Testing_ABC_en_tn/tn_AMO.tsv

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2front:introih420# Introduction to Amos\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Amos\n\n1. Amos introduced (1:1)\n1. Yahweh judges the nations (1:2-2:16)\n * The surrounding nations (1:22:3)\n * The southern kingdom (2:45)\n * The northern kingdom (2:616)\n1. Amos prophesies against the people of Israel (3:16:14)\n1. Yahweh shows Amos several visions (7:1-9:10)\n1. Israel is to be restored (9:1115)\n\n### What is the Book of Amos about?\n\nThe Book of Amos contains the words of Amos, a shepherd of Tekoa. Amos began to prophesy about 760 BC. He spoke Yahwehs messages against Gods people behaving wickedly. He spoke messages to both the southern kingdom of Judah and the northern kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\nYahweh gave Amos prophecies of judgment (Chapters 1-6) to proclaim to the people. Each of them begins with the phrase “This is what Yahweh says” (ULT).\n\nThree visions of Yahweh coming to judge the people are in the last part of the book (7:1-9:10). A final vision promises that Yahweh will restore Israel (9:11-15). He will restore the “tent of David.” This means a descendant of David would once again be king over Israel.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe traditional title of this book is “The Book of Amos” or just “Amos.” Translators may also call it the “The Book of the Sayings of Amos.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Amos?\n\nThe prophet Amos probably wrote this book. He lived in the southern kingdom of Judah. Amos came from a poor family. They grew sycamore trees (7:14, 15) and were shepherds ([Amos 1:1](../../amo/01/01.md)). Though Amos was not trained as a prophet, he knew and understood the law of Moses. Also, Amos skillfully used expressive and meaningful words.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### How is justice described in Amos?\n\nJustice is an important theme in the Book of Amos. Justice means people treating others fairly according to the law of Yahweh. People in Israel were oppressing and taking advantage of poor people, orphans, and widows. Amos explained that Yahweh would prefer that the people act justly rather than sacrifice to him. Truly obeying the law of Moses meant being just to other people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n### What is a lawsuit?\n\nMany cultures have a process for resolving disputes through the use of courts. These legal disputes are called lawsuits. Amos uses various legal terms. Part of the book presents events in a courtroom. The people are introduced, the problem is explained, the people are examined, witnesses speak, and a verdict is given.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What is the meaning of the term “Israel”?\n\nThe name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was a son of Isaac. God changed Jacobs name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. In Amos, “Israel” almost always refers to the northern kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])\n\n### Where do the various narratives begin and end?\n\nThe structure of the Book of Amos may make it difficult to understand where Amos ends one thought and begins another. It may be helpful to solve these issues with carefully divided lines or paragraphs.
31:introv72p0# Amos 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis book is written in a poetic form. Because it was written by a farmer, it includes many references to agricultural concepts.\n\n### “For three sins of Judah, even for four”\nThe phrase “For three sins of Judah, even for four,” is used to begin each oracle. This is not intended to be a literal count but is an idiom indicating a large number of sins. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
41:1zsg5rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetryGeneral Information:0# General Information:\n\nGod speaks through Amos using poetic language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
51:1e8f1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveThese are the things concerning Israel that Amos, one of the shepherds in Tekoa, received in revelation0If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “These are the things concerning Israel that God revealed to Amos, one of the shepherds in Tekoa” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
61:1qz81These are the things0Alternate translation: “This is the message”
71:1a358rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesin Tekoa0“Tekoa” is the name of a town or village. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
81:1t6dvrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveHe received these things0If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God gave him these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
91:1ffc4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomin the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and also in the days of Jeroboam son of Joash king of Israel0The words “in the days of” is an idiom and refers to the time when each king reigned. Alternate translation: “when Uzziah was king of Judah, and also when Jeroboam son of Joash was king of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
101:1vmr4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicittwo years before the earthquake0The assumed knowledge is that the original hearers would be aware of when a large earthquake had affected the area. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
111:2x1sxrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelismYahweh will roar from Zion; he will raise his voice from Jerusalem0These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that Yahweh shouts loudly as he prepares to judge the nation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
121:2q17jrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorYahweh will roar0The author speaks of the voice of Yahweh as if it sounded like the roar of a lion or the roar of thunder. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
131:2ws32Yahweh0This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
141:3rk7rFor three sins of … even for four0This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but it indicates that many sins had led to Gods judgment.
151:3rpv5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyDamascus0Here “Damascus” represents the people of the city of Damascus. Alternate translation: “the people of Damascus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
161:3cnr9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotesI will not turn away punishment0Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. Alternate translation: “I will certainly punish those people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
171:3b7ierc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomthey threshed Gilead with instruments of iron0Yahweh speaks of how Damascus treated Gilead as if they had threshed grain with iron tools or weapons. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
181:3z99irc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyGilead0Here “Gilead” represents the people of the region of Gilead. Alternate translation: “the people of Gilead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
191:4viv5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorI will send a fire into the house of Hazael0Here Yahweh speaks of his judgment against the house of Hazael as if it were a consuming fire. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
201:4h2l1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymythe house of Hazael0The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Hazaels descendants, who were rulers of the country where Damascus was located. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
211:4ik4frc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorit will devour the fortresses of Ben Hadad0Here Yahwehs judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the fortresses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
221:4yi4irc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesHazael … Ben Hadad0These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
231:5mq54Connecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues his message of judgment on Damascus.
241:5j6kurc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorcut off the man0Here to “cut off” means either to destroy or to drive away, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: “destroy the man” or “drive away the man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
251:5na9lrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesValley of Aven0This is the name of a place that means “valley of wickedness.” This could mean: (1) this is the name of an actual place in that region or (2) this is a metonym for Damascus or the surrounding region. Alternate translation: “the valley of wickedness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
261:5aji7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymythe man who holds the scepter in0This is a metonym for the ruler of that city or region. Alternate translation: “the ruler of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
271:5q6cfrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesBeth Eden0This is the name of a place that means “house of pleasure.” This could mean: (1) this is the name of an actual place in that region or (2) this is another metonym for Damascus or the surrounding region. Alternate translation: “the house of pleasure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
281:5zgv6rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesKir0This is the name of a region from which the people of Aram originally came. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
291:6wc1bFor three sins of … even for four0This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but it indicates that many sins had led to Gods judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
301:6ir17rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyGaza0Here “Gaza” represents the people of the region of Gaza. Alternate translation: “the people of Gaza” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
311:6pd54rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotesI will not turn away punishment0Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
321:6mxg6hand them over to0Alternate translation: “deliver them up to” or “sell them to”
331:6s4mbrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyEdom0Here “Edom” represents the people of the country of Edom. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
341:7s2fyrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorit will devour her fortresses0Here Yahwehs judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the fortresses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
351:8r5dfConnecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues his message of judgment on Gaza.
361:8pn5frc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorcut off the man0Here to “cut off” means either to destroy or to drive away, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: “destroy the man” or “drive away the man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
371:8z6mcrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymythe man who holds the scepter0This is a metonym for the ruler of that city or region. Alternate translation: “the ruler” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
381:8m7rnrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyI will turn my hand against Ekron0Here “hand” represents Yahwehs power that he would use against Ekron. Alternate translation: “I will strike Ekron” or “I will destroy Ekron” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
391:8w6imrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyEkron0Here “Ekron” represents the people of the city of Ekron. Alternate translation: “the people of Ekron” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
401:9dw8jFor three sins of … even for four0This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to Gods judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
411:9m576rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyTyre0Here “Tyre” represents the people of the city of Tyre. Alternate translation: “the people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
421:9s55wrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotesI will not turn away punishment0Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
431:9a5jhtheir covenant of brotherhood0Alternate translation: “the agreement they made to treat you as brothers”
441:10q6k1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorit will devour her fortresses0Here Yahwehs judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the fortresses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
451:11a393For three sins of … even for four0This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to Gods judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
461:11re3jrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyEdom0Here “Edom” represents the people of the country of Edom. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
471:11y8u9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotesI will not turn away punishment0Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
481:11t3ngrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicithe pursued his brother0The assumed knowledge is that Esau, from whom the people of Edom were descended, was the brother of Jacob, from whom the people of Israel were descended. Here “his brother” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “he pursued the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
491:11we19cast off all pity0Alternate translation: “showed them no mercy”
501:11hrl2rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelismHis anger raged continually, and his wrath lasted forever0These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize his continued anger. The abstract nouns “anger” and “wrath” can be translated using the adjectives “angry” and “furious.” Alternate translation: “He was continually angry and always furious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
511:11e4yzrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbolehis wrath lasted forever0This is an exaggeration that is meant to express the ongoing nature of his wrath. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
521:12u6m8rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesTeman … Bozrah0These are names of places. See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]
531:12rv98rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorit will devour the palaces of Bozrah0Here Yahwehs judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the palaces. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
541:13cc91For three sins of … even for four0This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to Gods judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
551:13qdx6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotesI will not turn away punishment0Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
561:13b1tzenlarge their borders0Alternate translation: “extend their boundaries” or “expand their territory”
571:14g9viConnecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Ammon.
