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@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ front:intro z2ar 0 # Introduction to 1 Samuel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
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1:1 mwm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names צוֹפִ֖ים 1 The phrase **the Zuphites** refers to the people group that descended from Zuph. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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1:1 hizk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶפְרָ֑יִם 1 Here, **Ephraim** refers to the land that was allotted to the people belonging to the Israelite tribe of Ephraim (see Joshua 16:1–9).(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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1:1 cjl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶ֠לְקָנָה & יְרֹחָ֧ם & אֱלִיה֛וּא & תֹּ֥חוּ & צ֖וּף 1 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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1:1 x8xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶפְרָתִֽי 1 Here, **Ephraimite** refers to anyone living in the territory of Ephraim. \n(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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1:2 roc0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְלוֹ֙ 1 The pronoun **him** refers to Elkanah. \n(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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1:1 x8xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶפְרָתִֽי 1 Here, **Ephraimite** refers to anyone living in the territory of Ephraim.\n(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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1:2 roc0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְלוֹ֙ 1 The pronoun **him** refers to Elkanah.\n(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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1:2 g5tk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חַנָּ֔ה & פְּנִנָּ֑ה 1 These are the names of two women. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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1:3 zzb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הָאִ֨ישׁ הַה֤וּא 1 The word **that** in the phrase **that man** is a demonstrative pronoun which refers to Elkanah. Alternate translation: “the man Elkanah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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1:3 kws9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וְעָלָה֩ 1 Here, **went up** indicates that in order to reach Shiloh, Elkanah had to travel from a lower location to a higher location because Shiloh was located in a mountainous region. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
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1:3 j91i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִיָּמִ֣ים׀ יָמִ֔ימָה 1 The expression **days to days** is a Hebrew idiom. Alternate translation: “year by year” or “annually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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1:3 w8se rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עֵלִ֗י & חָפְנִי֙ & וּפִ֣נְחָ֔ס 1 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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1:4 imlh מָנֽוֹת 1 Here, **portions** refers to portions of meat. See UST. \nAlternate translation: “meat portions” or “portions of meat”
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1:4 imlh מָנֽוֹת 1 Here, **portions** refers to portions of meat. See UST.\nAlternate translation: “meat portions” or “portions of meat”
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1:4 emtw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְנָתַ֞ן 1 Beginning here and continuing until the middle of verse 7, the author provides background information and explains what took place repeatedly year after year. The author does this to help readers better understand the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
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1:5 xq4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּלְחַנָּ֕ה 1 **Hannah** is a woman’s name. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 1:2](../01/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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1:5 k5i7 מָנָ֥ה אַחַ֖ת אַפָּ֑יִם 1 The phrase, **one portion of two faces** could mean: (1) Elkanah gave Hannah a double portion. Alternate translation: “a double portion” (2) Elkanah gave Hannah especially desirable portions of meat. Alternate translation: “a special portion”
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@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ front:intro d9hy 0 # Introduction to Colossians\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
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2:23 blil rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πλησμονὴν τῆς σαρκός 1 Paul uses the possessive form to speak of **indulgence** one gives to the **flesh**. If your language would not use the possessive form to express this idea, you could translate **indulgence** with a verb such as “indulging.” Alternate translation: “indulging the flesh.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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2:23 e70e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown πλησμονὴν τῆς σαρκός 1 If one “indulges” **the flesh**, this means that one has behaved in ways that match what one’s weak and sinful parts wish. If this phrase would be misunderstood in your language, you could express the idea by using a word for “sin.” Alternate translation: “sin” or “giving in to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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2:23 k3x6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πλησμονὴν τῆς σαρκός 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun to express the idea behind **indulgence**, you can use a verb, such as “indulge.” Alternate translation: “indulging the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:intro qtl2 0 # Colossians 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n[4:1](../04/01.md) belongs to the section that begins in [3:18](../03/18.md), even though it is in the next chapter.\n\n3. Exhortation Section\n * Seek the Things Above (3:1–4)\n * Take off Vices, Put on Virtues (3:5–17)\n * Commands for the Household (3:18–4:1)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Old and new “man”\n\nPaul refers to the old and new “man” in [3:9–10](../03/09.md). These terms refer to the person before (“old”) and after (“new”) dying and rising with Christ. With these key words, Paul makes a similar claim to what he argued in [2:11–13](../02/11.md): believers are not who they used to be; rather, they have received new life in Christ and are new people. Your translation should reflect the idea that Paul tells the Colossians that they are new people in their union with Christ.\n\n### The wrath of God\n\nIn [3:6](../03/06.md), Paul speaks of the “wrath of God,” which is “coming.” God’s “wrath” is not primarily an emotion, but rather, it is his act of judgment on those who do not believe and who disobey. It is “coming” because God will act in judgment soon. In your translation, emphasize God’s act over his emotion.\n\n### No Greek and Jew … \n\nIn [3:11](../03/11.md), Paul refers to multiple different ways to categorize people in his world. See the notes on that verse for details. Paul says that none of these categories exist in the “new man.” By this, he means that these categories are not relevant for those who have died and risen with Christ. It is one’s status as a “new” person that is relevant and important.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Christ, your life\n\nIn [3:4](../03/04.md), Paul identifies Christ as the Colossians’ “life.” This metaphor comes from the previous verse, where Paul says that the Colossians’ life is “hidden with Christ.” Since their life is in Christ, Christ can be called their life. To say this a different way, the Colossians only have life in Christ, so their life and Christ’s life are bound together.\n\n### Avoiding vices, pursuing virtues\n\nIn his exhortation to the Colossians to avoid vices and pursue virtues, Paul uses a number of metaphors. For avoiding vices, he uses the language of “putting to death” ([3:5](../03/05.md)), “laying aside” ([3:8](../03/08.md)), and “taking off” ([3:9](../03/09.md)). All these metaphors require separation from vices, whether that is pictured as putting to death parts of the body that pursue vices or as taking off evil desires as if they were clothing. For pursuing virtues, he opposes “taking off” with “putting on” ([3:10](../03/10.md); [3:12](../03/12.md)). Just as the Colossians should “take off” the desire to pursue vices, they should “put on” the desire to pursue virtues. These metaphors are all intended to help the Colossians pursue virtue instead of vice.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Vice and virtue lists\n\nIn [3:5](../03/05.md) and [3:8](../03/08.md), Paul gives lists of vices. These lists are not meant to provide a complete catalog of immoral and evil behaviors. Instead, they provide some examples that are meant to show the Colossians the kinds of behaviors that Paul has in mind. In [3:12](../03/12.md), he provides a corresponding list of virtues. The same thinking applies here: this is not a complete catalog of correct or good behavior but instead gives examples of the kinds of things that Paul wants the Colossians to do. You could introduce these lists as examples if it would help your readers understand.\n\n### The “household code”\n\nIn [3:18](../03/18.md)–[4:1](../04/01.md), Paul uses a form that was well-known in his culture. It is often called a “household code,” and it consists of a list of instructions to different members of the household, including parents, children, slaves, and others. Paul uses this form and gives his own specific instructions to members of the household. Of course, he is not addressing a household but a church. He gives his instructions to whomever in the audience was a parent or a child or a slave.
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3:intro qtl2 0 # Colossians 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n[4:1](../04/01.md) belongs to the section that begins in [3:18](../03/18.md), even though it is in the next chapter.\n\n3. Exhortation Section\n * Seek the Things Above (3:1–4)\n * Take off Vices, Put on Virtues (3:5–17)\n * Commands for the Household (3:18–4:1)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Old and new “man”\n\nPaul refers to the old and new “man” in [3:9–10](../03/09.md). These terms refer to the person before (“old”) and after (“new”) dying and rising with Christ. With these key words, Paul makes a similar claim to what he argued in [2:11–13](../02/11.md): believers are not who they used to be; rather, they have received new life in Christ and are new people. Your translation should reflect the idea that Paul tells the Colossians that they are new people in their union with Christ.\n\n### The wrath of God\n\nIn [3:6](../03/06.md), Paul speaks of the “wrath of God,” which is “coming.” God’s “wrath” is not primarily an emotion, but rather, it is his act of judgment on those who do not believe and who disobey. It is “coming” because God will act in judgment soon. In your translation, emphasize God’s act over his emotion.\n\n### No Greek and Jew …\n\nIn [3:11](../03/11.md), Paul refers to multiple different ways to categorize people in his world. See the notes on that verse for details. Paul says that none of these categories exist in the “new man.” By this, he means that these categories are not relevant for those who have died and risen with Christ. It is one’s status as a “new” person that is relevant and important.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Christ, your life\n\nIn [3:4](../03/04.md), Paul identifies Christ as the Colossians’ “life.” This metaphor comes from the previous verse, where Paul says that the Colossians’ life is “hidden with Christ.” Since their life is in Christ, Christ can be called their life. To say this a different way, the Colossians only have life in Christ, so their life and Christ’s life are bound together.\n\n### Avoiding vices, pursuing virtues\n\nIn his exhortation to the Colossians to avoid vices and pursue virtues, Paul uses a number of metaphors. For avoiding vices, he uses the language of “putting to death” ([3:5](../03/05.md)), “laying aside” ([3:8](../03/08.md)), and “taking off” ([3:9](../03/09.md)). All these metaphors require separation from vices, whether that is pictured as putting to death parts of the body that pursue vices or as taking off evil desires as if they were clothing. For pursuing virtues, he opposes “taking off” with “putting on” ([3:10](../03/10.md); [3:12](../03/12.md)). Just as the Colossians should “take off” the desire to pursue vices, they should “put on” the desire to pursue virtues. These metaphors are all intended to help the Colossians pursue virtue instead of vice.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Vice and virtue lists\n\nIn [3:5](../03/05.md) and [3:8](../03/08.md), Paul gives lists of vices. These lists are not meant to provide a complete catalog of immoral and evil behaviors. Instead, they provide some examples that are meant to show the Colossians the kinds of behaviors that Paul has in mind. In [3:12](../03/12.md), he provides a corresponding list of virtues. The same thinking applies here: this is not a complete catalog of correct or good behavior but instead gives examples of the kinds of things that Paul wants the Colossians to do. You could introduce these lists as examples if it would help your readers understand.\n\n### The “household code”\n\nIn [3:18](../03/18.md)–[4:1](../04/01.md), Paul uses a form that was well-known in his culture. It is often called a “household code,” and it consists of a list of instructions to different members of the household, including parents, children, slaves, and others. Paul uses this form and gives his own specific instructions to members of the household. Of course, he is not addressing a household but a church. He gives his instructions to whomever in the audience was a parent or a child or a slave.
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3:1 r5yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases οὖν 1 The word **therefore** introduces an exhortation based on what Paul has already said about being “raised with Christ” in [2:12](../02/12.md). Use a word or phrase that introduces an inference or concluding command based on what has already been said. Alternate translation: “then” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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3:1 oav8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ & συνηγέρθητε τῷ Χριστῷ 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Since … you were raised with Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
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3:1 t1jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor συνηγέρθητε τῷ Χριστῷ 1 Paul again states that believers have been raised from the dead with Christ. By this, he means that believers are united to Christ in his resurrection and thus receive new life. If this figure of speech would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate this idea plainly. Alternate translation: “in union with the Messiah in his resurrection you received new life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -992,7 +992,7 @@ front:intro b4pp 0 # Introduction to Exodus\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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12:48 f9ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives וְכָל־עָרֵ֖ל לֹֽא־יֹ֥אכַל בּֽוֹ 1 If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “And only a circumcised person may eat it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
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12:51 e3z3 וַיְהִ֕י בְּעֶ֖צֶם הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֑ה 1 This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
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12:51 tyj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown צִבְאֹתָֽם 1 The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people often organized into groups for war. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “your groups” or “your divisions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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13:intro g9qi 0 # Exodus 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. Instruction\n - v. 1–2: First mention of setting apart the firstborn \n - v. 3–10: Reiteration of the Passover instructions from [12:14–20](../12/14.md) and [24–27](../12/24.md), with a focus on telling to Yahweh’s deeds to the future generations of Israelites \n - v. 11–13: More details on setting apart the firstborn \n - v. 14–16: Reiteration of purpose: telling to future generations\n2. Narrative \n - v. 17–22: Some details of the exodus\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n* There are several concepts that will be important to understand and translate with care (some have already been encountered in Exodus). They are: set apart, sign, symbol, redemption, and sacrifice.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n* There are a number of names of people groups and places in this chapter. However, many have been translated in earlier passages.\n* Transporting the bones of Joseph may be an unknown concept in some places.\n* It may take some time to decide on a good translation for the pillars of fire and cloud that lead the Israelites.
