Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
JAS	front	intro	exs3			0		# Introduction to James<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>#### Outline of the Book of James<br><br>1. Greetings (1:1)<br>1. Testing and maturity (1:2-18)<br>1. Hearing and doing the Word of God (1:19-27)<br>1. True faith seen in works<br>- Word of God (1:19-27)<br>- Royal law of love (2:1-13)<br>- Works (2:14-26)<br>1. Difficulties in community<br>- Dangers of the tongue (3:1-12)<br>- Wisdom from above (3:13-18)<br>- Worldly desires (4:1-12)<br>1. God's perspective on your decisions<br>- Boasting about tomorrow (4:13-17)<br>- Warning about riches (5:1-6)<br>- Suffering with patience (5:7-11)<br>1. Closing exhortations<br>- Oaths (5:12)<br>- Prayer and healing (5:13-18)<br>- Care for one another (5:19-20)<br><br>#### Who wrote the Book of James?<br><br>The author identifies himself as James. This was probably James, the half-brother of Jesus. James was a leader in the early church and was part of the Jerusalem council. The Apostle Paul also called him a "pillar" of the church.<br><br>This is not the same man as the Apostle James. The Apostle James was killed before this letter was written.<br><br>#### What is the Book of James about?<br><br>In this letter, James encouraged believers who were suffering. He told them know that God uses their suffering to help them become mature Christians. James also told them of the need for believers to do good deeds. He wrote much in this letter about how believers should live and treat one another. For example, he commanded them to treat one another fairly, to not fight with one another, and to use riches wisely.<br><br>James taught his readers by using many examples from nature such as in 1:6, 11 and 3:1-12. Also, many parts of this letter are similar to what Jesus wrote in the Sermon on the Mount (Mat 5-7).<br><br>#### Who were the "twelve tribes in the dispersion"?<br><br>James said he was writing to the "twelve tribes in the dispersion" (1:1). Some scholars think that James was writing to Jewish Christians. Other scholars think that James was writing to all Christians in general. This letter is known as one of the "General Epistles" since it was not written to a specific church or individual.<br><br>#### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "James." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "A Letter from James" or "The Letter James Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>#### Did James disagree with Paul about how a person is justified before God?<br><br>Paul taught in Romans that Christians are justified by faith and not by works. James seems to teach that Christians are justified by works. This can be confusing. But a better understanding of what Paul and James taught shows that they agree with one another. Both of them taught that a person needs faith in order to be justified. And they both taught that true faith will cause a person to do good works. Paul and James taught about these things in different ways because they had different audiences who needed to know different things about being justified. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>#### How should the translator signal transitions between topics in the Book of James?<br><br>The letter quickly changes topics. Sometimes James does not tell the readers that he is about to change topics. It is acceptable to allow the verses to appear disconnected from each other. It may make sense to set the passages apart by starting a new line or putting a space between topics.<br><br>#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of James?<br><br>* "Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless?" (2:20). The ULT, UST, and modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, "Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is dead?" If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])<br>
JAS	01	intro	pz2q			0		# James 01 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>James formally introduces this letter in verse 1. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Testing and temptation<br><br>These two words occur together in ([James 1:12-13](./12.md)). Both words speak of a person who is able to choose between doing something good and doing something evil. The difference between them is important. God is testing the person and wants him to do what is good. Satan is tempting the person and wants him to do what is evil.<br><br>##### Crowns<br><br>The crown that a man who passes the test receives is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Metaphors<br><br>James uses many metaphors in this chapter, and you will need to understand the material on the metaphor page before you can translate them well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### "To the twelve tribes in the dispersion"<br><br>It is not clear to whom James wrote this letter. He calls himself a servant of the Lord Jesus Christ, so he was probably writing to Christians. But he calls his readers "the twelve tribes in the dispersion," words which usually refer to Jews. It is possible that he is using the words as a metaphor for "all people whom God has chosen" or that he wrote the letter at a time when most Christians had grown up as Jews.<br>
JAS	01	01	ssc8			0	General Information:	The apostle James writes this letter to all the Christians. Many of them were Jews, and they lived in many different places.
JAS	01	01	pkt2	figs-explicit		0	James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ	The phrase "this letter is from" is implied. Alternate translation: "This letter is from James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS	01	01	l4i7	figs-synecdoche		0	to the twelve tribes	Possible meanings are 1) this is a synecdoche for Jewish Christians, or 2) this is a metaphor for all Christians. Alternate translation: "to God's faithful people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	01	01	vza9	figs-abstractnouns		0	in the dispersion	The term "dispersion" normally referred to the Jews who were scattered in other countries, away from their homeland Israel. This abstract noun can be expressed with a phrase with the verb "scattered." Alternate translation: "who are scattered around the world" or "who live in other countries" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	01	01	huk9			0	Greetings!	a basic greeting, such as "Hello!" or "Good day!"
JAS	01	02	knw6			0	Consider it all joy, my brothers, when you experience various troubles	"My fellow believers, think of all your different kinds of troubles as something to celebrate"
JAS	01	03	xud2	figs-abstractnouns		0	the testing of your faith produces endurance	The expressions "the testing," "your faith," and "endurance" are nouns that stand for actions. God does the testing, that is, he finds out how much the believers trust and obey him. Believers ("you") believe in him and endure suffering. Alternate translation: "when you suffer hardships, God is finding out how much you trust him. As a result, you will become able to endure even more hardships" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	01	04	j2p4	figs-personification		0	Let endurance complete its work	Here endurance is spoken of as if it were a person at work. Alternate translation: "Learn to endure any hardship" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JAS	01	04	unh4			0	fully developed	able to trust in Christ and obey him in all circumstances
JAS	01	04	l7ef			0	not lacking anything	This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: "having all that you need" or "being all that you need to be"
JAS	01	05	du7z			0	ask for it from God, the one who gives	"ask God for it. He is the one who gives"
JAS	01	05	q2df			0	gives generously and without rebuke to all	"gives generously and does not rebuke any"
JAS	01	05	xu31			0	he will give it	"God will do it" or "God will answer your prayer"
JAS	01	06	y2mk	figs-doublenegatives		0	in faith, doubting nothing	This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: "with complete certainty that God will answer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
JAS	01	06	p12l	figs-simile		0	For anyone who doubts is like a wave in the sea that is driven by the wind and tossed around	Anyone who doubts that God will help him is said to be like the water in the ocean or in a large lake, which keeps moving in different directions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JAS	01	08	b5t6	figs-metaphor		0	is double-minded	The word "double-minded" refers to a person's thoughts when he is unable to make a decision. Alternate translation: "cannot decide if he will follow Jesus or not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	01	08	k89p	figs-metaphor		0	unstable in all his ways	Here this person is spoken of as if he cannot stay on one path but instead goes from one to another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	01	09	gc9b			0	the poor brother	"the believer who does not have much money"
JAS	01	09	yxs5	figs-metaphor		0	boast of his high position	Someone whom God has honored is spoken of as if he were standing in a high place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	01	10	uzk7	figs-ellipsis		0	but the rich man of his low position	The words "let boast" are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "but let the rich man boast of his low position" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
JAS	01	10	w4ta			0	but the rich man	"but the man who has a lot of money." Possible meanings are 1) the rich man is a believer or 2) the rich man is an unbeliever.