581:14i3cdrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorit will devour the palaces0Here Yahwehs judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the palaces. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
591:14hpu5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorwith a tempest in the day of the whirlwind0The fighting against the people of Ammon is spoken of as if it were a violent storm. Alternate translation: “and the fighting will be like a great storm” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
601:14xh9xtempest … whirlwind0These are two kinds of violent storms.
611:14zf7hwhirlwind0a strong wind that spins very quickly as it moves and can cause damage
621:15s4xtrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsTheir king will go into captivity0If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **captivity**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “capture.” This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Their enemies will capture their king and take him away as a prisoner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
632:introibd60# Amos 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter consists of oracles against Moab and Judah by using poetic language and imagery. But the UST translates it using prose. If possible, translate this chapter as poetry, but you may translate as narrative.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Idiom\n\nYou will notice that the phrase “For three sins of Judah, even for four,” is used to begin each of these oracles. This is not intended to be a literal count but is an idiom indicating a large number of sins. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
642:1g1vlFor three sins of … even for four0This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to Gods judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
652:1uc48rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyMoab0This represents the Moabite people. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
662:1pft8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotesI will not turn away punishment0Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
672:1w5dghe burned the bones0The word “he” refers to Moab. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab burned the bones”
682:1ma6mto lime0Alternate translation: “to ashes”
692:2ah6fConnecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Moab.
702:2j3znrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesKerioth0This is the name of a city or town. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
712:2w2hnrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyMoab will die0Here “Moab” represents the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “The people of Moab will die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
722:2zm8iin an uproar0An uproar is a very loud noise.
732:3c3j7the judge in her0Alternate translation: “the ruler of Moab”
742:3bj82all the princes0Alternate translation: “all the officials” or “all the leaders”
752:4fu1pFor three sins of … even for four0This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to Gods judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
762:4csn5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyJudah0This represents the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
772:4gt89rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotesI will not turn away punishment0Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he will punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
782:4d67wrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorTheir lies0This expression here probably refers to worshiping false gods or idols. Alternate translation: “Their worship of idols” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
792:4p387rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorgo astray … walked0Worshiping false gods is spoken of as if people were walking behind them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
802:5h9pgrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorit will devour the fortresses of Jerusalem0Here Yahwehs judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the fortresses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
812:6c6wxFor three sins of … even for four0This is a poetic device. It does not meaan that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many of sins had led to Gods judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
822:6w27arc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyIsrael0This represents the Israelite people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
832:6pk79rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotesI will not turn away punishment0Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
842:6py15rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladjthe innocent0This refers to innocent people in general. Alternate translation: “innocent people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
852:6pb42rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladjthe needy0This refers to needy people in general. Alternate translation: “needy people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
862:7sm8lGeneral Information:0# General Information:\n\nThe word “they” in these verses refers to the people of Israel.
872:7my6yConnecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Israel.
882:7v5terc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simileThey trample on the heads of the poor as people trample on dust on the ground0How the people of Israel treated the poor is compared to how people step heavily on the ground (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
892:7zrt7trample0repeatedly step heavily or roughly
902:7fx7mrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladjthe poor0This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: “poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
912:7q5bcrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomthey push the oppressed away0This idiom means they refused to listen when the oppressed people said they were being treated unfairly (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
922:7lck3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladjthe oppressed0This refers to oppressed people in general. Alternate translation: “oppressed people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
932:7jl29rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemismgo in to the same girl0This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “hav sexual relations with the same girl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
942:8r53crc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassivethose who were fined0If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those who they made to pay a penalty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
952:9m3ctGeneral Information:0# General Information:\n\nThe words “them” and “you” in these verses both refer to the people of Israel.
962:9b98bConnecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Israel.
972:9f6cfrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbolewhose height was like the height of cedars; he was strong as the oaks0This is an exaggeration. It describes how tall and strong the Amorite people were and compares them to the tallest and strongest trees in that region. Alternate translation: “who were tall and strong like great trees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
982:9md8tcedars0cedar trees
992:9zc8zoaks0oak trees
1002:9b3lgrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomYet I destroyed his fruit above and his roots below0How Yahweh completely destroyed the Amorites is pictured as a tree being destroyed from top to bottom. Alternate translation: “Yet I destroyed them completely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1012:11xf7bGeneral Information:0# General Information:\n\nThe words “your” and “you” in these verses refer to the people of Israel.
1022:11d8dgConnecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Israel.
1032:11yd3wraised up0Alternate translation: “appointed”
1042:11hfp4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveIs it not so, people of Israel?0Yahweh asks this question to emphasize what he has said. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You people of Israel certainly know that what I have said is true!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1052:11ar32rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is Yahwehs declaration0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1062:13gch1General Information:0# General Information:\n\nThe word “you” in these verses refers to the people of Israel.
1072:13kk7sConnecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Israel.
1082:13pae9Look0This alerts the reader to pay attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
1092:13ak7prc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simileI will crush you as a cart that is full of grain can crush someone0Yahweh compares his judgment on the people of Israel to crushing them with something very heavy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1102:14x39hrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladjThe swift … the strong … the mighty0These adjectives refer to people in general. Alternate translation: “Swift people … strong people … mighty people” or “The strong person … the strong person … the mighty person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1112:15pt37Connecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Israel.
1122:15qs5bThe archer will not stand0Here “stand” means to keep ones place in battle.
1132:15q2w6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitthe fast runner will not escape0The implied information is that the fast runner will not escape from his enemies. Alternate translation: “the fast runner will be captured” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1142:16c22vrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyflee naked0This could mean: (1) this is a metonym for “run away without his weapons” or (2) this is meant literally as “run away wearing no clothes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1152:16i9l6in that day0Alternate translation: “at that time”
1162:16szp1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is Yahwehs declaration0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1173:introgtz50# Amos 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nAmos continues to use poetic form in this chapter to prophesy the disaster coming to the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nThis chapter begins with a number of rhetorical questions. The last question provides the reader with some answers: “Yahweh has certainly spoken through his prophets. So listen to them.” The answer to these rhetorical questions have the expected response of “no” because they are things that are not expected to happen. The writer is helping the reader to conclude that God uses the prophets to speak his message.
1183:1em48Hear this word0Alternate translation: “Hear this message” or “Listen to this message”
1193:1k2d9that Yahweh has spoken against you … against the whole family0Alternate translation: “this word that Yahweh has spoken about you … about the whole family” or “Yahwehs message about you … about the whole family”
1203:1kc3zyou, people of Israel … the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt0These two phrases refer to the same group of people. The people God is speaking to are the descendants of those he had taken out of Egypt.