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13:intro g9qi 0 # Exodus 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. Instruction\n - v. 1–2: First mention of setting apart the firstborn\n - v. 3–10: Reiteration of the Passover instructions from [12:14–20](../12/14.md) and [24–27](../12/24.md), with a focus on telling to Yahweh’s deeds to the future generations of Israelites\n - v. 11–13: More details on setting apart the firstborn\n - v. 14–16: Reiteration of purpose: telling to future generations\n2. Narrative\n - v. 17–22: Some details of the exodus\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n* There are several concepts that will be important to understand and translate with care (some have already been encountered in Exodus). They are: set apart, sign, symbol, redemption, and sacrifice.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n* There are a number of names of people groups and places in this chapter. However, many have been translated in earlier passages.\n* Transporting the bones of Joseph may be an unknown concept in some places.\n* It may take some time to decide on a good translation for the pillars of fire and cloud that lead the Israelites.
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13:2 de3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks קַדֶּשׁ־לִ֨י כָל־בְּכ֜וֹר פֶּ֤טֶר כָּל־רֶ֨חֶם֙ בִּבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בָּאָדָ֖ם וּבַבְּהֵמָ֑ה לִ֖י הֽוּא 1 This entire verse is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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13:3 en1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִבֵּ֣ית עֲבָדִ֔ים 1 Moses speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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13:3 yjy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּחֹ֣זֶק יָ֔ד 1 Here, **hand** refers to power. See how you translated “strong hand” in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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1:6 cw1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὕτως ταχέως 1 Here, the phrase **so quickly** means that the Galatians were turning away from faith in the true gospel shortly after they accepted it. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the true gospel so soon after accepting it” or “so rapidly from the true gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:6 ht94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπὸ τοῦ καλέσαντος ὑμᾶς 1 Here, the phrase **the one** refers to God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and from God, who is the one who has called you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:6 qy93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καλέσαντος 1 Here, the phrase **called** refers to being chosen by God. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having chosen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:6 ghhs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν χάριτι Χριστοῦ 1 Here, the word **in** could: (1) indicate means and be referring to the means by which God called the Galatian believers. Alternate translation: “by the grace of Christ” or “through the grace of Christ” (2) indicate sphere or realm and be referring to the Galatians being called into the sphere or realm of grace. Alternate translation: “into the sphere of the grace of Christ” or “to live in the realm of Christ’s grace” (3) indicate manner and be referring to the manner in which God called the Galatians. Alternate translation: “graciously because of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:6 ghhs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν χάριτι Χριστοῦ 1 Here, the word **in** could: (1) indicate means and be referring to the means by which God called the Galatian believers. Alternate translation: “by the grace of Christ” or “through the grace of Christ” (2) indicate sphere or realm and be referring to the Galatians being called into the sphere or realm of grace. Alternate translation: “into the sphere of the grace of Christ” or “to live in the realm of Christ’s grace” (3) indicate manner and be referring to the manner in which God called the Galatians. Alternate translation: “graciously because of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:6 cizk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χάριτι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as "kindness," or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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1:7 l5ep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἄλλο 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “another gospel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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1:7 rg69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions εἰ μή τινές εἰσιν οἱ ταράσσοντες ὑμᾶς, καὶ θέλοντες μεταστρέψαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If, in your language, the use of the word **except** makes it appear as though Paul is making a statement and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “but certain people are causing you trouble and want to pervert the gospel of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
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@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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1:9 i2wk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρ’ ὃ 1 See how you translated the phrase **other than the one** in [1:8](../01/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:9 mrv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀνάθεμα ἔστω 1 See how you translated the phrase **let him be cursed** in [1:8](../01/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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1:9 eta3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνάθεμα ἔστω 1 Although the term **him** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. See how you translated the phrase **let him be cursed** in [1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “let that person be cursed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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1:10 ifod rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** is being used to introduce Paul’s argument against an implied assertion that he altered the content of his gospel message in order to make it more acceptable to people. If it would help your readers, you could express the implied assertion explicitly. Alternative translation: "Despite their charges," (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:10 ifod rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** is being used to introduce Paul’s argument against an implied assertion that he altered the content of his gospel message in order to make it more acceptable to people. If it would help your readers, you could express the implied assertion explicitly. Alternative translation: "Despite their charges," (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:10 b2vc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἄρτι γὰρ ἀνθρώπους πείθω ἢ τὸν Θεόν? ἢ ζητῶ ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσκειν 1 By using these two rhetorical questions, Paul is not asking the Galatians for information, but is using the question form for emphasis and to engage his readers' thinking. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “For I do not seek to persuade men, but instead I only seek the approval of God! I am not seeking to please men!” or “For I do not seek the approval of men, but instead I only seek the approval of God! I am not seeking to please men!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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1:10 xhrn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἄρτι & ἀνθρώπους πείθω ἢ τὸν Θεόν? ἢ ζητῶ ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσκειν? εἰ ἔτι ἀνθρώποις ἤρεσκον 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women, and refers to “people” in general. Alternate translation: “do I now persuade people, or God? Or do I seek to please people? If I were still pleasing people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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1:10 fl3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἰ ἔτι ἀνθρώποις ἤρεσκον, Χριστοῦ δοῦλος οὐκ ἂν ἤμην 1 The word **If** introduces a hypothetical condition. Paul is using a hypothetical situation to teach the Galatians. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a hypothetical situation, or if it would help your readers, you could state Paul’s meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “I am not still pleasing men, because I am a servant of Christ” or “If I were still pleasing people, then I would not be serving Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
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@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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1:15 iyc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐκ κοιλίας μητρός μου 1 The phrase **from the womb of my mother** is a Hebrew idiom which means either “from the day of my birth” or “from before birth.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “from the day I was born” or “from before I was birthed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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1:15 wd26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καλέσας 1 Here, the word **called** means chosen and summoned. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having chosen and summoned me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:15 wlph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how gracious he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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1:16 l97h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀποκαλύψαι τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 The phrase **reveal his Son in me** could mean: (1) that God revealed his Son to Paul, revealing to Paul who Jesus was so that Paul had an inward knowledge of who Jesus really was. Alternate translation: “to reveal to me his Son” or “to reveal to me who his Son really is” (2) that God revealed his Son to others through Paul. Alternate translation: “to reveal his Son to others through me” or “to reveal his Son to others by me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:16 l97h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀποκαλύψαι τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 The phrase **reveal his Son in me** could mean: (1) that God revealed his Son to Paul, revealing to Paul who Jesus was so that Paul had an inward knowledge of who Jesus really was. Alternate translation: “to reveal to me his Son” or “to reveal to me who his Son really is” (2) that God revealed his Son to others through Paul. Alternate translation: “to reveal his Son to others through me” or “to reveal his Son to others by me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:16 z800 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. After the phrase **so that** Paul states the purpose for which God revealed his Son to Paul, namely so that he **might preach him among the Gentiles**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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1:16 xx4c εὐαγγελίζωμαι αὐτὸν 1 Alternate translation: “I might proclaim the good news about God’s Son”
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1:16 qme5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche σαρκὶ καὶ αἵματι 1 Paul refers figuratively to human beings by naming a few of the things that a human being is made of, specifically **flesh and blood**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or use plain language. Alternate translation: “any person” or “anyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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1:23 lo0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὴν πίστιν 1 Here, **the faith** refers to the good news about Jesus, which includes the need to have faith in Jesus to be saved. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the good news about Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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1:23 y5ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπόρθει 1 Here, the word **destroying** refers to trying to stop the spread of the Christian message. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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1:24 qp4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 Here, the phrase **in me** means “because of me” and is giving the reason why the Judean believers were praising God, namely because of Paul’s conversion and work of proclaiming the gospel. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of me” or "because of what God was doing with me" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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2:intro xe28 0 # Galatians 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nPaul continues to defend the true gospel. This defense began in [Galatians 1:11](../../gal/01/11.md).\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Freedom and slavery\n\nThroughout this letter, Paul contrasts freedom and slavery. Paul describes trying to follow the law of Moses as a type of slavery. The Christian is free in Christ from being under the authority of the law of Moses and from the condemnation that the law of Moses brings. The Christian, through union with Christ in his death and resurrection, had by believing in Christ, is set free from the penalty and power of sin. The Christian is empowered by the Spirit to live a life of spiritual freedom and obedience to God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### “I do not negate the grace of God”\n\nPaul teaches that if a Christian attempts to follow the law of Moses to obtain righteousness, that person does not understand the grace which God has shown to them through the work of Christ. This is a fundamental error. Paul uses the words “I do not negate the grace of God” as a type of hypothetical situation. The purpose of this statement could be seen as, “If you could be saved by following the law, then it would negate the grace of God.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])\n\n\n### “the law” \n\nThe phrase “the law” contains a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. This phrase occurs in chapters 2-5, and quite frequently in chapters 2 and 3. Every time this phrase occurs in Galatians, it refers to the group of laws that God dictated to Moses at Mount Sinai. You should translate this phrase the same way each time it occurs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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2:intro xe28 0 # Galatians 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nPaul continues to defend the true gospel. This defense began in [Galatians 1:11](../../gal/01/11.md).\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Freedom and slavery\n\nThroughout this letter, Paul contrasts freedom and slavery. Paul describes trying to follow the law of Moses as a type of slavery. The Christian is free in Christ from being under the authority of the law of Moses and from the condemnation that the law of Moses brings. The Christian, through union with Christ in his death and resurrection, had by believing in Christ, is set free from the penalty and power of sin. The Christian is empowered by the Spirit to live a life of spiritual freedom and obedience to God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### “I do not negate the grace of God”\n\nPaul teaches that if a Christian attempts to follow the law of Moses to obtain righteousness, that person does not understand the grace which God has shown to them through the work of Christ. This is a fundamental error. Paul uses the words “I do not negate the grace of God” as a type of hypothetical situation. The purpose of this statement could be seen as, “If you could be saved by following the law, then it would negate the grace of God.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])\n\n\n### “the law”\n\nThe phrase “the law” contains a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. This phrase occurs in chapters 2-5, and quite frequently in chapters 2 and 3. Every time this phrase occurs in Galatians, it refers to the group of laws that God dictated to Moses at Mount Sinai. You should translate this phrase the same way each time it occurs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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2:1 mtgj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential ἔπειτα 1 The word **Then** indicates that the events Paul will now relate came after the events just described. See how you translated the word **Then** in [1:18](../01/18.md) where it is used with the same meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
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2:1 zt61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀνέβην εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “I went up to Jerusalem” in [1:18](../01/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
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2:1 zth5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀνέβην 1 Your language may say “came” rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I came up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
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@ -122,19 +122,19 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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2:2 szwl κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν 1 Alternate translation: “because God told me to” or “because God revealed to me that I should” or “in response to a revelation”
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2:2 zvkg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **revelation**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “revealed,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:2 g384 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀνεθέμην αὐτοῖς 1 Here, the phrase **set before** means to communicate something to someone for the purpose of receiving their opinion regarding it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “communicated to them” or “related to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:2 rhps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo αὐτοῖς 1 Most Bible scholars think that **them** here refers to meetings with two different groups of people with whom Paul met while in Jerusalem, one meeting with a large number of Christians from Jerusalem and a smaller meeting with just the apostles. The phrase **but privately to the ones seeming to be important** is only describing the latter meeting, as it is only this meeting which is relevant to what Paul is trying to communicate here. When translating the word **them**, make sure that you use a word or phrase that allows for both meetings to be included. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
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2:2 rhps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo αὐτοῖς 1 Most Bible scholars think that **them** here refers to meetings with two different groups of people with whom Paul met while in Jerusalem, one meeting with a large number of Christians from Jerusalem and a smaller meeting with just the apostles. The phrase **but privately to the ones seeming to be important** is only describing the latter meeting, as it is only this meeting which is relevant to what Paul is trying to communicate here. When translating the word **them**, make sure that you use a word or phrase that allows for both meetings to be included. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
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2:2 ypg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis κατ’ ἰδίαν δὲ τοῖς 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “but privately I set it before the ones” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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2:2 msv4 τοῖς δοκοῦσιν 1 Alternate translation: “to the men who seemed to be influential” or “to those who were recognized as leaders of the believers in Jerusalem” or “to those who were leaders of the church in Jerusalem”
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2:2 t6we μή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον 1 Alternate translation: “to ensure I was doing profitable work”