JAS	01	10	ulk4	figs-ellipsis		0	of his low position	A rich believer should be happy if God causes him to suffer. Alternate translation: "should be happy that God has given him difficulties" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
JAS	01	10	nug7	figs-simile		0	he will pass away as a wild flower in the grass	Rich people are spoken of as being similar to wild flowers, which are alive for only a short time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JAS	01	11	gv7v	figs-metaphor		0	its beauty perishes	A flower no longer being beautiful is spoken of as if its beauty dies. Alternate translation: "and it is no longer beautiful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	01	11	ng26	figs-simile		0	the rich man will fade away in the middle of his journey	Here the flower simile is probably continued. As flowers do not die suddenly but instead fade away over a short time, so also the rich people may not die suddenly but instead take a little time to disappear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JAS	01	11	sdi2	figs-metaphor		0	in the middle of his journey	A rich man's activities in daily life are spoken of as if they are a journey that he is making. This metaphor implies that he is giving no thought to his coming death, and that it will takes him by surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	01	12	vcu4			0	Connecting Statement:	James reminds the believers who have fled that God does not cause temptation; he tells them how to avoid temptation.
JAS	01	12	m13d			0	Blessed is the man who endures testing	"The man who endures testing is fortunate" or "The man who endures testing is well off"
JAS	01	12	vr4a			0	endures testing	remains faithful to God during hardships
JAS	01	12	vta6			0	passed the test	he has been approved by God
JAS	01	12	k3hh	figs-metaphor		0	receive the crown of life	Eternal life is spoken of as if it were a wreath of leaves placed on the head of a victorious athlete. Alternate translation: "receive eternal life as his reward" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	01	12	hx28	figs-activepassive		0	has been promised to those who love God	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has promised to those who love him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS	01	13	a77a			0	when he is tempted	"when he desires to do something evil"
JAS	01	13	lh7z	figs-activepassive		0	I am tempted by God	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God is trying to make me do something evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS	01	13	p5cp	figs-activepassive		0	God is not tempted by evil	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one can make God desire to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS	01	13	zb13			0	nor does he himself tempt anyone	"and God himself does not try to persuade anyone do evil"
JAS	01	14	nj9m	figs-personification		0	each person is tempted by his own desire	A person's desire is spoken of as if it were someone else who was tempting him to sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JAS	01	14	nle5	figs-personification		0	which drags him away and entices him	Evil desire continues to be spoken of as if it were a person who could drag away someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JAS	01	14	z4bd			0	entices	attracts, persuades someone to do evil
JAS	01	15	s4cd	figs-personification		0	Then after the desire conceives, it gives birth to sin, and after the sin is full grown, it gives birth to death	Desire continues to be spoken of as a person, this time clearly as a woman who becomes pregnant with a child. The child is identified as sin. Sin is another female baby that grows up, becomes pregnant, and gives birth to death. This chain of metaphors is a picture of someone who ends up dying both spiritually and physically because of his evil desires and his sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	01	16	v195			0	Do not be deceived	"Do not let anyone deceive you" or "Stop deceiving yourselves"
JAS	01	17	t2nn	figs-doublet		0	Every good gift and every perfect gift	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. James uses them to emphasize that anything good that a person has comes from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JAS	01	17	n7d8	figs-metaphor		0	the Father of lights	God, the creator of all the lights in the sky (sun, moon, and stars), is said to be their "Father." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	01	17	g5ge	figs-simile		0	With him there is no changing or shadow because of turning	This expression pictures God as an unchanging light, like the sun, moon, planets, and stars in the sky. This is in contrast to shadows here on earth that constantly change. Alternate translation: "God does not change. He is as as constant as the sun, moon, and stars in the sky, rather than like shadows which appear and disappear on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JAS	01	18	g1tv	figs-inclusive		0	to give us	The word "us" refers to James and his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
JAS	01	18	mj29	figs-metaphor		0	give us birth	God, who brought us eternal life, is spoken of as if he had given us birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	01	18	ykq9			0	the word of truth	Possible meanings are 1) "the message about the truth" or 2) "the true message."
JAS	01	18	qh2e	figs-simile		0	so that we would be a kind of firstfruits	James is using the traditional Hebrew idea of firstfruits as a way to describe the value of the Christian believers to God. He implies that there will be many more believers in the future. Alternate translation: "so that we would be like an offering of firstfruits" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JAS	01	19	dt7i			0	You know this	Possible meanings are 1) "Know this" as a command, to pay attention to what I am about to write or 2) "You know this" as a statement, that I am about to remind you of something that you already know.
JAS	01	19	p728	figs-idiom		0	Let every man be quick to hear, slow to speak	These sayings are idioms that mean people should first listen intently, and then consider carefully what they say. Here "slow to speak" does not mean speaking slowly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JAS	01	19	ev3v			0	slow to anger	"not get angry quickly"
JAS	01	20	ej4p			0	the anger of man does not work the righteousness of God	When a person is always angry, he cannot do God's work, which is righteous.
JAS	01	21	hit5	figs-metaphor		0	take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil	Sin and evil are spoken of here as if they were clothing that could be taken off. Alternate translation: "stop doing all filthy sins and stop doing abundant amounts of evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	01	21	h226	figs-doublet		0	take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil	Here the expressions "sinful filth" and "evil" share similar meanings. James uses them to emphasize how bad sin is. Alternate translation: "stop doing every kind of sinful behavior" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JAS	01	21	h8ty	figs-metaphor		0	sinful filth	Here "filth," that is, dirt, stands for sin and evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	01	21	a3u3			0	In humility	"Without pride" or "Without arrogance"
JAS	01	21	i9w1	figs-metaphor		0	receive the implanted word	The expression "implant" means to place one thing inside of another. Here God's word is spoken of as if it were a plant made to grow inside believers. Alternate translation: "obey the message God has spoken to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	01	21	ekl3	figs-explicit		0	save your souls	What a person is saved from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "save you from God's judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS	01	21	z73e	figs-synecdoche		0	your souls	Here the word "souls" refers to persons.Alternate translation: "yourselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JAS	01	22	x14m			0	Be doers of the word	"Be people who follow God's instructions"
JAS	01	22	wvp4			0	deceiving yourselves	"fooling yourselves"
JAS	01	23	ewn9			0	For if anyone is a hearer of the word	"For if anyone listens to the God's message in the scriptures"
JAS	01	23	r6pp	figs-ellipsis		0	but not a doer	The word "is" and "of the word" are understood from the previous phrase. The noun "doer" can also be expressed with the verbs "do" or "obey." Alternate translation: "but is not a doer of the word" or "but does not obey the word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
JAS	01	23	pw5x	figs-simile		0	he is like a man who examines his natural face in a mirror	A person who hears God's word is like someone who looks in the mirror. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JAS	01	23	shn9			0	his natural face	The word "natural" clarifies that James is using the ordinary meaning of the word "face." Alternate translation: "his face"
JAS	01	24	wu34	figs-explicit		0	then goes away and immediately forgets what he was like	It is implied that though he may see that he needs to do something, such as wash his face or fix his hair, he walks away and forgets to do it. This what a person who does not obey God's word is like. Alternate translation: "then goes away and immediately forgets to do what he saw he needed to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and  [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JAS	01	25	kvr7	figs-simile		0	the person who looks carefully into the perfect law	This expression continues the image of the law as a mirror. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JAS	01	25	sf8k	figs-explicit		0	the perfect law of freedom	The relationship between the law and freedom can be expressed clearly. Here "freedom" probably refers to freedom from sin. Alternate translation: "the perfect law that gives freedom" or "the perfect law that makes those who follow it free"  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS	01	25	jku1	figs-activepassive		0	this man will be blessed in his actions	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will bless this man as he obeys the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS	01	26	j1bg			0	thinks himself to be religious	"thinks he worships God correctly"
JAS	01	26	vxu1	figs-metonymy		0	his tongue	Controlling one's tongue stands for controlling one's speech. Alternate translation: "what he says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	01	26	bj2t			0	deceives	gets someone to believe something that is not true
JAS	01	26	sex6	figs-metonymy		0	his heart	Here "heart" refers to his belief or thoughts. Alternate translation: "himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	01	26	q83d			0	his religion is worthless	"he worships God uselessly"
JAS	01	27	g11k	figs-doublet		0	pure and unspoiled	James speaks of religion, the way one worships God, as if it could be physically pure and unspoiled. These are traditional ways for Jews to say that something is acceptable to God. Alternate translation: "Completely acceptable" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	01	27	skf4	figs-metaphor		0	before our God and Father	directed to God (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	01	27	iiv2			0	the fatherless	"the orphans"
JAS	01	27	r8nj			0	in their affliction	The fatherless and widows are suffering because their fathers or husbands have died.