1213:1kg5erc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymythe whole family0Here “the whole family” represents to the whole nation. The people of Israel were all descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “the whole nation” or “the whole clan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1223:2zb95rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitI have chosen only you from all the families of the earth0This implies that they should have obeyed him. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I have chosen only you from all the families of the earth, so you should have obeyed me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1233:2d1zbrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyall the families of the earth0Here “families” represents nations or people groups. Alternate translation: “all the nations of the earth” or “all the clans on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1243:2a52drc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitTherefore I will punish you for all your sins0It can be stated clearly that they did not obey God. Alternate translation: “But you did not obey me. Therefore I will punish you for all your sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1253:3c422rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionGeneral Information:0# General Information:\n\nAmos uses the questions in verses 3-6 to present examples of things that people already know about what causes things to happen and what are the results of things that happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1263:3bg7xrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionWill two walk together unless they have agreed?0Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what must happen in order for two people to walk together. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Two people will walk together only if they have first agreed to walk together.” or “You know that two people will walk together only if they have agreed to do that.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1273:4hd72rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionWill a lion roar in the forest when he has no victim?0Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what causes a lion to roar. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “A lion will roar in the forest only when he has a victim.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1283:4h1hnrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionWill a young lion growl from his den if he has caught nothing?0Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what causes a lion to growl. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “A young lion will growl from his den only if he has caught something.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1293:5cw5trc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionGeneral Information:0# General Information:\n\nAmos uses the questions in verses 3-6 to present examples of things that people already know about what causes things to happen and what are the results of things that happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1303:5v6h4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionCan a bird fall in a trap on the ground when no bait is set for him?0Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what causes a bird to fall into a trap. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “A bird can fall into a trap on the ground only when bait has been set for him.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1313:5j71crc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionWill a trap spring up from the ground when it has not caught anything?0Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what causes a trap to spring up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “A trap will spring up from the ground only when it has caught something.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1323:5n19fWill a trap spring up from the ground0This refers to a trap closing. When an animal steps on a trap, the trap closes and the animal cannot get out of it. Alternate translation: “Will a trap close”
1333:6u2xqrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionIf a trumpet sounds in a city, will the people not tremble?0Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what happens when a trumpet sounds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “When the trumpet sounds in the city, the people will tremble.” or “When the trumpet sounds in the city, we expect that people will tremble.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1343:6yr88rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitIf a trumpet sounds in a city0The purpose of sounding the trumpet is to warn people that enemies are about to attack the city. Alternate translation: “If someone blows the trumpet in the city to warn the people about an enemy attack” or “If the warning trumpet is blown in the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1353:6y7gnrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicittremble0The reason for trembling can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “tremble because they are afraid” or “be afraid of the enemy and tremble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1363:6h6parc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionIf disaster overtakes a city, has Yahweh not sent it?0Amos uses this question to remind the people of what they should already know about what causes a disaster. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “If disaster overtakes a city, Yahweh has sent it.” or “If disaster overtakes a city, we know that Yahweh has sent it.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1373:6ffj9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorIf disaster overtakes a city,0Something terrible happening to a city is spoken of as if disaster overtakes it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1383:7rg1rrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitSurely the Lord Yahweh will do nothing unless … the prophets0The relationship between this sentence and the rhetorical questions in [Amos 3:3](../03/03.md) to [Amos 3:6](./06.md) can be shown with the words “So also.” Alternate translation: “So also, the Lord Yahweh will do nothing unless … the prophets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1393:7v3eyrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegativesSurely the Lord Yahweh will do nothing unless he reveals … prophets0This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “Surely the Lord Yahweh will reveal … prophets before he does anything” or “So also, the Lord will punish people only if he has revealed his plan to his servants the prophets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
1403:8b8bkrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionThe lion has roared; who will not fear?0Amos uses this question to remind people of what people do when a lion roars. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “The lion has roared; so we know that everyone will be afraid.” or “The lion has roared; so of course everyone will be afraid.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1413:8ext3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionThe Lord Yahweh has spoken; who will not prophesy?0Amos uses this question to emphasize what people should already know about what prophets do when God speaks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “The Lord Yahweh has spoken; so we know that the prophets will prophesy.” or “The Lord Yahweh has spoken; so of course the prophets will prophesy.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1423:9lte7Assemble yourselves0This command is to Israels enemies in Ashdod and Egypt.
1433:9qpm1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personificationsee what great confusion is in her0The word “her” refers to the city of Samaria. Cities were often spoken of as if they were women. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1443:9s3x8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitwhat great confusion is in her0Here “great confusion is in her” refers to peoples fear because of the fighting and rioting there. The word “confusion” can be translated with a verbal phrase to make this meaning explicit. Alternate translation: “how the people in Samaria riot” or “how the people in Samaria fight against one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1453:9w5vxrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounswhat oppression is in her0Here “oppression is in her” refers to leaders in Samaria oppressing the people. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **oppress**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “oppress” or “cause to suffer.” Alternate translation: “how the leaders oppress people” or “and how they cause people to suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1463:10qk73For they do not know how to do right0The word “they” refers to the people of Samaria.
1473:10v5xarc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyThey store up violence and destruction0Here “violence and destruction” represent things they have taken by being violent and destructive. Alternate translation: “They store up things that they have violently stolen from others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1483:11zag9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitTherefore, this is what the Lord Yahweh says0It can be stated clearly who God was saying this to. Alternate translation: “Therefore, this is what the Lord Yahweh says to the people of Israel living in Samaria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1493:11av1vAn enemy will surround the land0Alternate translation: “An enemy army will surround the land”
1503:11njz8plunder your fortresses0Alternate translation: “steal all the things in your fortresses”
1513:12j2v9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simileAs the shepherd rescues … so will the people of Israel … be rescued0The Lord compares the people of Israel being rescued with an unsuccessful attempt to rescue an animal from a lion. They will not be completely rescued. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1523:12d9dlrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitAs the shepherd rescues out of the mouth of the lion two legs only, or a piece of an ear0It can be stated clearly that the shepherd tries to rescue the whole animal. Alternate translation: “As the shepherd tries to rescue an animal from the lions mouth, but is able to save only two legs or a piece of an ear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1533:12t7nurc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnounAs the shepherd … the lion0Here the phrases “the shepherd” and “the lion” refer to any shepherd or lion. Alternate translation: “As a shepherd … a lion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1543:12wn55they will be left with only the corner of a couch or a piece of a bed0This phrase shows that they will not be completely rescued. Almost all of their possessions will be stolen. This passage in Hebrew is difficult to understand, and some modern versions interpret it differently.
1553:12ln9gcouch0This is a soft chair big enough to lie down on.
1563:13u9dnrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymythe house of Jacob0The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacobs descendants. They were the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1573:13tw5jrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated the similar phrase “this is Yahwehs declaration” in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1583:14agr5in the day that I punish the sins of Israel0Alternate translation: “when I punish the sins of Israel”
1593:14z44yrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyI will also punish the altars of Bethel0People sinned against God by worshiping false gods at their altars. Here “punish the altars” represents punishing the people by destroying their altars. Alternate translation: “I will also destroy the altars at Bethel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1603:14cy5drc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveThe horns of the altar will be cut off and fall to the ground0If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Your enemies will cut off the horns of the altars, and the horns will fall to the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1613:14gi8thorns of the altar0People worshiped false gods at their altars. At the top corners of the altars there were pieces of metal shaped like bull horns. These horns were a symbol of the strength of their gods.
1623:15r11prc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnounthe winter house with the summer house0Some of the wealthy people had two houses: one that they lived in during the winter and one that they lived in during the summer. This refers to any winter and summer houses. Alternate translation: “the houses they live in during the winter and the houses they live in during the summer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1633:15w3z9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personificationThe houses of ivory will perish0God speaks of the houses being destroyed as if they were alive and would die. Alternate translation: “The houses of ivory will be destroyed” or “The houses of ivory will collapse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1643:15law2The houses of ivory0“the houses that are decorated with ivory.” This refers to houses that had decorations made of ivory on the walls and furniture. Ivory was very expensive, so only the wealthy people had things decorated with ivory.
1653:15i8hwivory0the teeth and horns of large animals
1663:15vic1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorthe large houses will vanish0“the large houses will exist no more.” Here “vanish” represents being destroyed. Alternate translation: “the large houses will be destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1673:15n6kqrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is Yahwehs declaration0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1684:introwy7z0# Amos 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is written in poetic form and is about the peoples refusal to listen to Yahweh even as he tries to point them back to himself.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Repetition\n\nThis chapter contains a repeated sentence: “Yet you have not returned to me —this is Yahwehs declaration.” Please make sure this sentence is translated the same way each time to show the repetition. This repetition produces a list of sins Yahweh is mounting against his people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
1694:1jn6erc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphoryou cows of Bashan, you who are in the mountain of Samaria0Amos speaks to the women of Israel who live in Samaria as if they were well-fed cows. Alternate translation: “you wealthy women who live in the mountains of Samaria, you who are like the well-fed cows of Bashan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1704:1w7hirc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladjyou who oppress the poor0The phrase “the poor” refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “you who oppress poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1714:1mg4urc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphoryou who crush the needy0Hear “crush” is a metaphor that represents treating people badly. The phrase “the needy” refers to people who need help. Alternate translation: “you who treat needy people badly” or “you who hurt needy people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
1724:2vj2bThe Lord Yahweh has sworn by his holiness0This means that Yahweh promised that he would do something, and he assured people that he would do what he promised because he is holy.
1734:2znn4the days will come on you0The word “you” refers to the wealthy women of Israel who lived in Samaria, but also includes men.
1744:2d7krrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorthe days will come on you when they will take you away with hooks0A time in the future when bad things will happen to the people is spoken of as if those days will attack the people. The word “they” refers to their enemies. Alternate translation: “There will be a time when your enemies will take you away with hooks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1754:2xgg4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelismthey will take you away with hooks, the last of you with fishhooks0These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the enemy will capture the people like people catch fish. Alternate translation: “they will capture you as people capture animals, and they take you away” or “they will defeat you and cruelly force you to go away with them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1764:3knp3Connecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nGod continues to speak to the people of Israel.
