image by not worshiping them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 15 02 dbz9 figs-explicit 0 over the number representing his name How they were victorious over the number can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "over the number representing his name by not being marked with that number" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 15 02 lra7 0 the number representing his name This refers to the number described in [Revelation 13:18](../13/18.md).
REV 15 03 l5hu 0 They were singing "Those who had been victorious over the beast were singing"
REV 15 04 hh87 figs-rquestion 0 Who will not fear you, Lord, and glorify your name? This question is used to show their amazement at how great and glorious the Lord is. It can be expressed as an exclamation. Alternate translation: "Lord, everyone will fear you and glorify your name!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
REV 15 04 j9gj figs-metonymy 0 glorify your name The phrase "your name" refers to God. Alternate translation: "glorify you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 15 04 ei9k figs-activepassive 0 your righteous deeds have been revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you have made everyone know about your righteous deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 15 05 v4ye 0 Connecting Statement: The seven angels with the seven plagues come out of the most holy place. They were spoken of previously in [Revelation 15:1](../15/01.md).
REV 15 05 da6n 0 After these things "After the people finished singing"
REV 15 06 f9gq 0 the seven angels holding the seven plagues These angels were seen as holding seven plagues because in [Revelation 17:7](../17/07.md) they are given seven bowls full of the wrath of God.
REV 15 06 nei2 0 linen a fine, expensive cloth made from flax
REV 15 06 w9kw 0 sashes A sash is a decorative piece of cloth worn on the upper body.
REV 15 07 s4dj 0 the four living creatures "living being" or "living thing." See how you translated "living creatures" in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md)
REV 15 07 z1wz figs-explicit 0 seven golden bowls full of the wrath of God The image of the wine in the bowls can be stated clearly. The word "wrath" here refers to punishment. The wine is a symbol for punishment. Alternate translation: "seven gold bowls full of the wine that represents the wrath of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 15 08 s67r 0 until the seven plagues of the seven angels were completed "until the seven angels finished sending the seven plagues to the earth"
REV 16 intro v1cm 0 # Revelation 16 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues the vision of chapter 15. Together they give the seven plagues that complete the wrath of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]])<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 5-7.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### "I heard a loud voice call out of the temple"<br><br>This is the same temple that was mentioned in chapter 15.<br><br>##### Seven bowls of God's wrath<br><br>This chapter reveals severe judgments. They are pictured as angels pouring out seven bowls of God's wrath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>The tone of this chapter is meant to astonish the reader. Translations should not minimize the vivid language expressed in this chapter.<br><br>##### Armageddon<br><br>This is a Hebrew word. It is the name of a place. John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate it using the letters of the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])<br><br>
REV 16 01 nj83 0 Connecting Statement: John continues to describe the part of the vision about the seven angels with the seven plagues. The seven plagues are the seven bowls of God's wrath.
REV 16 01 t995 0 I heard The word "I" refers to John.
REV 16 01 k2nq figs-explicit 0 bowls of God's wrath The image of the wine in the bowls can be stated clearly. The word "wrath" here refers to punishment. The wine is a symbol for punishment. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 15:7](../15/07.md). Alternate translation: "bowls full of the wine that represents God's wrath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 16 02 n7mw figs-metonymy 0 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 16 02 e66u 0 painful sores "painful wounds." These could be infections from diseases or injuries that have not healed.
REV 16 02 nux1 0 mark of the beast This was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast. See how you translated this in [Revelation 13:17](../13/17.md).
REV 16 03 nc6a figs-metonymy 0 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 16 03 sx66 figs-synecdoche 0 the sea This refers to all the salt water lakes and oceans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV 16 04 p4ae figs-metonymy 0 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 16 04 xu1y figs-synecdoche 0 rivers and the springs of water This refers to all bodies of fresh water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV 16 05 f35a 0 the angel of the waters Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the third angel who was in charge of pouring out God's wrath on the rivers and springs of water or 2) this was another angel who was in charge of all the waters.
REV 16 05 e45u figs-you 0 You are righteous "You" refers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
REV 16 05 itg7 0 the one who is and who was "God who is and who was." See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md).
REV 16 06 b6wa figs-metonymy 0 they poured out the blood of the saints and prophets Here "poured out the blood" means killed. Alternate translation: "they murdered God's holy people and the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 16 06 jy6a 0 you have given them blood to drink God will make the evil people drink the waters that he turned to blood.
REV 16 07 p4c5 figs-metonymy 0 I heard the altar reply The word "altar" here refers perhaps to someone at the altar. "I heard someone at the altar reply" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 16 08 nne6 figs-metonymy 0 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 16 08 l6n2 figs-personification 0 it was given permission to scorch the people John speaks about the sun as if it were a person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "and caused the sun to severely burn the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 16 09 i2du figs-activepassive 0 They were scorched by the terrible heat This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The extreme heat burned them badly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 16 09 pr4e figs-metonymy 0 they blasphemed the name of God Here the name of God represents God. Alternate translation: "they blasphemed God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 16 09 aza1 figs-distinguish 0 God, who has the power over these plagues This phrase reminds readers of something they already know about God. It helps to explain why the people were blaspheming God. Alternate translation: "God because he has the power over these plagues" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
REV 16 09 rd4f figs-metaphor 0 the power over these plagues This refers to the power to inflict these plagues on people, and the power to stop the plagues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 16 10 f1pm figs-metonymy 0 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 16 10 a2ud figs-metonymy 0 the throne of the beast This is where the beast reigns from. It may refer to the capital city of his kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 16 10 hit6 figs-metaphor 0 darkness covered its kingdom Here "darkness" is spoken of as if it were something like a blanket. Alternate translation: "it became dark in all his kingdom" or "all of his kingdom became dark" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 16 10 pb1u 0 They chewed The people in the beast's kingdom chewed.
REV 16 11 kna6 0 They blasphemed The people in the beast's kingdom blasphemed.
REV 16 12 kv5y figs-metonymy 0 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 16 12 amf1 figs-activepassive 0 the Euphrates. Its water was dried up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Euphrates. Its water dried up" or "the Euphrates, and caused its water to dry up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 16 13 bb6d 0 looked like frogs A frog is a small animal that lives near water. Jews considered them unclean animals.
REV 16 13 ai28 writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as "the devil or Satan." See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 16 15 u3v8 0 General Information: Verse 15 is a break from the main story line of John's vision. These are words spoken by Jesus. The story line continues in verse 16.