JAS	01	27	nmf7	figs-metaphor		0	to keep oneself unstained by the world	Sin in the world is spoken of as something dirty that can stain a person. Alternate translation: "to not allow the evil in the world to cause oneself to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	02	intro	f5zd			0		# James 02 General Notes<br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Favoritism<br><br>Some of James's readers treated rich and powerful people well and treated poor people badly. This is called favoritism, and James tells them that this is wrong. God wants his people to treat both rich people and poor people well.<br><br>##### Justification<br><br>Justification is what happens when God makes a person righteous. James says here that God makes righteous or justifies people who do good works along with having faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### Quotation marks<br><br>The words "Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works" are hard to understand. Some people think that they are what "someone may say," like the words in the quotation marks. Most versions translate them as words that James is saying back to that "someone."<br><br>##### "You have ... I have"<br><br>Some people think that the words "you" and "I" are metonyms for "some people" and "other people." If they are correct, verse 18 could be translated, "Someone may say, 'Some people have faith and other people have works. Not everyone has both.'" If the next sentence is also what "someone may say," it could be translated "Some people show their faith without works, and other people show their faith by their works. Both have faith." In both cases, the reader will understand only if you add the extra sentence. It is probably best to translate as the ULT does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
JAS	02	01	ici9			0	Connecting Statement:	James continues to tell the scattered Jewish believers how to live by loving one another and reminds them not to favor rich people over poor brothers.
JAS	02	01	kab4			0	My brothers	James considers his audience to be Jewish believers. Alternate translation: "My fellow believers" or "My brothers and sisters in Christ"
JAS	02	01	qs2x	figs-metaphor		0	hold to faith in our Lord Jesus Christ	Believing in Jesus Christ is spoken of as if it were an object that one could hold onto. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	02	01	x32n	figs-inclusive		0	our Lord Jesus Christ	The word "our" includes James and his fellow believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
JAS	02	01	en1c			0	favoritism toward certain people	the desire to help some people more than others
JAS	02	02	h5uh	figs-hypo		0	Suppose that someone	James starts to describe a situation where the believers might give more honor to a rich person than to a poor person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
JAS	02	02	j8d5			0	wearing gold rings and fine clothes	"dressed like a wealthy person"
JAS	02	03	zx9f			0	sit here in a good place	sit in this place of honor
JAS	02	03	ce14			0	stand over there	move to a place with less honor
JAS	02	03	h2fy			0	Sit at my feet	move to a humble place
JAS	02	04	x9el	figs-rquestion		0	are you not judging among yourselves? Have you not become judges with evil thoughts?	James is using rhetorical questions to teach and possibly scold his readers. Alternate translation: "you are making judgments among yourselves and becoming judges with evil thoughts." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	02	05	m5jr			0	Listen, my beloved brothers	James was exhorting his readers as family. "Pay attention, my dear fellow believers"
JAS	02	05	ha52	figs-rquestion		0	did not God choose ... love him?	Here James uses a rhetorical question to teach his readers not to show favoritism. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "God has chosen ... love him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	02	05	ke2q	figs-nominaladj		0	the poor	This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: "poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
JAS	02	05	s38z	figs-metaphor		0	be rich in faith	Having much faith is spoken of as being wealthy or rich. The object of faith may have to be specified. Alternate translation: "have strong faith in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	02	05	qii5	figs-metaphor		0	heirs	The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	02	06	yv6y	figs-you		0	But you have	James is speaking to his whole audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
JAS	02	06	vr53			0	have dishonored the poor	"you have shamed poor people"
JAS	02	06	l2lu	figs-rquestion		0	Is it not the rich who oppress you?	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. Alternate translation: "It is rich people who oppress you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
JAS	02	06	eeg5	figs-nominaladj		0	the rich	This refers to rich people in general. Alternate translation: "rich people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
JAS	02	06	z73x			0	who oppress you	"who treat you badly"
JAS	02	06	s9k1	figs-rquestion		0	Are they not the ones ... to court?	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "The rich people are the ones ... to court." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	02	06	h8jn	figs-explicit		0	drag you to court	"forcibly take you to court to accuse you in front of judges" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS	02	07	las1	figs-rquestion		0	Do they not insult ... have been called?	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct and teach his readers. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "The rich people insult ... have been called." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	02	07	wd8y	figs-metonymy		0	the good name by which you have been called	This refers to Christ's name. Alternate translation: "the name of Christ who called you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	02	08	fe1i	figs-you		0	you fulfill	The word "you" refers to the Jewish believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
JAS	02	08	q9hh			0	fulfill the royal law	"obey God's law." The law is "royal" becuase God, the true king, is the one who gave it to people.
JAS	02	08	ymf5			0	You shall love your neighbor as yourself	James is quoting from the book of Leviticus.
JAS	02	08	gll2			0	your neighbor	"all people" or "everyone"
JAS	02	08	b9wu			0	you do well	"you are doing well" or "you are doing what is right"
JAS	02	09	xt6y			0	if you favor	"give special treatment to" or "give honor to"
JAS	02	09	cq5h			0	committing sin	"sinning." That is, breaking the law.
JAS	02	09	gl2e	figs-personification		0	convicted by the law as lawbreakers	Here the law is spoken of as if it were a human judge. Alternate translation: "guilty of breaking God's law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JAS	02	10	l29g			0	For whoever obeys	"For anyone who obeys"
JAS	02	10	jb5u	figs-metaphor		0	except that he stumbles ... the whole law	Stumbling is falling down while one is trying to walk. Disobeying one point of the law is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	02	10	m8ep			0	in just a single way	because of disobedience to just one requirement of the law
JAS	02	11	ez11			0	For the one who said	This refers to God, who gave the law to Moses.