1774:3yu6hbreaks in the city wall0places where the enemy had broken down the city wall to enter
1784:3zrg7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveyou will be thrown out toward Harmon0If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will throw you out toward Harmon” or “your enemies will force you to leave the city and go toward Harmon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1794:3zu7prc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesHarmon0This is either the name of a place that we do not know, or it refers to Mount Hermon. Some modern versions interpret it in that way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1804:3th6yrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is Yahwehs declaration0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated these words in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1814:4l9euGeneral Information:0# General Information:\n\nGod gives several commands in verse 4, but he does so to show that he is angry
1824:4sca9Connecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nGod continues to speak to the people of Israel.
1834:4plw6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ironyGo to Bethel and sin, to Gilgal and multiply sin0People would go to Bethel and Gilgal to make sacrifices to God, but they kept sinning anyway. God makes these commands to show that he is angry with them for doing these things. These commands can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: “You go to Bethel to worship, but you sin. You go to Gilgal to worship, but you sin even more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
1844:4rpw1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ironybring your sacrifices … every three days0God makes these commands in order to show the people that he is angry that even though they do these things, they continue to sin against him in other ways. These commands can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: “You bring your sacrifices … every three days, but it does you no good.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
1854:4nz43every three days0This could mean: (1) on the third day or (2) every third day. Some versions have “every three years,” because the Israelites were supposed to bring their tithes to God once every three years.
1864:5uc1yrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ironyOffer a thanksgiving sacrifice … proclaim freewill offerings; announce them, for this pleases0God makes these commands in order to show the people that even though they do these things, he is angry because they continue to sin against him in other ways. Use the form in your language that shows that they will do these things no matter what Yahweh says, but these things will do them no good. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
1874:5m5neannounce them0Alternate translation: “boast about them”
1884:5xk7irc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitfor this pleases you, you people of Israel0Yahweh rebukes them for being proud about their offerings and sacrifices. They think that God should be pleased with them, but he is not. Alternate translation: “for this pleases you, you people of Israel. But it does not please me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1894:5td4drc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated the similar phrase “this is Yahwehs declaration” in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh declares” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1904:6tx4mConnecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nGod continues to speak to the people of Israel.
1914:6d7qdrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyI gave you cleanness of teeth0Here having clean teeth represents having no food in the mouth to make the teeth dirty. Alternate translation: “I caused you to starve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1924:6fi56rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymylack of bread0Giving them “lack of bread” represents causing them to lack bread, and “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “I caused you not to have enough food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1934:6j831rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphoryou have not returned to me0Returning to God represents submitting again to him. Alternate translation: “you have not submitted again to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1944:6vsj8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is Yahwehs declaration0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated these words in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1954:7emt8I also withheld rain from you0Alternate translation: “I prevented the rain from falling on your crops”
1964:7zv4mrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitwhen there were still three months to the harvest0It can be stated clearly that the people needed the rain. Alternate translation: “when there were still three months to the harvest and your crops needed the rain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1974:7nmf3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveOne piece of land was rained on0If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The phrase “One piece of land” represents any piece of land.” Alternate translation: “It rained on one piece of land” or “It rained on some pieces of land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1984:7uw18rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnounthe piece of land where it did not rain0This refers to any piece of land where it did not rain. Alternate translation: “the pieces of land where it did not rain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1994:8sd8lrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyTwo or three cities staggered0Here “cities” represents the people of those cities. Alternate translation: “The people of two or three cities staggered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2004:8ly7zrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphoryou have not returned to me0Returning to God represents submitting again to him. See how you translated this in [Amos 4:6](../04/06.md). Alternate translation: “you have not submitted again to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2014:8p5iprc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is Yahwehs declaration0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated these words in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
2024:9cz91rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyI afflicted you with blight and mildew0Here “afflicted you” represents afflicting their crops. Alternate translation: “I afflicted your crops with blight and mildew” or “I destroyed your crops with blight and mildew” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2034:9s18cblight0This is a disease that dries and kills plants. It is caused by the hot wind from the desert.
2044:9q9atmildew0This is another disease that kills plants.
2054:10e3iyI sent a plague on you as on Egypt0Alternate translation: “I sent a plague on you as I did on Egypt” or “I sent a plague on you as I sent plagues on Egypt”
2064:10uqf3I sent a plague on you0Alternate translation: “I caused terrible things to happen to you”
2074:10d4vkrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyI killed your young men with the sword0Here “the sword” represents battle. God killed them by sending enemies to fight against them. Alternate translation: “I made your enemies kill your men in battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2084:10g3igrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymycarried away your horses0God speaks of causing the enemies to steal their horses as if he carried the horses away. Alternate translation: “I made your enemies take away your horses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2094:10l8vurc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymymade the stench of your camp come up to your nostrils0A stench is a bad smell. The stench coming up to their nostrils represents them smelling something terrible. It can be stated clearly that the smell was from the dead bodies of those who were killed. Alternate translation: “I made you smell the terrible odor of the dead bodies in your camp” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2104:10fz6mrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphoryou have not returned to me0Returning to God represents submitting again to him. See how you translated this in [Amos 4:6](../04/06.md). Alternate translation: “you have not submitted again to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2114:10lz2src://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is Yahwehs declaration0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated these words in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
2124:11cjh1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorYou were like a burning stick snatched out of the fire0God speaks of those who survived the plague and war as if they were a burning stick that someone pulled out of a fire. Alternate translation: “Some of you survived, like a burning stick that someone pulls out of a fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2134:12bg4yConnecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nGod continues to speak to the people of Israel.
2144:12p5zerc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personprepare to meet your God0God says this to warn the people of Israel that he will judge them. Alternate translation: “prepare to meet me, your God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2154:13krg8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personhe who forms the mountains … reveals his thoughts … is his name0It is not clear whether Amos is speaking about God, or God is speaking about himself. If God is speaking about himself, it can be translated with the words “I” and “me.” Alternate translation: “I who form the mountains … reveal my thoughts … is my name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
2164:13n7pamakes the morning darkness0This could mean: (1) God causes the day to be very dark with thick clouds. Alternate translation: “makes the morning dark” or (2) God causes time to pass, so every day becomes night. Alternate translation: “makes morning and evening”
2174:13s3jvrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphortreads on the high places of the earth0God ruling over all the earth is spoken of as if he walks on the highest places of the earth. Alternate translation: “rules over all the earth” or “rules over even the highest places of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2184:13sha6Yahweh, God of hosts, is his name0By declaring his full name, Yahweh is declaring his power and authority to do these things. Your language may have a way for people to do this.
2195:introw1eh0# Amos 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues to be written in a poetic format and foretells the destruction of the kingdom of Israel.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Place Names\n\nThis chapter refers to various places in land of Israel (i.e. Gilgal, Bethel, Beersheba). Normally these places have good connotations, but here they are referred to negatively. This is most likely because these cities became known for their idol worship. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### City gate\n\nThe “city gate” is mentioned several times. This was a place where people would go with legal and financial issues. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2205:1u6w8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyhouse of Israel0The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israels descendants. Alternate translation: “you people of Israel” or “you Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2215:2cqa2rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorThe virgin Israel has fallen … no one to raise her up0The phrase “The virgin Israel” represents the nation of Israel. The nation of Israel being destroyed and having no other nation to help them become strong again is spoken of as if it were a young woman who has fallen and has no one to raise her up. Alternate translation: “The nation of Israel is like a woman who has fallen … no one to help her get up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2225:2lta8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveshe is forsaken on her land0If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People have forsaken her” or “they have abandoned her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2235:3ecu7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnounThe city that went out with a thousand … the one that went out with a hundred0These phrases refer to any cities that sent out large numbers of soldiers. Alternate translation: “Cities that went out with a thousand … cities that went out with a hundred” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
2245:3z3m4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitThe city that went out with a thousand will have a hundred left0The phrases “a thousand” and “a hundred” refer to a thousand soldiers and a hundred soldiers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2255:3m7h5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitThe city that went out with a thousand0“The city that went out” represents the soldiers of that city going out. It can be stated clearly why they went out. Alternate translation: “The city out of which a thousand soldiers went to fight” or “The city that sent out a thousand soldiers to fight” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2265:3xna6will have a hundred left0“will have a hundred soldiers who have not been killed” or “will have only a hundred soldiers still alive.” Here being “left” refers to not being killed by the enemy.