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2:2 ik4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον 1 By saying **lest I might run—or had run—in vain** Paul is not expressing doubt regarding the validity or accuracy of the message about Jesus that he preached. Rather, he is referring to the possibility that if the apostles of Jesus were to publicly disagree with his message, then it would or could cause people to no longer believe it, in which case his work of teaching people the message about Jesus would or could have no lasting results. Translate this phrase in a way that avoids making it appear as if Paul is questioning the content or validity of the message he proclaims. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate more explicitly what this phrase means. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:2 ik4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον 1 By saying **lest I might run—or had run—in vain** Paul is not expressing doubt regarding the validity or accuracy of the message about Jesus that he preached. Rather, he is referring to the possibility that if the apostles of Jesus were to publicly disagree with his message, then it would or could cause people to no longer believe it, in which case his work of teaching people the message about Jesus would or could have no lasting results. Translate this phrase in a way that avoids making it appear as if Paul is questioning the content or validity of the message he proclaims. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate more explicitly what this phrase means. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:2 ejb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον 1 Here, Paul uses the word **run** to mean work. Paul specifically means working for the advancement of the gospel. Paul uses the word **run** to bring to the Galatians’ minds the image of a runner who is running a race in order to win a prize. If this image is familiar to people in your culture, consider using this metaphor. If this image is not familiar to your readers, consider stating this idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “I might work for the advancement of the gospel—or had worked” or “I might work for the spread of the good news—or had worked for it” ( See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:2 svvy εἰς κενὸν 1 Alternate translation: “for no purpose” or “without positive results” or “for nothing”
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2:3 wyrr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing an idea that is in contrast to an idea that was presented in [2:2](../02/02.md). Paul is probably presenting the fact that **not even Titus … was forced to be circumcised** as being in contrast to the idea in [2:2](../02/02.md) that he might have “run in vain” (labored in vain). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “On the contrary,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]
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2:3 ybww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish οὐδὲ Τίτος ὁ σὺν ἐμοί, Ἕλλην ὤν 1 The phrase **the one with me** and the phrase **being a Greek** both give further information about **Titus**. Neither of these phrases is making a distinction between **Titus** and some other person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “not even Titus, my non-Jewish ministry partner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
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2:3 xs8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐδὲ Τίτος ὁ σὺν ἐμοί, Ἕλλην ὤν, ἠναγκάσθη περιτμηθῆναι 1 The phrase **was forced to be circumcised** is passive. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the leaders of the church in Jerusalem did not even require my Greek ministry partner, Titus, to be circumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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2:4 kwoz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ δὲ 1 The word **But** could: (1) be connected to [2:3](../02/03.md) and be giving the reason why some people were demanding that Titus be circumcised. Alternate translation: “But this issue occurred because of” (2) be connected to [2:1-2](../02/01.md) and be giving the reason why Paul “went up again to Jerusalem” and privately “set before” (communicated to) the church leaders in Jerusalem the gospel that he proclaimed among the Gentiles. Alternate translation: “But I talked to them privately because of” or “But we went to Jerusalem because of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:4 kwoz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ δὲ 1 The word **But** could: (1) be connected to [2:3](../02/03.md) and be giving the reason why some people were demanding that Titus be circumcised. Alternate translation: “But this issue occurred because of” (2) be connected to [2:1-2](../02/01.md) and be giving the reason why Paul “went up again to Jerusalem” and privately “set before” (communicated to) the church leaders in Jerusalem the gospel that he proclaimed among the Gentiles. Alternate translation: “But I talked to them privately because of” or “But we went to Jerusalem because of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:4 j5ka rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παρεισάκτους ψευδαδέλφους, οἵτινες παρεισῆλθον κατασκοπῆσαι 1 Using the phrase **false brothers**, Paul speaks of these people as if they were spies with bad motives. He means that they pretended to be fellow believers, but their intent was to observe what Paul and the other believers were doing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people who pretended to be Christians, who came into our midst in order to watch us closely” or “people who said they were Christians but were not, who came into our group to view closely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:4 jx0q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρεισάκτους 1 In the original language in which Paul wrote this letter, the word which the ULT translates as **brought in**, could mean: (1) that these **false brothers** were invited in by someone. Alternate translation: “secretly invited” or (2) that they came into the midst of the believers by their own initiative. Alternate translation: “deceptive coming of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:4 jx0q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρεισάκτους 1 In the original language in which Paul wrote this letter, the word which the ULT translates as **brought in**, could mean: (1) that these **false brothers** were invited in by someone. Alternate translation: “secretly invited” or (2) that they came into the midst of the believers by their own initiative. Alternate translation: “deceptive coming of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:4 fpkc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ψευδαδέλφους 1 Here, the word **brothers** does not refer to biological brothers but to believers in Jesus. The phrase **false brothers** refers to those who only pretended to be fellow believers in Jesus. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:4 etlo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατασκοπῆσαι τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἡμῶν, ἣν ἔχομεν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **freedom**, you could express the same idea with with a verb such as **freed** or an adjective such as “free.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:4 lyqj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἔχομεν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is speaking of himself, his traveling companions, and the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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2:5 a3hr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which Paul and his ministry partners **did not even yield in submission** to those who taught that circumcision was necessary. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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2:5 k61r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as "true" or "correct," or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:5 bqqq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 Here, the possessive form is used to describe the **truth** that belongs to and is contained within **the gospel** message. It is also being used to contrast the genuine and correct gospel with false gospels such as the one Paul is refuting in this letter. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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2:6 xcdh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, Paul uses the word **But** to introduce something that is in contrast to what the false brothers in [2:4](../02/04.md) wanted to do. The false brothers wanted to enslave the believers by adding the requirement of circumcision to the gospel message. Beginning in this verse and continuing in [2:6-10](../6/06.md), Paul explains that, in contrast to the actions of the false brothers, the leaders of the church in Jerusalem did not require that Paul add anything to the content of his gospel message. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]
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2:6 xcdh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, Paul uses the word **But** to introduce something that is in contrast to what the false brothers in [2:4](../02/04.md) wanted to do. The false brothers wanted to enslave the believers by adding the requirement of circumcision to the gospel message. Beginning in this verse and continuing in [2:6-10](../02/06.md), Paul explains that, in contrast to the actions of the false brothers, the leaders of the church in Jerusalem did not require that Paul add anything to the content of his gospel message. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]
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2:6 rfvs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῶν δοκούντων εἶναί τι 1 The phrase **the ones seeming to be something** implies the word “important” and is very similar in meaning to the phrase **the ones seeming important** at the end of this verse. If it would help your readers, you could express the implied word explicitly. Alternate translation: “the ones seeming to be something important” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:6 flz3 ὁποῖοί ποτε ἦσαν, οὐδέν μοι διαφέρει, πρόσωπον ὁ Θεὸς ἀνθρώπου οὐ λαμβάνει 1 The statement **what sort they were formerly matters nothing to me; God does not accept the face of man** is a parenthetical statement. Use a natural form in your language for introducing and/or expressing a parenthetical statement.
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2:6 zrw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁποῖοί 1 The phrase **what sort** implies the words “of people.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “what sort of people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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2:7 l5m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἰδόντες 1 Here, the phrase **having seen** means “having understood.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:7 vlpz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πεπίστευμαι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God had entrusted me with” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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2:7 m5e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἀκροβυστίας, καθὼς Πέτρος τῆς περιτομῆς 1 Paul is describing non-Jewish people by association with something they would not have had done to them, circumcision, and he is describing Jewish people by association with something they would have had done to them, circumcision. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plain language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:8 tmva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ὁ γὰρ ἐνεργήσας Πέτρῳ εἰς ἀποστολὴν τῆς περιτομῆς, ἐνήργησεν καὶ ἐμοὶ εἰς τὰ ἔθνη 1 This entire verse is a parenthetical statement. In this verse Paul gives the reason why the leaders of the church in Jerusalem determined that Paul was authorized and commissioned by God to bring the gospel to non-Jews. Use a natural form in your language for introducing and/or expressing a parenthetical statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])\n\n\n\n
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2:8 tmva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ὁ γὰρ ἐνεργήσας Πέτρῳ εἰς ἀποστολὴν τῆς περιτομῆς, ἐνήργησεν καὶ ἐμοὶ εἰς τὰ ἔθνη 1 This entire verse is a parenthetical statement. In this verse Paul gives the reason why the leaders of the church in Jerusalem determined that Paul was authorized and commissioned by God to bring the gospel to non-Jews. Use a natural form in your language for introducing and/or expressing a parenthetical statement. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])\n\n\n\n
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2:8 yh9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ 1 Here, **the one** refers to God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:8 e5wv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῆς περιτομῆς 1 See how you translated the phrase **the circumcision** in [2:7](../02/07.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:8 n1b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἐνήργησεν καὶ ἐμοὶ εἰς τὰ ἔθνη 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “also worked in me for my apostleship to the Gentiles” or “also worked in me for apostleship to the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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2:10 bbdk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῶν πτωχῶν & μνημονεύωμεν 1 Here, **remember the poor** refers to remembering the material needs of the poor. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “we should continue to remember to take care of the needs of the poor” or “we should continue to remember to help the poor with their needs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:10 yfu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πτωχῶν 1 Paul is using the adjective **poor** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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2:11 rdi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a contrast. The actions that Paul will describe in [2:11-13](../02/11.md) are in contrast to the decision that was made in [2:1-10](../02/01.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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2:11 qvig rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτε & ἦλθεν Κηφᾶς εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν, κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην, ὅτι κατεγνωσμένος ἦν 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “because Cephas stood condemned, I opposed him to his face when he came to Antioch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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2:11 qvig rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτε & ἦλθεν Κηφᾶς εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν, κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην, ὅτι κατεγνωσμένος ἦν 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “because Cephas stood condemned, I opposed him to his face when he came to Antioch” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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2:11 yuav rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἦλθεν 1 Your language may say “went” rather than **came** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “went” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
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2:11 c9h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην 1 The phrase **opposed him to his face** is an idiom which means to confront someone. It could refer specifically to: (1) confronting someone directly, face to face. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I confronted him directly” or “I confronted him face to face” (2) confronting someone in public. (See the phrase “I said to Cephas in front of all of them” in [2:14](../02/14.md)). Alternate translation: “I confronted him in public” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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2:11 cr74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατεγνωσμένος ἦν 1 Here, the phrase **he stood condemned** means that “he was deserving of blame” or “he was wrong.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “he was deserving of blame” or “he was wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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2:16 xhx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐ δικαιοῦται ἄνθρωπος & δικαιωθῶμεν & δικαιωθήσεται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God justifies no man … God might justify us … will God justify” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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2:16 s2ys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἔργων νόμου -1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the types of **works** to which he is referring. He is specifically referring to works of the Mosaic law. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “doing the works that are commanded in the law of Moses … doing the things commanded in the law of Moses … doing the things commanded in the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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2:16 purc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἔργων νόμου -1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **works**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: "obeying the law … doing what the law says … obeying the law" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:16 xgjs rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου & νόμου & νόμου 1 Here, **the law** is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [Romans 2:12](../rom/02/12.md). Alternate translation: “of God’s laws … of God's laws … of God's laws” or “of the laws God gave Moses … of the laws God gave Moses … of the laws God gave Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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2:16 xgjs rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου & νόμου & νόμου 1 Here, **the law** is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [Romans 2:12](../rom/02/12.md). Alternate translation: “of God’s laws … of God's laws … of God's laws” or “of the laws God gave Moses … of the laws God gave Moses … of the laws God gave Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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2:16 ncnt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions ἐὰν μὴ 1 If it would appear in your language that Paul was making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “but rather, only” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
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2:16 iivr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστεως -1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a such as believing or trusts, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:16 q4iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς & δικαιωθῶμεν 1 When Paul says **we** it could be: (1) inclusive if Paul is still addressing Peter. If you decide that this verse is a continuation of the quotation that began in [2:14](../02/14.md), then **we** is inclusive both times that it occurs in this verse, because Paul is still addressing Peter and would be including Peter and the Jewish Christians in Antioch. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (2) exclusive if you decide that Paul’s quotation of his words to Peter ended at the end [2:14](../02/14.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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@ -231,20 +231,20 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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2:18 o7g8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns παραβάτην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **a transgressor**, you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “behaving sinfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:19 wdaa rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** is introducing the reason that Paul said "May it never be” in [2:17](../02/17.md) and is also introducing information which gives support for what he said in [2:18](../02/18.md). Use a natural form for introducing a reason for something had been said. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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2:19 zqqw διὰ νόμου 1 Alternate translation: “by means of the law”