JAS	02	11	q19i			0	Do not commit	To "commit" is to do an action.
JAS	02	11	c8jm	figs-you		0	If you ... but if you ... you have	Here "you" means "each one of you." Although James was writing to many Jewish believers, in this case, he used the singular form as if he was writing to each person individually. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
JAS	02	12	c6y8			0	So speak and act	"So you must speak and obey." James commanded the people to do this.
JAS	02	12	yp6i	figs-activepassive		0	who will be judged by means of the law of freedom	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who know that God will judge them by means of the law of freedom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS	02	12	ik76			0	by means of the law	This passage implies that it is God who will judge according to his law.
JAS	02	12	e87r			0	the law of freedom	"the law that gives true freedom"
JAS	02	13	yv6l	figs-personification		0	Mercy triumphs over	"Mercy is better than" or "Mercy defeats." Here mercy and justice are spoken of as if they were persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JAS	02	14	h384			0	Connecting Statement:	James encourages the scattered believers to show their faith before others, just as Abraham showed others his faith by his works.
JAS	02	14	k4e4	figs-rquestion		0	What good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith, but he has no works?	James is using a rhetorical question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: "It is no good at all, fellow believers, if someone says he has faith, but he has no works." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	02	14	c234	figs-abstractnouns		0	if someone says he has faith, but he has no works	The can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "if someone says he believes in God but he does not do what God commands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	02	14	z9q8	figs-rquestion		0	Can that faith save him?	James is using a rhetorical question to teach his audience. This can be restated to remove the abstract noun "faith." Alternate translation: "That faith cannot save him." or "If a person does not do what God commands, then just saying he believes in God will not save him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	02	14	g8kr			0	save him	"spare him from God's judgment"
JAS	02	15	f6el			0	brother or sister	a fellow believer in Christ, whether male or female
JAS	02	16	lj89	figs-metonymy		0	stay warm	This means either "have enough clothes to wear" or "have a place to sleep." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	02	16	ngj8	figs-explicit		0	be filled	The thing that fills them is food. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "be filled with food" or "have enough to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS	02	16	n5jh	figs-metonymy		0	for the body	to eat, to wear, and to live comfortably (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	02	16	yi63	figs-rquestion		0	what good is that?	James uses a rhetorical question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: "that is not good." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	02	17	me1d	figs-metaphor		0	faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead	James speaks of faith as if it were alive if one does good works, and of faith as if it were dead if one does not do good deeds. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "a person who says he believes God, but does not do what God commands, does not really believe God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	02	18	al63	figs-hypo		0	Yet someone may say	James describes a hypothetical situation where someone objects to his teaching. James seeks to correct his audience's understanding of faith and works. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
JAS	02	18	ii8d	figs-abstractnouns		0	"You have faith, and I have works." Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works	James is describing how someone may argue against his teaching and how he would respond. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "'It is acceptable that you believe God and that I do what God commands.' Prove to me that you can believe God and not do what he commands, and I will prove to you that I believe God by doing what he commands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	02	19	fv39			0	the demons believe that, and they tremble	"the demons also believe, but they shake with fear." James contrasts the demons with those who claim to believe and not do good deeds. James states that the demons are wiser because they fear God while the others do not.
JAS	02	20	ax95	figs-rquestion		0	Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless?	James uses this question to introduce the next part of his teaching. Alternate translation: "Listen to me, foolish man, and I will show that faith without works is useless." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	02	20	sd63	figs-abstractnouns		0	that faith without works is useless	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "that if you do not do what God commands, then it is useless for you to say that you believe in God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	02	21	ysr8			0	General Information:	Since these are Jewish believers, they know the story of Abraham, about whom God had told them long ago in his word.
JAS	02	21	q8iv	figs-rquestion		0	Was not Abraham our father justified ... on the altar?	This rhetorical question is used to rebut the foolish man's arguments from [James 2:18](../02/18.md), who refuses to believe that faith and works go together. Alternate translation: "Abraham our father was certainly justified ... on the altar." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	02	21	v3ft	figs-metaphor		0	justified by works	James speaks of works as if they were objects that one can own. Alternate translation: "justified by doing good deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	02	21	ph1s			0	father	Here "father" is used in the sense of "ancestor."
JAS	02	22	t832			0	You see	The word "you" is singular, referring to the hypothetical man. James is addressing his whole audience as if they were one person.
JAS	02	22	l1gj	figs-metonymy		0	You see	The word "see" is a metonym. Alternate translation: "You understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	02	22	vde4			0	faith worked with his works, and that by works his faith was fully developed	James speaks as if "faith" and "works" are things that can work together and help each other. Alternate translation: "because Abraham believed God, he did what God commanded. And because Abraham did what God commanded, he believed God completely"
JAS	02	22	bd9d			0	You see	James again addresses his audience directly by using the plural form of "you."
JAS	02	23	qh4i	figs-activepassive		0	The scripture was fulfilled	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This fulfilled the scripture" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS	02	23	l818	figs-metaphor		0	it was counted to him as righteousness	"God regarded his faith as righteousness." Abraham's faith and righteousness were treated as if they were able to be counted as having value. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	02	24	yha5	figs-activepassive		0	it is by works that a man is justified, and not only by faith	"actions and faith are what justify a person, and not only faith." James speaks of works as if they were objects to obtain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	02	25	hir8			0	In the same way also ... justified by works	James says that what was true of Abraham was also true of Rahab. Both were justified by works.
JAS	02	25	dcv5	figs-rquestion		0	was not Rahab the prostitute justified by works ... another road?	James is using this rhetorical question to instruct his audience. Alternate translation: "it was what Rahab the prostitute did that justified her ... another road." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS	02	25	pn2f			0	Rahab the prostitute	James expected his audience to know the Old Testament story about the woman Rahab.
JAS	02	25	bx6i	figs-metaphor		0	justified by works	James speaks of works as something to possess. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	02	25	af9u			0	messengers	people who bring news from another place
JAS	02	25	xm5m			0	sent them away by another road	"then helped them escape and leave the city"
JAS	02	26	uum8	figs-metaphor		0	For as the body apart from the spirit is dead, even so faith apart from works is dead	James is speaking of faith without works as if it were a dead body without the spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	03	intro	py3p			0		# James 03 General Notes<br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Metaphors<br><br>James teaches his readers that they should live to please God by reminding them of things that they know from everyday life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br>
JAS	03	01	p4uu	figs-genericnoun		0	Not many of you	James is making a generalized statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
JAS	03	01	c36b			0	my brothers	"my fellow believers"
JAS	03	01	aw5f	figs-explicit		0	we who teach will be judged more strictly	This passage speaks of stricter judgment that will come from God on those who teach others about him. Alternate translation: "God will judge us who teach more severely because we know his word better than some people whom we have taught" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS	03	01	v7fa	figs-exclusive		0	we who teach	James includes himself and other teachers, but not the readers, so the word "we" is exclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
JAS	03	02	ab9h	figs-inclusive		0	we all stumble	James speaks of himself, other teachers, and the readers, so the word "we" is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
JAS	03	02	p9ek	figs-metaphor		0	stumble	Sinning is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. Alternate translation: "fail" or "sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	03	02	t6xt			0	does not stumble in words	"does not sin by saying wrong things"
JAS	03	02	kn4v			0	he is a perfect man	"he is spiritually mature"
JAS	03	02	b16h	figs-synecdoche		0	control even his whole body	James is referring to one's heart, emotions, and actions. Alternate translation: "control his behavior" or "control his actions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JAS	03	03	z2ez			0	General Information:	James is developing an argument that small things can control big things.