2275:4u2lurc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorSeek me0Here “Seek me” represents asking God for help. Alternate translation: “Ask me for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2285:5gux2rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorDo not seek Bethel0Here “seek Bethel” represents going to Bethel to ask for help. Alternate translation: “Do not go to Bethel to ask for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2295:5xc6knor enter Gilgal0Alternate translation: “and do not enter Gilgal”
2305:5ixk2rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyFor Gilgal will surely go into captivity0Here “Gilgal” represents the people of Gilgal, and going into captivity refers to being captured and taken away. Alternate translation: “For the people of Gilgal will surely be captured and taken away” or “For your enemies will surely capture the people of Gilgal and take them away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2315:5fdq3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorBethel will become nothing0Here “become nothing” represents being destroyed. Alternate translation: “Bethel will be completely destroyed” or “enemies will completely destroy Bethel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2325:6a5vvrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorSeek Yahweh0Here “Seek Yahweh” represents asking him for help. Alternate translation: “Ask Yahweh for help” or “Ask me, Yahweh, for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2335:6vc8nrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-similehe will break out like fire0Here “break out like a fire” represents destroying things as fire destroys things. Alternate translation: “he will become like a fire that breaks out suddenly and destroys everything” or “he will destroy everything like a fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2345:6tcz9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymythe house of Joseph0This phrase is a metonym for the descendants of Joseph. Here it represents the northern kingdom of Israel, whose two largest tribes were the descendants of Joseph. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Joseph” or “Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2355:6it6frc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorIt will devour0The word “it” refers to the fire, and “devour” represents destroying everything. God destroying everything is spoken of as if a fire were to destroy everything. Alternate translation: “It will destroy everything” or “He will destroy everything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2365:6ir1nthere will be no one to quench it0Alternate translation: “there will no one to stop it” or “there will be no one to stop him from destroying everything”
2375:7eqb9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorturn justice into a bitter thing0Here “a bitter thing” represents actions that harm people, and “turn justice into a bitter thing” represents harming people rather than doing for them what is just. Alternate translation: “say that they are doing what is just, but instead they harm people” or “refuse to do what is just and harm people instead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2385:7jjl7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorthrow righteousness down to the ground0This represents treating righteousness as if it were worthless. Alternate translation: “treat righteousness as though it were as unimportant as dirt” or “you despise what is righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2395:8uny6rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknownthe Pleiades and Orion0People saw patterns in the stars in the sky and gave names to them. These are two of those patterns. Alternate translation: “the stars” or “the groups of stars” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
2405:8fkp9he turns darkness into the morning … day dark with night0“he makes the night become morning, and he makes the day become night.” This refers to causing the times of the day.
2415:8jzr4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorcalls for the waters … on the surface of the earth0This represents God causing the sea water to fall on the earth as rain. Alternate translation: “he takes the waters of the sea and makes them rain down on the surface of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2425:8rb72Yahweh is his name!0By declaring his name, Yahweh is declaring his power and authority to do these things.
2435:9u2ifrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsHe brings sudden destruction on the strong0If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “destroy.” The phrase “the strong” refers to strong people, specifically soldiers. Alternate translation: “He suddenly destroys the strong people” or “He suddenly destroys the soldiers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
2445:9t2g1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsso that destruction comes on the fortresses0If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “destroy.” Alternate translation: “so that the fortresses are destroyed” or “and he destroys the fortresses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2455:10s23gThey hate anyone0Alternate translation: “The people of Israel hate anyone”
2465:11ldj5worked stone0Alternate translation: “cut stones” or “stones that people have cut”
2475:11sm1trc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicityou will not drink their wine0The word “their” refers to the vineyards. This may imply that no one will make the wine, or even that there will not be enough good grapes to make wine. Alternate translation: “you will not drink the wine that is made from the grapes in your vineyards” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2485:12v579afflict the just, take bribes, and turn aside the needy in the city gate0This is a list of some of their sins.
2495:12mkx5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladjthe just0The word “just” is a nominal adjective that refers to just people. Alternate translation: “just people” or “righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
2505:12c3fmtake bribes0Alternate translation: “let people pay you to do bad things” or “let people pay you to lie about people”
2515:12pnt4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitturn aside the needy in the city gate0Here “turn aside the needy” represents telling the needy people to leave. It can be made clear why the needy were at the city gate. Alternate translation: “do not allow poor people to bring their cases to the judges in the city gate” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2525:12hqu9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladjthe needy0The word “needy” is a nominal adjective that refers to people who are in need. Alternate translation: “people in need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
2535:13zgm3any prudent person is silent0Those who do not want the evil people to harm them will not speak out against the evil deeds. Alternate translation: “wise people do not speak about the evil things people are doing”
2545:13nb9wrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyfor it is an evil time0Here “an evil time” represents a time when people are evil and do evil deeds. Alternate translation: “for it is a time when people are evil” or “for people do evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2555:14i1vcrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorSeek good and not evil0Here “Seek good” represents choosing to do what good. “Good” and “evil” represent good actions and evil actions. Alternate translation: “Choose to do what is good and not what is evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2565:15n1skHate evil, love good0“Hate evil actions, and love good actions.” Here “good” and “evil” represent good actions and evil actions.
2575:15tqy7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomestablish justice in the city gate0Here “establish justice” represents making sure that justice is done. Alternate translation: “make sure that justice is done in the city gates” or “make sure that the judges make just decisions in the city gates” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2585:15jkw4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitin the city gate0City gates were where business transactions occurred and judgments were made, because city walls were thick enough to have gateways that produced cool shade from the hot sun Alternate translation: “in your courts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2595:15eb3drc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymythe remnant of Joseph0Here “remnant” refers to people who are still living in Israel after the others are killed or taken away as captives. Here “Joseph” represents the northern kingdom of Israel, whose two largest tribes were the descendants of Joseph. See how you translated “house of Joseph” in [Amos 5:6](../05/06.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Joseph who are still alive” or “those of Israel who survive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2605:16wux6this is what Yahweh says, the God of hosts, the Lord0Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh, the God of hosts, the Lord says”
2615:16qyz8Wailing will be in all the squares0Alternate translation: “People will wail in all the town squares”
2625:16iv7kWailing0long, loud, sad cries
2635:16d7mvthe squares0broad open places in the town where people gather
2645:16n1g7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisthe mourners to wail0The phrase “they will call” is understood from the beginning of the sentence. Alternate translation: “they will call the mourners to wail” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2655:17gr4qI will pass through your midst0God speaks of punishing the people as if he were to come and punish them while walking through the group of them. Alternate translation: “I will come and punish you” or “I will punish you”
2665:18k3dkrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionWhy do you long for the day of Yahweh?0God uses this question to rebuke the people for saying that they want the day of Yahweh to be soon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You long for the day of Yahweh.” or “You should not long for the day of Yahweh!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2675:18e1imrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorIt will be darkness and not light0Here “darkness” represents a time when disasters happen, and “light” represents a time when good things happen. Alternate translation: “It will be a time of darkness and disaster, not of light and blessing” or “On that day there will be disasters, not blessings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2685:20azx9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionWill not the day of Yahweh be darkness and not light?0This question emphasizes that bad things will happen then. It can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “The day of Yahweh will certainly be darkness and not light!” or “Bad things, not good things, will certainly happen on the day of Yahweh!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2695:20l68zrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionGloom and no brightness?0The words “Will not the day of Yahweh be” is understood from the previous sentence. Like the previous question, it emphasizes that terrible things, not good things, will happen on the day of Yahweh. It can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “It will be a time of when terrible things, not good things, will happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2705:21t6lgrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doubletI hate, I despise your festivals0The word “despise” is a strong word for “hate.” Together the two words emphasize the intensity of Yahwehs hatred for their religious festivals. Alternate translation: “I hate your festivals very much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2715:21f4xxI take no delight in your solemn assemblies0Alternate translation: “Your solemn assemblies do not please me at all”
2725:23i5jvrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorRemove from me the noise of your songs0This speaks of the noise of songs as if it could be put somewhere else. It represents stopping singing. Alternate translation: “Stop singing your noisy songs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2735:23es63noise0unpleasant sounds
2745:24nn21rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-similelet justice flow like water, and righteousness like a constantly flowing stream0This represents causing there to be much justice and righteous. Alternate translation: “let there be so much justice that it is like flowing water, and let there be so much righteousness that it is like a constantly flowing stream” or “let justice abound like a flood, and let righteousness abound like a stream that never stops” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2755:25a3v7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionDid you bring me sacrifices … Israel?0This could mean: (1) God uses this question to rebuke them because they did not offer sacrifices. Alternate translation: “You did not bring me sacrifices … Israel.” or (2) God uses this question to remind them that the sacrifices were not the most important part about their relationship. Alternate translation: “You did not have to bring me sacrifices … Israel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2765:25ye8lrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyDid you bring0God speaks as though the Israelites he is speaking to were part of the group that wandered in the wilderness. Alternate translation: “Did your ancestors bring” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2775:25fma5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyhouse of Israel0The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israels descendants. See how you translated it in [Amos 5:1](../05/01.md). Alternate translation: “you people of Israel” or “you Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2785:26qnx9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyYou have lifted up the images of Sikkuth … and Kaiwan0Here “lifted up the images” represents worshiping them. Alternate translation: “You have worshiped the images of Sikkuth … and Kaiwan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2795:26tjr6rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesSikkuth … Kaiwan0These are the names of two false gods. The people had made images to represent them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2805:26q6vzKaiwan0Some versions write this as “Kiyyun.”