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2:19 oh0f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns διὰ νόμου νόμῳ 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/16.md). Alternate translation: “through God’s laws … to those laws” or “through the laws God gave Moses … to those laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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2:19 oh0f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns διὰ νόμου νόμῳ 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/16.md). Alternate translation: “through God’s laws … to those laws” or “through the laws God gave Moses … to those laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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2:19 r55d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor νόμῳ ἀπέθανον 1 Here, the phrase, **died to the law** could: (1) be a metaphor in which **died to the law** refers to Paul’s new relationship to the law of Moses which he experienced when he realized that trying to obey the law of Moses was not a valid way of earning God’s approval; and as a result he chose to die to the law, by which he means he was released from the power and control of the law of Moses and no longer subjected himself to it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “died to being under the control of the law and am no longer subject to it” or “stopped being subject to the authority of the law of Moses” (2) be a metaphor in which the phrase **died to the law** means “considered as dead to the requirements of the law of Moses through union with Christ.” The phrase **died to the law** would then refer to believers’ vicarious death with Christ through their believing in him and their consequent union with him which they have as a result of their faith in him. (See [Rom 7:4](../07/04.md) and [Gal 4:4-5](../04/04.md)) Alternate translation: “died to the requirements of the law through my union with Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:19 v3t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου νόμῳ 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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2:19 v3t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου νόμῳ 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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2:19 yl7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is introducing the purpose or reason for which he **died to the law**. The purpose was **so that** he **might live to God**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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2:19 l3r9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Θεῷ ζήσω 1 The phrase **live to God** means “live for God.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “I might live for God” or “I might live to honor God” or “I might live to please God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:19 xg5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι 1 The phrase **I have been crucified with Christ** is a metaphor. Paul is not saying that he literally died with Christ. Paul is using this metaphor to express the reality that, as a result of his faith in Christ and the subsequent union with Christ that his faith has brought about, God now views Paul as if he had died with Christ on the cross. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:19 fh2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that the law was the reason Christ had to be put to death. Roman soldiers put Jesus to death, but in context Paul is explaining that it was God’s righteous requirements given in the law that made it necessary for Christ to die so that people could be forgiven. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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2:20 o3jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ζῶ & οὐκέτι ἐγώ, ζῇ δὲ ἐν ἐμοὶ Χριστός 1 Here, the phrase **I no longer live, but Christ lives in me** is a metaphor which means that Paul no longer lives for himself and his own self-motivated purposes and desires, but rather, he now lets Christ’s will direct his actions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:20 y2qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὃ & νῦν ζῶ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “that life which I now live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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2:20 yklz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ὃ & νῦν ζῶ ἐν σαρκί, ἐν πίστει ζῶ 1 Here, when Paul refers to the life he lives in his earthly body, he is using his life to refer to the actions that he does while living in his body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or use plain language. Alternate translation: “the actions that I now do while living in my body, I do by faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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2:20 yklz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ὃ & νῦν ζῶ ἐν σαρκί, ἐν πίστει ζῶ 1 Here, when Paul refers to the life he lives in his earthly body, he is using his life to refer to the actions that he does while living in his body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or use plain language. Alternate translation: “the actions that I now do while living in my body, I do by faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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2:20 rtmc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ὃ & νῦν ζῶ ἐν σαρκί 1 Here, Paul uses the word **flesh**, which is one part of his body, to refer to his entire body. The phrase **that which I now live in the flesh** means that life which I now live in the body and refers to Paul’s present life on earth in his physical body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternate translation: “that life which I now live in the body” or “that life which I now live in my body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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2:20 a4j0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν πίστει ζῶ τῇ τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, the word **by** is expressing means and is introducing the means by which Paul now lives, specifically **by faith** in **the Son of God**. So when Paul says **I live by faith that is in the Son of God** he means that he now lives his life by means of having faith in God’s Son. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. See how you translated the similar phrase “through faith in Jesus Christ” in [2:16](../02/16.md). Alternate translation: “I live by having faith in God’s Son” or “I live by exercising faith in God’s Son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:20 bkxd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as "trusting," or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:20 kj4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases τῇ 1 Here, Paul uses the word **that** to introduce the specific object of his **faith**, which is **the Son of God** and not the law of Moses. Use a natural form to express this use of the word **that**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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2:20 bkxd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as "trusting," or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:20 kj4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases τῇ 1 Here, Paul uses the word **that** to introduce the specific object of his **faith**, which is **the Son of God** and not the law of Moses. Use a natural form to express this use of the word **that**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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2:20 m55w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ ἀγαπήσαντός με 1 The phrase **the one** refers to **the Son of God**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “who is the one having loved me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:20 by5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν 1 The phrase **having given himself** means that Jesus voluntarily made himself available as a sacrifice. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having voluntarily given himself as a sacrifice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:21 tj6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐκ ἀθετῶ 1 Here, Paul expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative phrase, **do not**, together with a phrase, **set aside** that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “I strongly affirm” or “I do uphold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
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@ -254,10 +254,10 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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2:21 yl3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo εἰ γὰρ διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη, ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is not true. Paul stated two times in [2:16](../02/16.md) that no person is made righteous before God by obeying the law of Moses. Also, Paul knows that Christ died for a definite purpose. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certainly false, and if your readers might misunderstand this and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you could translate his words as a negative statement. If your language does state things as a hypothetical possibility that the speaker is trying to prove false, then use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “since we know that righteousness is through faith in Christ and not through the law of Moses, or else Christ would have died for nothing” or “for we know that God considers us righteous because we believe in Christ and not because we keep the law of Moses, or else Christ would have died for nothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
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2:21 imxg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἰ γὰρ διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη, ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to teach the Galatian believers. Use a natural way in your language for expressing conditional “if … then” constructions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
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2:21 m74u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰ & διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη 1 Here, the word **through** expresses the means by which something happens. The phrase **if righteousness is through the law** means “if righteousness could be obtained through keeping the law.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “if righteousness could be obtained by keeping the law” or “if a person could be justified by keeping the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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2:21 dv5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns διὰ νόμου 1 The phrase **through the law** is equivalent in meaning to the phrase "by works of the law" in [2:16](../02/16.md). See how you translated the phrase “by works of the law” in [2:16](../02/16.md) where it occurs twice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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2:21 dfx0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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2:21 dv5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns διὰ νόμου 1 The phrase **through the law** is equivalent in meaning to the phrase "by works of the law" in [2:16](../02/16.md). See how you translated the phrase “by works of the law” in [2:16](../02/16.md) where it occurs twice. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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2:21 dfx0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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2:21 rku5 ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν 1 Alternate translation: “then Christ would have accomplished nothing by dying” or “then it was pointless for Christ to die”
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3:intro xd92 0 # Galatians 3 General Notes\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Equality in Christ\n\nAll Christians are equally united to Christ. Ancestry, gender, and status do not matter. All are equal with each other. All are equal in the eyes of God.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nPaul uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to convince the Galatians of their wrong thinking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### “Those of faith are children of Abraham”\nBible scholars are divided on what this means. Some believe Christians inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham, so Christians replace the physical descendants of Israel. Others believe Christians spiritually follow Abraham, but they do not inherit all of the promises that God gave to Abraham. In light of Paul’s other teachings and the context here, Paul is probably writing about the Jewish and Gentile Christians sharing the same faith as Abraham did. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n\n### “the law” \n\nThe phrase “the law” is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. This phrase occurs in chapters 2-5, and quite frequently in chapters two and three. Every time this phrase occurs in Galatians it refers to the group of laws that God dictated to Moses at Mount Sinai. You should translate this phrase the same way each time it occurs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:intro xd92 0 # Galatians 3 General Notes\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Equality in Christ\n\nAll Christians are equally united to Christ. Ancestry, gender, and status do not matter. All are equal with each other. All are equal in the eyes of God.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nPaul uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to convince the Galatians of their wrong thinking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### “Those of faith are children of Abraham”\nBible scholars are divided on what this means. Some believe Christians inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham, so Christians replace the physical descendants of Israel. Others believe Christians spiritually follow Abraham, but they do not inherit all of the promises that God gave to Abraham. In light of Paul’s other teachings and the context here, Paul is probably writing about the Jewish and Gentile Christians sharing the same faith as Abraham did. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n\n### “the law”\n\nThe phrase “the law” is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. This phrase occurs in chapters 2-5, and quite frequently in chapters two and three. Every time this phrase occurs in Galatians it refers to the group of laws that God dictated to Moses at Mount Sinai. You should translate this phrase the same way each time it occurs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:1 u6lo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ὦ 1 **O** is an exclamation word. Use an exclamation that would be natural to use in this context. Alternate translation: “Oh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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3:1 xvji ἀνόητοι Γαλάται 1 Alternate translation: “you Galatians are without understanding” or “you Galatians who are without understanding”
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3:1 p7uw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to rebuke the Galatian believers. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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@ -266,9 +266,9 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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3:1 ty3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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3:2 wq9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἐξ ἔργων νόμου τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐλάβετε, ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to rebuke the Galatian believers. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You received the Spirit not by doing what the law says, but by believing what you heard.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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3:2 dbp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐξ ἔργων νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **by works of the law** in [2:16](../02/16.md), where it occurs three times. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:2 j39h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:2 j39h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:2 cfj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως 1 Paul is using the possessive form here to describe the response that the Galatians had when they heard the preaching of the gospel. The Galatians had respond to the preaching of the gospel with **faith**. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “by believing what you heard” or “by hearing with faith” or “by trusting in the Messiah when you heard the message about him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:2 ds9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “believing” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: "and believing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:2 ds9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “believing” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: "and believing" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:3 f96u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion οὕτως ἀνόητοί ἐστε 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to emphatically express his surprise. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You are very foolish!” or “Don’t be so foolish!” or “Surely you cannot be so foolish!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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3:3 vof3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἐναρξάμενοι Πνεύματι, νῦν σαρκὶ ἐπιτελεῖσθε 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to guide the Galatian believers thinking about what they are doing. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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3:3 croz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἐναρξάμενοι 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “Having begun the Christian life” or “Having begun your new relationship with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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3:4 mx8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion εἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ 1 The phrase **if indeed it was really for nothing** is a rhetorical question. Paul is using the question form here to help the Galatians think about what he is saying and demonstrate his continued hope that they will decide against the teachings of the false teachers. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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3:5 fuzy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ὁ οὖν ἐπιχορηγῶν ὑμῖν τὸ Πνεῦμα καὶ ἐνεργῶν δυνάμεις ἐν ὑμῖν, ἐξ ἔργων νόμου ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως 1 This entire verse is a rhetorical question. Paul is using the question form here to teach the Galatians a truth by engaging their reasoning. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “God who gives you his Spirit and does miracles among you does not do these things because you obey the law of Moses. Surely you must know that God gives you these blessings because you believed the good news about the Messiah when you heard it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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3:5 upx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ 1 Here, the phrase **the one** refers to God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “God, who is the one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:5 y4ka rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:5 y4ka rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:5 qnkz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως 1 See how you translated the phrase **by hearing of faith** in [3:02](../03/02.md) where it is used with the same meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:5 s3bc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἐξ ἔργων νόμου ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως 1 Paul asks another rhetorical question to remind the Galatians of how they received the Spirit. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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3:5 j4vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐξ ἔργων νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **by works of the law** in [2:16](../02/16.md) where it occurs three times. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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@ -306,24 +306,24 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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3:9 m5ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ ἐκ πίστεως εὐλογοῦνται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will bless the ones by faith” or “God will bless the ones who believe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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3:10 mxe7 ὅσοι γὰρ ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἰσὶν 1 Alternate translation: “All people who follow the law” or “All those who seek to be justified through obeying the law”
