From ffa6116dcb081c09688ac893d9f5785f5f43aa59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: stephenwunrow Date: Wed, 27 Sep 2023 21:56:09 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Merge stephenwunrow-tc-create-1 into master by stephenwunrow (#3538) Co-authored-by: stephenwunrow Co-committed-by: stephenwunrow --- tn_MRK.tsv | 309 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------- 1 file changed, 192 insertions(+), 117 deletions(-) diff --git a/tn_MRK.tsv b/tn_MRK.tsv index e7fc2fa241..2ff00aa20c 100644 --- a/tn_MRK.tsv +++ b/tn_MRK.tsv @@ -2340,7 +2340,7 @@ front:intro r2f2 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Mark\n\n## Part 1: General 12:44 l4tp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo πάντα ὅσα εἶχεν 1 The expression **everything, as much as she had** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “everything that she had”\n 12:44 p3as rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὅλον τὸν βίον αὐτῆς 1 Here Jesus speaks as if the woman had put in **her whole life**. He means that she put in all the money that she had to buy what she needed to live. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all she had to live on” or “so that she had nothing left to buy even the necessities” 12:44 qrz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὅλον τὸν βίον αὐτῆς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **life**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “all that kept her alive” -13:intro ti7d 0 # Mark 13 General Notes\n\nMatthew 24\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n4. Last days of ministry and preparation for final conflict in Jerusalem (11:1–13:37)\n * The disciples ask Jesus about the destruction of the temple (13:1–4)\n * Jesus teaches about the destruction of the temple (24:5–31)\n * Things that will happen in the time before the destruction of the temple (13:5–13)\n * Things that will happen immediately before the destruction of the temple (13:14–23)\n * The coming of the Son of Man (13:24–27)\n * When these things will happen (13:28–31)\n * Jesus teaches about his second coming (13:32–37)\n\n### When Jesus speaks about which topics\n\nWhen the disciples speak to Jesus in [13:4](../13/04.md), they ask about two things: first, they want to know when the temple will be destroyed, and second, they want to know what the sign will be that shows that the temple is about to be destroyed. Most Christians agree that Jesus answered these two questions but also included information about his second coming. However, Christians disagree about when Jesus is speaking about which topic. He could:\n\n1. finish speaking about the destruction of the temple in [13:31](../13/31.md) and then go on to speak about his second coming (the outline above follows this view)\n2. finish speaking about the destruction of the temple (perhaps as a foreshadowing of the final tribulation) in [13:23](../13/23.md) and then go on to speak about his second coming\n3. speak about the destruction of the temple (perhaps as a foreshadowing of the final tribulation) in [13:5–23](../13/05.md) and [13:28–31](../13/28.md) and about his second coming in [13:24–27](../13/24.md) and [13:32–37](../13/32.md)\n\nSince Christians disagree over when Jesus is speaking about which topic, if possible format your translation so that several interpretations are possible.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The destruction of the temple\n\nThe temple in Jerusalem was a very impressive, large building. Despite that, Jesus predicted that it would be destroyed within the lifetime of those who heard him. In fact, about 40 years later, a Roman army conquered Jerusalem and destroyed the temple.\n\n### The Son of Man coming on the clouds of heaven\n\nIn [13:26](../13/26.md), Jesus indicates that he, the Son of Man, will “come” in clouds. However, he does not indicate the location to which he will “come.” Christians debate whether Jesus is describing his return to earth or his enthronement in heaven. If possible, your translation should allow for both possibilities. See the notes on this verse for translation options.\n\n### “This generation” in [13:30](../13/30.md)\n\nIn [13:30](../13/30.md), Jesus says that what he has described will happen before “this generation” passes away. Many interpretations have been proposed for the group of people to which “this generation” refers:\n\n1. The people who were alive while Jesus was speaking these words\n2. The people who would be alive when the signs of the end began\n3. Christians throughout history\n4. Jewish people in general throughout history\n5. Humans in general\n\nSince the word that Jesus uses primarily refers to people who are alive at the same time, if possible use a word or phrase that refers to such a group of people. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could include some interpretations of the word in a footnote.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Singular and plural forms of “you”\n\nMost of the forms of “you” in this chapter appear when Jesus is teaching four of his disciples. Because of this, most forms of “you” in this chapter are plural. You should assume forms of “you” are plural unless a note specifies that the form is singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])\n\n### The historic present\n\nTo call attention to a development in the story, Mark uses the present tense in past narration. In this chapter, the historic present occurs in verse 13. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense]]) +13:intro ti7d 0 # Mark 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n4. Last days of ministry and preparation for final conflict in Jerusalem (11:1–13:37)\n * The disciples ask Jesus about the destruction of the temple (13:1–4)\n * Jesus teaches about the destruction of the temple (24:5–31)\n * Things that will happen in the time before the destruction of the temple (13:5–13)\n * Things that will happen immediately before the destruction of the temple (13:14–23)\n * The coming of the Son of Man (13:24–27)\n * When these things will happen (13:28–31)\n * Jesus teaches about his second coming (13:32–37)\n\n### When Jesus speaks about which topics\n\nWhen the disciples speak to Jesus in [13:4](../13/04.md), they ask about two things: first, they want to know when the temple will be destroyed, and second, they want to know what the sign will be that shows that the temple is about to be destroyed. Most Christians agree that Jesus answered these two questions but also included information about his second coming. However, Christians disagree about when Jesus is speaking about which topic. He could:\n\n1. finish speaking about the destruction of the temple in [13:31](../13/31.md) and then go on to speak about his second coming (the outline above follows this view)\n2. finish speaking about the destruction of the temple (perhaps as a foreshadowing of the final tribulation) in [13:23](../13/23.md) and then go on to speak about his second coming\n3. speak about the destruction of the temple (perhaps as a foreshadowing of the final tribulation) in [13:5–23](../13/05.md) and [13:28–31](../13/28.md) and about his second coming in [13:24–27](../13/24.md) and [13:32–37](../13/32.md)\n\nSince Christians disagree over when Jesus is speaking about which topic, if possible format your translation so that several interpretations are possible.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The destruction of the temple\n\nThe temple in Jerusalem was a very impressive, large building. Despite that, Jesus predicted that it would be destroyed within the lifetime of those who heard him. In fact, about 40 years later, a Roman army conquered Jerusalem and destroyed the temple.\n\n### The Son of Man coming on the clouds of heaven\n\nIn [13:26](../13/26.md), Jesus indicates that he, the Son of Man, will “come” in clouds. However, he does not indicate the location to which he will “come.” Christians debate whether Jesus is describing his return to earth or his enthronement in heaven. If possible, your translation should allow for both possibilities. See the notes on this verse for translation options.\n\n### “This generation” in [13:30](../13/30.md)\n\nIn [13:30](../13/30.md), Jesus says that what he has described will happen before “this generation” passes away. Many interpretations have been proposed for the group of people to which “this generation” refers:\n\n1. The people who were alive while Jesus was speaking these words\n2. The people who would be alive when the signs of the end began\n3. Christians throughout history\n4. Jewish people in general throughout history\n5. Humans in general\n\nSince the word that Jesus uses primarily refers to people who are alive at the same time, if possible use a word or phrase that refers to such a group of people. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could include some interpretations of the word in a footnote.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Singular and plural forms of “you”\n\nMost of the forms of “you” in this chapter appear when Jesus is teaching four of his disciples. Because of this, most forms of “you” in this chapter are plural. You should assume forms of “you” are plural unless a note specifies that the form is singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])\n\n### The historic present\n\nTo call attention to a development in the story, Mark uses the present tense in past narration. In this chapter, the historic present occurs in verse 13. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense]]) 13:1 cb77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche αὐτοῦ 1 Mark is referring to Jesus to represent both Jesus and his disciples, who traveled with Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he, along with his disciples,” 13:1 ltyd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἐκπορευομένου 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “coming” instead of **going**. Alternate translation: “coming out” 13:1 rrv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ἱεροῦ 1 Here Mark means that Jesus left the **temple** area. He does not mean that Jesus was in the most sacred parts of the temple building. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. See you translated this word in [11:11](../11/11.md). Alternate translation: “temple courtyard”\n @@ -2656,6 +2656,7 @@ front:intro r2f2 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Mark\n\n## Part 1: General 14:24 hs24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης 1 Here Jesus identifies the cup of wine as his **blood of the covenant**. This figure of speech has been interpreted in a number of ways. The wine could somehow become Jesus’ **blood**, or Jesus’ **blood** could be present in some way when people drink the wine, or the wine could represent or memorialize Jesus’ **blood**. Because of the variety of interpretations and the significance of this metaphor, you should preserve the metaphor if there is any way to do so. If you must express the metaphor in a different way, use a form that could fit with as many of the listed interpretations as possible. Alternate translation: “This functions as my blood of the covenant” 14:24 cdol rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτό 1 Here, the pronoun **This** refers to the wine in the cup that Mark mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to the wine more directly. Alternate translation: “The wine in this cup” 14:24 nj85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης 1 Here, Jesus is using the possessive form to describe how his **blood** inaugurates or initiates **the covenant**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “my blood that initiates the covenant” +14:24 m329 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants τῆς διαθήκης 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **of the covenant**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “of the new covenant.” The word “new” may have been accidentally added here because it appears in the parallel story in Luke (see [Luke 22:20](../luk/22/20.md)). If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 14:24 q5hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ ἐκχυννόμενον 1 Here Jesus means that he will die and his blood will be **poured out** of his body. He is using words that people would use to describe how animals would be offered to God: these animals would be killed and then their blood would be **poured out** on or near the altar. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “which, when I die, is being poured out” or “which is being shed” 14:24 pt5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐκχυννόμενον 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, Jesus implies that he himself does it when he dies. Alternate translation: “I am pouring out” 14:24 p5vr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πολλῶν 1 Jesus is using the adjective **many** as a noun to mean many people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “many men and women” @@ -2879,126 +2880,200 @@ front:intro r2f2 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Mark\n\n## Part 1: General 14:72 trxc πρὶν ἀλέκτορα φωνῆσαι δὶς, τρίς με ἀπαρνήσῃ 1 This clause is basically identical to what Jesus said in [14:30](../14/30.md), so express the idea as you did there. 14:72 ocer rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ἀπαρνήσῃ 1 Because Jesus spoke these words to Peter, the word **you** is singular. 14:72 zr4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐπιβαλὼν, ἔκλαιεν 1 The word translated as **having broken down** could indicate that: (1) Peter became overwhelmed with grief and lost control of his emotions. Alternate translation: “having become overwhelmed with grief, he was weeping” or “having lost control of his emotions, he was weeping” (2) Peter was thinking about what had happened. Alternate translation: “having reflected on what had happened, he was weeping” or “having thought about what he had just done, he was weeping” (3) Peter fell down on the ground because of how upset he was. Alternate translation: “having cast himself on the ground, he was weeping” or “having fallen down, he was weeping” (4) Peter began to weep. Alternate translation: “he began weeping” -15:intro d823 0 # Mark 15 General Notes\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### “The curtain of the temple was split in two”\n\nThe curtain in the temple was an important symbol that showed that people needed to have someone speak to God for them. They could not speak to God directly, because all people are sinful and God hates sin. God split the curtain to show that Jesus’ people can now speak to God directly because Jesus has paid for their sins.\n\n### The tomb\n\nThe tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Mark 15:46](../mrk/15/46.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Sarcasm\n\nThe soldiers were insulting Jesus when they put a “purple robe” on him and placed a “crown of thorns” on his head (See Mark 15:17) and said, “Hail, King of the Jews” (See Mark 15:18) and bent their knees and bowed down to him (See Mark 15:19). These actions were symbolic of things that people would do to a king, but the soldiers did not really believe that Jesus was a king. By pretending that they thought Jesus was a king, and by putting a “crown of thorns” on Jesus’ head instead of a regular crown, and by “striking his head with a staff and spitting on him” (See Mark 15:19) the soldiers showed that they did not believe that Jesus was the Son of God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/mock]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### The historic present\n\nTo call attention to a development in the story, Mark uses the present tense in past narration. In this chapter, the historic present occurs in verses 2, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, and 27. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense]])\n\n### Golgotha\n\nThe word “Golgotha” is an Aramaic word. Mark used Greek letters to express the sound of this Aramaic word so that his readers would know how it sounded, and then he told them it meant “Place of a Skull.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])\n\n### Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?\n\nThis is an Aramaic phrase. Mark transliterates the sounds of this phrase by writing them with Greek letters. Mark used Greek letters to express the sound of this Aramaic phrase so that his readers would know how it sounded, and then he told them that it meant “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -15:1 xz7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δήσαντες τὸν Ἰησοῦν, ἀπήνεγκαν 1 The Jewish religious leaders commanded that Jesus should be **bound** but did not bind him themselves. It would have been the guards who actually bound Jesus and **led {him} away**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this in your translation, as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “commanded the guards to bind Jesus and then the guards bound him and led him away” -15:1 v2yf παρέδωκαν Πειλάτῳ 1 Alternate translation: “delivered him over to Pilate” or “transferred control of Jesus to Pilate” -15:2 kn7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys ἀποκριθεὶς αὐτῷ λέγει 1 Together the two words **answering** and **says** mean that Jesus responded to what Pilate asked him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “responding to him, says” -15:2 dh6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom σὺ λέγεις 1 **You say {it}** is an idiom. Jesus is using it to acknowledge that what Pilate has said is true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Yes, it is as you say” -15:3 b9sj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background καὶ κατηγόρουν αὐτοῦ οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς πολλά 1 Mark is providing this background information to help readers understand what happens next. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “Now the chief priests were accusing Jesus of many things” -15:3 ue18 κατηγόρουν αὐτοῦ & πολλά 1 Alternate translation: “were accusing Jesus of many things” or “were saying that Jesus had done many wrong things” -15:4 s2as οὐκ ἀποκρίνῃ οὐδέν? 1 Alternate translation: “Are you not going to respond to anything they have said?” -15:5 way9 ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς οὐκέτι οὐδὲν ἀπεκρίθη 1 Alternate translation: “But Jesus made no further reply” -15:6 ul19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background κατὰ δὲ ἑορτὴν, ἀπέλυεν αὐτοῖς ἕνα δέσμιον, ὃν παρῃτοῦντο 1 The word **Now** is used here to mark a break in the main story line as Mark shifts to telling background information about Pilate’s tradition of releasing a prisoner at feasts. Mark is providing background information in this verse to help readers understand what happens next. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “It was Pilate’s custom to release to them a prisoner of their choice at the festival” -15:7 pdy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background δὲ 1 The word **Now** is used here to mark a continuation of the break in the main story line which began in the preceding verse. Mark introduces more background information, this time about Barabbas, to help readers understand what happens next. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “And” -15:7 lx8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive λεγόμενος 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “who bore the name” -15:7 wvzq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δεδεμένος 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Mark implies that “the Roman authorities” had soldiers do it. Alternate translation: “whom the Roman soldiers had bound” -15:7 iofn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns φόνον πεποιήκεισαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **murder**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form, as modeled by the UST. -15:8 a4xb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀναβὰς 1 Your language may say “having gone up” rather than **having come up** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “having gone up” -15:9 o3j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοῖς λέγων 1 When translating the phrase **answered them, saying** see how you translated the similar phrase “answering him, says” in [15:2](../15/02.md). Alternate translation: “responded to them” -15:10 i4ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background ἐγίνωσκεν γὰρ ὅτι διὰ φθόνον παραδεδώκεισαν αὐτὸν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς 1 Mark provides this background information about why Jesus was **handed over** in order to help readers understand why Pilate asked the question in [15:9](../15/09.md). Mark introduces the background information in this verse with the word **For**. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. -15:10 u647 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ φθόνον παραδεδώκεισαν αὐτὸν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς 1 The **chief priests** envied Jesus because so many people were following him and becoming his disciples. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express that explicitly. If you decide to express this information explicitly, consider beginning a new sentence. Alternate translation: “the chief priests were envious of Jesus because so many people were becoming his disciples. Pilate knew that this was why they had handed him over” or “the chief priests were envious of Jesus’ popularity among the people. This is why they had handed him over” -15:10 yjp3 παραδεδώκεισαν αὐτὸν 1 Alternate translation: “had handed Jesus over” -15:11 y5w3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀνέσεισαν τὸν ὄχλον 1 Mark speaks of the **chief priests** as if they had **stirred** a pot and put into motion things that had been lying quietly on the bottom. Mark means that the **chief priests** encouraged the crowd to ask Pilate to release Barabbas. If your readers would not understand what **stirred up** means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “encouraged the crowd” or “incited the crowd” -15:11 pvu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces what the **chief priests stirred up the crowd** to request of Pilate. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” -15:12 keq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys Πειλᾶτος πάλιν ἀποκριθεὶς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς 1 # Connecting Statement:\n\nSee how you translated the similar statement in [15:9](../15/09.md). Alternate translation: “Pilate again responded to them, saying” -15:12 p94y πάλιν 1 Mark uses the word **again** here because Pilate had already spoken to them regarding this matter in [15:9](../15/09.md). Use a natural form in your language for expressing the meaning of **again** as it is used here. -15:12 vlm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τί οὖν ποιήσω λέγετε τὸν Βασιλέα τῶν Ἰουδαίων? 1 Pilate uses the word **therefore** because, as [15:11](../15/11.md) indicates, the chief priests had “stirred up the crowd” to request that Pilate “release Barabbas” to them. So Pilate is asking what he should **therefore** do with Jesus if Barabbas is the prisoner to be released at their request. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “If I release Barabbas, what then should I do with the one you call the King of the Jews” -15:12 r7ge οὖν 1 Alternate translation: “then” -15:13 n6jb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown σταύρωσον αὐτόν 1 The Romans executed some criminals by nailing them to a wooden beam with a crossbar and setting the beam upright so that the criminals would slowly suffocate. That was what it meant to **Crucify** someone. Alternate translation: “Nail him to a cross! Execute him!” -15:13 nwms rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative σταύρωσον αὐτόν 1 Here, the word **Crucify** is an imperative, but since the crowd cannot command Pilate to do this, you could translate the phrase **Crucify him** as an expression of what they want. Alternate translation: “We want you to nail him to a cross to execute him” -15:14 e55i σταύρωσον αὐτόν 1 See how you translated the phrase **Crucify him** in [15:13](../15/13.md). +15:intro d823 0 # Mark 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n5. The death of Christ and the empty tomb (14:1–16:8)\n * Jesus’ trial before Pilate (15:1–15)\n * Jesus is crucified (15:16–41)\n * The soldiers mock Jesus (15:16–20)\n * Jesus is crucified, and people mock him (15:21–32)\n * Jesus dies (15:33–41)\n * Joseph of Arimathea buries Jesus’ body (15:42–47)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Golgotha\n\nAs Mark indicates in [15:22](../15/22.md), “Golgotha” means “Place of a Skull.” The reason why this place was called Place of a Skull is not known. It could have been named this because the appearance of this place resembled a skull. Or, it could have been named this because it was the site of so many executions, in which case the word “Skull” is being used as metonymy to refer to death. Because the reason that this location was called Place of a Skull is unknown, you should translate this phrase in a way that allows for either meaning, as modeled by the ULT and UST.\n\n### The drinks that people offered to Jesus\n\nIn [15:23](../15/23.md), some people offer Jesus “wine having been mixed with myrrh.” In [15:36](../15/36.md), someone offers Jesus “vinegar.” In both cases, scholars debate whether people offered these drinks to help Jesus by easing the pain or quenching his thirst or whether they offered these drinks to torment Jesus by giving him a bad-tasting drink or to mock him. Since it is not obvious what the purpose of the drinks was, if possible express the idea in such a way that your readers could draw either conclusion. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could include some extra information in a footnote. See the notes on these verses for translation options.\n\n### Calling Elijah\n\nIn [15:34](../15/34.md), Jesus calls out “Eloi, Eloi,” which is how Jesus said “My God, my God” in his language. Some of the people standing there misheard him and thought that he was calling out to “Elijah,” a prophet with a name that sounds like “Eloi.” There is a story about this Elijah in [2 Kings 2:11–12](../2ki/02/11.md), where God takes him into heaven. So, some people believed that Elijah did not die and would someday return. The people who thought Jesus was calling to Elijah thought that he was asking Elijah to return and rescue him. If your readers would not understand why the people standing near Jesus speak about Elijah, you could include some extra information in your translation or include this information in a footnote. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/names/elijah]])\n\n### The curtain of the temple tearing from top to bottom\n\nThe “curtain” to which Mark refers in [15:38](../15/38.md) could be either the curtain that separated the Most Holy Place from the rest of the temple, or it could be the curtain that separated the Holy Place from the rest of the temple area. Mark indicates that this curtain tore from the top to the bottom, which means that a person did not do it. Christians debate what the tearing of this curtain might have symbolized. There are at least three major options:\n\n1. the tearing of the curtain could indicate that access to God is now available to everyone.\n2. the tearing of the curtain could indicate that God is going to destroy the temple.\n3. the tearing of the curtain could indicate that God is revealing something.\n\nSince Mark does not explain what the tearing of the curtain means, you should not explain it in your translation. However, if it would be helpful for your readers, you could include what it might mean in a footnote.\n\n### The tomb\n\nThe tomb in which Jesus was buried ([15:46](../15/46.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was a large hole or room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Sarcasm\n\nIn this chapter, people mock Jesus several times. First, in [15:16–19](../15/16.md), the soldiers pretend like Jesus is a king. They give him a purple robe, a crown of thorns, and they pretend to greet him and honor him as a king. They do not actually believe that Jesus is a king, so they are doing these things sarcastically to make fun of Jesus. Second, in [15:29–32](../15/29.md), people walking by and the Jewish leaders tell Jesus to save himself and to come down from the cross. They do not actually believe that he can do these things, so they are speaking sarcastically to make fun of Jesus. Make sure that it is clear in your translation that these are sarcastic actions done to make fun of Jesus. See the notes on these verses for translation options. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Singular and plural forms of “you”\n\nMost of the forms of “you” in this chapter appear when people are speaking to Jesus. Because of this, most forms of “you” in this chapter are singular. You should assume forms of “you” are singular unless a note specifies that the form is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])\n\n### The historic present\n\nTo call attention to a development in the story, Mark uses the present tense in past narration. In this chapter, the historic present occurs in verses 2, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, and 27. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense]])\n\n### Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani?\n\nIn [15:34](../15/34.md), Mark spells out the sounds of the words that Jesus spoke in his own language, which in this case could have been Aramaic or Hebrew. Either way, Mark translates the words later on in the verse as “My God, my God, why did you forsake me?” You can express the idea as Mark did by spelling out how the words sound and then translating their meaning in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])\n\n### Verse 28\n\nMany of the earliest manuscripts do not include anything for [15:28](../15/28.md). A few early manuscripts and many later manuscripts include the following words: “And the scripture was fulfilled that says, ‘And he was counted with lawless ones.’” Since a similar sentence appears in [Luke 22:37](../luk/22/37.md), it is likely that people who copied the manuscripts accidentally or intentionally added these words here in Mark. Since the earliest manuscripts do not include these words, the ULT and UST include these words in brackets. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to omit these words. If it would be helpful, you could put the words in brackets or in a footnote. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])\n +15:1 yacz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent καὶ εὐθὺς 1 Here, the phrase **And immediately** introduces the next major event in the story. Mark means that this event began soon after the event he just finished narrating. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event. Alternate translation: “Soon after that,” +15:1 pqnv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom συμβούλιον ποιήσαντες 1 Here, the phrase **having made counsel** indicates that the Jewish leaders were working together to figure something out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having made plans” or “having come up with an idea” +15:1 bhdq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ ὅλον τὸ Συνέδριον 1 Here Mark is referring to the rest of the **Sanhedrin**. He does not mean that the **chief priests**, **elders**, and **scribes** whom he has previously mentioned were not part of the **Sanhedrin**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “and the rest of the entire Sanhedrin” or “all the other members of the Sanhedrin” +15:1 xz7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δήσαντες τὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 Here Mark implies that the Jewish council commanded guards to bind Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “having commanded the guards to bind Jesus” +15:1 y550 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπήνεγκαν 1 Here Mark implies that the Jewish council **led** Jesus **away** from the high priest’s house and to the place where **Pilate** was staying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “they led him away from the high priest’s house” +15:1 v2yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρέδωκαν Πειλάτῳ 1 Here Mark implies that the Jewish leaders brought Jesus to Pilate because they wanted Pilate to judge him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “handed him over to Pilate to be judged by him” +15:2 kn7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς αὐτῷ λέγει 1 Together the two words **answering** and **says** mean that Jesus responded to what Pilate asked him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “But he responded to him” or “But he said to him” +15:2 dh6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom σὺ λέγεις 1 Here, the phrase **You say {it}** indicates that the speaker acknowledges the truth of what the other person said. Jesus uses this phrase to indirectly indicate that Pilate is right to suggest that Jesus is **the King of the Jews**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that gives an indirect positive response to a request. If necessary, you could express the idea more directly, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “That is what you say” or “Your words show what is true” +15:3 ue18 κατηγόρουν αὐτοῦ & πολλά 1 Alternate translation: “were saying that Jesus had done many wrong things” or “were telling Pilate that Jesus had frequently done what was wrong” +15:3 bkoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πολλά 1 Here, the word translated **of many things** could: (1) indicate that the chief priests accused Jesus of doing **many** different things. Alternate translation: “of many crimes” (2) indicate that the chief priests accused Jesus **many** times. Alternate translation: “repeatedly” or “again and again” +15:4 dliw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces the next thing that happened. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Then” +15:4 xcz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγων 1 Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “and he asked” +15:4 x1dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὐκ ἀποκρίνῃ οὐδέν? ἴδε, πόσα σου κατηγοροῦσιν! 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these sentences, since the second sentence gives the reason for the question in the first sentence. Alternate translation: “See how many things they are accusing you! Do you not answer anything?” +15:4 q7m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐκ ἀποκρίνῃ οὐδέν 1 The words translated **not** and **anything** are two negative words. In this construction, the second negative does not cancel the first to create a positive meaning. Instead, it gives greater emphasis to the negative. If your language can use two negatives that do not cancel one another to create a positive meaning, you could use a double negative here. If your language does not use two negatives in that way, you could translate with one strong negative, as the ULT does. Alternate translation: “Do you answer nothing” +15:4 s2as οὐκ ἀποκρίνῃ οὐδέν? 1 Alternate translation: “Do you have no answer” +15:4 bzlp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἴδε 1 Here Pilate uses the word **See** to refer to hearing or paying attention to something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Hear” or “Consider” +15:5 uqca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives ὁ & Ἰησοῦς οὐκέτι οὐδὲν ἀπεκρίθη 1 The words translated **no longer** and **anything** are two negative words. In this construction, the second negative does not cancel the first to create a positive meaning. Instead, it gives greater emphasis to the negative. If your language can use two negatives that do not cancel one another to create a positive meaning, you could use a double negative here. If your language does not use two negatives in that way, you could translate with one strong negative, as the ULT does. Alternate translation: “Jesus answered nothing at all” +15:5 way9 ὁ & Ἰησοῦς οὐκέτι οὐδὲν ἀπεκρίθη 1 Alternate translation: “But Jesus gave no more answers” +15:5 camx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε θαυμάζειν 1 Here, the phrase **so as to** introduces a result clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a result clause. Alternate translation: “so that he amazed” +15:6 ul19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background δὲ 1 Here Mark provides background information about something that Pilate, the governor, normally did. This background information will help readers understand what happens next. Use a natural form in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “Here is some important information:”\n +15:6 v8sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἑορτὴν 1 Here, the phrase **the festival** refers to the Passover and the Festival of Unleavened Bread, as indicated in [14:1](../14/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. See how you expressed **festival** in [14:2](../14/02.md). Alternate translation: “the festival of Passover and Unleavened Bread” or “the Festival of Unleavened Bread, including the Passover” +15:6 cgjq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπέλυεν 1 Here Mark implies that Pilate normally or customarily did this. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “he customarily released” or “it was his custom to release” +15:6 cz7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοῖς & παρῃτοῦντο 1 The pronouns **them** and **they** refer to the people who were in Jerusalem at during **the festival**. If this is not clear for your readers, you could refer to these people more directly. Alternate translation: “to the people … they were requesting” or “to the people there … those people were requesting” +15:7 pdy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** marks a continuation of the break in the main story line which began in the preceding verse. Mark is introducing more background information, this time about **Barabbas**, to help readers understand what happens next. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “And” or “Here is some more important information:” +15:7 vwjg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants ἦν & ὁ λεγόμενος Βαραββᾶς, μετὰ τῶν στασιαστῶν δεδεμένος 1 Here Mark introduces **Barabbas** as a new participant in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you could use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “there was a man called Barabass. He had been bound with the rebels” +15:7 lx8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive λεγόμενος 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom people called” +15:7 wvzq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δεδεμένος 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was the Roman authorities. Alternate translation: “whom the Roman soldiers had bound” or “whom the Roman authorities had bound” +15:7 iofn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns φόνον πεποιήκεισαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **murder**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “had murdered others” +15:7 ygwg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῇ στάσει 1 Here Mark refers to an **insurrection** that his readers were familiar with. Most likely, this **insurrection** occurred soon before this story. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “in the recent insurrection” or “in the insurrection that had just happened” +15:7 sp58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῇ στάσει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **insurrection**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “while they were revolting” +15:8 zc0w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀναβὰς 1 Here Mark indicates that the crowd walked **up** to where Pilate was. Most likely, this place was on top of a hill in the city of Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “having come up to the place where Pilate was” or “having walked up a hill to Pilate” +15:8 a4xb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀναβὰς 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “gone” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “having gone up” +15:8 wt1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ἀναβὰς 1 Some ancient manuscripts read **having come up**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “having cried out.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. +15:8 h6w3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αἰτεῖσθαι καθὼς 1 Here Mark implies that the crowd asked Pilate to release a prisoner, **just as** he usually did. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “to request that he release a prisoner, just as” +15:8 ahal rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐποίει 1 Here Mark refers to what Pilate normally or customarily did. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “he customarily did” or “it was his custom to do” +15:9 o3j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγων 1 Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “and he said” +15:9 a0tb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular θέλετε & ὑμῖν 1 Because Pilate is speaking to the crowd in Jerusalem, the word **you** throughout this verse is plural. +15:9 s9qj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν Βασιλέα τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 Here Pilate uses the same title for Jesus that he used in [15:2](../15/02.md). He does not indicate whether he thinks that Jesus really is **the King of the Jews**, but he uses the title because Jesus apparently accepted it in [15:2](../15/02.md). Alternate translation: “the one who is called the King of the Jews” +15:10 i4ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Pilate asked the question that he just asked. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason for a question, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Pilate did that because” +15:10 u647 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ φθόνον 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **envy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because they envied him” or “they were upset that everyone liked him” +15:11 vcom rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces how the chief priests and elders were trying to have Jesus executed in contrast to Pilate, who wanted to release Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast, or you could leave But untranslated. Alternate translation: “In contrast,” +15:11 y5w3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀνέσεισαν 1 Mark speaks of the **chief priests** as if they had **stirred** a pot and put into motion things that had been lying quietly on the bottom. Mark means that the **chief priests** encouraged the crowd to ask Pilate to release Barabbas. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “influenced” or “incited” +15:11 pvu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἵνα & ἀπολύσῃ 1 Here Mark implies that **the crowd** would ask or demand that Pilate **release** Barabbas. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “so that they would demand that he release” +15:11 xxyd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μᾶλλον 1 Here Mark implies that they asked for Barabbas **instead** of Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “instead of releasing Jesus” +15:12 keq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys Πειλᾶτος πάλιν ἀποκριθεὶς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς 1 Together the two terms **answering** and **was saying** mean that Pilate was responding to what the crowd asked for. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent phrase or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Pilate responded to them” or “Pilate said to them” +15:12 p94y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάλιν 1 Mark uses the word **again** here because Pilate had already spoken to them regarding this matter in [15:9](../15/09.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “a second time” or “once more” +15:12 vlm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τί οὖν 1 Here, the word **therefore** indicates that Pilate asks this question in response to the crowd, who were asking that he release Barabbas. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “Once I release Barabbas, what”\n +15:12 r1ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular λέγετε 1 Because Pilate is speaking to the crowd in Jerusalem, the word **you** is plural. +15:12 eky3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants λέγετε 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **{with the one} you call**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “{with}.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. +15:13 dgzm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces the next thing that happened. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Then” +15:13 v6rj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάλιν ἔκραξαν 1 Here, the word **again** could indicate: (1) that the crowd had already cried out for Pilate to release Barabbas, as Mark implies in [15:11](../15/11.md). In this case, you could make the idea more explicit or leave **again** untranslated. Alternate translation: “cried out a second time” (2) that the crowd is replying to what Pilate said. Alternate translation: “yelled back” or “shouted back at PIlate” +15:13 n6jb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σταύρωσον αὐτόν 1 Here the crowd means that they want Pilate to command his soldiers to **Crucify him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “Command some soldiers to crucify him” +15:13 nwms rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative σταύρωσον αὐτόν 1 This is an imperative, but it should be translated as a request or a demand rather than as a command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that would express a demand or request. Alternate translation: “We want you to crucify him”\n +15:14 efgv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ -1 In both places, the word **But** introduces what Pilate or the crowds say in contrast to what the other person or people said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words or phrases that introduce this kind of contrast, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “In response, … In response,” or “However, … Yet” +15:14 fb4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί γὰρ κακόν ἐποίησεν? 1 Pilate is using the question form to emphasize that he thinks that Jesus has not done any **evil**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Despite what you say, he did not do evil.” or “Yet he has certainly not done evil!” +15:14 iee4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τί γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** indicates that Pilate is asking for a reason why the crowd wants him to crucify Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that indicates that a question is asking for a reason for something. Alternate translation: “Why? What” or “What is your reason for that? What” +15:14 x3si rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj κακόν 1 Pilate is using the adjective **evil** as a noun to mean an evil thing. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “evil thing” +15:14 e55i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σταύρωσον αὐτόν 1 See how you translated the phrase **Crucify him** in [15:13](../15/13.md). Alternate translation: “We ask that you command some soldiers to crucify him” +15:15 dq7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces the next thing that happened. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Then” 15:15 qt8y τῷ ὄχλῳ τὸ ἱκανὸν ποιῆσαι 1 Alternate translation: “to make the crowd happy by doing what they wanted him to do” -15:15 fwg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit φραγελλώσας 1 Mark assumes that his readers will know that Pilate did not actually flog **Jesus**, and he assumes his readers will know that Pilate ordered his soldiers to do it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate that explicitly, as modeled by the UST. -15:15 yzn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown φραγελλώσας 1 If your readers would not be familiar with this form of punishment, you could explain explicitly what flogging was. Flogging was a Roman penalty in which they whipped a person with a whip to which were attached pieces of bone and metal to increase the whip’s capacity to do harm to the person being flogged. Alternate translation: “having whipped Jesus with a whip with pieces of bone and metal attached to it” or “having whipped Jesus with a whip to which was attached pieces of bone and metal” -15:15 w1sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal καὶ παρέδωκεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν φραγελλώσας, ἵνα σταυρωθῇ 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. With the phrase **so that he might be crucified**, Mark is stating the purpose for which Pilate **handed Jesus over**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “and after having Jesus flogged, he handed Jesus over to them in order that they might crucify him” -15:15 r9id rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive σταυρωθῇ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Mark implies that Pilate’s “soldiers” did it. Alternate translation: “his soldiers might take him away and crucify him” -15:16 eg6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background ὅ ἐστιν πραιτώριον 1 By clarifying **(that is, the Praetorium)**, Mark explains that **the courtyard** is part of the official residence of the Roman governor. This background information is given to help his readers understand exactly what he means by using the word **courtyard**. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. Alternate translation: “which is, the Praetorium” -15:16 lb2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πραιτώριον 1 The **Praetorium** was where the Roman governor stayed when he was in Jerusalem and where the soldiers in Jerusalem lived. Mark assumes that his readers will know what the **Praetorium** is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the palace where the governor and his soldiers lived” or “the Roman governor’s residence” -15:16 b5gs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅλην τὴν σπεῖραν 1 Mark assumes that his readers will know that a **cohort** was a unit of Roman soldiers. A **cohort** normally numbered around 600 men but could sometimes refer to a number as small as 200 men. Here, by saying **the whole cohort**, Mark most likely means all the soldiers from the **cohort** who were on duty at that time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate explicitly that a **cohort** was a unit of Roman soldiers. Additionally, you could also say explicitly that it was only the soldiers who were on duty who were called together, as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the whole unit of soldiers” or “the whole unit of soldiers who were on duty there” -15:17 tn33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐνδιδύσκουσιν αὐτὸν πορφύραν, καὶ περιτιθέασιν αὐτῷ πλέξαντες ἀκάνθινον στέφανον 1 In Roman culture, a **purple robe** and a **crown** were worn by kings. The soldiers put a **crown** made from **thorns** and a **purple robe** on Jesus in order to mock him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning explicitly. It may be helpful to your readers to make this a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “they put a purple robe on him and placed on his head a crown that they had made by twisting thorns together. They did these things in order to mock him by pretending that they believed he really was a king” -15:17 ly5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown πορφύραν 1 The word **purple** denotes a color. If your readers would be unfamiliar with the color **purple**, you could use the closest equivalent color that your readers would be familiar with such as “crimson” or “scarlet” (“crimson” and “scarlet” are two different names for the same color) since Matthew records in [Matt 27:28](../mat/27/28.md) that the color of the robe was “scarlet.” The fact that Matthew and Mark use a different color to describe the color of the same robe probably means that its color closely resembled both “scarlet” and **purple**. If your readers would be unfamiliar with these colors, you could use the closest equivalent color that they would be familiar with, such as “red” or “dark red.” Alternate translation: “dark red” or “red” or “crimson” or “scarlet” -15:17 xfk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche πλέξαντες ἀκάνθινον στέφανον 1 Mark uses the word **thorns** to refer to small branches with **thorns** on them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having twisted it together from thorny branches, a crown” -15:18 ft1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony ἀσπάζεσθαι αὐτόν, Χαῖρε, Βασιλεῦ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 The word **Rejoice** was a common greeting, but the soldiers used this greeting in order to mock Jesus. They did not believe that Jesus was really the **King of the Jews**. They actually meant to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of their words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could provide a brief explanation. Alternate translation: “to salute him by saying in a mocking manner: ‘Rejoice, King of the Jews’” -15:19 gz3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony καλάμῳ, καὶ 1 Matthew records in [Matt 27:19](../mat/27/19.md) that the soldiers placed a **reed** in Jesus’ “right hand” and that “they mocked him” by saying, “Hail, King of the Jews!” At this time in history, kings used scepters. The **reed** would have resembled a scepter, so the soldiers are using a **reed** here to mock Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could provide a brief explanation. Alternate translation: “with a reed that they were using as a pretend scepter, and they were” -15:19 muvw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction ἐνέπτυον αὐτῷ 1 In this culture, the action of **spitting on** a person was a way to show thorough disgust. It expressed strong contempt for someone. If your readers would not understand the meaning of **spitting on** someone in this context and there is a gesture with a similar meaning in your culture, you could use it here in place of this action. -15:19 a8a9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony τιθέντες τὰ γόνατα, προσεκύνουν αὐτῷ 1 The acts of **bending the knee** and **bowing down** were things normally done as a way of honoring kings. The soldiers actually mean to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of their actions. These soldiers do not really believe that Jesus is a king, but rather, they are doing these things to express mockery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could provide a brief explanation. Also see the discussion about this idea in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “bending the knee, they were bowing down to him in order to mock him” -15:20 styv πορφύραν 1 See how you translated the word **purple** in [15:17](../15/17.md). -15:20 dp33 ἐξάγουσιν αὐτὸν 1 Alternate translation: “then they led him out of the city” or “required Jesus to carry his cross and then led Jesus out of the city” or “made Jesus carry his cross and led Jesus out of the city” +15:15 vqiw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρέδωκεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 Here Mark implies that Pilate **handed Jesus over** to his soldiers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “he handed Jesus over to his soldiers” +15:15 fwg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit φραγελλώσας 1 Here Mark implies that Pilate had his soldiers flog Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “having commanded his soldiers to flog him” +15:15 yzn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown φραγελλώσας 1 Flogging was a Roman penalty in which soldiers whipped a person with a whip to which were attached pieces of bone and metal to increase the whip’s capacity to do harm to the person being flogged. If your readers would not be familiar with this form of punishment, you could explain explicitly what flogging was. Alternate translation: “having whipped him with a whip to which were attached pieces of bone and metal” +15:15 w1sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose for which Pilate **handed Jesus over**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” +15:15 r9id rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive σταυρωθῇ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who would do the action, it is clear from the context that it would be Pilate’s soldiers. Alternate translation: “the soldiers might crucify him” +15:16 exdu rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces the next major event in the story. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Then,” +15:16 eg6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς αὐλῆς, ὅ ἐστιν πραιτώριον, καὶ 1 Here Mark provides an explanation of what this specific **courtyard** was. Use a form that shows that Mark is giving more information about the **courtyard**. Alternate translation: “the courtyard—that is, the Praetorium—and” or “the courtyard. This courtyard was part of the Praetorium. They”\n +15:16 abe0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς αὐλῆς 1 Here, the word translated **courtyard** could refer to: (1) the open area that was part of the **Praetorium**. Alternate translation: “the open area that belonged to the Roman soldiers” (2) Pilate’s palace or residence. Alternate translation: “the palace” +15:16 lb2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πραιτώριον 1 The **Praetorium** was where the Roman governor stayed when he was in Jerusalem and where the soldiers in Jerusalem lived. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of structure, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the government building” or “the governor’s residence” +15:16 b5gs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅλην τὴν σπεῖραν 1 The word **cohort** is a military term. Each **cohort** is a group of about 600 soldiers, which is a tenth of a legion. Most likely, Mark is referring to all the soldiers who were stationed in Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable military term in your language or a more general term. Alternate translation: “the whole company” or “all the soldiers stationed there” +15:17 tn33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐνδιδύσκουσιν αὐτὸν πορφύραν, καὶ περιτιθέασιν αὐτῷ πλέξαντες ἀκάνθινον στέφανον 1 In Roman culture, a **purple robe** was like the expensive clothing worn by kings, and in that culture a king usually wore a **crown**. The soldiers put a **purple robe** and a **crown of thorns** on Jesus to pretend that he was a king, even though they did not think that he really was a king. They did this to mock him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “put on him a purple robe in mockery and place on him, having woven it together, a crown of thorns as if he were a king” or “put on him a purple robe and place on him, having woven it together, a crown of thorns. They did these things in order to mock him by pretending that they believed he really was a king” +15:17 ilug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ ἐνδιδύσκουσιν αὐτὸν 1 As [15:20](../15/20.md) indicates, the soldiers took Jesus’ own clothes off before putting the **purple robe** on him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate that more explicitly here. Alternate translation: “and, having taken off his garments, put on him” +15:17 ly5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown πορφύραν 1 The word **purple** refers to a color that is a combination of blue and red. If your readers would be unfamiliar with the color **purple**, you could refer to a similar color. Alternate translation: “a lavender robe” or “a reddish-blue robe” +15:17 isxw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἀκάνθινον στέφανον 1 Mark is using the possessive form to describe a **crown** that is made from branches with **thorns** on them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a crown made from thorns” +15:17 xfk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀκάνθινον 1 Mark uses the word **thorns** to refer to small branches with **thorns** on them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “of thorny branches”\n +15:18 ft1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony Χαῖρε, Βασιλεῦ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 Here the soldiers mock Jesus by greeting him as if he were **King of the Jews** when they do not believe that he actually is. They actually meant to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of their words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that indicates that this is irony. Alternate translation: “Rejoice, you so-called King of the Jews” +15:18 c4ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Χαῖρε 1 In Jesus’ culture, people commonly greeted each other with the word **Rejoice**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable word or phrase that people use to greet each other. Alternate translation: “Hello” +15:19 muvw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction ἐνέπτυον αὐτῷ 1 In Jesus’ culture, people would spit on someone to insult that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain what this action means. Alternate translation: “spitting on him to dishonor him” +15:19 a8a9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction τιθέντες τὰ γόνατα, προσεκύνουν αὐτῷ 1 In Jesus’ culture, **bending the knee** and **bowing** before someone was a way to respect a greater person, especially when asking the greater person to do a favor. Here, the soldiers perform this action to mock Jesus by pretending that he is a king. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to a similar action from your culture, or you could explain what kneeling means. Alternate translation: “they were prostrating themselves before him” or “they were kneeling down before him as if he were a king” +15:19 dd05 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet τιθέντες τὰ γόνατα, προσεκύνουν αὐτῷ 1 The phrases **bending the knee** and **bowing down** mean similar things. Mark is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “they were bowing down low to him” or “they were formally bending the knee to him” +15:20 styv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown πορφύραν 1 See how you translated the phrase **purple robe** in [15:17](../15/17.md). Alternate translation: “lavender robe” or “reddish-blue robe” +15:20 dp33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐξάγουσιν αὐτὸν 1 Here Mark implies that the soldiers **led** Jesus **out** from the Praetorium. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “led him out of the Praetorium” 15:20 euk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces the purpose for which Jesus was **led** out, namely that **they might crucify him**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” -15:21 cj4l ἀγγαρεύουσιν & ἵνα ἄρῃ τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ 1 According to Roman law, a solider could force a man he came upon along the road to carry a load. In this case, they forced Simon to carry Jesus’ cross. -15:21 s4j3 ἀπ’ ἀγροῦ 1 Alternate translation: “from outside the city” +15:21 zo0f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants καὶ ἀγγαρεύουσιν, παράγοντά τινα Σίμωνα Κυρηναῖον, ἐρχόμενον ἀπ’ ἀγροῦ, τὸν πατέρα Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ Ῥούφου, ἵνα ἄρῃ τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ 1 Here Mark introduces **Simon** as a new participant in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you could use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “And a certain man was passing by, Simon, a Cyrenean (the father of Alexander and Rufus). He was coming from the country. They pressed him into service so that he might carry his cross” +15:21 cj4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἀγγαρεύουσιν 1 According to Roman law, Roman soldiers could press someone **into service**, which means that they could force a person to carry a load for them or work for them. In this case, they forced **Simon** to carry Jesus’ cross. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of forced service, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “they conscripted” or “they compelled to work for them” +15:21 i242 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀγγαρεύουσιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **service**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “they forced to serve them” 15:21 rtz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Σίμωνα & Ἀλεξάνδρου & Ῥούφου 1 The words **Simon**, **Alexander**, and **Rufus** are the names of men. -15:21 n1oz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἐρχόμενον 1 Your language may say “going” rather than **coming** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “going” -15:21 cyn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background τὸν πατέρα Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ Ῥούφου 1 The phrase **the father of Alexander and Rufus** is background information about the man whom the soldiers forced to carry Jesus’ cross. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. -15:21 d3i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces the purpose for which **they pressed into service a certain passerby, Simon of Cyrene**, namely **so that** they could require him to **carry** Jesus’ **cross**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” -15:22 w6c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate Γολγοθᾶν, τόπον ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον, Κρανίου Τόπος 1 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe word **Golgotha** is an Aramaic word. Mark used Greek letters to express the sound of this Aramaic word so that his readers would know how it sounded, and then he told them that it meant **Place of a Skull**. In your translation you could spell it the way it sounds in your language and then explain its meaning. -15:22 e49p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo Γολγοθᾶν & Κρανίου Τόπος 1 Matthew says in [Matt 27:33](../mat/27/33.md) that **Golgotha** was “a place called Golgotha,” so it is clear that this was the name of a location, but the reason why this place was called **Place of a Skull** is not known. It could have been called **Place of a Skull** because the appearance of this place resembled a skull or because it was the site of so many executions, in which case the name **Skull** is being used as metonymy to refer to death. Because the reason that this location was called **Place of a Skull** is unknown, you should translate this phrase in a way that allows for either meaning, as modeled by the ULT and UST. -15:22 m1dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as modeled by the UST. -15:23 e9xd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐσμυρνισμένον οἶνον 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain that **myrrh** was a pain-relieving medicine. Alternate translation: “wine mixed with a pain-relieving medicine called myrrh” or “wine mixed with a pain-relieving drug called myrrh” -15:23 ld7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐσμυρνισμένον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form, as modeled by the UST, or in another way that is natural in your language. -15:23 r0xy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 What follows the word **but** here is in contrast to what was expected, that Jesus would drink the **wine having been mixed with myrrh**. Instead, Jesus refused to drink it. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. -15:24 s5m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown βάλλοντες κλῆρον ἐπ’ αὐτὰ 1 The term **lot** refers to an object with different markings on various sides that would be used to decide randomly among several possibilities. It would be tossed onto the ground to see which marked side would come up on top. If your readers would not be familiar with **a lot**, you could state that it was “something like dice,” as UST does. But if your readers would also not be familiar with dice, then you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “and the Roman soldiers gambled for them” -15:24 mn6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τίς τί ἄρῃ 1 Mark is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be helpful in your language. Alternate translation: “to decide who would take what” -15:25 dzbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background δὲ 1 Mark uses the word **Now** to introduce the background information of the time of day when Jesus was crucified. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. Alternate translation: “And” -15:25 q1ze rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal ὥρα τρίτη 1 The Jews and the Romans divided the day into a 12-hour time period and the night into a 12-hour period. Here the phrase **the third hour** refers to **the third hour** of the day, which was approximately three hours after sunrise. Here, **third** is an ordinal number. If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can translate the phrase **the third hour** as “nine o’clock in the morning”, as modeled by the UST, since this is what time the phrase **the third hour** is referring to. Alternately, you can express the meaning of the phrase **the third hour** in some other way that is natural in your culture. Alternate translation: “nine o’clock in the morning” -15:26 k1ku ἐπιγραφὴ 1 Alternate translation: “notice” -15:26 b84a τῆς αἰτίας αὐτοῦ ἐπιγεγραμμένη 1 Alternate translation: “of the crime they were accusing him of doing” -15:26 cbx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπιγεγραμμένη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as modeled by the UST. -15:26 c0zf ὁ Βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 See how you translated the phrase “the King of the Jews” in [15:2](../15/02.md). -15:27 mgf3 ἕνα ἐκ δεξιῶν καὶ ἕνα ἐξ εὐωνύμων αὐτοῦ 1 Alternate translation: “one robber on his right side and one robber on his left side” or “one on a cross on the right side of him and one on a cross on the left side of him” -15:28 itjz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Καὶ ἐπληρώθη ἡ γραφὴ ἡ λέγουσα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form, as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “And by crucifying Jesus with robbers, they fulfilled the scripture that says” -15:28 d5g8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Καὶ μετὰ ἀνόμων ἐλογίσθη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form, as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “And he was reckoned by God and by people as being with the wicked” -15:29 v8nu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction κινοῦντες τὰς κεφαλὰς αὐτῶν 1 The people’s action of **wagging their heads** at Jesus showed their disdain for him and that they disapproved of him. If your readers would not understand what it means to shake one’s head at someone in this context and there is a gesture with a similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation. -15:29 a7ft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations οὐὰ 1 **Aha** is an exclamation word that communicates triumph, usually over an enemy. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “Take that!” -15:29 hy37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ καταλύων τὸν ναὸν καὶ οἰκοδομῶν ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις 1 The people refer to Jesus by what he earlier prophesied that he would do. Alternate translation: “You who said you would destroy the temple and rebuild it in three days” -15:31 d5se ἐμπαίζοντες πρὸς ἀλλήλους 1 Alternate translation: “were saying mocking things about Jesus among themselves” -15:31 n13x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony ἄλλους ἔσωσεν 1 Here, the Jewish leaders are using irony. They do not really believe that Jesus **saved** other people. If it would be helpful in your language, consider expressing the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He supposedly saved other people” -15:31 o9qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἄλλους ἔσωσεν 1 In context, the Jewish leaders are implicitly referring to how Jesus **saved others** by healing their diseases, releasing them from demon-possession, and helping saving them from other physical problems. They did not think that Jesus saved them from sin or divine judgment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “He supposedly saved other people by doing miracles for them” -15:32 t1vm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony ὁ Χριστὸς, ὁ Βασιλεὺς Ἰσραὴλ καταβάτω 1 Here, the Jewish leaders are using irony. They do not really believe that Jesus is **the Christ, the King of Israel**. If it would be helpful in your language, consider expressing the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He calls himself the Christ and the King of the Israelites. So let him come down” or “If he really is the Christ and the King of the Israelite people, he should come down” -15:32 q5qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical ὁ Χριστὸς, ὁ Βασιλεὺς Ἰσραὴλ καταβάτω νῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ σταυροῦ, ἵνα ἴδωμεν καὶ πιστεύσωμεν 1 The Jewish leaders are using a hypothetical situation since they do not believe that Jesus actually has the power to come down from the cross. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate plainly that the Jewish leaders are using this as a hypothetical situation. Use whatever form in your language would be most natural to communicate this. Alternate translation: “If he really is the Christ, the King of Israel, let him come down now from the cross. Then we will see and believe that he is the Christ and the King of Israel” -15:32 f8yw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces the purpose for which they said that Jesus should **come down now from the cross**, which was in order that **they might see and might believe**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” -15:32 r6c4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πιστεύσωμεν 1 The phrase **might believe** means to believe in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “believe in him” -15:32 dcb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive συνεσταυρωμένοι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Mark implies in [15:20](../15/20.md) that “soldiers” are the ones who are crucifying Jesus and the two other men. Alternate translation: “whom the soldiers had crucified” -15:33 q1gh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal ὥρας ἕκτης 1 The Jews and the Romans divided the day into a 12-hour time period and the night into a 12-hour period. Here, the phrase **the sixth hour** refers to the sixth hour of the day, often called “twelve o’clock” or “noon” in some parts of the world. The **the sixth hour** of the day was approximately six hours after sunrise. The term **sixth** is an ordinal number. If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can translate the phrase **the sixth hour** as “noon”, as modeled by the UST, or as “twelve o’clock.” Alternately, you can translate it in some other way that is natural in your language. See how you translated the phrase “the third hour” in [15:25](../15/25.md). Alternate translation: “the hour of twelve o’clock” -15:33 m67d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal ἕως ὥρας ἐνάτης 1 The phrase **the ninth hour** refers to “three o’clock in the afternoon”, approximately nine hours after sunrise. The term **ninth** is an ordinal number. If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can translate the phrase **the ninth hour** as “three o’clock in the afternoon,” as modeled by the UST, or in some other way that is natural in your language. See how you translated the phrase “the third hour” in [15:25](../15/25.md), and the phrase “the sixth hour” earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “until three hours after noon” or “for three hours” -15:34 r6tj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal τῇ ἐνάτῃ ὥρᾳ 1 See how you translated the phrase **the ninth hour** in [15:33](../15/33.md). -15:34 azt0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐβόησεν & φωνῇ μεγάλῃ 1 The expression **cried out with a loud voice** is an idiom that means Jesus raised the volume of his **voice**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “cried out loudly” -15:34 ls1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate Ἐλωῒ, Ἐλωῒ, λεμὰ σαβαχθάνει? ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον, ὁ Θεός μου, ὁ Θεός μου, εἰς τί ἐγκατέλιπές με 1 Jesus statement **Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani** is an Aramaic phrase. Jesus is quoting from [Psalm 22:1](../psa/22/01.md). Mark uses Greek letters to express the sounds of this Aramaic phrase so that his readers would know how it sounded, and then he told them that it meant **My God, my God, why did you forsake me**. In your translation you could spell this phrase the way it sounds in your language and then explain its meaning. -15:34 qw71 ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον 1 See how you translated the phrase **which is translated** in [15:22](../15/22.md). -15:35 apg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καί τινες τῶν παρεστηκότων, ἀκούσαντες ἔλεγον 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate explicitly that some of the people standing by misunderstood what Jesus said, as modeled by the UST. -15:37 xkpk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἀφεὶς φωνὴν μεγάλην 1 See how you translated the phrase “cried out with a loud voice” in [15:34](../15/34.md). -15:37 puak rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism ἐξέπνευσεν 1 Mark is referring to death in a polite way by using the word **expired**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “he stopped breathing” or “he died” -15:38 sk3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐσχίσθη εἰς δύο 1 See the General Notes to this chapter for an explanation of the symbolic significance of this action. -15:38 t71k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ 1 Mark assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to **the curtain** that separated the Most Holy Place from the rest of the **temple**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the curtain in front of the Most Holy Place” -15:38 ni8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐσχίσθη 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the phrase **was split** with an active form, and you could state who did the action. Alternate translation: “God split” -15:39 hue4 ἐξέπνευσεν 1 See how you translated the word **expired** in [15:37](../15/37.md). -15:39 ariw ἀληθῶς 1 See how you translated the word **Truly** in [3:28](../03/28.md). Alternate translation: “Certainly” -15:39 nqv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς Θεοῦ 1 The title **Son of God** is an important title for Jesus. -15:40 gkgi rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge ἐν αἷς καὶ Μαριὰμ ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ, καὶ Μαρία ἡ Ἰακώβου τοῦ μικροῦ καὶ Ἰωσῆ μήτηρ, καὶ Σαλώμη 1 If it would be more natural in your language to first give background information about these women before listing individual names, you could create a verse bridge by moving this sentence to the end of verse 41. You would then present the combined verses as 40–41, as modeled by the UST. -15:40 zc9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Μαριὰμ ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ & Μαρία ἡ Ἰακώβου τοῦ μικροῦ καὶ Ἰωσῆ μήτηρ 1 Because **Mary** was a very common name at this time and because Mark refers to two different women with the name **Mary** in this verse, he provides this background information to help readers know to which **Mary** he is referring in each case. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. -15:40 z5ra rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰακώβου τοῦ μικροῦ 1 The word **James** is the name a man. This man is probably referred to as **the younger** here to distinguish him from other men named **James**, since he is not James the brother of Jesus, James son of Zebedee, or James son of Alphaeus. -15:40 wdrq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰωσῆ 1 The word **Joses** is the name a man. This **Joses** was not the same person as the younger brother of Jesus. See how you translated the same name in [6:3](../06/03.md). +15:21 cyn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Κυρηναῖον & τὸν πατέρα Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ Ῥούφου 1 The phrases **a Cyrenean** and **the father of Alexander and Rufus** include background information about the man whom the soldiers forced to carry Jesus’ cross. Use a natural form in your language for expressing background information. Alternate translation: “who was a Cyrenean and who was the father of Alexander and Rufus” +15:21 s4j3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐρχόμενον ἀπ’ ἀγροῦ 1 Here Mark implies that **Simon** was **coming** from the farmlands outside Jerusalem and going toward Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “coming into Jerusalem from outside the city” +15:21 n1oz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἐρχόμενον 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “going” instead of **coming**. Alternate translation: “going” +15:21 d3i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces the purpose for which **they pressed** Simon **into service**, namely **so that** they could require him to **carry** Jesus’ **cross**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” +15:22 w6c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate Γολγοθᾶν 1 The word **Golgotha** is an Aramaic word. Mark has spelled it out using Greek letters so his readers would know how it sounded. Since Mark states what this word means later in the verse, you also should spell it out the way it sounds in your language. +15:22 m1dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which one can translate as” +15:23 x6d1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐδίδουν 1 Here, the pronoun **they** could refer: (1) the soldiers. Alternate translation: “some of the soldiers were giving” (2) to some people who were nearby. Alternate translation: “some people there were giving” +15:23 e9xd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo ἐσμυρνισμένον οἶνον 1 Scholars do not agree on why **myrrh** would be mixed with wine for Jesus to drink. It could be to make the wine smell or taste special, in which case the soldiers are continuing to mock Jesus as a king. It could be that people thought that the **myrrh** would lessen the pain that Jesus was going to experience. If possible, refer to the **myrrh** without explaining why it would be **mixed** in. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include some of this information in a footnote. +15:23 qyt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἐσμυρνισμένον 1 The word **myrrh** refers to a fragrant resin or gum that is collected from trees. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of resin or gum, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “having been mixed with a fragrant gum” or “having been mixed with myrrh, a sweet-smelling resin” +15:23 ld7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐσμυρνισμένον 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was the people who offered the wine to Jesus. Alternate translation: “that people had mixed with myrrh” +15:24 f6qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καὶ διαμερίζονται τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ, βάλλοντες κλῆρον ἐπ’ αὐτὰ, τίς τί ἄρῃ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could rearrange these clauses so that the events they describe are in sequence. Alternate translation: “also they cast a lot for his garments, who would take what, and then they divided his garments” +15:24 t99r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διαμερίζονται τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ 1 Here Mark means that the soldiers took the clothes that Jesus had been wearing and divided them up by giving each piece of clothing to a soldier. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “they take his clothes and distribute them among them” +15:24 s5m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown βάλλοντες κλῆρον ἐπ’ αὐτὰ 1 The term **lot** refers to an object with different markings on various sides that was used to decide randomly among several possibilities. It would be tossed onto the ground to see which marked side would come up on top. If your readers would not be familiar with **a lot**, you could refer to a similar practice in your culture, or you could use a more general expression for gambling. Alternate translation: “rolling dice for them” or “deciding randomly about them” +15:24 mn6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αὐτὰ, τίς τί ἄρῃ 1 Here Mark implies that this is the purpose for which they were **casting a lot**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “them to decide who would take what” or “them in order to choose which soldier would take which piece of clothing” +15:25 dzbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background ἦν δὲ 1 Mark uses the word **Now** to introduce background information, which is the time of day when Jesus was crucified. Use a natural form in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “This all happened during” or “As for the time, it was” +15:25 japr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ὥρα τρίτη 1 In this culture, people began counting the hours each day beginning around daybreak at six o’clock in the morning. So, **the third hour** would be around nine o’clock in the morning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this in the way the people of your culture reckon time. Alternate translation: “9:00 AM” +15:25 q1ze rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal ὥρα τρίτη 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use a cardinal number here or an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “hour three” +15:26 b84a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ ἐπιγραφὴ τῆς αἰτίας αὐτοῦ 1 Here, Mark is using the possessive form to describe an **inscription** that states the **charge** that was made against Jesus. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the inscription that stated the charge against him” +15:26 k1ku rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἐπιγραφὴ 1 Here, the word **inscription** refers to a few words written to identify something. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of writing, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “written description” or “identification” +15:26 cbx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπιγεγραμμένη 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was the soldiers. Alternate translation: “which one of the soldiers had written” +15:26 c0zf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony ὁ Βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 Here the soldiers continue mock Jesus by referring to him as if he were **King of the Jews** when they do not believe that he actually is. They actually mean to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of their words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that indicates that this is irony. See how you expressed the similar idea in [15:18](../15/18.md). Alternate translation: “The so-called King of the Jews”\n +15:27 mgf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἕνα ἐκ δεξιῶν καὶ ἕνα ἐξ εὐωνύμων αὐτοῦ 1 Here, Mark uses the adjectives **right** and **left** as nouns to refer to Jesus’ right and left sides. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “one on his right side and one on his left side” +15:28 xybh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants Καὶ ἐπληρώθη ἡ γραφὴ ἡ λέγουσα Καὶ μετὰ ἀνόμων ἐλογίσθη 1 See the discussion of textual issues at the end of the General Notes to this chapter to decide whether to include this verse in your translation. The notes below discuss translation issues in this verse, for those who decide to include it. +15:28 tkdc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἐπληρώθη ἡ γραφὴ ἡ λέγουσα 1 Here the author quotes from the Old Testament scriptures, specifically from [Isaiah 53:12](../isa/53/12.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could format these words in a different way and include this information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “the passage in Isaiah was fulfilled that says” or “what Isaiah the prophet wrote was fulfilled. He wrote” +15:28 itjz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπληρώθη ἡ γραφὴ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was the soldiers crucifying Jesus with two robbers. Alternate translation: “that fulfilled the scripture” or “when the soldiers crucified those two robbers with Jesus, it fulfilled the scripture” +15:28 d5g8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Καὶ μετὰ ἀνόμων ἐλογίσθη 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, you could use an indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “And they counted him with lawless ones” or “And others counted him with lawless ones” +15:29 v8nu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction κινοῦντες τὰς κεφαλὰς αὐτῶν 1 The people’s action of **wagging their heads** at Jesus showed that they felt disdain for him and that they disapproved of him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a gesture with a similar meaning in your culture, or you could indicate what the gesture means. Alternate translation: “showing disdain for him by wagging their heads” or “wagging their heads to mock him” +15:29 a7ft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations οὐὰ 1 Here, the word **Aha** expresses mock surprise. In other words, the people are pretending to be surprised that Jesus is on the cross in order to mock him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that expresses this idea in your language. Alternate translation: “Wow” or “What” +15:29 hy37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ καταλύων τὸν ναὸν καὶ οἰκοδομῶν ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις 1 Here the people refer to Jesus by what the false witnesses testified during his trial that he had said (see [14:58](../14/58.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate more explicitly that the people are describing Jesus. Alternate translation: “You who said that you would destroy the temple and rebuild it in three days” +15:29 zhpn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις 1 Here, the phrase **in three days** refers to a time period made up of three days. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. See how you translated the similar phrase in [14:58](../14/58.md). Alternate translation: “during a period of three days” +15:30 r4dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go καταβὰς 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “gone” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “having gone down” +15:31 d5se ἐμπαίζοντες πρὸς ἀλλήλους 1 Alternate translation: “saying mocking things about Jesus among themselves” +15:31 o9qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἄλλους ἔσωσεν 1 In context, the Jewish leaders are implicitly referring to how Jesus **saved others** by healing their diseases, releasing them from demon-possession, and saving them from other physical problems. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “He saved others by curing or exorcising them” +15:31 n13x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἄλλους 1 The Jewish leaders are using the adjective **others** as a noun to mean other people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “other men and women” +15:32 q5qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo ὁ Χριστὸς, ὁ Βασιλεὺς Ἰσραὴλ καταβάτω νῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ σταυροῦ, ἵνα ἴδωμεν καὶ πιστεύσωμεν 1 Here the Jewish leaders use what they think is an imaginary situation to prove that Jesus is not really **the Christ, the King of Israel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “Imagine he really were the Christ, the King of Israel. In that case, he should come down now from the cross so that we might see and might believe” or “If he is the Christ, the King of Israel, let him come down now from the cross. Then, we will see and believe” +15:32 t1vm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony ὁ Χριστὸς, ὁ Βασιλεὺς Ἰσραὴλ καταβάτω 1 Here the Jewish leaders mock Jesus by speaking about him as if he were **the Christ, the King of Israel** when they do not believe that he actually is. They actually mean to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of their words, as Mark indicated when he says that they mocked Jesus (see [15:31](../15/31.