JAS	03	03	zql3			0	Now if we put bits into horses' mouths	James speaks about horses' bits. A bit is a small piece of metal that is placed into a horse's mouth to control where it goes.
JAS	03	03	s1nf			0	Now if	"If" or "When"
JAS	03	03	u92q			0	horses	A horse is a large animal used to carry things or people.
JAS	03	04	yn42			0	Notice also that ships ... are steered by a very small rudder	A ship is like a truck that floats on water. A rudder is a flat piece of wood or metal at the back of the ship, used to control where it goes. The word "rudder" could also be translated as "tool."
JAS	03	04	k7f5	figs-activepassive		0	are driven by strong winds,	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "strong winds push them, they" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS	03	04	jrk1			0	are steered by a very small rudder to wherever the pilot desires	"have a small tool that a person can use to control where the ship goes"
JAS	03	05	wt6i			0	Likewise	This word signals the analogy of the tongue to the horses' bits and the ships' rudders mentioned in the previous verses. Alternate translation: "In the same way"
JAS	03	05	qx1k			0	boasts great things	Here "things" is a general word for everything about which these people are proud.
JAS	03	05	ub5h			0	Notice also	"Think about"
JAS	03	05	fr8x			0	how small a fire sets on fire a large forest	In order to help people understand the harm that the tongue can cause, James speaks of the harm that a small flame can cause. Alternate translation: "how a small flame can start a fire that burns many trees"
JAS	03	06	wm5q	figs-metonymy		0	The tongue is also a fire	The tongue is a metonym for what people say. James calls it a fire because of the great damage it can do. Alternate translation: "The tongue is like a fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	03	06	i61e	figs-metaphor		0	a world of sinfulness set among our body parts	The enormous effects of sinful speaking are spoken of as if they were a world by themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	03	06	sv44	figs-metaphor		0	It stains the whole body	Sinful speaking is spoken of metaphorically as if it stained one's body. And becoming unacceptable to God is spoken of as if it were dirt on the body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	03	06	lf1j	figs-metaphor		0	sets on fire the course of life	The phrase "course of life" refers to a person's entire life. Alternate translation: "it ruins a person's entire life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	03	06	a7qd	figs-activepassive		0	life. It is itself set on fire by hell	The word "itself" refers to the tongue. Also, here "hell" refers to the powers of evil or to the devil. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "life because the devil uses it for evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	03	07	ug59	figs-activepassive		0	For every kind of ... mankind	The phrase "every kind" is a general statement referring to all or many kinds of wild animals. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People have learned to control many kinds of wild animals, birds, reptiles, and sea creatures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS	03	07	b8c9	translate-unknown		0	reptile	This is an animal that crawls on the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
JAS	03	07	zw5m			0	sea creature	an animal that lives in the sea
JAS	03	08	q9xe	figs-metaphor		0	But no human being can tame the tongue	James speaks of the tongue as if it were a wild animal. Here "tongue" represents a person's desire to speak evil thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	03	08	m7vi	figs-metaphor		0	It is a restless evil, full of deadly poison	James speaks of the harm that  people can cause by what they say as if the tongue were an evil and poisonous creature that can kill people. Alternate translation: "It is like a restless and evil creature, full of deadly poison" or "It is like a restless and evil creature that can kill people with its venom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	03	09	le6h			0	With it we	"We use the tongue to say words that"
JAS	03	09	ucm9			0	we curse men	"we ask God to harm men"
JAS	03	09	umg1	figs-activepassive		0	who have been made in God's likeness	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God made in his likeness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS	03	10	a1ly	figs-abstractnouns		0	Out of the same mouth come blessing and cursing	The nouns "blessing" and "cursing" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "With the same mouth, a person blesses people and curses people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	03	10	qrs2			0	My brothers	"Fellow Christians"
JAS	03	10	n9zy			0	these things should not happen	"these things are wrong"
JAS	03	11	m18q			0	Connecting Statement:	After James stresses that the words of believers should not both bless and curse, he gives examples from nature to teach his readers that people who honor God by worshiping him should also live in right ways.
JAS	03	11	mz8d	figs-rquestion		0	Does a spring pour out from its opening both sweet and bitter water?	James uses a rhetorical question to remind believers about what happens in nature. This can be expressed as a sentence. Alternate translation: "You know that a spring does not pour out both sweet water and bitter water." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	03	12	z3qg	figs-rquestion		0	Does a fig tree, my brothers, make olives?	James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: "Brothers, you know that a fig tree cannot grow olives." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	03	12	jjj8			0	my brothers	"my fellow believers"
JAS	03	12	bu4l	figs-ellipsis		0	Or a grapevine, figs?	The word "make" is understood from the previous phrase. James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: "Or does a grapevine make figs?" or "And a grapevine cannot grow figs." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
JAS	03	13	fgb7	figs-rquestion		0	Who is wise and understanding among you?	James uses this question to teach his audience about proper behavior. The words "wise" and "understanding" are similar. Alternate translation: "I will tell you how a wise and understanding person is to act." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JAS	03	13	f9xv	figs-abstractnouns		0	Let that person show a good life by his works in the humility of wisdom	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "humility" and "wisdom." Alternate translation: "That person should live a good life by doing the kind of deeds that come from being humble and wise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	03	14	js7b	figs-metonymy		0	if you have bitter jealousy and ambition in your heart	Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's emotions or thoughts. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "jealousy" and "ambition." Alternate translation: "if you are jealous and selfish" or "if you desire what other people have and you want to succeed even if it harms others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	03	14	a191	figs-abstractnouns		0	do not boast and lie against the truth	The abstract noun "truth" can be stated as "true." Alternate translation: "do not boast that you are wise, because that is not true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	03	15	clz6	figs-metonymy		0	This is not the wisdom that comes down from above	Here "This" refers to the "bitter jealousy and strife" described in the previous verses. The phrase "from above" is a metonym that represents "heaven" which represents God himself. Alternate translation: "This is not the kind of wisdom that God teaches us from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	03	15	g44u	figs-abstractnouns		0	This is not the wisdom that comes down from above. Instead, it is earthly, unspiritual, demonic	The abstract noun "wisdom" can be stated as "wise." - Alternate translation: "Whoever acts like this is not wise according to what God in heaven teaches us. Instead this person is earthly, unspiritual, and demonic" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	03	15	h36b	figs-metonymy		0	earthly	The word "earthly" refers to the values and behaviors of the people who do not honor God. Alternate translation: "not honoring to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	03	15	a2u6			0	unspiritual	"not from the Holy Spirit" or "not spiritual"
JAS	03	15	mzc9			0	demonic	"from demons"
JAS	03	16	x5jz	figs-abstractnouns		0	For where there are jealousy and ambition, there is confusion and every evil practice	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "jealousy," "ambition," and "confusion." Alternate translation: "For when people are jealous and selfish, this causes them to act in disorderly and evil ways" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	03	16	dvd7			0	there is confusion	"there is disorder" or "there is chaos"
JAS	03	16	vmt4			0	every evil practice	"every kind of sinful behavior" or "every kind of wicked deed"
JAS	03	17	s8w4	figs-abstractnouns		0	But the wisdom from above is first pure	Here "from above" is metonym that represents "heaven" which represents God himself. The abstract noun "wisdom" can be stated as "wise." Alternate translation: "But when a person is wise according to what God in heaven teaches, he acts in ways that are first pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	03	17	hhk5			0	is first pure	"is first holy"
JAS	03	17	hfh9	figs-metaphor		0	full of mercy and good fruits	Here "good fruits" refer to kind things that people do for others as a result of having wisdom from God. Alternate translation: "full of mercy and good deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	03	17	by2l			0	and sincere	"and honest" or "and truthful"