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3:10 r5bm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅσοι & ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἰσὶν 1 Here, the phrase **as many as are of works of the law** is probably a shortened way of saying “as many as are relying on works of the law as the basis for God considering them to be righteous.” Here, the phrase **as many as are of works of the law** is describing people who rely on the **works of the law** and is in contrast to the phrase “the ones by faith” in [3:7](../03/07.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “as many as rely on the works of the law as the basis for being righteous before God” or “as many as are relying on works of the law as the basis for God considering them to be righteous” or “as many as are trusting that God will consider them righteous because they try to obey the law of Moses” or “as many as are seeking for God to consider them righteous on the basis of following what the Mosaic Law commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:10 uz3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐξ ἔργων νόμου 1 With the phrase **of works**, Paul is using the possessive form to describe the means by which a person seeks to please God, and by using the phrase **of the law**, Paul is using the possessive form to define the type of **works** to which he is referring to. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “trying to earn God’s approval by doing the works prescribed in the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:10 ynhz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:10 uz3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐξ ἔργων νόμου 1 With the phrase **of works**, Paul is using the possessive form to describe the means by which a person seeks to please God, and by using the phrase **of the law**, Paul is using the possessive form to define the type of **works** to which he is referring to. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “trying to earn God’s approval by doing the works prescribed in the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:10 ynhz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:10 fv3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γέγραπται & γεγραμμένοις 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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3:10 jhr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ κατάραν εἰσίν 1 Here, **under a curse** represents being cursed by God and refers to being condemned by God and therefore being doomed to eternal punishment. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “are cursed by God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:10 bin9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑπὸ κατάραν εἰσίν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **curse**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “curse,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will curse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:10 uj98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γέγραπται 1 Here, Paul uses the phrase **it is written** to indicate that what follows is a quotation from the Old Testament. Paul assumes that his readers will understand this. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is referring to Scripture. Alternate translation: “it is written in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:10 komd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns τοῦ νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the Law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). Alternate translation: “of God’s Laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:10 komd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns τοῦ νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the Law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). Alternate translation: “of God’s Laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:11 zyvq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐν νόμῳ, οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God justifies no one by the law” or “God justifies no one as a result of them seeking to obey the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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3:11 sn9h δῆλον 1 Alternate translation: “is evident”
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3:11 e2hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι The word **because** is introducing the quotation **The righteous will live by faith** from the Old Testament passage [Habakkuk 2:4](../hab/02/04.md). Use a natural way of introducing direct quotations from an important or sacred text. Alternate translation: “because it is written in Scripture,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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3:11 yn2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμῳ 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:11 e2hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὅτι 1 The word **because** is introducing the quotation **The righteous will live by faith** from the Old Testament passage [Habakkuk 2:4](../hab/02/04.md). Use a natural way of introducing direct quotations from an important or sacred text. Alternate translation: “because it is written in Scripture,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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3:11 yn2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμῳ 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:11 qiab rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται 1 The sentence **The righteous will live by faith** is a quotation from Habakkuk 2:4. Use a natural way of indicating that something is a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
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3:11 i537 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται 1 Paul is citing the prophet Habakkuk, who is using the adjective **righteous** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “People who are righteous will live by their faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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3:11 h7t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται 1 The phrase **by faith** could be connected to: (1) the phrase **will live** and be describing the ongoing means by which a righteous person has spiritual life, namely by their faith. Alternate translation: “The righteous person has life through their faith” or “The righteous person lives as a result of their faith” (2) the phrase **the righteous** and be describing the means by which God considers a sinful person to be **righteous**, namely by their having faith in him. Alternate translation: “The person who is made right with God as a result of their faith will live” or “Every person will live spiritually whose record of sins God erases because that person trusts God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:11 osgj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “believe,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “by believing” or “because they believe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:11 e610 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ πίστεως 1 If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly that the object of **faith** here is God. Alternate translation: “by believing in God” or “because they believe in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:12 jr9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 The word **Now** indicates that Paul is introducing new information into his argument and it also indicates that Paul is introducing information that will be in contrast with his statement in [3:11](../03/11.md), that the law is not able to justify a person. Use a natural form in your language for indicating these things. Alternate translation: “And” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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3:12 v8cr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ὁ & νόμος 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:12 v8cr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ὁ & νόμος 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:12 hr2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “believing,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:12 r7i7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ & νόμος οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ πίστεως 1 Here, the phrase **the law is not by faith** means that the law of Moses is not based on faith. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the law of Moses is not founded on faith” or “the law of Moses is not dependent upon faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:12 fml8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ 1 What follows the word **but** here is indicating a contrast between **law** and **faith**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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@ -331,9 +331,9 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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3:12 khuu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αὐτὰ 1 The phrase **these things” refers to God’s statutes and laws, which are mentioned in the first part of Leviticus 18:5. Here Paul is citing the second half of Leviticus 18:5. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly in your translation to what “these things” refers. Alternate translation: “these laws and statutes of mine” or “my law and statutes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:12 rep5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς 1 Here, the word **in** means “by” and refers to the means by which a person **will live**, namely by doing **them**. The word **them** refers to “all the things written in the Book of the Law,” mentioned in [3:10](../03/10.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate these things explicitly. Alternate translation: “will live because they do them” or “will live by obeying them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:13 iql5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐξηγόρασεν 1 Paul uses the metaphor of a person buying back lost property or buying the freedom of a slave to illustrate the meaning of God sending Jesus to pay for people’s sins by dying on the cross. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:13 tmwi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς & ἡμῶν 1 When Paul says **us** here, he is including the Galatian believers, so both occurrences of **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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3:13 tmwi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς & ἡμῶν 1 When Paul says **us** here, he is including the Galatian believers, so both occurrences of **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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3:13 ml63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου & κατάρα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **curse**, you could express the same idea with a verb phrase. Alternate translation: “from being cursed by the law … cursed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:13 rshg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns τοῦ νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:13 rshg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns τοῦ νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:13 vqc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy κατάρα 1 By using the phrase, **a curse**, Paul is describing a person who is cursed by God by association with the **curse** itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “one who was cursed by God” or “one whom God cursed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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3:13 vaay ὑπὲρ 1 Alternate translation: “for”
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3:13 p5m9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅτι γέγραπται 1 The phrase **for it is written** is introducing a quotation from Deuteronomy 21:23. See how you translated the phrase **for it is written** in [3:10](../03/10.md) where it is also introducing a quotation from Scripture. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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3:13 mt6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ξύλου 1 In the language in which Paul wrote this letter, the word **tree** can refer to a post made out of wood. Here, Paul is using the word **tree** to refer to the wooden cross that Jesus was crucified on. If it would help your readers, use a term which could refer to something made of wood, and not just to a live tree. Alternate translation: “a pole” or “a wooden pole” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:14 brf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for Christ’s death (which he discussed in the previous verse). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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3:14 z38j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εὐλογία 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **blessing**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “bless,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:14 e70s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the blessing which Abraham received or which was promised to him. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “the blessing which Abraham received” or “the blessing which God promised to Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:14 e70s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the blessing which Abraham received or which was promised to him. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “the blessing which Abraham received” or “the blessing which God promised to Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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3:14 a0nd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here, the word **in** could be used to indicate: (1) by what means **the blessing of Abraham** would **come to the Gentiles**, namely by means of **Christ Jesus**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of Christ Jesus” or “through Christ Jesus” or “by Christ Jesus” (2) the sphere in which **the blessing of Abraham** would **come to the Gentiles**, namely **so that the blessing of Abraham might come to the Gentiles** who are in the sphere of **Christ Jesus**. Alternate translation: “who are in union with Christ Jesus” (3) the reason **the blessing of Abraham** would **come to the Gentiles**, namely because of **Christ Jesus**. Alternate translation: “because of what Christ Jesus has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:14 gt7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 2 Here, the phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for **the blessing of Abraham** coming **to the Gentiles**, namely so that **the promise of the Spirit** could be received **through faith**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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3:14 g87i διὰ 1 Alternate translation: “by”
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@ -363,17 +363,17 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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3:16 w3wl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὡς ἐπὶ πολλῶν, ἀλλ’ ὡς ἐφ’ ἑνός 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “as speaking about many, but as speaking about one” or “as referring to many, but as referring to one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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3:16 t25e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you σου 1 The word **your** is singular and refers to Abraham. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
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3:17 pdd3 δὲ 1 Alternate translation: “And”
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3:17 soj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ὁ & νόμος 1 See how you translated the phrase “the law” in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:17 soj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ὁ & νόμος 1 See how you translated the phrase “the law” in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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3:17 h36m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers τετρακόσια καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτη 1 Alternate translation: “four hundred and thirty years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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3:17 qn7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive προκεκυρωμένην ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which God established previously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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3:17 fmw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰς τὸ καταργῆσαι 1 Here, the word **to** introduces what the result would have been if **the law** had **set aside the covenant previously established by God**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a result. Alternate translation: “so as to nullify” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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3:18 ujg2 εἰ & ἐκ & ἡ κληρονομία, οὐκέτι ἐξ 1 Alternate translation: “if the inheritance is from … then it is no longer from”
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3:18 c8fu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ κληρονομία 1 Paul speaks of God’s blessings to those who believe in him as if they were an **inheritance**. If your readers would not understand what **inheritance** means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the blessing” or “God’s blessing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:18 h1xv ἐκ νόμου & οὐκέτι ἐξ 1 Alternate translation: “is by the law, it is no longer by” or “is based on the law, it is no longer based on” or “comes from the law, it no longer comes from”
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3:18 edbm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
|
||||
3:18 edbm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμου 1 See how you translated the phrase **the law** in [2:16](../02/016.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
|
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3:18 q6jq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 What follows the word **But** here is in contrast to the idea that **the inheritance is from the law**. Instead, Paul points out that **the inheritance** is based on God’s promise. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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3:18 xsep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κεχάρισται 1 Here, the word **it** refers to **the inheritance** mentioned earlier in this verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “has graciously given the inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:18 δι’ 1 Here, the word **through** is indicating means and is introducing the means through which God gave **the inheritance … to Abraham**, namely **through a promise**. Use a natural form in your language for indicating the means by which something happens.
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3:18 fbn2 δι’ 1 Here, the word **through** is indicating means and is introducing the means through which God gave **the inheritance … to Abraham**, namely **through a promise**. Use a natural form in your language for indicating the means by which something happens.