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that indicates that this is irony. Alternate translation: “Let the so-called Christ, the King of Israel, come down” or “He calls himself the Christ, the King of Israel. Let him come down”\n +15:32 f8yw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p ὁ Χριστὸς, ὁ Βασιλεὺς Ἰσραὴλ καταβάτω 1 If your language does not use the third-person imperative in this way, you could state this in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The Christ, the King of Israel, must come down” +15:32 r6c4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ὁ Χριστὸς, ὁ Βασιλεὺς Ἰσραὴλ καταβάτω 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “go” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “Let the Christ, the King of Israel, go down” +15:32 ljm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἴδωμεν καὶ πιστεύσωμεν 1 Here the Jewish leaders imply that they **might see** Jesus coming down from the cross and then they **might believe** that he really is **the Christ, the King of Israel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make those ideas more explicit. Alternate translation: “we might see him come down and might believe that he really is the Christ” +15:32 dcb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive συνεσταυρωμένοι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was the soldiers. Alternate translation: “whom Pilate’s soldiers were crucifying” +15:33 q1gh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ὥρας ἕκτης & ὥρας ἐνάτης 1 In this culture, people began counting the hours each day beginning around daybreak at six o’clock in the morning. So, **the sixth hour** would be around noon, and **the ninth hour** would be around three o’clock in the afternoon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this in the way the people of your culture reckon time. See how you translated the similar time reference in [15:25](../15/25.md). Alternate translation: “12:00 PM … 3:00 PM” +15:33 m67d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal ὥρας ἕκτης & ὥρας ἐνάτης 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use cardinal numbers here or equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “hour six … hour nine” +15:33 ckv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns σκότος ἐγένετο 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **darkness**, you could express it in a different way. Alternate translation: “the sky darkened” or “the light dimmed” +15:33 b3dx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐφ’ ὅλην τὴν γῆν 1 Here, **the whole land** could refer to: (1) the entire area around where Jesus was crucified. This could include just the city of Jerusalem or all of Palestine. Alternate translation: “over that whole region” (2) the entire earth. Alternate translation: “over the whole earth” +15:34 r6tj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown τῇ ἐνάτῃ ὥρᾳ 1 See how you translated the phrase **the ninth hour** in [15:33](../15/33.md). Alternate translation: “3:00 PM” +15:34 o6ni rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal τῇ ἐνάτῃ ὥρᾳ 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use a cardinal number here or an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “at hour nine” +15:34 azt0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐβόησεν & φωνῇ μεγάλῃ 1 Here, the phrase **cried out with a loud voice** means that Jesus raised the volume of his voice. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yelled loudly” +15:34 ls1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate Ἐλωῒ, Ἐλωῒ, λεμὰ σαβαχθάνει? 1 This phrase is what Jesus **cried out** in his own language, either Aramaic or Hebrew. Mark has spelled the words out using Greek letters so his readers would know how they sounded. Since Mark states what these words mean later in the verse, you also should spell them out the way they sound in your language. +15:34 qw71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you expressed this construction in [15:22](../15/22.md). Alternate translation: “which one can translate as” +15:34 n09i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication ὁ Θεός μου, ὁ Θεός μου 1 Here Jesus repeats the phrase **My God** to express the urgency and emotion of his question. If repeating this phrase would not express urgency or emotion in your language, you could eliminate the repetition and express the urgency and emotion in another way. Alternate translation: “Please, my God” +15:35 apg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀκούσαντες 1 Mark implies that the people did not understand what Jesus said. They heard him say “Eloi,” which means “My God,” but they thought it sounded like the name Elijah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state more explicitly that these people misunderstood Jesus. Alternate translation: “having heard Jesus speaking without understanding him” +15:35 zkid rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ἴδε 1 Here, the word **Behold** draws the attention of the audience and asks them to listen carefully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express **Behold** with a word or phrase that asks the audience to listen or pay attention. Alternate translation: “Pay attention” or “See” +15:36 hqvh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown σπόγγον 1 A **sponge** is a soft, porous object that can soak up and hold liquid, which comes out of it when the **sponge** is squeezed. If your readers would not be familiar with this object, you could use the name of something your readers would use for soaking up liquid, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “something used to soak up liquid” +15:36 wegr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ὄξους 1 Here, **vinegar** refers to the inexpensive and sour wine that common people in Jesus’ culture would usually drink. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of beverage, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “with cheap wine” or “with an inexpensive alcoholic beverage” +15:36 gvvp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit περιθεὶς καλάμῳ, ἐπότιζεν αὐτόν 1 The person put the **sponge** on a **reed**, or long stick, so that he could hold the **sponge** up to Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “having put it around a reed, used the reed to lift the sponge up to Jesus to give it to him to drink” +15:36 yefo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγων 1 Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “and he declared” +15:36 mib7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἄφετε 1 Here, the clause **Leave {him}** means that no one should do anything more to or for Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “Wait” or “Stay away from him” +15:36 gzpm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ἄφετε 1 Because this person is speaking to the other people there, the command **Leave {him}** is plural. +15:36 mys5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἔρχεται 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “goes” instead of **comes**. Alternate translation: “goes” +15:36 tyuf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθελεῖν αὐτόν 1 Here the man implies that Elijah might **take him down** from the cross. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “to take him down from the cross” +15:37 xkpk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἀφεὶς φωνὴν μεγάλην 1 Here, the phrase **having let out a loud voice** means that Jesus shouted loudly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase in [15:34](../15/34.md). Alternate translation: “having yelled loudly”\n +15:37 puak rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism ἐξέπνευσεν 1 Mark is referring to death in a polite way by using the word **expired**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state the meaning. Alternate translation: “passed away” or “died” +15:38 sk3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐσχίσθη 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was God. Alternate translation: “God split the curtain of the temple” +15:38 t71k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ 1 Here Mark could referring to **the curtain**: (1) that separated the Most Holy Place from the rest of **the temple**. Alternate translation: “the curtain that marked off the Most Holy Place in the temple” (2) that separated the Holy Place from the rest of **the temple** area. Alternate translation: “the curtain that marked off the temple building”\n +15:39 ve5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces the next thing that happened. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Then” +15:39 q45e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐναντίας αὐτοῦ 1 Here, a place **opposite him** is directly in front of Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with Jesus in front of him” or “with Jesus before him” +15:39 gs62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants οὕτως ἐξέπνευσεν 1 Some ancient manuscripts read **he expired in this way**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “crying out in this way he expired.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. +15:39 hue4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism ἐξέπνευσεν 1 See how you translated the word **expired** in [15:37](../15/37.md). Alternate translation: “he passed away” or “he died” +15:39 nqv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς Θεοῦ 1 **Son of God** is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship with God the Father. +15:40 gkgi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background δὲ 1 Mark uses the word **Now** to introduce background information that will help readers understand what happens later in the story. The word does not introduce the next event in the story. Use a natural form in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “Meanwhile,” or “During all those things,” +15:40 qm3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καὶ Μαριὰμ ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ, καὶ Μαρία ἡ Ἰακώβου τοῦ μικροῦ καὶ Ἰωσῆ μήτηρ, καὶ Σαλώμη 1 Consider how you might naturally include a list of three women with descriptions of them. The UST has moved **Salome** earlier in the list so that it is clear that she is not one of the children of **Mary**. Alternate translation: “also Mary Magdalene and Salome and Mary the mother of James the little and of Joses” +15:40 zc9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Μαρία ἡ & μήτηρ 1 The word **Mary** is the name of a woman. This **Mary** was not **Mary Magdalene** nor Mary the mother of Jesus. Mark identifies her instead as **the mother of James the younger and of Joses**. +15:40 e0vc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰακώβου τοῦ μικροῦ καὶ Ἰωσῆ 1 The word **James** is the name of a man. This **James** is not James the brother of Jesus, James son of Zebedee, or James son of Alphaeus. The word **Joses** is also the name of a man. This **Joses** is not Jesus’ brother. +15:40 z5ra rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἰακώβου τοῦ μικροῦ 1 When Mark refers to **James** as **the little**, he could mean that: (1) he was younger than one or more other people named James. Alternate translation: “of James the young” or “of the younger James” (2) he was less well-known than one or more other people named James. Alternate translation: “of James the less” or “of the less famous James” (3) he was a short man. Alternate translation: “of James the short” 15:40 qa0q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Σαλώμη 1 The word **Salome** is the name of a woman. -15:41 j15z rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background αἳ ὅτε ἦν ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ ἠκολούθουν αὐτῷ καὶ διηκόνουν αὐτῷ 1 Mark uses the statement **who, when he was in Galilee, were following him and serving him** to give his readers background information about the relationship that the three women mentioned in [15:40](../15/40.md) had with Jesus. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. -15:41 a3qk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go αἱ συναναβᾶσαι 1 **Jerusalem** was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for people to speak of going **up** to Jerusalem and going down from it. Your language may say “gone up” rather than **come up** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “who had gone up with” -15:42 ekbl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge ἐπεὶ ἦν παρασκευή, ὅ ἐστιν προσάββατον 1 If it would be more natural in your language to introduce Joseph of Arimathea and what he did before giving the reason for what he did, you could create a verse bridge by moving this sentence to verse 43 and taking the information about Joseph of Arimathea from verse 43 and placing it after the phrase **And when evening had already come** in this verse. You would then present the combined verses as 42–43, as modeled by the UST. -15:42 lxm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background ἤδη ὀψίας γενομένης, ἐπεὶ ἦν παρασκευή, ὅ ἐστιν προσάββατον 1 # Connecting Statement:\n\nMark provides this background information about what day it was to help readers understand what happens in this episode. God commanded in Deuteronomy 21:22–23 that any person who was put to death by hanging on a wooden object should be buried on the same day that they were put to death. Because of this and the fact that **evening already having come** and because the following day was the **Sabbath**, on which Jews did not work, the people involved wanted to bury Jesus’ body quickly. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. -15:42 ug97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρασκευή, ὅ ἐστιν προσάββατον 1 The phrase **the Day of Preparation** refers to the day on which Jews would make preparations for the **Sabbath** so that they would not have to do work on the **Sabbath**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate explicitly what the Day of Preparation was. It may be helpful to make this a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “the Day of Preparation, on which Jews prepared for the Sabbath. The Day of Preparation is the day before the Sabbath” -15:43 xn8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants ἐλθὼν Ἰωσὴφ ὁ ἀπὸ Ἁριμαθαίας, εὐσχήμων βουλευτής, ὃς καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν προσδεχόμενος τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ; τολμήσας, εἰσῆλθεν πρὸς τὸν Πειλᾶτον 1 Mark places the phrase **having come** after he gives the background information about Joseph in order to provide emphasis and to help introduce Joseph to the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. Alternate translation: “Joseph of Arimathea was a respected member of the council who also was himself waiting for the kingdom of God. He boldly came to Pilate” -15:43 wgz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰωσὴφ ὁ ἀπὸ Ἁριμαθαίας 1 The word **Joseph** is the name of a man, and the word **Arimathea** is the name of the place that he is from. -15:43 u7ll rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background εὐσχήμων βουλευτής, ὃς καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν προσδεχόμενος τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Mark provides this background information about **Joseph** to help readers understand why Joseph would ask Pilate for Jesus’ body and why Pilate might have granted his request. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. -15:43 zvw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ᾐτήσατο τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 The reason that **Joseph** asked Pilate **for the body of Jesus** was so that he could bury it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “asked for permission to get the body of Jesus in order to bury it” or “asked that he be given the body of Jesus so that he could bury it” -15:44 f484 κεντυρίωνα 1 See how you translated the term **centurion** in [15:39](../15/39.md). -15:45 z3gl κεντυρίωνος 1 See how you translated the term **centurion** in [15:39](../15/39.md). -15:45 v5ys ἐδωρήσατο τὸ πτῶμα τῷ Ἰωσήφ 1 See how you translated the name **Joseph** in [15:43](../15/43.md). -15:46 g4c9 σινδόνα 1 See how you translated the term **linen** in [14:51](../14/51.md). -15:46 eb9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθελὼν αὐτὸν, ἐνείλησεν τῇ σινδόνι, καὶ ἔθηκεν αὐτὸν ἐν μνήματι ὃ ἦν λελατομημένον ἐκ πέτρας; καὶ προσεκύλισεν λίθον ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν τοῦ μνημείου 1 Mark assumes that his readers will know that Joseph probably had help from other people when he took Jesus’ body down from the cross, prepared it for the tomb, laid it in the tomb, and rolled a stone against the entrance to the tomb in order to close it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Joseph and the people who helped him took Jesus’ body down, wrapped the body in the linen cloth, and put it in a tomb that was cut from a rock. And they rolled a stone against the door of the tomb” -15:46 g9hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἦν λελατομημένον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Mark implies that a “person” or several “people” had cut the tomb from a rock. Alternate translation: “someone had previously cut” -15:47 m782 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰωσῆτος 1 See how you translated the name **Joses** in [6:3](../06/03.md). This **Joses** was not the same person as the younger brother of Jesus mentioned in [6:3](../06/03.md), although they share the same name. -15:47 jvz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ 1 See how you translated **Mary Magdalene** in [15:40](../15/40.md). -15:47 yexp Μαρία ἡ Ἰωσῆτος 1 See how you translated the phrase “Mary the mother of” in [15:40](../15/40.md). -15:47 v3wu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τέθειται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form, as modeled by the UST, or you can state it in another way that is natural in your language. -16:intro j5yz 0 # Mark 16 General Notes\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The tomb\n\nThe tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Mark 15:46](../mrk/15/46.