REV 16 15 l16g figs-explicit 0 Look! I am coming ... his shameful condition This is in parentheses to show that it is not part of the story line in the vision. Rather, this is something that the Lord Jesus said. It can be stated clearly that the Lord Jesus said this, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 16 15 lgi6 figs-simile 0 I am coming as a thief Jesus will come at a time when people do not expect him, just as a thief comes when not expected. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 3:3](../03/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 16 15 an84 figs-metaphor 0 keeping his garments on Living the right way is spoken of as keeping one's clothes on. Alternate translation: "doing what is right, like keeping his clothes on" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 16 15 cia7 0 keeping his garments on Some versions translate, "keeping his garments with him."
REV 16 15 qwa2 0 they see his shameful condition Here the word "they" refers to other people.
REV 16 16 m2v7 0 They brought them together "The spirits of the demons brought the kings and their armies together"
REV 16 16 cdx1 figs-activepassive 0 the place that is called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the place that people call" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 16 16 x6ff translate-names 0 Armageddon This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV 16 17 nhs7 figs-metonymy 0 poured out his bowl The word "bowl" refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: "poured out the wine from his bowl" or "poured out God's wrath from his bowl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 16 17 a15p figs-metonymy 0 Then a loud voice came out of the temple and from the throne This means someone sitting on the throne or someone standing near the throne spoke loudly. It is unclear who is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 16 18 x586 0 flashes of lightning Use your language's way of describing what lightning looks like each time it appears. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md).
REV 16 18 c9fa 0 rumbles, crashes of thunder These are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language's way of describing the sound of thunder. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md).
REV 16 19 q8lg figs-activepassive 0 The great city was split This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The earthquake split the great city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 16 19 r2vh 0 Then God called to mind "Then God remembered" or "Then God thought of" or "Then God started to pay attention to." This does not mean that God remembered something he had forgotten.
REV 16 19 g6s8 writing-symlanguage 0 he gave that city the cup filled with the wine made from his furious wrath The wine is a symbol of his wrath. Making people drink it is a symbol of punishing them. Alternate translation: "he made the people of that city drink the wine that represents his wrath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 16 20 byn4 figs-metonymy 0 the mountains were no longer found The inability to see any mountains is metonymy expressing the idea that no mountains existed any longer. Alternate translation: "there were no longer any mountains" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 16 21 i43r translate-bweight 0 a talent You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: "33 kilograms" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
REV 17 intro ysn1 0 # Revelation 17 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins to describe how God will destroy Babylon.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Prostitute<br><br>Scripture often pictures idolatrous Jews as adulterous people and sometimes as prostitutes. This is not the reference here. The translator should allow this illustration to be vague. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>##### Seven hills<br><br>This possibly refers to the city of Rome, which was known as the city on seven hills. However, the translator should not attempt to identify Rome in the translation.<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Metaphors<br><br>John uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He explains some of their meanings, but allows them to remain relatively unclear. The translator should attempt to do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### "The beast you saw existed, does not exist now, but is about to come up "<br><br>This and similar phrases in this chapter contrast the beast with Jesus. Jesus is called "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come" elsewhere in the Book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>##### Paradox<br><br>A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in 17:11 is a paradox: "the beast ... is itself also an eighth king; but it is one of those seven kings." The translator should not attempt to resolve this paradox. It should remain a mystery. ([Revelation 17:11](../../rev/17/11.md))<br>
REV 17 01 ppd7 0 General Information: John begins to describe the part of his vision about the great prostitute.
REV 17 01 c6f4 figs-abstractnouns 0 the condemnation of the great prostitute The noun "condemnation" can be expressed with the verb "condemn." Alternate translation: "how God will condemn the great prostitute" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 17 01 f7ry writing-symlanguage 0 the great prostitute "the prostitute that everyone knows about." She represents a certain sinful city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 17 01 crs4 figs-explicit 0 on many waters If you need to, you can use a more specific word for the kind of water. Alternate translation: "on many rivers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 17 02 paa4 figs-distinguish 0 It is with the wine of her sexual immorality that the earth's inhabitants became drunk The wine represents sexual immorality. Alternate translation: "The people of the earth became drunk by drinking her wine, that is, they were sexually immoral" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 17 02 ayw3 figs-metaphor 0 her sexual immorality This may well have a double meaning: sexual immorality among people and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 17 03 hf43 writing-background 0 carried me away in the Spirit to a wilderness The setting changes from John being in heaven to being in a wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
REV 17 04 rw19 translate-unknown 0 pearls beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 17 05 az5b figs-activepassive 0 On her forehead was written a name This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone had written on her forehead a name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 17 05 l75t figs-explicit 0 Babylon the great If it needs to be made clear that the name refers to the woman, it can be put in a sentence. Alternate translation: "I am Babylon, the powerful one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 17 06 iq7b 0 General Information: The angel begins to explain to John the meaning of the prostitute and the red beast. The angel explains these things through verse 18.
REV 17 06 iwz1 0 was drunk with the blood ... and with the blood "was drunk because she had drunk the blood ... and had drunk the blood"
REV 17 06 yqi7 0 the martyrs for Jesus "the believers who have died because they told others about Jesus"
REV 17 06 ydi9 0 astonished amazed, surprised
REV 17 07 j412 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you astonished? The angel used this question to gently scold John. Alternate translation: "You should not be astonished!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
REV 17 08 upm7 0 the bottomless pit This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are 1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or 2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md).
REV 17 08 usl4 figs-abstractnouns 0 Then it will go on to destruction The noun "destruction" can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: "Then he will be destroyed" or "Then God will destroy him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 17 08 glf1 figs-activepassive 0 it will go on to destruction The certainty of what will happen in the future is spoken of as if the beast were going to it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 17 08 r6h4 figs-activepassive 0 those whose names have not been written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whose names God did not write" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 17 09 p3lb 0 Connecting Statement: The angel continues speaking. Here he explains the meaning of the seven heads of the beast that the woman is riding.
REV 17 09 p6lr figs-abstractnouns 0 This calls for a mind that has wisdom The abstract nouns "mind" and "wisdom" can be expressed with "think" and "wise" or "wisely." Why a wise mind is needed can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "A wise mind is needed in order to understand this" or "You need to think wisely in order to understand this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 17 09 i6ta 0 This calls for "This makes it necessary to have"
REV 17 09 nr42 0 The seven heads are seven hills Here "are" means "stand for" or "represent."