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3:19 kx2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί οὖν ὁ νόμος 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to anticipate a question that the Galatian believers might have regarding the purpose of the law and to introduce his answer to this anticipated question. If it would help your readers, you could translate his words as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will tell you what the purpose of the law is” or “Let me tell you why God added the law to the covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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3:19 mnw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὁ νόμος 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “was the law given” or “did God give the law” or “was the law added” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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3:19 uk9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive προσετέθη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God added it” or “God added the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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@ -381,15 +381,15 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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3:19 phd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῶν παραβάσεων 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **transgressions**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “sinful”, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people’s sinful behavior” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:19 cf66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive διαταγεὶς δι’ ἀγγέλων 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that God did it. Alternate translation: “and God used angels to put it into effect” or “and God gave the law through angels” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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3:19 lxcw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διαταγεὶς δι’ ἀγγέλων 1 Translate the phrase **through angels** in a way that indicates that God, not angels, was the source of the law. The Bible records in Deuteronomy 33:2, Hebrews 2:2, and Acts 7:38, and 53 that God used angels to give Moses his law. This is what Jewish people believed regarding how God delivered his law to Moses. Alternate translation: “and God used angels to put it into effect” or “God gave the law through angels” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:19 v74y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἄχρις οὗ ἔλθῃ τὸ σπέρμα 1 When Paul says that **the law** was administered by **the hand of a mediator until the seed would come to whom the promise had been made**, Paul is implicitly telling the Galatian believers that the law was temporary and was only needed until Christ, whom he calls **the seed**, came. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “until the seed, who is Christ, would come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:19 v74y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἄχρις οὗ ἔλθῃ τὸ σπέρμα 1 When Paul says that **the law** was administered by **the hand of a mediator until the seed would come to whom the promise had been made**, Paul is implicitly telling the Galatian believers that the law was temporary and was only needed until Christ, whom he calls **the seed**, came. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “until the seed, who is Christ, would come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:19 bgi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐν χειρὶ μεσίτου 1 The phrase **by the hand of** is an idiom which means “through.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “through a mediator” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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3:19 edcu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μεσίτου 1 Moses is the **mediator**to whom Paul is referring. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “of Moses, who acted as a mediator” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:19 nl4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπήγγελται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God had made the promise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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3:20 x9l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo ὁ δὲ μεσίτης ἑνὸς οὐκ ἔστιν 1 In this verse Paul is proving to the Galatian believers that God’s promise to Abraham is superior to the law that he gave Moses. What Paul means by saying **a mediator is not for one** is that a mediator is not needed when one person is speaking with another person directly. Paul is implicitly expressing to the Galatian believers that the promise to Abraham is superior to the law because it was not given through a mediator but, rather, God gave the promise directly to Abraham. If it would help your readers and if you are using footnotes, you could indicate that information in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])\n\n\n\n
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3:20 x9l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo ὁ δὲ μεσίτης ἑνὸς οὐκ ἔστιν 1 In this verse Paul is proving to the Galatian believers that God’s promise to Abraham is superior to the law that he gave Moses. What Paul means by saying **a mediator is not for one** is that a mediator is not needed when one person is speaking with another person directly. Paul is implicitly expressing to the Galatian believers that the promise to Abraham is superior to the law because it was not given through a mediator but, rather, God gave the promise directly to Abraham. If it would help your readers and if you are using footnotes, you could indicate that information in a footnote. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])\n\n\n\n
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3:20 y3ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἑνὸς 1 The phrase **for one** leaves the object implied. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly what **one** is referring to. Alternate translation: “for one party alone” or “needed when there is only one party involved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:20 lhui rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 2 What follows the word **but** here is in contrast to the opening statement in this verse that **a mediator is not for one**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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3:20 l2b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δὲ 2 Here, the word **but** is introducing the phrase **God is one**, which is an allusion to a phrase in Deuteronomy 6:4. The Galatians believers would have known that Paul was referencing this scripture. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly that the word **but** is introducing a reference from Scripture. Alternate translation: “but as Moses wrote in Scripture,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:20 cle8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Θεὸς εἷς ἐστιν 1 Here Paul uses a well-known phrase about God to demonstrate that God's promises directly to Abraham were superior to the law that he gave through Moses. You can include some of this information in the text or a footnote if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Abraham received the promises from God alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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||||
3:20 cle8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Θεὸς εἷς ἐστιν 1 Here Paul uses a well-known phrase about God to demonstrate that God's promises directly to Abraham were superior to the law that he gave through Moses. You can include some of this information in the text or a footnote if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Abraham received the promises from God alone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:21 zwk0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ὁ & νόμος κατὰ τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to anticipate a question that the Galatian believers might have. He introduces his answer to the question which begins with the phrase **For if a law was given being able to make alive**. If it would help your readers, you could translate his words as a statement. Alternate translation: “you might think that the law is against the promises” or “you might think that the law is opposed to the promises” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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||||
3:21 e43u κατὰ τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν 1 Alternate translation: “opposed to the promises” or “in conflict with the promises”
|
||||
3:21 ee7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν 1 The phrase **the promises** refers to the promises that God made to Abraham. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the promises that God made to Abraham” or “God’s promises to Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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3:22 yzcp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor συνέκλεισεν ἡ Γραφὴ τὰ πάντα ὑπὸ ἁμαρτίαν 1 Paul speaks of **the Scripture** as if it were an authority figure who **imprisoned** people. He speaks of **sin** as if it were a jail from which people cannot break free. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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||||
3:22 jbn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἡ Γραφὴ 1 Here, the word **Scripture** could: (1) refer to all Old Testament Scripture. The ULT indicates when the word **Scripture** refers to the entire Bible or the entire Old Testament by capitalizing the word **Scripture**. (2) refer to a particular passage of scripture such as Deuteronomy 27:26 or some other specific Old Testament passage. Alternate translation: “the scripture”
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||||
3:22 dxqc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἡ Γραφὴ 1 Paul is describing God doing something by association with his Word, **the Scripture**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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||||
3:22 mk9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ πάντα 1 Here, the phrase **all things* could refer to: (1) all people. If your language requires you to indicate explicitly what **all things** refers to, you could indicate that it refers to people. Alternate translation: “all humans” (2) the entire creation and the things which make up this present fallen world. See Romans 8:18-22. If you decide that this is what Paul means, you should use a general phrase such as **all things**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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||||
3:22 mk9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ πάντα 1 Here, the phrase **all things* could refer to: (1) all people. If your language requires you to indicate explicitly what **all things** refers to, you could indicate that it refers to people. Alternate translation: “all humans” (2) the entire creation and the things which make up this present fallen world. See Romans 8:18-22. If you decide that this is what Paul means, you should use a general phrase such as **all things**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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||||
3:22 dt14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ ἁμαρτίαν 1 Here, the phrase **under sin** refers to being under the power of sin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “under the power of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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||||
3:22 xqmi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Following the phrase **so that**, Paul states the purpose for which **the Scripture imprisoned all things under sin**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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||||
3:22 pvv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡ ἐπαγγελία ἐκ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ δοθῇ τοῖς πιστεύουσιν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that God did it. Alternate translation: “God might give the promise by faith in Jesus Christ to the ones believing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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||||
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@ -412,31 +412,31 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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3:22 bo1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “trust,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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||||
3:23 jzut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν πίστιν & τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “trust” or “believe,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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||||
3:23 ztcj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πρὸ τοῦ & ἐλθεῖν τὴν πίστιν 1 The phrase **before the faith came** means before faith in Jesus Christ came. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “before faith in Jesus Christ came” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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||||
3:23 uu10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐφρουρούμεθα 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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||||
3:23 uu10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐφρουρούμεθα 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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||||
3:23 su16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα, συνκλειόμενοι 1 Here, Paul is continuing the metaphor of **the law** that he began in the previous verse. The power that **the law** had over humans is spoken of as if the law were a prison guard holding people captive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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||||
3:23 aue6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ 1 Here, the word **under** means “under the authority of” or “under the jurisdiction of.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “under the authority of” or “under the jurisdiction of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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||||
3:23 r5y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα, συνκλειόμενοι 1 Here, Paul is continuing his personification of **the law** that he began in the previous verse. Paul speaks of **the law** as though it were a jailer who **held** people **captive** and kept them **imprisoned until** the time when the coming **faith** in Jesus Christ would **be revealed**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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||||
3:23 e729 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the law held us captive under its power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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||||
3:23 xmur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive συνκλειόμενοι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the first half of the verse states that **the law** did it. Alternate translation: “and the law imprisoned us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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||||
3:23 way9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι 1 Here, the word **until** could: (1) refer to time and introduce the time at which people being **imprisoned** under the law would end, namely **until** the time when God would reveal Jesus Christ as an object of faith. Alternate translation: “until God would reveal the message about trusting in Christ that he was about to reveal” (2) be translated as “to” and be indicating the purpose for people being **imprisoned** under the law, namely so that people would be ready for the coming faith in Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “in order to lead us to believe in the good news that God was about to reveal” or “in order that we might be ready to believe the good news concerning Christ, the news that God would later reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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3:23 way9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι 1 Here, the word **until** could: (1) refer to time and introduce the time at which people being **imprisoned** under the law would end, namely **until** the time when God would reveal Jesus Christ as an object of faith. Alternate translation: “until God would reveal the message about trusting in Christ that he was about to reveal” (2) be translated as “to” and be indicating the purpose for people being **imprisoned** under the law, namely so that people would be ready for the coming faith in Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “in order to lead us to believe in the good news that God was about to reveal” or “in order that we might be ready to believe the good news concerning Christ, the news that God would later reveal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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3:23 rz75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν πίστιν & τὴν & πίστιν 1 The phrase **the faith** means “the faith in Jesus Christ.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the faith in Jesus Christ … the faith in Jesus Christ came, which was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:23 t32j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until the faith came that God was about to reveal” or “until the faith that God would soon reveal came” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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3:24 we2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 Here, the phrase **So** is introducing a result. Use a natural form for introducing a result. Alternate translation: “Thus,” or “Therefore,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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3:24 mcdn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ νόμος, παιδαγωγὸς ἡμῶν γέγονεν 1 Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were a **guardian**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning by using a simile. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:24 a6yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 When Paul says **our**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **our** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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3:24 a6yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 When Paul says **our**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **our** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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3:24 amrv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown παιδαγωγὸς 1 In Paul’s culture a **guardian** was a slave whose task was to discipline and take care of a child who was not yet an adult. If your readers would not be familiar with this term, you could either explain the meaning of this word in your translation, or you could use the term from your culture that comes the closest to expressing the meaning of this word and then write a footnote explaining this word. Alternate translation: “custodian” or “guide” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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3:24 ln1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification παιδαγωγὸς 1 Here, Paul speaks of **the law** as though it were a **guardian** whose job or role was to watch over people’s actions **until Christ** came. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “guide” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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3:24 p30v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς 1 See how you translated the word **until** in [3:23](../03/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])\n\n\n\n
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3:24 p30v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς 1 See how you translated the word **until** in [3:23](../03/23.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])\n\n\n\n