JAS	03	18	md56	figs-metaphor		0	The fruit of righteousness is sown in peace among those who make peace	People making peace is spoken of as if they were sowing seeds, and righteousness  is spoken of as if it were the fruit that grows up as a result of making peace. Alternate translation: "The result of making peace is righteousness" or "Those who work peacefully to help people live in peace produce righteousness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	03	18	htr1	figs-abstractnouns		0	make peace	The abstract noun "peace" can be stated as "peacefully." Alternate translation: "cause people to live peacefully" or "help people not to be angry with each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	04	intro	r6vv			0		# James 04 General Notes<br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Adultery<br><br>Writers in the Bible often speak of adultery as a metaphor for people who say they love God but do things that God hates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>##### Law<br><br>James probably uses this word in [James 4:11](../../jas/04/11.md) to refer to "the royal law" ([James 2:8](../../jas/02/08.md)).<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Rhetorical Questions<br><br>James asks many questions because he wants his readers to think about how they are living. He wants to correct and teach them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### Humble<br><br>This word probably usually refers to people who are not proud. James uses the word here to refer to people who are not proud and who also trust in Jesus and obey him.<br>
JAS	04	01	q3pd			0	General Information:	In this section, the words "yourselves," "your," and "you" are plural and refer to the believers to whom James writes.
JAS	04	01	k21j			0	Connecting Statement:	James rebukes these believers for their worldliness and their lack of humility. He again urges them to watch how they speak to and about each other.
JAS	04	01	ub82	figs-doublet		0	Where do quarrels and disputes among you come from?	The abstract nouns "quarrels" and "disputes" mean basically the same thing and can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: "Why do you quarrel and dispute among yourselves?" or "Why do you fight among yourselves?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	04	01	pqx2	figs-rquestion		0	Do they not come from your desires that fight among your members?	James uses this question to rebuke his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "They come from your evil desires for things, desires that fight among your members." or "They come from your desires for evil things, desires that fight among your members." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	04	01	vpe2	figs-personification		0	Do they not come from your desires that fight among your members?	James speaks of desires as they were enemies who waged war against the believers. In reality, of course, it is the people who have these desires who fight among themselves. Alternate translation: "They come from your desires for evil things, by which you end up harming each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JAS	04	01	v5kg			0	among your members	Possible meanings are 1) there is fighting among the local believers, or 2) the fighting, that is, the conflict, is inside each believer.
JAS	04	02	khh9	figs-hyperbole		0	You kill and covet, and you are not able to obtain	The phrase "You kill" expresses how badly the people behave in order to get what they want. It can be translated as "You do all kinds of evil things to get what you cannot have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
JAS	04	02	v9m8	figs-doublet		0	You fight and quarrel	The words "fight" and "quarrel" mean basically the same thing. James uses them to emphasize how much the people argue among themselves. Alternate translation: "You constantly fight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JAS	04	03	nk57			0	you ask badly	Possible meanings are 1) "you ask with wrong motives" or "you ask with bad attitudes" or 2) "you are asking for wrong things" or "you are asking for bad things"
JAS	04	04	efi8	figs-metaphor		0	You adulteresses!	James speaks of believers as being like wives who sleep with men other than their husbands. Alternate translation: "You are not being faithful to God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	04	04	wu5v	figs-rquestion		0	Do you not know ... God?	James uses this question to teach his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "You know ... God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	04	04	b5ly	figs-metonymy		0	friendship with the world	This phrase refers to identifying with or participating in the world's value system and behavior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	04	04	br36	figs-personification		0	friendship with the world	Here the world's value system is spoken of as if it were a person that others could be friends with. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JAS	04	04	jf1g	figs-metonymy		0	friendship with the world is hostility against God	One who is friends with the world is an enemy of God. Here "friendship with the world" stands for being friends with the world, and "hostility against God" stands for being hostile against God. Alternate translation: "friends of the world are enemies of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	04	05	i2y4			0	Or do you think the scripture says in vain	This is a rhetorical question James uses to exhort his audience. To speak in vain is to speak uselessly. Alternate translation: "There is a reason that scripture says"
JAS	04	05	bx68			0	The Spirit he caused to live in us	Some versions, including the ULT and UST, understand this as a reference to the Holy Spirit. Other versions translate this as "the spirit" and mean by it the human spirit that each person has been created to have. We suggest that you use the meaning that is presented in other translations used by your readers.
JAS	04	06	ub8z	figs-explicit		0	But God gives more grace	How this phrase relates to the previous verse can be made explicit: "But, even though our spirits may desire what we cannot have, God gives us even more grace, if we will humble ourselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS	04	06	hyh2			0	so the scripture	"Because God gives more grace, the scripture"
JAS	04	06	qs61	figs-nominaladj		0	the proud	This refers to proud people in general. Alternate translation: "proud people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
JAS	04	06	uu3r	figs-nominaladj		0	the humble	This refers to humble people in general. Alternate translation: "humble people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
JAS	04	07	da5t			0	So submit	"Because God gives grace to the humble, submit"
JAS	04	07	g7e5			0	submit to God	"obey God"
JAS	04	07	nud3			0	Resist the devil	"Oppose the devil" or "Do not do what the devil wants"
JAS	04	07	w9ue			0	he will flee	"he will run away"
JAS	04	07	b5yz	figs-you		0	you	Here this pronoun is plural and refers to James' audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
JAS	04	08	vd6z	figs-you		0	General Information:	The word "you" here is plural and refers to the scattered believers to whom James writes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
JAS	04	08	g62m	figs-metaphor		0	Come close to God	Here the idea of coming close stands for becoming honest and open with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	04	08	yh1k	figs-parallelism		0	Cleanse your hands, you sinners, and purify your hearts, you double-minded	These are two phrases in parallel with each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JAS	04	08	elh1	figs-metonymy		0	Cleanse your hands	This expression is a command for people to do righteous acts instead of unrighteous acts. Alternate translation: "Behave in a way that honors God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	04	08	mw54	figs-metonymy		0	purify your hearts	Here "hearts" refers to a person's thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: "make your thoughts and intentions right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	04	08	iw61	figs-metaphor		0	double-minded	The word "double-minded" refers to a person who cannot make a firm decision about something. Alternate translation: "double-minded people" or "people who cannot decide if you want to obey God or not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	04	09	kdn8	figs-doublet		0	Grieve, mourn, and cry	These three words have similar meanings. James uses them together to emphasize that the people should be truly sorry for not obeying God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
JAS	04	09	rf6g	figs-parallelism		0	Let your laughter turn into sadness and your joy into gloom	This is saying the same thing in different ways for emphasis. The abstract nouns "laughter," "sadness," "joy," and "gloom" can be translated as verbs or adjectives. Alternate translation: "Stop laughing and be sad. Stop being joyful and be gloomy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	04	10	an8i	figs-metaphor		0	Humble yourselves before the Lord	"Be humble toward God." Actions done with God in mind are often spoken of as being done in his physical presence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	04	10	tn5w	figs-metaphor		0	he will lift you up	James indicates that God will honor the humble person by saying God will pick that person up off the ground physically from where that person had prostrated himself in humility. Alternate translation: "he will honor you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	04	11	sy54			0	General Information:	The words "you" and "your" in this section refer to the believers to whom James writes.