REV 17 10 yk93 figs-metaphor 0 Five kings have fallen The angel speaks of dying as falling. Alternate translation: "Five kings have died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 17 10 d2wx 0 one exists "one is king now" or "one king is alive now"
REV 17 10 kw95 figs-metaphor 0 the other has not yet come; when he comes Not having existed yet is spoken of as not yet having come. Alternate translation: "the other has not yet become king; when he becomes king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 17 10 v8vx figs-metaphor 0 he can remain only for a little while The angel speaks of someone continuing to be king as if he were remaining in a place. Alternate translation: "he can be king only for a little while" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 17 11 b1ct 0 it is one of those seven kings Possible meanings are 1) the beast rules twice: first as one of the seven kings, and then as the eighth king or 2) the beast belongs to that group of seven kings because he is like them.
REV 17 11 w7sk figs-metaphor 0 it is going to destruction The certainty of what will happen in the future is spoken of as if the beast were going to it. Alternate translation: "it will certainly be destroyed" or "God will surely destroy it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 17 12 n2rd translate-unknown 0 for one hour If your language does not divide the day into 24 hours, you may need to use a more general expression. Alternate translation: "for a very short time" or "for a very small part of a day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 17 13 w7jb 0 These are of one mind "These all think the same thing" or "These all agree to do the same thing"
REV 17 14 wt9k writing-symlanguage 0 the Lamb A "lamb" is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 17 14 abb5 figs-activepassive 0 the called ones, the chosen ones, and the faithful ones This refers to one group of people. The words "called" and "chosen" can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: "the called, chosen, and faithful ones" or "the ones whom God has called and chosen, who are faithful to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 17 15 f5x6 figs-metaphor 0 The waters you saw, where the prostitute is seated, are peoples, multitudes, nations, and languages Here "are" stands for "represent." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 17 15 kq1e figs-explicit 0 The waters If you need to, you can use a more specific word for the kind of water. See how you translated "many waters" in [Revelation 17:1](../17/01.md). Alternate translation: "The rivers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 17 15 zsh5 0 multitudes large groups of people
REV 17 15 ua3s figs-metonymy 0 languages This refers to people who speak the languages. See how you translated this in [Revelation 10:11](../10/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 17 16 j157 0 make her desolate and naked "steal everything that she has and leave her with nothing"
REV 17 16 f9as figs-metaphor 0 they will devour her flesh Destroying her completely is spoken of as eating all her flesh. "They will destroy her completely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 17 17 y8cn 0 For God has put it into their hearts to carry out his purpose by agreeing to give ... until God's words are fulfilled They would agree to give their power to the beast, but it would not be that they want to obey God. Alternate translation: "For God has put it into their hearts to agree to give ... until God's words are fulfilled, and by doing this, they would carry out God's purpose"
REV 17 17 sb1d figs-metonymy 0 God has put it into their hearts Here "heart" is a metonym for desires. Making them want to do something is spoken of as putting it in their hearts to do it. Alternate translation: "God has made them want" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 17 17 ku6m 0 power to rule "authority" or "kingly authority"
REV 17 17 el9y figs-activepassive 0 until God's words are fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "until God fulfills what he said will happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 17 18 md61 figs-metaphor 0 is Here "is" stands for "represents." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 17 18 uy1m figs-metonymy 0 the great city that rules When it says that the city rules, it means that the leader of the city rules. Alternate translation: "the great city whose leader rules" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 18 intro j5qc 0 # Revelation 18 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 1-8.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Prophecy<br><br>The angel prophesies about Babylon falling, which here means being destroyed. It is spoken of as having already happened. This is common in prophecy. It emphasizes that the coming judgment will certainly happen. The angel also prophesies that the people will lament over Babylon falling. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Metaphors<br><br>Prophecy frequently uses metaphors. This chapter has a slightly different apocalyptic style than the Book of Revelation overall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br>
REV 18 01 fl3m figs-personification 0 General Information: The pronouns "she" and "her" refer to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV 18 01 xxe5 0 Connecting Statement: Another angel comes down from heaven and speaks. This is a different angel than the one in the previous chapter, who spoke about the prostitute and the beast.
REV 18 02 a2f5 figs-metaphor 0 Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great The angel speaks of Babylon having been destroyed as if it had fallen. See how you translated this in [Revelation 14:8](../14/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 18 03 l5jq figs-metonymy 0 all the nations The nations is a metonym for the people of those nations. Alternate translation: "the people of all the nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 18 03 kpp1 writing-symlanguage 0 have drunk the wine of her immoral passion This is a symbol for participating in her sexually immoral passion. Alternate translation: "have become sexually immoral like her" or "have become drunk like her in sexual sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 18 03 kp3p figs-personification 0 her immoral passion Babylon is spoken of as if it were a prostitute who has caused other people to sin along with her. This may well have a double meaning: literal sexual immorality and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 18 03 ejc5 0 merchants A merchant is a person who sells things.
REV 18 03 ql37 0 from the power of her sensual way of living "because she spent so much money on sexual immorality"
REV 18 04 ze11 figs-personification 0 General Information: The pronouns "she" and "her" refer to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV 18 04 nz77 figs-metonymy 0 another voice The word "voice" refers to the speaker, which is probably either Jesus or the Father. Alternate translation: "someone else" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 18 05 e32w figs-metaphor 0 Her sins have piled up as high as heaven The voice speaks of Babylon's sins as if they were objects that could form a pile. Alternate translation: "Her sins are so many they are like a pile that reaches heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 18 05 u2yu 0 has remembered "has thought of" or "has started to pay attention to." This does not mean that God remembered something he had forgotten. See how you translated "called to mind" in [Revelation 16:19](../16/19.md).
REV 18 06 ec42 figs-metaphor 0 Pay her back as she has paid others back The voice speaks of punishment as if it were payment. Alternate translation: "Punish her as she has punished others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 18 06 pa62 figs-metaphor 0 repay her double The voice speaks of punishment as if it were payment. Alternate translation: "punish her twice as much" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 18 06 xba5 figs-metaphor 0 in the cup she mixed, mix double the amount for her The voice speaks of causing others to suffer as preparing strong wine for them to drink. Alternate translation: "prepare for her the wine of suffering that is twice as strong as what she made for others" or "make her suffer twice as much as she made others suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 18 06 l3n5 0 mix double the amount Possible meanings are 1) "prepare twice the amount" or 2) "make it twice as strong"
REV 18 07 we2t 0 she glorified herself "the people of Babylon glorified themselves"
REV 18 07 yt32 figs-metonymy 0 For she says in her heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: "For she says to herself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 18 07 m3mg figs-simile 0 I am seated as a queen She claims to be a ruler, having her own authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 18 07 dy5k figs-metaphor 0 I am not a widow She implies that she will not be dependent on other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 18 07 eh5r figs-metaphor 0 I will never see mourning Experiencing mourning is spoken of as seeing mourning. Alternate translation: "I will never mourn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 18 08 u6r9 figs-metaphor 0 her plagues will come Existing in the future is spoken of a coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 18 08 vkk2 figs-metaphor 0 She will be consumed by fire Being burned up by fires is spoken of as being eaten up by fire. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Fire will completely burn her up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 18 09 lj14 0 General Information: In these verses the word "her" refers to the city of Babylon.