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### The historic present\n\nTo call attention to a development in the story, Mark uses the present tense in past narration. In this chapter, the historic present occurs in verses 2, 4, and 6. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense]])\n\n### A young man dressed in a white robe\n\nMatthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about angels in white clothing with the women at Jesus’ tomb. Two of the authors called them men, but that is only because the angels were in human form. Two of the authors wrote about two angels, but the other two authors wrote about only one of them. It is best to translate each of these passages as it appears in the ULT without trying to make the passages all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 28:1–2](../mat/28/01.md) and [Mark 16:5](../mrk/16/05.md) and [Luke 24:4](../luk/24/04.md) and [John 20:12](../jhn/20/12.md)) +15:41 j15z rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background αἳ ὅτε ἦν ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ ἠκολούθουν αὐτῷ καὶ διηκόνουν αὐτῷ 1 Mark uses the statement **who, when he was in Galilee, were following him and serving him** to give his readers background information about the relationship that the three women mentioned in [15:40](../15/40.md) had with Jesus. Use a natural form in your language for expressing background information. If you use the following alternate translation, you may need to delete the comma at the end of verse 40. Alternate translation: “(these three women had followed him and served him when he was in Galilee)” +15:41 hrel rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἠκολούθουν αὐτῷ 1 Here, the phrase **were following him** indicates that these three women had traveled with Jesus and were his disciple. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “were traveling with him as his students” +15:41 a3qk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go αἱ συναναβᾶσαι 1 **Jerusalem** was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for people to speak of going **up** to Jerusalem and going down from it. Your language may say “gone up” rather than **come up** in contexts such as this. Alternate translation: “who had gone up with” +15:42-43 ekbl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge καὶ ἤδη ὀψίας γενομένης, ἐπεὶ ἦν παρασκευή, ὅ ἐστιν προσάββατον & ἐλθὼν Ἰωσὴφ ὁ ἀπὸ Ἁριμαθαίας, εὐσχήμων βουλευτής, ὃς καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν προσδεχόμενος τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ; τολμήσας, εἰσῆλθεν πρὸς τὸν Πειλᾶτον καὶ ᾐτήσατο τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine [15:42](../15/42.md) and [15:43](../15/43.md) into a verse bridge, as the UST does, in order to introduce Joseph of Arimathea before stating what he did and why he did it. Alternate translation: “And Joseph, the one from Arimathea, a respected member of the council who also himself was waiting for the kingdom of God, came. And evening already having come, because it was the Day of Preparation, that is, the day before the Sabbath, having dared, he entered in to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus” +15:42 duu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent καὶ 1 Here, the word **And** introduces the next major event in the story. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **And** untranslated. Alternate translation: “After that,” or “Then,” +15:42 lxm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἤδη ὀψίας γενομένης, ἐπεὶ ἦν παρασκευή, ὅ ἐστιν προσάββατον 1 Here Mark indicates that Joseph of Arimathea acted as he did (see [15:43](../15/43.md)) **because** it was **the Day of Preparation**. Mark assumes that his readers will know that Jews would not move or bury a body on the **Sabbath** (the next day). He also assumes that his readers will know that the law includes a command to bury on the same day anyone who was executed as Jesus was (see [Deuteronomy 21:22–23](../deu/21/22.md)). So, if he wanted bury Jesus’ body, Joseph needed to receive the body and bury it quickly, before the next day began. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could include this information in a footnote or make some of it more explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “evening already having come, because it was the Day of Preparation, that is, the day before the Sabbath when no one could bury anyone” +15:42 ug97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρασκευή, ὅ ἐστιν προσάββατον 1 Here, as Mark indicates **the Day of Preparation** is **the day before the Sabbath**. On this day, Jews would prepare for the Sabbath so that they would not have to do work on that day. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “the day on which Jews prepared for the Sabbath, that is, the day before the Sabbath” or “the day before the Sabbath, the day on which Jews prepared for the Sabbath”\n +15:43 xn8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants ἐλθὼν Ἰωσὴφ ὁ ἀπὸ Ἁριμαθαίας, εὐσχήμων βουλευτής, ὃς καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν προσδεχόμενος τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ; τολμήσας, εἰσῆλθεν 1 Here Mark introduces **Joseph** as a new participant in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you could use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “a man from Arimathea came. He was named Joseph, and he was a respected member of the council who also himself was waiting for the kingdom of God. Having dared, he entered in” +15:43 wgz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰωσὴφ ὁ ἀπὸ Ἁριμαθαίας 1 The word **Joseph** is the name of a man, and the word **Arimathea** is the name of the city he was from. +15:43 u7ll rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background εὐσχήμων βουλευτής 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, you could use an indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “an honorable member of the council” or “a member of the council whom others thought highly of,” +15:43 ov1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ὃς καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν 1 Mark uses the word **himself** to emphasize that **Joseph** was one of the people who was **waiting for the kingdom of God**. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “who, he too, was” or “who indeed also was” +15:43 nu77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἐλθὼν 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “gone” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “having gone” +15:43 zvw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ᾐτήσατο τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 The reason that **Joseph** asked Pilate **for the body of Jesus** was so that he could bury it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “asked for the body of Jesus so that he could bury it” +15:44 vu11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces the next thing that happened. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Then” +15:44 cnlz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰ ἤδη τέθνηκεν 1 Here Mark means that Pilate was not sure whether Jesus **had already died**, but he **marveled** that it might be true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that indicates this kind of possibility. Alternate translation: “because it was possible that Jesus had already died” +15:44 f484 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν κεντυρίωνα 1 Here Mark implies that this is the same **centurion** who was in charge of crucifying Jesus (see [15:39](../15/39.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “the centurion who was in charge of Jesus’ crucifixion” or “the centurion who oversaw Jesus’ execution” +15:44 u9o3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations ἐπηρώτησεν αὐτὸν εἰ πάλαι ἀπέθανεν 1 It may be more natural in your language to have a direct quotation here. Alternate translation: “he asked him, ‘Has he already died?’” +15:45 z3gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γνοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ κεντυρίωνος 1 Here Mark implies that Pilate **learned** that Jesus really was dead. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “having learned from the centurion that Jesus had already died” +15:45 v5ys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐδωρήσατο τὸ πτῶμα τῷ Ἰωσήφ 1 Here Mark implies that Pilate commanded his soldiers to give **the corpse** to Joseph. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “he told his soldiers to let Joseph have the corpse” or “he permitted Joseph to take the corpse” +15:46 g4c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown σινδόνα & τῇ σινδόνι 1 The term **linen cloth** refers to a high quality cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant. If your readers would be unfamiliar with **linen**, you could use a general expression. See how you translated **linen** in [14:51](../14/51.md). Alternate translation: “a fine cloth … in the fine cloth”\n +15:46 eb9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθελὼν αὐτὸν, ἐνείλησεν τῇ σινδόνι, καὶ ἔθηκεν αὐτὸν ἐν μνήματι ὃ ἦν λελατομημένον ἐκ πέτρας; καὶ προσεκύλισεν λίθον ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν τοῦ μνημείου 1 Here Mark implies that other people helped Joseph when he took Jesus’ body down from the cross, prepared it for the tomb, laid it in the tomb, and rolled a stone against the entrance to the tomb in order to close it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Joseph and the people who helped him took Jesus’ body down, wrapped the body in the linen cloth, and put it in a tomb, which was having been cut from rock. And they rolled a stone against the door of the tomb” +15:46 wh20 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθελὼν αὐτὸν 1 Here Mark implies that Joseph took Jesus’ body **down** from the cross. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “having taken him down off the cross” +15:46 ugph rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἐνείλησεν τῇ σινδόνι 1 This was the burial custom in this culture. If your readers would not be familiar with such a custom, you could indicate that more explicitly, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “he wrapped him in a linen burial cloth” or “he prepared him for burial” +15:46 fflq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἦν λελατομημένον ἐκ πέτρας 1 Here Mark means specifically a burial place that had been **cut** or chiseled out of **rock**, most likely into the face of a cliff. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of burial place, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “was having been chiseled into the rock” or “which had been specially prepared” +15:46 g9hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἦν λελατομημένον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Mark implies that it was people whom Joseph had hired. Alternate translation: “people had previously cut” or “Joseph had had people cut” +15:46 dfhm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit προσεκύλισεν λίθον ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν τοῦ μνημείου 1 Here Matthew implies that Joseph **rolled** the **stone** to close up the **tomb**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “he rolled a stone against the door of the tomb to close it up” +15:47 ltht rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces something that was happening at the same time as what Mark narrated in the previous verse (Joseph burying Jesus’ body). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a simultaneous action, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Meanwhile,” or “While Joseph was doing those things,” +15:47 yexp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Μαρία ἡ Ἰωσῆτος 1 The word **Mary** is the name of a woman, the same woman whom Mark referred to in [15:40](../15/40.md). This **Mary** was not **Mary Magdalene** nor Mary the mother of Jesus. Mark identifies her instead as **the {mother} of Joses**. +15:47 m782 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰωσῆτος 1 The word **Joses** is also the name of a man, the same man whom Mark referred to in [15:40](../15/40.md). This **Joses** is not Jesus’ brother. +15:47 v3wu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τέθειται 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was Joseph of Arimathea. Alternate translation: “Joseph of Arimathea had put him” +16:intro j5yz 0 # Mark 16 General Notes\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The tomb\n\nThe tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Mark 15:46](../mrk/15/46.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Singular and plural forms of “you”\n\nAll the forms of “you” in this chapter appear in speeches that are given to groups of people. Because of this, all forms of “you” in this chapter are plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])\n\n### The historic present\n\nTo call attention to a development in the story, Mark uses the present tense in past narration. In this chapter, the historic present occurs in verses 2, 4, and 6. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense]])\n\n### A young man dressed in a white robe\n\nMatthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about angels in white clothing with the women at Jesus’ tomb. Two of the authors called them men, but that is only because the angels were in human form. Two of the authors wrote about two angels, but the other two authors wrote about only one of them. It is best to translate each of these passages as it appears in the ULT without trying to make the passages all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 28:1–2](../mat/28/01.md) and [Mark 16:5](../mrk/16/05.md) and [Luke 24:4](../luk/24/04.md) and [John 20:12](../jhn/20/12.md)) 16:1 p61n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διαγενομένου τοῦ Σαββάτου 1 By using the phrase **the Sabbath having passed**, Mark is explaining that the Jewish day of rest, called the **Sabbath**, had ended and that it was now permissible, according to Jewish law, for these women to buy spices. The phrase **the Sabbath having passed** does not mean that the actual day on which the **Sabbath** occurred was over. The Jewish **Sabbath** ended at sunset on Saturday evening. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “when the sun had set on Saturday evening” 16:1 cw1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ἡ Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ 1 # Connecting Statement:\n\nSee how you translated **Mary Magdalene** in [15:40](../15/40.md). 16:1 fm8u Μαρία ἡ Ἰακώβου 1 See how you translated the phrase **Mary the mother of** in [15:40](../15/40.md).