2816:introcn1s0# Amos 6 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues to be written in poetic style except for verses 9-10, which are in prose. These two verses contain many interested features.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nVerses 9-10 will probably be difficult to translate because the situation is vague and details dont appear to align easily. It is appropriate to translate these verses with some ambiguity remaining. It may be helpful to read many different versions prior to translating these verses.
2826:1psf7who are at ease0“who feel safe.” The people are comfortable and not concerned that God will judge them.
2836:1ut6jrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ironythe notable men of the best of the nations0“the most important men of this great nation.” Yahweh may be using irony to describe how these men think of themselves. Alternate translation: “the men who think they are the most important people in the best nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
2846:1s17grc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymythe house of Israel comes0The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israels descendants. Alternate translation: “the Israelites come” or “the Israelite people group comes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2856:1zhm4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gocomes for help0Here “comes” can be stated as “goes.” Alternate translation: “goes for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
2866:2w9i9rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesKalneh0This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2876:2fd2mrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionAre they better than your two kingdoms?0The notable men use this question to emphasize that the kingdoms of Israel and Judah are better than those other kingdoms. Alternate translation: “Your two kingdoms are better than they are.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2886:2h68zrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionIs their border larger than your border?0The notable men use this question to emphasize that their kingdoms are larger than those other kingdoms. Alternate translation: “Their border is smaller than yours.” or “Those countries are smaller than Judah and Samaria.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2896:3hft9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorto those who put off the day of disaster0Refusing to believe that Yahweh will cause disaster is spoken of as if the “day of disaster” were an object the people could put far from themselves. Alternate translation: “to those who refuse to believe that I will cause them to experience disaster” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2906:3k8khrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyand make the throne of violence come near0Here “throne” is a metonym that represents reign or rule. The people doing evil things, which causes Yahweh to bring disaster on them, is spoken of as if they were causing “violence” to rule them. Alternate translation: “but who are actually causing me to send violent people to destroy you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2916:4zn5wlie … lounge0Israelites at that time usually ate while sitting on a floor cloth or a simple seat.
2926:4nte4beds of ivory0Alternate translation: “beds decorated with ivory” or “costly beds”
2936:4hge8rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknownivory0a white substance made from the teeth and horns of large animals (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
2946:4iy9ilounge0lie around like lazy people
2956:4t9ggcouches0soft seats large enough to lie down on
2966:5x1kvthey improvise on instruments0This could mean: (1) they invent new songs and ways of playing the instruments or (2) they invent new instruments.
2976:6wq23rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitdrink wine from bowls0This implies that they drink a lot of wine because they drink it from a large bowl rather than a regular wine cup. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2986:6dxk5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymythey do not grieve over the ruin of Joseph0Here “Joseph” represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “they do not grieve about the descendants of Joseph whom enemies will soon destroy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2996:7p1etthey will now go into exile with the first exiles0Alternate translation: “they will be among the first ones to go into exile” or “I will send them into exile first”
3006:7g684the feasts of those who lounge about will pass away0Alternate translation: “there will be no more feasts for people to lie around at ease”
3016:8kz1erc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 3:13](../03/13.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
3026:8l8fwrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyI detest the pride of Jacob0Here “Jacob” represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “I hate the descendants of Jacob because they have become arrogant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3036:8n646rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitI hate his fortresses0It is implied that Yahweh hates the fortresses because the people believed the fortresses would keep them safe. Alternate translation: “I hate the people of Israel because they trust in their fortresses, not in me, to protect them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3046:9y9m6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypoGeneral Information:0# General Information:\n\nIn 6:9-10 Amos describes a hypothetical situation of what it will be like when Yahweh hands the people of Israel over to their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
3056:9rz49rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitif there are ten men left in one house, they will all die0This seems to imply that something terrible is happening, and these ten men go into the house to hide. Alternate translation: “if ten men are hiding inside of a house, they will all still die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3066:10s8i5a mans relative comes to take their bodies up—the one who is to cremate them after bringing the corpses out of the house—if he says to the person in the house, “Is … you?”0The meaning of these words is not clear. This could mean: (1) the “mans relative” is the one who will “take their bodies up” and “cremate … the corpses,” and he speaks to a person who hid in the house after the ten family members died or (2) the “mans relative” who “comes to take their bodies up” is a different person from “the one who is to cremate … the corpses,” and they talk to each other in the house. Alternate translation: “a mans relative comes to take their bodies up, and the one who will burn the corpses after they have been brought out of the house is with him—if while they are in the house the relative says to the burner of the corpses, Is … you?’”
3076:10v4gfcremate0to burn a dead body
3086:10e57ybringing the corpses0Alternate translation: “bringing the dead bodies”
3096:10qj51rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitThen he will say, “Be quiet, for we must not mention Yahwehs name.”0The meaning of this is not clear. It seems to imply that the one who asked the question is afraid the one answering will mention Yahwehs name carelessly. If he does this, it may draw Yahwehs attention to them, and he may kill them too. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3106:11bc74look0Alternate translation: “listen” or “pay attention”
3116:11q1t3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelismthe big house will be smashed to pieces, and the little house to bits0These two phrases share similar meanings. The contrast between “the big house” and “the little house” means that this refers to all houses. Alternate translation: “all the houses will be smashed into small pieces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
3126:11j5darc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassivethe big house will be smashed to pieces0If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the enemy will smash the big house to pieces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3136:11dc2lto pieces … to bits0You can use the same word for both of these phrases.
3146:11q1ucrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisthe little house to bits0This can be stated with the understood information included. Alternate translation: “enemies will smash the little house to bits” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3156:12s3jaGeneral Information:0# General Information:\n\nAmos uses two rhetorical questions to draw attention to the rebuke that follows.
3166:12i1avrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionDo horses run on the rocky cliffs?0It is impossible for a horse to run on rocky cliffs without getting hurt. Amos uses this rhetorical question to rebuke them for their actions. Alternate translation: “Horses do not run on rocky cliffs.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3176:12v9scrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionDoes one plow there with oxen?0One does not plow on rocky ground. Amos uses this rhetorical question to rebuke them for their actions. Alternate translation: “A person does not plow with oxen on rocky ground.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3186:12fbq3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorYet you have turned justice into poison0Distorting what is just is spoken of as if the leaders “turned justice into poison.” Alternate translation: “Yet you distort what is just” or “But you make laws that hurt innocent people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3196:12w7dirc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelismthe fruit of righteousness into bitterness0This means basically the same thing as the first part of the sentence. Distorting what is right is spoken of as if righteousness were a sweet fruit that the people made bitter tasting. Alternate translation: “you distort what is right” or “you punish those who do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3206:13dfq3rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesLo Debar … Karnaim0These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3216:13c8kbrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionHave we not taken Karnaim by our own strength?0The people use a question to emphasize that they believe they captured a city because of their own power. Alternate translation: “We captured Karnaim by our own power!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3226:14yze1look0Alternate translation: “listen” or “pay attention”
3236:14u8j4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 3:13](../03/13.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
3246:14alt4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyfrom Lebo Hamath to the brook of the Arabah0Here “Lebo Hamath” represents the northern border of Israel, and “brook of the Arabah” represents the southern border. Alternate translation: “from the northern border of your nation to the southern border” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3256:14jfe8brook0a small river that flows only during the wet season
3267:introvkd30# Amos 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is mainly written as a narrative about the prophet Amos interacting with Yahweh. Yahweh presents three different scenarios of judgment before Amos who pleads with God and he does not carry out His judgment. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Reported speech\n\nIn the latter part of the chapter, it is important to follow the conversation carefully to understand who is speaking. There are some instances of “reported speech.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
3277:1h8xvLook … look0The writer is telling the reader that he is about to say something surprising. Your language may have a way of doing this.