REV 18 09 wk13 0 committed sexual immorality and went out of control with her "sinned sexually and did whatever they wanted just as the people of Babylon did"
REV 18 10 j3ln figs-abstractnouns 0 afraid of her torment The abstract noun "torment" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "afraid that they will be tormented as Babylon is" or "afraid that God will torment them as he torments Babylon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 18 10 qn81 0 Woe, woe This is repeated for emphasis.
REV 18 10 hkd8 figs-metaphor 0 your punishment has come Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 18 11 fe7u 0 mourn for her "mourn for the people of Babylon"
REV 18 12 krs3 0 precious stone, pearls "many kinds of expensive stones." See how you translated these in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md).
REV 18 12 hnk1 0 fine linen expensive cloth made from flax. See how you translated "linen" in [Revelation 15:6](../15/06.md).
REV 18 12 xm9u translate-unknown 0 purple, silk, scarlet Purple is a very dark red cloth that is very expensive. Silk is a soft, strong cloth made from the fine string that silkworms make when they make their cocoons. Scarlet is an expensive red cloth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 18 12 hir4 0 every vessel of ivory "all kinds of containers made of ivory"
REV 18 12 yri7 translate-unknown 0 ivory a beautiful hard, white material that people get from the tusks or teeth of very large animals such as elephants or walruses. Alternate translation: "tusks" or "valuable animal teeth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 18 12 b8xc translate-unknown 0 marble a precious stone used for building (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 18 13 gz3v 0 cinnamon a spice that smells nice and comes from the bark of a certain kind of tree
REV 18 13 z894 0 spice a substance used to add flavor to food or a good smell to oil
REV 18 14 x3kl figs-metaphor 0 The fruit "Fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Alternate translation: "The result" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 18 14 a1aa 0 longed for with all your might "wanted very much"
REV 18 14 p7f7 figs-activepassive 0 vanished, never to be found again Not to be found stands for not existing. This figure of speech can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "vanished; you will never have them again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 18 15 n25k 0 General Information: In these verses, the word "her" refers to the city of Babylon.
REV 18 15 s4iq figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the fear of her torment This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "fear" and "torment." Alternate translation: "because they will be afraid of God tormenting them they way he torments her" or "because they will be afraid of suffering the way she is suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 18 15 ii7v 0 weeping and mourning loudly This is what the merchants will be doing. Alternate translation: "and they will weep and mourn loudly"
REV 18 16 i7ip figs-metaphor 0 the great city that was dressed in fine linen Throughout this chapter, Babylon is spoken of as if it were a woman. The merchants speak of Babylon as being dressed in fine linen because its people were dressed in fine linen. Alternate translation: "the great city, which was like a woman dressed in fine linen" or "the great city, whose women were dressed in fine linen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 18 16 nji6 figs-activepassive 0 that was dressed in fine linen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that wore fine linen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 18 16 v6q3 figs-activepassive 0 was adorned with gold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "adorned herself with gold" or "adorned themselves with gold" or "wore gold" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 18 16 rtm9 translate-unknown 0 pearls beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 18 17 ap3v figs-metonymy 0 whose living is made from the sea The phrase "from the sea" refers to what they do on the sea. Alternate translation: "who travel on the sea to make their living" or "who sail on the sea to different places in order to trade things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 18 18 ys97 0 General Information: In these verses the word "they" refers to the sailors and seafarers, and the word "her" refers to the city of Babylon.
REV 18 18 v7qe figs-rquestion 0 What city is like the great city? This question shows the people the importance of the city of Babylon. Alternate translation: "No other city is like the great city, Babylon!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
REV 18 20 ld6c figs-abstractnouns 0 God has brought your judgment on her The noun "judgment" can be expressed with the verb "judge." Alternate translation: "God has judged her for you" or "God has judged her because of the bad things she did to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV 18 21 b94u 0 Connecting Statement: Another angel begins to speak about Babylon. This is a different angel than the ones who have spoken previously.
REV 18 21 el4e 0 millstone a large round stone used to crush grain
REV 18 21 dlp4 figs-metaphor 0 Babylon, the great city, will be thrown down with violence and will not be seen anymore God will completely destroy the city. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will violently throw down Babylon, the great city, and it will no longer exist" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 18 21 kre6 figs-metonymy 0 will not be seen anymore "no one will see it anymore." Not being seen here means that it will not exist. Alternate translation: "it will not exist anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 18 22 j6aq figs-activepassive 0 The sound made by harpists, musicians, flute players, and trumpeters will not be heard anymore in you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one in your city will ever again hear the sound that harpists, musicians, flute players, and trumpeters make" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 18 22 da3h figs-apostrophe 0 in you The angel speaks as if Babylon were there listening to him. Alternate translation: "in Babylon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
REV 18 22 c88l figs-metonymy 0 will not be heard anymore in you "no one will hear them anymore in you." Not being heard here means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: "they will not be in your city anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 18 22 cu19 figs-metonymy 0 No craftsman ... will be found in you Not being found there means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: "No craftsman of any kind will be in your city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 18 22 c7p2 figs-metonymy 0 No sound of a mill will be heard anymore in you The sound of something not being heard means that no one will make that sound. Alternate translation: "No one will use a mill in your city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 18 23 pmd2 0 General Information: The words "you," "your," and "her" refer to Babylon.
REV 18 23 d67i figs-activepassive 0 The voices of the bridegroom and the bride will not be heard in you anymore This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one will ever again hear in Babylon the happy voices of a bridegroom and a bride" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 18 23 ja6m figs-metonymy 0 will not be heard in you anymore Not being heard here means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: "will not be in your city anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 18 23 q8qm figs-metaphor 0 your merchants were the princes of the earth The angel speaks of important and powerful people as if they were princes. Alternate translation: "your merchants were like princes of the earth" or "your merchants were the most important men in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 18 23 j3iy figs-activepassive 0 the nations were deceived by your sorcery This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "you deceived the people of the nations with your magic spells" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 18 24 s8bp figs-activepassive 0 In her the blood of prophets and saints was found, and the blood of all who have been killed on the earth Blood being found there means that the people there were guilty of killing people. Alternate translation: "Babylon is guilty of killing the prophets and believers and all the other people in the world who were killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 19 intro h785 0 # Revelation 19 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>The beginning of chapter 19 concludes the topic of Babylon falling.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 1-8.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Songs<br><br>The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])<br><br>##### Wedding celebration<br><br>The wedding celebration or feast is an important image in Scripture. Jewish culture often pictured paradise, or life with God after death, as a feast. Here, the wedding feast is for the Lamb, who is Jesus, and his bride, who is all his people.<br>
REV 19 01 qu5h 0 General Information: This is the next part of John's vision. Here he describes the rejoicing in heaven over the fall of the great prostitute, who is the city of Babylon.