JAS	04	11	r3hc			0	speak against	"speak badly about" or "oppose"
JAS	04	11	uyi9	figs-metonymy		0	brothers	James speaks of the believers as if they are biological brothers. The term here includes women as well as men. Alternate translation: "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
JAS	04	11	jlx4			0	but a judge	"but you are acting like the person who gives the law"
JAS	04	12	e9da			0	Only one is the lawgiver and judge	This refers to God. "God is the only one who gives laws and judges people"
JAS	04	12	m49q	figs-rquestion		0	Who are you, you who judge your neighbor?	This is a rhetorical question James uses to scold his audience. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "You are just a human and cannot judge another human." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	04	13	iz9h	figs-idiom		0	spend a year there	James speaks of spending time as if it were money. "stay there for a year" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JAS	04	14	b7ir	figs-rquestion		0	Who knows what will happen tomorrow, and what is your life?	James uses these questions to correct his audience and to teach these believers that physical life is not that important. They can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: "No one knows what will happen tomorrow, and your life does not last very long!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	04	14	a9v2	figs-metaphor		0	For you are a mist that appears for a little while and then disappears	James speaks of people as if they were a mist that appears and then quickly goes away. Alternate translation: "You live for only a short amount of time, and then you die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	04	15	gj65			0	Instead, you should say	"Instead, your attitude should be"
JAS	04	15	e1il			0	we will live and do this or that	"we will live long enough to do what we have planned to do." The word "we" does not directly refer to James or his audience but is part of the example of how James' audience should consider the future.
JAS	04	17	q84z			0	for anyone who knows to do good but does not do it, for him it is sin	Anyone who fails to do the good he knows he should do is guilty of sin.
JAS	05	intro	ud8q			0		# James 05 General Notes<br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Eternity<br>This chapter contrasts living for things of this world, which will not last, with living for things that will last for eternity. It is also important to live with the expectation that Jesus will return soon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>##### Oaths<br>Scholars are divided over whether this passage teaches all oaths are wrong. Most scholars believe some oaths are permissible and James instead is teaching Christians to have integrity.<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### Elijah<br>This story will be difficult to understand if the books of 1 and 2 Kings and 1 and 2 Chronicles have not yet been translated.<br><br>##### "Save his soul from death"<br>This probably teaches that the person who stops their sinful lifestyle will not be punished with physical death as a consequence of their sin. On the other hand, some scholars believe this passage teaches about eternal salvation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br>
JAS	05	01	phs3			0	Connecting Statement:	James warns rich people about their focus on pleasure and riches.
JAS	05	01	gel9	figs-explicit		0	you who are rich	Possible meanings are 1) James is giving a strong warning to wealthy believers or 2) James is talking about wealthy unbelievers. Alternate translation: "you who are rich and say you honor God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS	05	01	l3wd	figs-abstractnouns		0	because of the miseries coming on you	James states that these people will suffer terribly in the future and writes as if their sufferings were objects that were coming toward them. The abstract noun "miseries" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "because you will suffer terribly in the future" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS	05	02	gq45	figs-pastforfuture		0	Your riches have rotted, and your clothes have become moth-eaten.	Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: "Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
JAS	05	02	v241			0	riches ... clothes	These things are mentioned as examples of things that are valuable to wealthy people.
JAS	05	03	am1u	figs-pastforfuture		0	Your gold and your silver have become tarnished	Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: "Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths. Your gold and silver will become tarnished" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
JAS	05	03	wj9v			0	gold ... silver	These things are mentioned as examples of things that are valuable to wealthy people.
JAS	05	03	q4pm			0	have become tarnished ... their rust	These phrases are used here to describe how gold and silver are ruined. Alternate translation: "are ruined ... their ruined condition" or "are corroded ... their corrosion"
JAS	05	03	e55t	figs-personification		0	their rust will be a witness against you. It	James wrote of their valuable things being ruined as if they were a person in a courtroom accusing the wicked of their crimes. Alternate translation: "and when God judges you, your ruined treasures will be like someone who accuses you in court. Their corrosion" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] )
JAS	05	03	i37x	figs-simile		0	will consume ... like fire	Here the corrosion is spoken of as if it were a fire that will burn up their owners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	05	03	w3aj	figs-metonymy		0	your flesh	Here "flesh" stands for the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	05	03	j6fe	figs-metaphor		0	fire	The idea of fire here is meant to lead people to remember that fire often stands for God's punishment that will come on all the wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	05	03	np1u	figs-metonymy		0	for the last days	This refers to the time right before God comes to judge all people. The wicked think they are storing up riches for the future, but what they are doing is storing up judgment. Alternate translation: "for when God is about to judge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	05	04	gcj5			0	Connecting Statement:	James continues to warn rich people about thier focus on pleasure and riches.
JAS	05	04	e9iy	figs-personification		0	the pay of the laborers is crying out—the pay that you have withheld from those who harvested your fields	The money that should have been paid is spoken of as a person who is shouting because of the injustice done to him. Alternate translation: "the fact that you did not pay those you hired to work in your fields shows that you have done wrong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JAS	05	04	n21a	figs-metaphor		0	the cries of the harvesters have gone into the ears of the Lord of hosts	The shouts of the harvesters are spoken of as if they could be heard in heaven. Alternate translation: "the Lord of hosts has heard the cries of the harvesters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	05	04	h9y8	figs-metaphor		0	into the ears of the Lord of hosts	God is spoken of as if he had ears as humans have. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	05	05	xt8h	figs-metaphor		0	You have fattened your hearts for a day of slaughter	Here people are viewed as if they were cattle, luxuriously fed on grain so they would become fattened to be slaughtered for a feast. However, no one will feast at the time of judgment. Alternate translation: "Your greed has only prepared you for harsh eternal judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	05	05	pr31	figs-metonymy		0	your hearts	The "heart" was considered to be the center of human desire, and here stands for the entire person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	05	06	u5c5			0	You have condemned ... the righteous person	This is probably not "condemned" in the legal sense of a judge passing a sentence of death on a criminal. Instead, it probably refers to the wicked and powerful people who decide to mistreat the poor until they die.