3287:1e1ullocust0See how you translated this in [Amos 4:9](../04/09.md).
3297:1s8l3after the kings harvest0Alternate translation: “after the king takes his share from the harvest”
3307:2w1h8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisplease forgive0The words “your people” or “us” are understood. Alternate translation: “please forgive your people” or “please forgive us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3317:2wj76rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyhow will Jacob survive? For he is so small.0Here “Jacob” represents his descendants the Israelites. Alternate translation: “how will we Israelites survive? We are so small and weak!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3327:4l39lLook0The writer is telling the reader that something surprising is about to happen. Your language may have a way of doing this.
3337:4nk44the Lord Yahweh called on fire to judge0Alternate translation: “the Lord Yahweh used burning fire to punish the people”
3347:5l5irrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyhow will Jacob survive? For he is so small.0Here “Jacob” represents his descendants the Israelites. See how you translated this in [Amos 7:2](../07/02.md). Alternate translation: “how will the Israelites survive? We are so small and weak!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3357:7s6wgplumb line0thin rope with a weight at one end used in building to make sure walls stand straight up and down
3367:8tbb9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionwhat do you see?0Yahweh uses a question to teach Amos. Alternate translation: “tell me what you see.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3377:8t5nqrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorI will put a plumb line among my people Israel0Judging the people and determining they are wicked is spoken of as if the Israelites were a wall, and Yahweh determines the wall is not straight by using a plumb line. Alternate translation: “my people Israel are wicked. They are like a wall that is not straight up and down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3387:9j2t3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyThe high places of Isaac will be destroyed, the sanctuaries of Israel will be ruined, and I will rise against the house of Jeroboam with the sword0Here “sword” represents an army. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will send an army to attack the house of Jeroboam, and the army will destroy the high places of Isaac and the sanctuaries of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3397:9u5mdrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyIsaac … Israel0Both of these represent the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Isaac … the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3407:9g5emrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymythe house of Jeroboam0Here “house” represents “family.” Translate “Jeroboam” as you did in [Amos 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Jeroboam and his family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3417:10g3gtAmaziah, the priest of Bethel0This could mean: (1) Amaziah was the only priest at Bethel or (2) Amaziah was the leader of the priests at Bethel.
3427:10wue4rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesAmaziah0This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3437:10xez3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyAmos has conspired against you in the middle of the house of Israel0Here “house” represents “people.” Alternate translation: “Amos is right here among the Israelites, and he is planning to do bad things to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3447:10zcx9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyThe land cannot bear all his words0Here “land” represents “people.” Disrupting the peace is spoken of as if Amoss words were a heavy object that the land could not carry. Alternate translation: “What his is saying disturb the peace among the people” or “His message will cause trouble among the people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3457:11s5sqrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyJeroboam will die by the sword0Here “sword” represents the enemies. Alternate translation: “Enemies will kill Jeroboam” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3467:12bi7drc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomthere eat bread and prophesy0Here “eat bread” is an idiom that means to earn money or make a living for doing something. Alternate translation: “see if you can get the people there to pay you for prophesying” or “prophesy there and let them provide you with food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3477:13f3rqrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doubletfor it is the kings sanctuary and a royal house0Here “kings sanctuary” and “royal house” refer to the same place. Alternate translation: “this is where the national temple is, the place where the king worships” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
3487:14mbz3herdsman0This here probably means “one who takes care of sheep” since he is called a “shepherd” in [Amos 1:1](../01/01.md).
3497:14geh3rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknownsycamore fig trees0Sycamores are broad trees that grow up to 15 meters tall. Alternate translation: “fig trees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
3507:16k6j9Now0Here the word “now” is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
3517:16dz72rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymydo not speak against the house of Isaac0Here “house” represents the family or descendants of Isaac. Alternate translation: “do not speak against the descendants of Isaac” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3527:17c3rdrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyyour sons and your daughters will fall by the sword0Here “sword” represents enemies. Alternate translation: “enemies will kill your sons and daughters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3537:17sqs6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveyour land will be measured and divided up0If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “other people will take your land and divide it up among themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3547:17mr3mrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphoran unclean land0A land full of people that are unacceptable to God is spoken of as if the land were physically unclean. Here it means a land other than Israel. Alternate translation: “a foreign land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3558:introh32s0# Amos 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is written in poetic form and it shows the way Yahwehs people are sinning and\nhow he is going to respond. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### “This is the declaration of Yahweh”\n\nThis phrase is used to introduce prophecy. It highlights what God is proclaiming. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
3568:1m4g1Look, a basket of summer fruit!0The word “look” here shows that Amos saw something interesting. Alternate translation: “I saw a basket of summer fruit!”
3578:1i65fsummer fruit0Alternate translation: “ripe fruit”
3588:2ixx6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionWhat do you see, Amos?0Yahweh uses a question to teach Amos. Alternate translation: “Tell me what you see, Amos.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3598:3y5rlin that day0Alternate translation: “at that time”
3608:3zv6mSilence!0This could mean: (1) Yahweh is to telling the people to be silent as they hear about the severity of his punishment or (2) the people will be silent because of their grief after Yahwehs punishment.
3618:4jya8Listen to this0Amos is speaking to the wealthy merchants who harm those who are poor.
3628:4sm8zrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladjyou who trample the needy and remove the poor of the land0This can be restated to remove the nominal adjectives “the needy” and “the poor.” Alternate translation: “you who trample those who are in need and remove those in the land that are poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
3638:4jhz4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphoryou who trample0Harming people is spoken of as if it were stomping on people. Alternate translation: “you who harm” or “you who oppress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3648:5p2sprc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionThey say, “When will the new moon be over, so we can sell grain again? When will the Sabbath day be over, so that we can sell wheat?0The merchants use theses question to emphasize that want to start selling their items again. This can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “They are always asking when the new moon will be over or when the Sabbath will be over so that can sell their grain and wheat again.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
3658:5t9jdWe will make the measure small and increase the price, as we cheat with false scales0The merchants would use false scales that showed that the amount of grain they were giving was greater than it really was and that the weight of the payment was less than it really was.
3668:6y683rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisthe needy for a pair of sandals0The words “and buy” are understood. Alternate translation: “buy the needy for a pair of sandals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3678:7by14rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyYahweh has sworn by the pride of Jacob0Here “pride of Jacob” is a title for Yahweh. Also “Jacob” represents his descendants, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has sworn by himself, saying” or “Yahweh, of whom the Israelites are so proud, has sworn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3688:8dgd5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionWill not the land quake for this, and every one who lives in it mourn?0Amos uses a question to emphasize that these things will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the land to shake, and every one who lives in it will mourn.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3698:8phh2rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simileAll of it will rise up like the Nile River … like the river of Egypt0Amos compares the rising and sinking of the waters of the Nile River to how Yahweh will cause the land to shake when he judges the people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3708:8t1gvriver of Egypt0This is another name for the Nile River.
3718:9xwg6It will come in that day0Alternate translation: “It will happen at that time”
3728:10ng1irc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symactionhave baldness on every head0A person shaves his head to show that he is grieving. Alternate translation: “cause you all to shave your heads” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
3738:10tj9nrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsislike mourning for an only son0It is understood that the only son has died. Alternate translation: “like mourning for an only son who has died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3748:10g3j6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphora bitter day to its end0Terrible and sad things happening during a day is spoken of as if the day had a bitter taste. Alternate translation: “everything that happens at that time will cause you great sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3758:11f43nrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorthe days are coming0This speaks of a future time as if “days are coming.” Alternate translation: “there will be a time” or “in the future” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3768:11i4s1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorwhen I will send a famine in the land … but for hearing the words of Yahweh0Yahweh refusing to give messages when the people want to hear from him is spoken of as if there would be a famine of his words. Alternate translation: “when I will cause something like a famine in the land … but for hearing the words of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3778:11f1wurc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthe words of Yahweh0This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “words from me, Yahweh” or “my messages” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
3788:12ez94rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merismThey will stagger from sea to sea; they will run from the north to the east to seek the word of Yahweh0Here “sea to sea” and “the north to the east” represent all of the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “They will wander here and there and search all over for the word of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
3798:12g73nrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitfrom sea to sea0This implies the Dead Sea in the south and the Mediterranean Sea in the west. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3808:13n4nnIn that day0Alternate translation: “At that time”
3818:13gxq2faint0to lose all strength
3828:14sg5brc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyby the sin of Samaria0Here “sin” represents the false god the people worship in Samaria. Alternate translation: “by the false god of Samaria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3838:14xsl2As your god lives, Dan0This is a way of making a solemn oath. The people declare that they believe the god of Dan is certainly alive to emphasize that they will certainly do what they promise to do.