REV 19 01 lr94 0 I heard Here "I" refers to John.
REV 19 01 nk8x 0 Hallelujah This word means "Praise God" or "Let us praise God."
REV 19 02 u1rp figs-metaphor 0 the great prostitute Here John refers to the city of Babylon whose wicked people rule over all the people of the earth and lead them to worship false gods. He speaks of the wicked people of Babylon as if they were a great prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 19 02 ky99 figs-metonymy 0 who corrupted the earth Here "the earth" is a metonym for its inhabitants. Alternate translation: "who corrupted the people of the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 19 02 d9j7 figs-metonymy 0 the blood of his servants Here "the blood" is a metonym that represents murder. Alternate translation: "murdering his servants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 19 02 cj3t figs-rpronouns 0 she herself This refers to Babylon. The reflexive pronoun "herself" is used to add emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
REV 19 03 jm9m 0 They spoke Here "They" refers to the crowd of people in heaven.
REV 19 03 h1k4 0 Hallelujah This word means "Praise God" or "Let us praise God." See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:1](../19/01.md).
REV 19 03 zy6e 0 smoke rises from her The word "her" refers to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. The smoke is from the fire that destroys the city. Alternate translation: "smoke rises from that city"
REV 19 04 r43f translate-numbers 0 twenty-four elders "24 elders." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV 19 04 y4qd 0 the four living creatures "the four living beings" or "the four living things." See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md)
REV 19 04 dns7 figs-activepassive 0 who was seated on the throne This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who sat on the throne" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 19 05 w9qe figs-personification 0 a voice came out from the throne Here John speaks of the "voice" as if it were a person. Alternate translation: "someone spoke from the throne" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV 19 05 c3lm figs-inclusive 0 Praise our God Here "our" refers to the speaker and all God's servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
REV 19 05 cck3 figs-explicit 0 you who fear him Here "fear" does not mean to be afraid of God, but to honor him. Alternate translation: "all you who honor him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 19 05 qdb3 figs-merism 0 both the unimportant and the powerful The speaker uses these words together to mean all of God's people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 19 06 kq7n figs-simile 0 Then I heard what sounded like the voice of a great number of people, like the roar of many waters, and like loud crashes of thunder John speaks of what he is hearing as if it were like the sound made by a very large crowd of people, a large body of rushing water, and very loud thunder. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 19 06 mdj6 0 Hallelujah This word means "Praise God" or "Let us praise God." See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:1](../19/01.md).
REV 19 07 api6 0 Let us rejoice Here "us" refers to all of God's servants.
REV 19 07 m5av 0 give him the glory "give God the glory" or "honor God"
REV 19 07 bwf9 figs-metaphor 0 wedding celebration of the Lamb ... his bride has made herself ready Here John speaks of the joining of Jesus and his people together forever as if it were a wedding celebration. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 19 07 r5xt writing-symlanguage 0 Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 19 07 j6d7 figs-metaphor 0 has come Existing in the present is spoken of as having come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 19 07 q9e4 figs-metaphor 0 his bride has made herself ready John speaks of God's people as if they were a bride who has gotten ready for her wedding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 19 08 pz72 figs-metaphor 0 She was permitted to be dressed in bright and clean fine linen Here "she" refers to the people of God. John speaks of the righteous acts of God's people as if they were a bright and clean dress that a bride wears on her wedding day. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: "God allowed her to wear a dress of bright and clean fine linen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 19 09 ayc4 0 General Information: An angel begins to speak to John. This is likely the same angel who began to speak to John in [Revelation 17:1](../17/01.md).
REV 19 09 l72p figs-activepassive 0 those who are invited You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: "the people whom God invites" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 19 09 q4ya figs-metaphor 0 the wedding feast of the Lamb Here the angel speaks of the joining of Jesus and his people forever as if it were a wedding feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 19 10 uq6h 0 I fell down at his feet This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of worship, to show respect and willingness to serve. See note in [Revelation 19:3](../19/03.md).
REV 19 10 i2yq 0 your brothers The word "brothers" here refers to all believers, male and female.
REV 19 10 up6l figs-metaphor 0 who hold the testimony about Jesus Here holding stands for believing in or announcing. Alternate translation: "who speak the truth about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 19 10 rku2 figs-explicit 0 for the testimony about Jesus is the spirit of prophecy Here "spirit of prophecy" refers to God's Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: "for it is the Spirit of God who gives people the power to speak the truth about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 19 11 xx12 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new vision. John begins to describe a rider on a white horse.
REV 19 11 m1qn 0 Then I saw heaven open This imagery is used to signify the beginning of a new vision. See how you translated this idea in [Revelation 4:1](../04/01.md) and [Revelation 11:19](../11/19.md) and [Revelation 15:5](../15/05.md).
REV 19 11 hcs8 0 The one riding it The rider is Jesus.
REV 19 11 lp9a figs-explicit 0 It is with justice that he judges and wages war Here "justice" refers to what is right. Alternate translation: "He judges all people and wages war according to what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 19 12 p9ak figs-simile 0 His eyes are like a fiery flame John speaks of the rider's eyes as if they shone like a flame of fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 19 12 yhr7 figs-activepassive 0 He has a name written on him You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone has written a name on him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 19 12 kk9x figs-rpronouns 0 on him that no one knows but himself "on him, and only he knows the meaning of that name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
REV 19 13 vny3 figs-activepassive 0 He wears a robe that was dipped in blood You can state this in an active form. Alternate translation: "Blood had covered his robe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 19 13 hdk1 figs-activepassive 0 his name is called the Word of God You can state this in active form. "Word of God" here is a metonym for Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "his name is called the Message of God" or "his name is also the Word of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 19 15 m9yn 0 Out of his mouth goes a sharp sword The sword blade was sticking out of his mouth. The sword itself was not in motion. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md).