JAS	05	06	lq6p	figs-genericnoun		0	the righteous person. He does not	"the people who do what is right. They do not." Here "the righteous person" refers to righteous people in general and not to a specific person. Alternate translation: "righteous people. They do not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
JAS	05	06	z7w1			0	resist you	"oppose you"
JAS	05	07	n888			0	General Information:	In closing, James reminds the believers about the Lord's coming and gives several short lessons on how to live for the Lord.
JAS	05	07	xr6g			0	Connecting Statement:	James changes topics from a rebuke of the rich people to an exhortation to the believers.
JAS	05	07	a4sv			0	So be patient	"Because of this, wait and be calm"
JAS	05	07	wgk4	figs-metonymy		0	until the Lord's coming	This phrase refers to the return of Jesus, when he will begin his kingdom on the earth and judge all people. Alternate translation: "until Christ's return" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	05	07	y4er	figs-metaphor		0	the farmer	James makes an analogy using farmers and believers to teach what it means to be patient. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	05	08	bbn1	figs-metonymy		0	Make your hearts strong	James is equating the believers' hearts to their will to remain committed. Alternate translation: "Stay committed" or "Keep your faith strong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	05	08	jw3b			0	the Lord's coming is near	"the Lord will return soon"
JAS	05	09	k74r			0	Do not complain, brothers ... you	James is writing to all the scattered Jewish believers.
JAS	05	09	w9xv			0	against one another	"about each other"
JAS	05	09	z3p7	figs-activepassive		0	you will be not judged	This can be stated in the active. Alternate translation: "Christ will not judge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS	05	09	ita4			0	See, the judge	"Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: the judge"
JAS	05	09	g938	figs-metaphor		0	the judge is standing at the door	James compares Jesus, the judge, to a person about to walk through a door to emphasize how soon Jesus will return to judge the world. Alternate translation: "the judge is coming soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	05	10	sic1			0	the suffering and patience of the prophets, those who spoke in the name of the Lord	"how the prophets who spoke in the name of the Lord suffered persecution with patience"
JAS	05	10	pvs3	figs-metonymy		0	spoke in the name of the Lord	"Name" here is a metonym for the person of the Lord. Alternate translation: "by the authority of the Lord" or "spoke for the Lord to the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	05	11	xwr8			0	See, we regard	"Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: we regard"
JAS	05	11	s3nl			0	those who endured	"those who continued obeying God even through hardship"
JAS	05	12	fug7			0	Above all, my brothers,	"This is important, may brothers:" or "Especially, my brothers,"
JAS	05	12	bjt3	figs-gendernotations		0	my brothers	This refers to all believers including women. Alternate translation: "my fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
JAS	05	12	s755			0	do not swear	To "swear" is to say that you will do something, or that something is true, and to be held accountable by a higher authority. Alternate translation: "do not make an oath" or "do not make a vow"
JAS	05	12	t1uq	figs-metonymy		0	either by heaven or by the earth	The words "heaven" and "earth" refer to the spiritual or human authorities that are in heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	05	12	m3ve			0	let your "Yes" mean "Yes" and your "No" mean "No,"	"do what you say you will do, or say that something is true, without making an oath"
JAS	05	12	f6mx	figs-metaphor		0	so you do not fall under judgment	Being condemned is spoken of as if one had fallen, crushed by the weight of something heavy. Alternate translation: "so God will not punish you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	05	13	m3e6	figs-rquestion		0	Is anyone among you suffering hardship? Let him pray	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is enduring troubles, he should pray" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	05	13	wdf7	figs-rquestion		0	Is anyone cheerful? Let him sing praise	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their blessings. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is happy, he should sing songs of praise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	05	14	in34	figs-rquestion		0	Is anyone among you sick? Let him call	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is sick, he should call" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS	05	14	fik7	figs-metonymy		0	in the name of the Lord	"Name" is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "by the authority of the Lord" or "with the authority that the Lord has given hthem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	05	15	c8q6	figs-metonymy		0	The prayer of faith will heal the sick person	The writer speaks of God hearing believers pray for sick people and healing those people as if the prayers themselves healed the people. Alternate translation: "The Lord will hear the prayer of faith and will heal the sick person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	05	15	qiw4			0	The prayer of faith	"The prayer made by believers" or "The prayer that people pray believing God will do as they ask"
JAS	05	15	ei3q			0	the Lord will raise him up	"the Lord will make him well" or "the Lord will enable him to resume his normal life"
JAS	05	16	t2iq			0	General Information:	As these were Jewish believers, James reminds them to pray by recalling one of the prophets of old and that prophet's practical prayers.
JAS	05	16	dl5k			0	So confess your sins	Admit to other believers things you did wrong so that you can be forgiven.
JAS	05	16	i8cm			0	to one another	"to each other"
JAS	05	16	mzk8	figs-activepassive		0	so that you may be healed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that God may heal you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS	05	16	zk62	figs-metaphor		0	The prayer of a righteous person is very strong in its working	Prayer is presented as if it were an object that was strong or powerful. Alternate translation: "When the person who obeys God prays, God will do great things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	05	17	vhw2			0	prayed earnestly	"prayed eagerly" or "prayed passionately"
JAS	05	17	i8wv	translate-numbers		0	three ... six	"3 ... 6" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
JAS	05	18	zwc9			0	The heavens gave rain	"The heavens" probably refers to the sky, which is presented as the source of the rain. Alternate translation: "Rain fell from the sky"
JAS	05	18	yi7m			0	the earth produced its fruit	Here the earth is presented as the source of the crops.
JAS	05	18	s76l	figs-metonymy		0	fruit	Here "fruit" stands for all the crops of the farmers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	05	19	xr4l	figs-gendernotations		0	brothers	Here this word probably refers to both men and women. Alternate translation: "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
JAS	05	19	dv4v	figs-metaphor		0	if anyone among you wanders from the truth, and someone brings him back	A believer who stops trusting in God and obeying him is spoken of as if he were a sheep that wandered away from the flock. The person who persuades him to trust in God again is spoken of as if he were a shepherd who went to search for the lost sheep. Alternate translation: "whenever anyone stops obeying God, and another person helps him start obeying again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS	05	20	xg1y	figs-metonymy		0	whoever turns a sinner from his wandering way ... will cover over a great number of sins	James means that God will use the actions of this person to persuade the sinner to repent and be saved. But James speaks as if it were this other person who actually saved the sinner's soul from death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS	05	20	pd78	figs-synecdoche		0	will save him from death, and will cover over a great number of sins	Here "death" refers to spiritual death, eternal separation from God. Alternate translation: "will save him from spiritual death, and God will forgive the sinner for all of his sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JAS	05	20	rh4d	figs-metaphor		0	will cover over a great number of sins	Possible meanings are 1) the person who brings back the disobedient brother will have his sins forgiven or 2) the disobedient brother, when he returns to the Lord, will have his sins forgiven. Sins are spoken of as if they were objects that God could cover so that he would not see them, so that he would forgive them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])