3848:14bfm8As the way to Beersheba exists0This is probably a reference to the roads that pilgrims would take to Beersheba in order to worship idols there. Again, this is a way of making a solemn oath. They state that the way to Beersheba certainly exists in order to emphasize that they will certainly do what they promise to do.
3858:14s65trc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomthey will fall0This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “they will die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3869:introych50# Amos 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is written in poetic form and continues to show the awesome and terrible judgment of Yahweh on his people. In verse 11, the writer writes about the forgiveness and mercy of God on the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “The declaration of Yahweh”\nThis phrase is used to introduce prophecy. It highlights what God is proclaiming. Try to remain consistent in translating this phrase throughout the book. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
3879:1h5x6General Information:0# General Information:\n\nYahweh shows Amos another vision.
3889:1iv3sStrike the tops … Break them0It is uncertain to whom Yahweh is speaking these commands.
3899:1rj89rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitStrike the tops of the pillars so that the foundations will shake0It is implied that Yahweh is speaking about the pillars and foundations of a temple. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3909:1bl1rrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdocheso that the foundations will shake0Here “foundations” represents the whole temple. Alternate translation: “so that the whole temple will shake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3919:1x4lxrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdocheBreak them in pieces on all of their heads0Here “heads” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Break the pillars so that the temple falls on all of the people and kills them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3929:1r9h6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyI will kill the last of them with the sword0Here “sword” represents an army attacking with their weapons. Alternate translation: “I will send an enemy army to kill the rest of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3939:2gx89rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperboleThough they dig into Sheol, there my hand will take them. Though they climb up to heaven, there I will bring them down0Yahweh uses an exaggerated image of people fleeing to Sheol or heaven to try to escape being killed. Here “Sheol” and “heaven” are a merism that represents all places. Alternate translation: “Even if they were to flee to Sheol or to heaven, they would not be able to escape me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
3949:2v2qarc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymythere my hand will take them0Here “hand” represents Yahwehs power. Alternate translation: “I will pull them up from there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3959:3lgc3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperboleThough they hide on the top of Carmel … Though they are hidden from my sight in the bottom of the sea0Yahweh gives an exaggerated image of the people fleeing to the top of mount Carmel or to the bottom of the sea to escape being killed. Here “top of Carmel” and “bottom of the sea” are a merism that represents all places. Alternate translation: “Even if they were to hide on the top of Carmel … Even if they tried to go the bottom sea, thinking that I could not see them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
3969:3di6kserpent0an unknown fierce sea animal, not the snake in the garden of Eden and not a common snake
3979:4z1fjrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveThough they go into captivity, driven by their enemies before them0If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Though enemies capture them and force them to go to a foreign land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3989:4rm94rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymythere will I give orders to the sword, and it will kill them0Here “sword” represents their enemies. Alternate translation: “there I will cause their enemies to kill them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3999:4p2p1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyI will keep my eyes on them for harm and not for good0Here “eyes” represents seeing. The phrase “keep my eyes on them” is an idiom that means to watch closely. Alternate translation: “I will watch closely and make sure only bad things happen to them and not good things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4009:5v6tgrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simileall of it will rise up like the River, and sink again like the river of Egypt0Here “the River” and “river of Egypt” both refer to the Nile river. Yahweh causing the land to shake violently is compared to the waters of the Nile river rising and sinking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
4019:6mvb4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyhe who builds his steps in the heavens0These are probably the steps that ancient people imagined led up to Gods palace in the heavens. However, some modern versions wish to read a different Hebrew word meaning “palace” or “rooms.” Here “his steps” probably is a metonym for Gods palace. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4029:6i2gtrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicithas established his vault over the earth0Here “vault” refers to the sky which biblical writers described as being a dome over the earth. Alternate translation: “he sets the sky over the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4039:6c441rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorHe calls for the waters of the sea … on the surface of the earth0This represents God causing the sea water to fall on the earth as rain. See how you translated this in [Amos 5:8](../05/08.md). Alternate translation: “He takes the waters of the sea and makes them rain down on the surface of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4049:6l573Yahweh is his name0By declaring his name, Yahweh is declaring his power and authority to do these things. See how you translated this in [Amos 5:8](../05/08.md).
4059:7zrb4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionAre you not like the people of Cush to me, & Israel—this … declaration—did I not bring up Israel … the Philistines … the Arameans from Kir?0Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the people of Israel are no more special to him than the people of Cush, the Philistines, and the Arameans. Alternate translation: “You people of Israel, you are certainly no more important to me than the people of Cush—this … declaration—I brought up Israel … the Philistines … the Arameans from Kir.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4069:7g7zvrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is Yahwehs declaration0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated these words in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this i what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
4079:7gig3Kir0See how you translated the name of this place in [Amos 1:5](../01/05.md).
4089:8c978rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymythe eyes of the Lord Yahweh are on the sinful kingdom0Here “eyes” represents seeing. Also, Yahweh speaks of himself in third person. Alternate translation: “I, the Lord Yahweh, see that the people of this kingdom are very sinful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
4099:8exs8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomI will destroy it from the face of the earth0The idiom “from the face of the earth” means “completely.” Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy this kingdom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4109:8qv9xrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymythe house of Jacob0Here “house” represents a family. And, “Jacob” represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4119:9ka3crc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymythe house of Israel0Here “house” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4129:9m5bprc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simileI will shake the house of Israel … as one shakes grain in a sieve, so that not the smallest stone will fall to the ground0The picture here is of grain falling through the sieve and stones being kept out. The idea is that Yahweh will remove all of the sinful people from Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
4139:9s4w3sieve0a surface with many small holes that allow small things to pass through and keep larger things from passing through
4149:10rxt3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyAll the sinners of my people will die by the sword0Here “sword” represents their enemies. Alternate translation: “Enemies will kill all the sinners of my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4159:10rgi9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorDisaster will not overtake or meet us0Experiencing disaster is spoken of as disaster could overtake or meet someone. Alternate translation: “We will not experience disaster” or “Bad things will not happen to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4169:11p2kfIn that day0Alternate translation: “At that time”
4179:11m4ubrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorI will raise up the tent of David that has fallen0Causing the people of Israel to be great again is spoken of as if Davids kingdom were a tent that fell down and Yahweh will set it back up. Alternate translation: “Davids kingdom will be like tent that has fallen down, but I will raise it back up again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4189:11gh6qclose up its breaches0Alternate translation: “I will repair its walls”
4199:11pje4I will raise up its ruins, and rebuild it as in the days of old0Alternate translation: “I will rebuild its ruins and make it strong like it was long ago”
4209:11b46abreaches0parts of a wall that have fallen down
4219:12fi4lthe remnant of Edom0Alternate translation: “the remaining part of Edoms territory”
4229:12gc63rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyall the nations that are called by my name0Here “name” represents Yahweh. The idiom “called by my name” means they once belonged to Yahweh. This means that in the past the people had conquered and taken control of these territories. Alternate translation: “all the nations that once belonged to me” or “all the nations that I caused the people of Israel to conquer in the past” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4239:13v7usLook0The writer is telling the reader that he is going to say something surprising. Your language may have a way of doing this.
4249:13q7ilrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorthe days will come … when the plowman0A future time is spoken of as if “days will come.” Alternate translation: “there will be a time … when the plowman” or “in the future … the plowman” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4259:13yi58when the plowman … him who plants seed0These are two images of Yahweh restoring prosperity in Israel. This means grain will grow faster than the people can harvest it, and there will be so many grapes, those crushing the grapes will still be working when farmers start planting more vineyards.
4269:13s1furc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personthis is Yahwehs declaration0Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
4279:13i41rrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelismThe mountains will drip sweet wine, and all the hills will flow with it0These two lines mean basically the same thing. The huge amount of grapes and wine in Israel is spoken of as if wine flows down the hills and mountains. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4289:15cl8krc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorI will plant them upon their land, and they will never again be uprooted from the land0Bringing the people back to their land and keeping them safe from enemies is spoken of as if Israel were a plant that Yahweh would put in the ground and not let anyone pull the plant up from the ground. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to live in the land forever like a plant that is never uprooted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4299:15xry4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassivethey will never again be uprooted from the land0If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will ever again uproot them from the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4309:15cqf7uprooted0for a plant and its roots to be pulled out of the ground