REV 19 15 a88t 0 strikes down the nations "destroys the nations" or "brings the nations under his control"
REV 19 15 uq4z figs-metaphor 0 rule them with an iron rod John speaks of the rider's power as if he were ruling with an iron rod. See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:5](../12/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 19 15 nb4y figs-metaphor 0 He tramples in the winepress of the fury of the wrath of God Almighty John speaks of the rider's destroying his enemies as if they were grapes that a person tramples in a winepress. Here "wrath" refers to God's punishment of evil persons. Alternate translation: "He crushes his enemies according to the judgment of God Almighty, just as a person crushes grapes in a winepress" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 19 16 a61a figs-activepassive 0 He has a name written on his robe and on his thigh: This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone has written a name on his robe and thigh:" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 19 17 m6dt figs-metonymy 0 I saw an angel standing in the sun Here "the sun" is a metonym for the light of the sun. Alternate translation: "Then I saw an angel standing in the light of the sun" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 19 18 khs9 figs-merism 0 both free and slave, the unimportant and the powerful The angel uses these two sets of opposite-meaning words together to mean all people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 19 20 q83v figs-activepassive 0 The beast was captured and with him the false prophet This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The rider on the white horse captured the beast and the false prophet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 19 20 gs37 0 the mark of the beast This was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast. See how you translated this in [Revelation 13:17](../13/17.md).
REV 19 20 ht8g figs-activepassive 0 The two of them were thrown alive This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God threw the beast and the false prophet alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 19 20 blr1 0 the fiery lake of burning sulfur "the lake of fire that burns with sulfur" or "place full of fire that burns with sulfur"
REV 19 21 h6ea figs-activepassive 0 The rest of them were killed by the sword that came out of the mouth of the one who rode on the horse This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The rider of the horse killed the remainder of the beast's armies with the sword that extended from his mouth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 19 21 qk9t 0 the sword that came out of the mouth The sword blade was sticking out of his mouth. The sword itself was not in motion. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md).
REV 20 intro c7eh 0 # Revelation 20 General Notes<br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### The thousand-year reign of Christ<br><br>In this chapter, Jesus is said to reign for a thousand years, at the same time that Satan is bound. Scholars are divided over whether this refers to a future period of time or to Jesus reigning now from heaven. It is not necessary to understand this passage in order to translate it accurately. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>##### Final rebellion<br><br>This chapter also describes what happens after the thousand years are ended. During this time, Satan and many people will attempt to rebel against Jesus. This will result in God's ultimate and final victory over sin and evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>##### Great white throne<br><br>This chapter ends with God judging all people who ever lived. God separates people who believe in Jesus from those who do not believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Book of Life<br><br>This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### Hades and the lake of fire<br>These appear to be two distinct places. The translator may wish to do further research to determine how to translate these two places differently. They should not be made the same as each other in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])<br>
REV 20 01 rkv7 0 General Information: John begins to describe a vision of an angel throwing the devil into the bottomless pit.
REV 20 01 n8b8 0 Then I saw Here "I" refers to John.
REV 20 01 c18c 0 bottomless pit This is an extremely deep narrow hole. Possible meanings are 1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever or 2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md).
REV 20 02 r6es writing-symlanguage 0 dragon This was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 20 03 xj22 figs-explicit 0 sealed it over him The angel sealed the pit to keep anyone from opening it. Alternate translation: "sealed it to prevent anyone from opening it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 20 03 el4f figs-metonymy 0 deceive the nations Here "nations" is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: "deceive the people-groups" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 20 03 ns5x translate-numbers 0 the thousand years "1,000 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV 20 03 y9xd figs-activepassive 0 he must be set free This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will command the angel to free him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 20 04 lw2r 0 General Information: This is the next part of John's vision. He describes suddenly seeing thrones and the souls of believers.
REV 20 04 qzt1 figs-activepassive 0 who had been given authority to judge This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God had given authority to judge" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 20 04 u3u8 figs-activepassive 0 who had been beheaded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whose heads others had cut off" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 20 04 tut2 0 for the testimony about Jesus and for the word of God "because they had spoken the truth about Jesus and about the word of God"
REV 20 04 xz5l figs-metonymy 0 for the word of God These words are a metonym for the message from God. Alternate translation: "for what they taught about the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 20 04 cc1v 0 They came to life "They came back to life" or "They became alive again"
REV 20 05 cw4j 0 The rest of the dead "All of the other dead people"
REV 20 05 e1pm translate-numbers 0 the thousand years were ended "the end of the 1,000 years" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV 20 06 f3gz figs-personification 0 Over these the second death has no power Here John describes "death" as a person with power. Alternate translation: "These people will not experience the second death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV 20 06 v4z3 writing-symlanguage 0 the second death "dying a second time." This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "the final death in the lake of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 20 07 y1vw figs-activepassive 0 Satan will be released from his prison This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will release Satan from his prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 20 08 g429 figs-simile 0 They will be as many as the sand of the sea This emphasizes the extremely large number of soldiers in Satan's army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 20 09 jlc6 0 They went "Satan's army went"
REV 20 09 f4t7 0 the beloved city This refers to Jerusalem.
REV 20 09 jhq8 figs-personification 0 fire came down from heaven and devoured them Here John speaks of fire as if it were alive. Alternate translation: "God sent fire from heaven to burn them up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV 20 10 pif3 figs-activepassive 0 The devil, who deceived them, was thrown into This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God threw the devil, who had deceived them, into" or "God's angel threw the devil, who had deceived them, into" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 20 10 rjv1 0 lake of burning sulfur "the lake of fire that burns with sulfur" or "place full of fire that burns with sulfur." See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:20](../19/20.md).
REV 20 10 faa3 figs-activepassive 0 where the beast and the false prophet had been thrown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "where he had also thrown the beast and the false prophet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 20 10 t5h2 figs-activepassive 0 They will be tormented This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will torment them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 20 11 n8h9 0 General Information: This is the next part of John's vision. He describes suddenly seeing a great white throne and the dead being judged.