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3:24 zick rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which **the law became our guardian until Christ** which was for the intended purpose that **we might** later **be justified by faith** in Christ. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “with the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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3:24 s8g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δικαιωθῶμεν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God might justify us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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3:24 dkks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive δικαιωθῶμεν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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3:24 dkks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive δικαιωθῶμεν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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3:24 vj5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ 1 Here, the word **by** is indicating the basis or source of God’s act of justifying sinners. The word **by** is indicating that **faith** is the basis on which **we might be justified.** If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “on the basis of” or “by means of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:24 kw1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “trust,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:24 wuco rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πίστεως 1 Here, the context implies (as does also Paul’s use of the similar phrase “by faith in Christ” in [2:16](../02/16.md)), that the object of **faith** is **Christ**. If it would be helpful to your readers to state the object of faith here, you could indicate it explicitly. Alternate translation: “faith in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:25 x257 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast. What follows the word **But** is in contrast to the way things were in the period of time before Christ came. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “But now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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3:25 a4pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea with a verb phrase such as “trusting in Christ,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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3:25 meot rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῆς πίστεως 1 Here, the context implies that the object of **faith** is Christ. If it would be helpful to your readers to state the object of faith here, you could indicate it explicitly. Alternate translation: “faith in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:25 blv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐσμεν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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3:25 blv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐσμεν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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3:25 efvh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑπὸ παιδαγωγόν 1 Here, Paul continues the metaphor he began in [3:24](../03/24.md) by continuing to speak of the law as if it were a **guardian**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the word **guardian** in [3:24](../03/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:25 be13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὑπὸ παιδαγωγόν 1 Here, Paul is speaking of the law as if it were a person who was a **guardian**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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3:25 kjvy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ 1 Here, the word **under** means “under the supervision of.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “under the supervision of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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3:28 tu05 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐκ ἔνι Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην, οὐκ ἔνι δοῦλος οὐδὲ ἐλεύθερος, οὐκ ἔνι ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ, πάντες γὰρ ὑμεῖς εἷς ἐστε ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Paul says that people who believe in Christ are no longer divided by racial, social, or gender distinctions but, rather, now have **one** common identity **in Christ**. Human distinctions now cease to be significant because believers are united in a new spiritual identity, which is being **in Christ**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “For you who are united by your faith in Christ Jesus, it is now as if there is neither Jew nor Greek, neither slave nor free, neither male nor female” or “For you who are united by belief in Christ Jesus, it is now as if there is neither Jew nor Greek, neither slave nor free, neither male nor female” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:28 zxfp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἕλλην 1 Here, the term **Greek** refers to non-Jewish people. It does not refer only to people from the country of Greece or to people who speak the Greek language. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Gentiles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:28 pfrh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐλεύθερος 1 Here, the term **free** refers to people who are not slaves and thus are free from bondage to a master. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “free person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:28 fy09 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **for** introduces a reason. Use a natural form for introducing the reason for something that was said previously. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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3:28 fy09 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **for** introduces a reason. Use a natural form for introducing the reason for something that was said previously. Alternate translation: “because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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3:28 fakq πάντες γὰρ ὑμεῖς εἷς ἐστε ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Alternate translation: “because all of you are together joined to Messiah Jesus”
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3:28 mppd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἷς 1 Here, Paul uses the word **one** to indicate that all believers share an equal position because of the new identity they have by being **in Christ**. (Paul explains his statement from the previous verse that all believers have put on Christ, meaning that they have a new and common identity derived from and centered on Christ). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly what **one** means here. Alternate translation: “alike” or “of equal standing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:28 pddu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Paul speaks of believers being **in Christ Jesus** as if **Christ Jesus** were a physical location in which someone could be. Here, **in Christ** refers to being spiritually united with Christ in close spiritual union with him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning of this phrase plainly. Alternative translation: “in close spiritual union with Christ” or “because of your close spiritual union with Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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3:29 qp4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κληρονόμοι 1 Paul speaks of believers, who are the spiritual descendants **of Abraham**, as if they were **heirs** who were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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3:29 au7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατ’ ἐπαγγελίαν κληρονόμοι 1 If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly what the **heirs** will inherit. Alternate translation: “heirs of what God promised to Abraham and his descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:29 zxr0 κατ’ 1 Alternate translation: “by way of”
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4:intro h6gw 0 # Galatians 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 27, which is quoted from the Old Testament.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Sonship\n\nSonship is a complex issue. Scholars have many views on Israel’s sonship. Paul uses sonship to teach how being under the law differs from being free in Christ. Not all of Abraham’s physical descendants inherited God’s promises to him. Only his descendants through Isaac and Jacob inherited the promises. And God only adopts into his family those who follow Abraham spiritually through faith. They are children of God with an inheritance. Paul calls them children of promise. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Abba, Father\n\n“Abba” is an Aramaic word. In ancient Israel, people used it to informally refer to their fathers. Paul transliterates its sounds by writing them with Greek letters. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])\n\n\n### the law \n\nThe phrase “the law” is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. This phrase occurs in chapters 2-5. Every time this phrase occurs in Galatians, it refers to the group of laws that God dictated to Moses at Mount Sinai. You should translate this phrase the same way each time it occurs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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4:intro h6gw 0 # Galatians 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 27, which is quoted from the Old Testament.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Sonship\n\nSonship is a complex issue. Scholars have many views on Israel’s sonship. Paul uses sonship to teach how being under the law differs from being free in Christ. Not all of Abraham’s physical descendants inherited God’s promises to him. Only his descendants through Isaac and Jacob inherited the promises. And God only adopts into his family those who follow Abraham spiritually through faith. They are children of God with an inheritance. Paul calls them children of promise. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Abba, Father\n\n“Abba” is an Aramaic word. In ancient Israel, people used it to informally refer to their fathers. Paul transliterates its sounds by writing them with Greek letters. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])\n\n\n### the law\n\nThe phrase “the law” is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. This phrase occurs in chapters 2-5. Every time this phrase occurs in Galatians, it refers to the group of laws that God dictated to Moses at Mount Sinai. You should translate this phrase the same way each time it occurs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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4:1 vlu6 κύριος πάντων ὤν 1 Alternate translation: “though being master of all things” or “even though he is master of all things”
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4:2 eyfx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast and indicating that what follows is in contrast to what came before it. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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4:2 jtpo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐστὶ 1 Here, the word **he** refers to the heir mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the heir is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -477,13 +477,13 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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4:2 v5g9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown οἰκονόμους 1 Here, the word **stewards** refers to people who are entrusted with the role of managing property until the heir is old enough to inherit it. Use a natural phrase or term in your language for describing this role. If you do not have this role in your culture, you could describe it for your readers. Alternate translation: “people who manage a child’s possessions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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4:2 khzl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive προθεσμίας τοῦ πατρός 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “date which his father appointed” or “time which his father appointed”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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4:3 ocm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases οὕτως 1 Here, the word **So** indicates that what follows is comparable to, and similar in some way to what has just been described in [4:1-2](../04/01.md). Use a natural form in your language for introducing something that corresponds to something that was introduced previously. Alternate translation: “In a similar way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:3 d6v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἦμεν 1 The word **we** here refers to all Christians, including Paul’s readers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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4:3 d6v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἦμεν 1 The word **we** here refers to all Christians, including Paul’s readers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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4:3 n21q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὅτε ἦμεν νήπιοι 1 Paul speaks of people who have not yet trusted in Jesus as if they were **children**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, or you could translate this phrase as a simile. Alternate translation: “when we did not yet believe in Jesus” or “when we were like children spiritually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:3 rwwj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὑπὸ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου ἤμεθα δεδουλωμένοι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who was doing the action, Paul says that the elemental principles of the world were doing it. See the note on personification regarding **the elemental principles of this world**. Alternate translation: “the elemental principles of the world were enslaving us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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4:3 cd2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor δεδουλωμένοι 1 Paul speaks of being under the control of **the elemental principles of the world** as if it were slavery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:3 l0fg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ 1 Here, the word **under** means “under the power of” or “under the authority of.” See how you translated the word **under** in [4:2](../04/02.md) where Paul uses it with a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “under the power of” or “under the authority of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:3 v1zo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ὑπὸ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου & δεδουλωμένοι 1 Here, Paul speaks of **the elemental principles of the world** as though they were a person who could enslave other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. Paul speaks of **the elemental principles of the world** as though they have the power to enslave a person, but it is actually humans who do not yet believe in the Messiah, who willing submit to these **elemental principles** and allow themselves to be enslaved. See [5:1](../05/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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4:3 u462 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου 1 Here, **the elemental principles of the world** could refer to: (1) the religious and/or moral teachings that people, whether they be a Jew or non-Jew, seek to obey in order to please God and think of themselves as praiseworthy and good. Alternate translation: “the elemental rules of this world” or “the rudimentary principles of this world” (2) the things prescribed by the Mosaic law. Alternate translation: “the things prescribed by the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:3 u462 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου 1 Here, **the elemental principles of the world** could refer to: (1) the religious and/or moral teachings that people, whether they be a Jew or non-Jew, seek to obey in order to please God and think of themselves as praiseworthy and good. Alternate translation: “the elemental rules of this world” or “the rudimentary principles of this world” (2) the things prescribed by the Mosaic law. Alternate translation: “the things prescribed by the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:4 ogo3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 The word **But** is introducing a contrast between the time prior to **when the fullness of time came**, which Paul described before this verse, and the time after **the fullness of time came**, which Paul describes in this verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: "Instead," (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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4:4 ujfp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου 1 The phrase **the fullness of time** means “the right time” or “the time that God appointed.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the right time” or “the designated time” or “the appointed time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:4 opx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός 1 The phrase **born from a woman** is an idiom which means that someone is human. Because Jesus existed as God before he was born on earth, the emphasis here is that Jesus became human, in addition to being fully God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “having taken on human nature” or “having been born as a human being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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4:5 v5cb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐξαγοράσῃ 1 With the word **redeem**, Paul uses the metaphor of a person buying back lost property or buying the freedom of a slave as a picture of God sending Jesus to pay the price for people’s sins by dying on the cross. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:5 nppu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 2 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which God redeemed **the ones under the law**, which was **so that** God could adopt them as his spiritual sons and daughters. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” or “with the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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4:5 jhhy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπὸ 1 See how you translated the word **under** in [3:23](../03/23.md) where it is used with the same meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:5 eapv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὴν υἱοθεσίαν ἀπολάβωμεν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God might adopt us as his sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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4:5 eapv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὴν υἱοθεσίαν ἀπολάβωμεν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God might adopt us as his sons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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4:5 ii90 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἀπολάβωμεν 1 The word **we** could refer to: (1) all Christians, both Jews and non-Jews, in which case **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (2) Jewish Christians only, in which case **we** would be exclusive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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4:5 tpqc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὴν υἱοθεσίαν ἀπολάβωμεν 1 Paul speaks of God giving people a close personal relationship with himself and giving them special rights and privileges as if it were **adoption**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:5 jris rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor υἱοθεσίαν 1 Paul speaks of those who believe in Jesus as if God were their biological, physical father. He means that these people have a father-son relationship with God because they trust in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the word **sons** in [3:26](../03/26.md) where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “the spiritual children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -501,9 +501,9 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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4:6 ahbp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δέ 1 Here, Paul is using the word **And** to introduce new information into his ongoing argument. Use a natural form for introducing new information. Alternate translation: “Now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:6 exc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι 1 The word **because** is introducing the reason that **God sent the Spirit of his Son into** the hearts of believers, namely, because believers are God’s **sons**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a reason. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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4:6 l2ny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations υἱοί 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “sons and daughters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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4:6 bikp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor υἱοί 1 Paul speaks of the Galatian believers as though God were their biological, physical father. He means that these people have a father-son relationship with God because they trust in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the word **sons** in [4:5](../04/25.md), where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “the spiritual children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:6 bikp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor υἱοί 1 Paul speaks of the Galatian believers as though God were their biological, physical father. He means that these people have a father-son relationship with God because they trust in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the word **sons** in [4:5](../04/05.md), where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “the spiritual children of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:6 nei3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy εἰς τὰς καρδίας ἡμῶν 1 Here, the word **hearts** refers to the innermost part of a person. Paul is describing the innermost part of a person by association with their physical heart. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent term from your culture that is used to describe the center of a person’s inner being or you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “to live within each of us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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4:6 s54r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κρᾶζον 1 The phrase **crying out** means calling out loudly. This phrase does not mean to cry or weep from sorrow. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “calling out loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:6 s54r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κρᾶζον 1 The phrase **crying out** means calling out loudly. This phrase does not mean to cry or weep from sorrow. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “calling out loudly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:6 eqx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ 1 The word **Abba** is an Aramaic word meaning **Father** and which the Jews used to address their fathers. Paul writes it as it sounds in Aramaic (he transliterates it) and then translates its meaning into Greek for his readers. Since the Aramaic word **Abba** is followed by the Greek word **Father**, it is best to transliterate **Abba** and then give its meaning in your language, as Paul does. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
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4:7 jkor rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 The phrase **So then** introduces the result of what Paul explained in [4:6](../04/06.md). Use a natural form for introducing a result. Alternate translation: “As a result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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4:7 akb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you εἶ 1 Here,**you** is singular. Paul is probably addressing the Galatian believers by using a singular pronoun in order to emphasize that what he is saying applies to each of them individually. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
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@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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4:11 ct4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit φοβοῦμαι 1 Here, the phrase **I am afraid** means ”I am concerned about.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:11 yytt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμᾶς & ὑμᾶς 1 Both occurrences of the word **you** in this verse are plural and refer to the Galatian believers. Your language may require you to mark such forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
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4:11 alfd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κεκοπίακα 1 Here, the word **labored** refers to Paul’s work of teaching the Galatians the truths of the Christian faith. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “I have labored in teaching and preaching” or “I have taught the truths of the Christian faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:11 bsv1 εἰκῇ 1 Alternate translation: “without results” or “to no avail”
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4:11 bsv1 εἰκῇ 1 Alternate translation: “without results” or “to no avail”
|
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4:12 mad2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular οἴδατε & ὑμῖν 1 In this verse both occurrences of the word **you** are plural and refer to the Galatian believers. Your language may require you to mark such forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