REV 20 11 pm1z figs-personification 0 The earth and the heaven fled away from his presence, but there was no place for them to go John describes heaven and earth as if they were people who were trying to escape God's judgment. This means that God completely destroyed the old heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV 20 12 gap2 figs-activepassive 0 the books were opened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone opened the books" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 20 12 lt7k figs-activepassive 0 The dead were judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God judged the people who had died and now lived again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 20 12 vvc4 figs-activepassive 0 by what was recorded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "by what he had recorded" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 20 13 ea2h figs-personification 0 The sea gave up the dead ... Death and Hades gave up the dead Here John speaks of the sea, death, and Hades as if they were living persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV 20 13 bg4u figs-activepassive 0 the dead were judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God judged the dead people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 20 13 pk3k figs-metonymy 0 Hades Here "Hades" is a metonym that represents the place where unbelievers go when they die, to wait for God's judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 20 14 lw6b figs-activepassive 0 Death and Hades were thrown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God threw Death and Hades" or "God's angel threw Death and Hades" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 20 14 qv55 writing-symlanguage 0 the second death "dying a second time." This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "the final death in the lake of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 20 15 c9pb figs-activepassive 0 If anyone's name was not found written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "If God's angel did not find a person's name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 20 15 wq31 figs-activepassive 0 he was thrown into the lake of fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the angel threw him into the lake of fire" or "the angel threw him into the place where fire burns forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 21 intro pai8 0 # Revelation 21 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter gives a detailed picture of the new Jerusalem.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Second death<br><br>Death is a type of separation. The first death is physically dying, when the soul is separated from the body. The second death is being eternally separated from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/soul]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Book of Life<br><br>This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### New heaven and new earth<br><br>It is unclear whether this is an entirely new heaven and earth or if it is remade out of the present heaven and earth. The same is also true of the new Jerusalem. It is possible this will affect translation in some languages. The word "new" in the original language means different and better than the old. It does not mean new in time.<br>
REV 21 01 tj16 0 General Information: John begins to describe his vision of the new Jerusalem.
REV 21 01 vks1 0 I saw Here "I" refers to John.
REV 21 02 er4u figs-simile 0 like a bride adorned for her husband This compares the new Jerusalem to a bride who has made herself beautiful for her bridegroom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 21 03 i8za figs-metonymy 0 a great voice from the throne saying The word "voice" refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: "someone speak loudly from the throne saying" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 21 03 gk3m 0 Look! The word "Look" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
REV 21 03 hpt1 figs-parallelism 0 The dwelling place of God is with human beings, and he will live with them These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God will, indeed, live among men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
REV 21 04 w39g figs-metonymy 0 He will wipe away every tear from their eyes Tears here represent sadness. See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:17](../07/17.md). Alternate translation: "God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears" or "God will cause them to not be sad anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 21 05 rq2q figs-metonymy 0 these words are trustworthy and true Here "words" refers to the message that they formed. Alternate translation: "this message is trustworthy and true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 21 06 dq8n figs-parallelism 0 the alpha and the omega, the beginning and the end These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize God's eternal nature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 21 06 li7s figs-metaphor 0 the alpha and the omega These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Possible meanings are 1) "the one who began all things and who ends all things" or 2) "the one who has always lived and who always will live." If these are unclear to readers, you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: "the A and the Z" or "the first and the last" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 21 06 bf1p 0 the beginning and the end Possible meanings are 1) "the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end" or 2) "the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things."
REV 21 06 wk2c figs-metaphor 0 To the one who thirsts ... water of life God speaks of a person's desire for eternal life as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 21 08 hma7 0 the cowards "those who are too afraid to do what is right"
REV 21 08 k8yp 0 the detestable "those who do terrible things"
REV 21 08 zu27 0 the fiery lake of burning sulfur "the lake of fire that burns with sulfur" or "place full of fire that burns with sulfur." See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:20](../19/20.md).
REV 21 08 k1hl writing-symlanguage 0 the second death "dying a second time." This is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](./08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "the final death in the lake of fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 21 09 cf2m figs-personification 0 the bride, the wife of the Lamb The angel speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a woman who is about to marry her groom, the Lamb. Jerusalem is metonymy for those who believers who will inhabit it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 21 09 bil2 writing-symlanguage 0 the Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 21 10 czp2 writing-background 0 carried me away in the Spirit The setting changes as John is taken to a high mountain where he can see the city of Jerusalem. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 17:3](../17/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
REV 21 11 g44j 0 Jerusalem This refers to the "Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven" that he described in the previous verse and not to the physical Jerusalem.
REV 21 11 xvg6 figs-parallelism 0 like a very precious jewel, like a stone of crystal-clear jasper These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the brilliance of Jerusalem by naming a specific jewel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
REV 21 11 n51z 0 crystal-clear "extremely clear"
REV 21 11 vvq1 translate-unknown 0 jasper This is a valuable stone. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 21 12 qgh3 figs-activepassive 0 were written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone had written" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 21 14 mm12 0 Lamb This refers to Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md).
REV 21 16 fs8z translate-numbers 0 twelve thousand stadia "12,000 stadia." You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: "2,200 kilometers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
REV 21 17 eut1 translate-numbers 0 144 cubits "one hundred forty-four cubits." You may convert this to modern measures. Alternate translation: "66 meters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
REV 21 18 g7w8 figs-activepassive 0 The wall was built of jasper and the city of pure gold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone had built the wall with jasper and the city with pure gold" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 21 18 n3hu figs-simile 0 pure gold, like clear glass The gold was so clear that it is spoken of as if it were glass. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 21 18 h239 translate-unknown 0 jasper This is a valuable stone. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 21 19 ick5 figs-activepassive 0 The foundations of the wall were adorned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Someone adorned the foundations of the wall" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 21 19 ke4b translate-unknown 0 jasper ... sapphire ... agate ... emerald These are valuable stones. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated it in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 21 20 a2tm translate-unknown 0 onyx ... chrysolite ... beryl ... topaz ... chrysoprase ... jacinth ... amethyst These are all precious gems. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 21 21 yn6i translate-unknown 0 pearls beautiful and valuable white beads. They are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV 21 21 g75r figs-activepassive 0 each of the gates was made from a single pearl This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "someone had made each of the gates from a single pearl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 21 21 vp22 figs-simile 0 pure gold, like transparent glass The gold was so clear that it is spoken of as if it was glass. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 21:18](../21/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV 21 22 m2ew figs-metaphor 0 Lord God ... and the Lamb are its temple The temple represented God's presence. This means the new Jerusalem does not need a temple because God and the Lamb will live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 21 23 v2m9 figs-metaphor 0 its lamp is the Lamb Here the glory of Jesus, the Lamb, is spoken of as if it were a lamp that gives light to the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 21 24 j3lk figs-metonymy 0 The nations will walk The words "the nations" are a metonym for the people who live in the nations. "Walk" here is a metaphor for "live." Alternate translation: "The people from all the different nations will live" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 21 25 lq1z figs-activepassive 0 Its gates will not be shut This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one will shut the gates" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 21 26 ps25 0 They will bring "The kings of the earth will bring"
REV 21 27 n3nh figs-doublenegatives 0 nothing unclean will ever enter into it, nor anyone This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "only what is clean will ever enter, and never anyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
REV 21 27 g7fr figs-activepassive 0 but only those whose names are written in the Lamb's Book of Life This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but only those whose names the Lamb wrote in his Book of Life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 21 27 cw99 writing-symlanguage 0 the Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 22 intro e1ya 0 # Revelation 22 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter emphasizes that Jesus is coming soon.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Tree of life<br><br>There is probably an intended connection between the tree of life in the Garden of Eden and the tree of life mentioned in this chapter. The curse that began in Eden will end at this time.<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### Alpha and omega<br><br>These are the names of the first and last letters in the Greek alphabet. The ULT spells out their names in English. This strategy can serve as a model for translators. Some translators, however, may decide to use the first and last letters in their own alphabet. This would be "A and Z" in English.<br>## Links:<br><br>* __[Revelation 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__<br><br>__[<<](../21/intro.md) | __<br>
REV 22 01 uu7b 0 showed me Here "me" refers to John.
REV 22 01 vl23 0 the river of the water of life "the river flowing with life-giving water"
REV 22 01 yn2p figs-metaphor 0 the water of life Eternal life is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving water. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 01 mxp4 writing-symlanguage 0 the Lamb This is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV 22 02 l2aq figs-metonymy 0 the nations Here "nations" refers to the people who live in every nation. Alternate translation: "the people of all nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 22 03 d5fq 0 There will no longer be any curse Possible meanings are 1) "There will never be anyone there that God will curse" or 2) "There will not be anyone there who is under God's curse"
REV 22 03 by36 0 his servants will serve him Possible meanings of "his" and "him" are 1) both words refer to God the Father, or 2) both words refer to both God and the Lamb, who rule together as one.
REV 22 04 zy4x figs-idiom 0 They will see his face This is an idiom, meaning to be in God's presence. Alternate translation: "They will be in God's presence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV 22 06 j51i figs-explicit 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the end of John's vision. In verse 6 the angel is speaking to John. In verse 7, Jesus is speaking. This can be shown clearly as is is in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 22 06 xaw8 figs-metonymy 0 These words are trustworthy and true Here "words" refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:5](../21/05.md). Alternate translation: "This message is trustworthy and true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 22 06 cr31 figs-metonymy 0 the God of the spirits of the prophets Possible meanings are 1) the word "spirits" refers to the inward disposition of the prophets and indicates that God inspires them. Alternate translation: "God who inspires the prophets" or 2) the word "spirits" refers to the Holy Spirit who inspires the prophets. Alternate translation: "God who gives his Spirit to the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 22 07 p72h 0 Look! Here Jesus begins to speak. The word "Look" adds emphasis to what follows.
REV 22 07 afr9 figs-explicit 0 I am coming soon! It is understood that he is coming in order to judge. See how you translated this in [Revelation 3:11](../03/11.md). Alternate translation: "I am coming to judge soon!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 22 08 xr17 0 General Information: John tells his readers about how he responded to the angel.
REV 22 08 uvk3 0 I fell down to worship at the feet This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of worship, to show respect and willingness to serve. See how you translated similar words in [Revelation 19:10](../19/10.md).
REV 22 10 ct48 figs-explicit 0 Do not seal up ... this book To seal a book was to keep it closed with something that makes it impossible for anyone to read what was inside without breaking the seal. The angel is telling John not to keep the message a secret. Alternate translation: "Do not keep secret ... this book" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 22 10 xc15 figs-metonymy 0 the words of the prophecy of this book Here "words" refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: "This prophetic message of this book" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 22 12 idc6 writing-endofstory 0 General Information: As the book of Revelation is ending, Jesus gives a closing greeting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
REV 22 13 f5jl figs-parallelism 0 the alpha and the omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Jesus has and will exist for all time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 22 13 uup6 figs-metaphor 0 the alpha and the omega These are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Possible meanings are 1) "the one who began all things and who ends all things" or 2) "the one who has always lived and who always will live." If unclear to readers you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: "the A and the Z" or "the first and the last" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 22 13 cpl9 figs-merism 0 the first and the last This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV 22 13 nnm2 0 the beginning and the end Possible meanings are 1) "the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end" or 2) "the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things." See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md).
REV 22 14 i54w figs-metaphor 0 those who wash their robes Becoming righteous is spoken of as if it were washing one's clothing. See how you translated as similar phrase in [Revelation 7:14](../07/14.md). Alternate translation: "those who have become righteous, as if they have washed their robes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 15 aw1h 0 Outside This means they are outside the city and not allowed to enter.
REV 22 15 tkd7 figs-metaphor 0 are the dogs In that culture the dog was an unclean, despised animal. Here the word "dogs" is derogatory and refers to people who are wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 22 16 pu85 figs-you 0 to testify to you Here the word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
REV 22 16 t2v9 figs-metaphor 0 the root and the descendant of David The words "root" and "descendant" mean basically the same thing. Jesus speaks of being a "descendant" as if he were a "root" that grew out of David. Together the words emphasize that Jesus belongs to the family of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
REV 22 16 g9uj figs-metaphor 0 the bright morning star Jesus speaks of himself as if he were the bright star that sometimes appears early in the morning and indicates that a new day is about to begin. See how you translated "morning star" in [Revelation 2:28](../02/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 17 lt8j figs-metaphor 0 the Bride Believers are spoken of as if they were a bride about to be married to her groom, Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 17 m9at figs-explicit 0 Come! Possible meanings are 1) that this is an invitation for people to come and drink the water of life. Alternate translation: "Come and drink!" or 2) that this is a polite request for Jesus to return. Alternate translation: "Please come!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV 22 17 e2m5 figs-metaphor 0 Whoever is thirsty ... the water of life A person's desire for eternal life is spoken of as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 17 dwb6 figs-metaphor 0 the water of life Eternal life is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving water. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV 22 18 fd5l 0 General Information: John gives his final remarks about the book of Revelation.
REV 22 18 d95j 0 I testify Here "I" refers to John.
REV 22 18 s36m figs-metonymy 0 the words of the prophecy of this book Here "words" refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: "This prophetic message of this book" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV 22 18 jzu8 0 If anyone adds to them ... God will add This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy.
REV 22 18 d4sc figs-activepassive 0 that are written about in this book This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which I have written about in this book" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV 22 19 ss3y 0 If anyone takes away ... God will take away This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy.
REV 22 20 u6mb 0 General Information: In these verses John gives his and Jesus' closing greetings.
REV 22 20 y9p2 0 The one who testifies "Jesus, who testifies"
REV 22 21 xr3d 0 with everyone "with every one of you"
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