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4:12 p9gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated the word **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md) where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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4:12 gteu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γίνεσθε ὡς ἐγώ, ὅτι κἀγὼ ὡς ὑμεῖς 1 Paul is asking the Galatian believers to become like himself and not act as if the law of Moses has authority over their lives. He says that formerly, when they did not obey the law of Moses, he had become like them and not obeyed all the rules prescribed it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “act like I act by not living your life as if you need to obey the law of Moses, because when I was with you did not obey all the rules and ceremonial laws prescribed in the law of Moses” or “become as I am by not acting as if you have to obey the law of Moses, because formerly I became as you were before you were deceived into thinking that you needed to obey the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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4:17 s9kn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκκλεῖσαι ὑμᾶς 1 Here, the the phrase **to separate you** refers to separating the Galatian believers from Paul and probably also from his ministry partners, because they all taught a gospel message that was different from what the false teachers were teaching the Galatian believers. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly from whom Paul is saying that the false teachers are trying to separate the Galatian believers. Alternate translation: “to separate you from us” or “to make you stop being loyal to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:17 wrvk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is introducing the purpose for which the false teachers desired **to separate** the Galatian believers from Paul and his ministry partners. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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4:17 iv1d αὐτοὺς ζηλοῦτε 1 Alternate translation: “you would be devoted to them” or “you would be attached to them”
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4:18 hjp6 δὲ 1 Alternate translation: “Now”
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4:18 hjp6 δὲ 1 Alternate translation: “Now”
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4:18 m5m2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καλῷ 1 Here, the word **good** refers to good things. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “good things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:19 u3eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τέκνα μου 1 Paul speaks of the Galatian believers as if they were his **children** and he was their parent. The Galatian believers experienced their spiritual birth as a result of Paul’s work of proclaiming the gospel to them, so he was their spiritual parent and they were his spiritual **children**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “You who believed the message about Jesus that I proclaimed to you” or “My spiritual children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:19 yf9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πάλιν ὠδίνω 1 Paul speaks of his work of seeking to help the Galatians grow in spiritual maturity and the mental and physical suffering he endured as a result of this work as if it were the **labor** that a mother endures when giving birth to a child. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile. Alternate translation: “I am again in anguish as though I am giving birth” or “it is as if I am in labor again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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4:22 ljse rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks Ἀβραὰμ δύο υἱοὺς ἔσχεν; ἕνα ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης, καὶ ἕνα ἐκ τῆς ἐλευθέρας 1 In this verse and in all of [4:23](../04/23.md) Paul is summarizing a story from the book of Genesis and is not directly quoting scripture, so you should not use quotation marks or anything else that might cause your readers to think that Paul is directly quoting scripture here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
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4:22 wbg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἕνα ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης, καὶ ἕνα ἐκ τῆς ἐλευθέρας 1 In both instances in the phrases **one by the slave girl and one by the free woman**, Paul is using the adjective "one" as a noun in order to indicate a specific kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could add the word “son” to show Paul's meaning. Alternate translation: “one son by the slave girl and one son by the free woman” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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4:23 djsd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἀλλ’ 1 Here, Paul is using the word **And** to introduce additional information regarding the two sons mentioned in [4:22](../04/22.md). In the remainder of this verse, Paul contrasts the way in which the two sons were born. Alternate translation: “Now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:23 bthj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj παιδίσκης & ἐλευθέρας 1 See how you translated **slave girl** and **free woman** in [4:22](../04/22.md). (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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4:23 bthj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj παιδίσκης & ἐλευθέρας 1 See how you translated **slave girl** and **free woman** in [4:22](../04/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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4:23 s2pc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ σάρκα 1 Here, the phrase **according to the flesh** means that Ishmael was born in the natural way by which all children are born, without God intervening and performing a miracle. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the natural way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:23 wjvp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **but** is introducing a contrast. It is introducing a contrast between Ishmael, **the one** who **was born from the slave girl according to the flesh** and Isaac, who was born **from the free woman, through promise**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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4:23 qnl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δι’ ἐπαγγελίας 1 Here, the phrase **through promise** means “through God’s promise to Abraham” and refers to God supernaturally intervening and enabling Abraham’s wife Sarah (**the free woman**) to become pregnant in order to fulfill his **promise** to Abraham. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “through God’s promise to Abraham” or “was conceived supernaturally as a result of what God had promised to Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -604,47 +604,47 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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4:25 frft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification δουλεύει & μετὰ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς 1 Here, Paul refers to the city of **Jerusalem** as though it were a woman (**she** and **her**) who could be **in slavery** and have **children**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem represents the religious system of Judaism, which results in spiritual bondage for all those who practice it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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4:25 flc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δουλεύει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **slavery**, you could express the same idea with a concrete noun such as “slave,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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4:26 busv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast between the present Jerusalem mentioned in [4:25](../04/25.md) and **the Jerusalem above** in this verse. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “On the other hand,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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4:26 qsz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ & ἄνω Ἰερουσαλὴμ 1 The phrase **the Jerusalem above** refers to the heavenly city of God, which is comprised of all those who trust Jesus to save them from their sins. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the heavenly Jerusalem” or “God’s Jerusalem” or “God’s Jerusalem, which is made up of those who trust in Jesus,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:26 tdz1 rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἄνω 1 Paul is describing what is heavenly (what belongs to or comes from heaven) by association with the word **above**, which his readers would have understood to mean “heavenly.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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4:26 qsz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ & ἄνω Ἰερουσαλὴμ 1 The phrase **the Jerusalem above** refers to the heavenly city of God, which is comprised of all those who trust Jesus to save them from their sins. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the heavenly Jerusalem” or “God’s Jerusalem” or “God’s Jerusalem, which is made up of those who trust in Jesus,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:26 tdz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἄνω 1 Paul is describing what is heavenly (what belongs to or comes from heaven) by association with the word **above**, which his readers would have understood to mean “heavenly.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plain language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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4:26 qpxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐλευθέρα 1 Here, the word **free** refers to spiritual freedom which consists of freedom from the law of Moses and freedom from the power and condemnation of sin which results in being able to freely worship God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “spiritually free” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:26 iwg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἥτις ἐστὶν μήτηρ ἡμῶν 1 Paul uses the word **mother** to refer to belonging to a place as a citizen of that place and possessing the rights and privileges which belong to a citizen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “which is the Jerusalem to which we belong” or “which is the place to which we belong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:26 iwg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἥτις ἐστὶν μήτηρ ἡμῶν 1 Paul uses the word **mother** to refer to belonging to a place as a citizen of that place and possessing the rights and privileges which belong to a citizen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “which is the Jerusalem to which we belong” or “which is the place to which we belong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:26 c4qu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification μήτηρ ἡμῶν 1 Paul speaks of **the Jerusalem above** as if it was were a **mother**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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4:26 ijkp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 When Paul says **our**, he is speaking of all believers in Jesus, which would include himself and the Galatian believers, so **our** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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4:27 kfc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γάρ 1 Here, Paul uses the word **For** to indicate that he is introducing material which supports what he said in [4:26](../04/26.md). Use a natural form in your language for introducing information which supports a prior claim. (See:[[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:27 jt53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γέγραπται 1 Here, Paul uses the phrase **it is written** to indicate that what follows is a quotation from the Old Testament Scriptures. Paul assumes that his readers will understand this. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is referring to an important text. Alternate translation: “it is written in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:27 ummm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that the prophet Isaiah did it. Alternate translation: “Isaiah wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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4:27 jql2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations εὐφράνθητι, στεῖρα, ἡ οὐ τίκτουσα, ῥῆξον καὶ βόησον, ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα, ὅτι πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον, ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα 1 This is a quotation from Isaiah 54:1. Use a natural way of indicating that something is a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
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4:27 iqvm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism εὐφράνθητι, στεῖρα, ἡ οὐ τίκτουσα, ῥῆξον καὶ βόησον, ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah uses a common Hebrew poetic device and says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Rejoice, you who are barren” or “Rejoice, you who have been unable to have children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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4:27 r8jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit στεῖρα & ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα 1 If your language requires you to state the person who is the object of a command, it is implied that a woman is being addressed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “you barren woman … you woman not suffering the pains of childbirth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:27 y6x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εὐφράνθητι, στεῖρα, ἡ οὐ τίκτουσα, ῥῆξον καὶ βόησον, ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα, ὅτι πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον, ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα 1 Paul is quoting the prophet Isaiah, who is speaking of the city of Jerusalem as if it were a **barren** woman who is unable to give **birth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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||||
4:27 iqvm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism εὐφράνθητι, στεῖρα, ἡ οὐ τίκτουσα, ῥῆξον καὶ βόησον, ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah uses a common Hebrew poetic device and says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Rejoice, you who are barren” or “Rejoice, you who have been unable to have children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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||||
4:27 r8jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit στεῖρα & ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα 1 If your language requires you to state the person who is the object of a command, it is implied that a woman is being addressed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “you barren woman … you woman not suffering the pains of childbirth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:27 y6x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εὐφράνθητι, στεῖρα, ἡ οὐ τίκτουσα, ῥῆξον καὶ βόησον, ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα, ὅτι πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον, ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα 1 Paul is quoting the prophet Isaiah, who is speaking of the city of Jerusalem as if it were a **barren** woman who is unable to give **birth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:27 scqa rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι 1 The word **because** is introducing the reason to **Rejoice**. Use a natural form for introducing a reason to do something. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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4:27 xi97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον, ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα 1 The prophet Isaiah wrote this scripture passage during the time in which Jerusalem and its people had been conquered by the Babylonian army and the people taken away to Babylon. Isaiah is speaking of the city of Jerusalem as it was at the time of his writing, when it was without most of its original inhabitants. He compares the empty city to a **desolate** woman, a woman whose husband has left her, and he speaks of the inhabitants of Jerusalem as if they were **children**. In this passage from Isaiah 54:1, Isaiah is picturing Israel as a wife who is abandoned by her husband, which is God. Having **children** in this context refers to having inhabitants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent metaphors from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "the woman who was abandoned by her husband has more children than does the woman living with her husband" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:27 bu3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἢ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “than the children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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4:27 xi97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον, ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα 1 The prophet Isaiah wrote this scripture passage during the time in which Jerusalem and its people had been conquered by the Babylonian army and the people taken away to Babylon. Isaiah is speaking of the city of Jerusalem as it was at the time of his writing, when it was without most of its original inhabitants. He compares the empty city to a **desolate** woman, a woman whose husband has left her, and he speaks of the inhabitants of Jerusalem as if they were **children**. In this passage from Isaiah 54:1, Isaiah is picturing Israel as a wife who is abandoned by her husband, which is God. Having **children** in this context refers to having inhabitants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent metaphors from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "the woman who was abandoned by her husband has more children than does the woman living with her husband" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:27 bu3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἢ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “than the children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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4:28 jfx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δέ 1 Here, Paul uses the word **Now** to indicate that what he writes next is connected to what he wrote immediately before this and that he is continuing his line of thought. Use a natural form in your language to indicate that what follows is in continuity with what precedes it. Alternate translation: “And” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:28 oyo4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὑμεῖς & ἀδελφοί, κατὰ Ἰσαὰκ, ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα ἐστέ 1 The point of this comparison is that the Galatian believers (who are referred to as **brothers**) are **like Isaac** because both **Isaac** and the Galatians are **children of promise**, meaning that they both owe their birth to God’s supernatural working. Isaac’s physical birth came about as a result of God’s supernatural intervention, and the Galatian believers spiritual birth came about as a result of God’s supernatural intervention. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my fellow believers, you are similar to Isaac in that God miraculously intervened for both you and him in order to fulfill his promise to Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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4:28 oyo4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὑμεῖς & ἀδελφοί, κατὰ Ἰσαὰκ, ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα ἐστέ 1 The point of this comparison is that the Galatian believers (who are referred to as **brothers**) are **like Isaac** because both **Isaac** and the Galatians are **children of promise**, meaning that they both owe their birth to God’s supernatural working. Isaac’s physical birth came about as a result of God’s supernatural intervention, and the Galatian believers spiritual birth came about as a result of God’s supernatural intervention. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my fellow believers, you are similar to Isaac in that God miraculously intervened for both you and him in order to fulfill his promise to Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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4:28 p45d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμεῖς 1 Here, the pronoun **you** is plural. Your language may require you to mark such forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
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4:28 ad75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated the word **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md) where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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4:28 ct63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα 1 Here, **children** could be a metaphor which means that the Galatian believers are: (1) God’s spiritual descendants. If it would help your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God’s spiritual descendants” or “God’s children” (2) Abraham’s spiritual descendants. If it would help your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Abraham’s spiritual descendants” or “Abraham’s children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:28 u3dr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the source of these **children**. He means that the **children** are the **children** or descendants which God promised to supernaturally give to Abraham, and therefore they are **children** whose source derives from God fulfillment of his **promise** to Abraham. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “children of God’s promise” or “children of God’s promise to Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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4:29 on63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἀλλ’ 1 Here, the word **But** could be: (1) introducing a contrast. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. (2) indicating a transition. Alternate translation: “And” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:29 vmec rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὥσπερ 1 Here, the word **just as** introduces a comparison. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a comparison. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:29 eky8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ 1 Here, the phrase **the one** refers to Abraham’s son Ishmael. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: "Ishmael, the one" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:29 ppp0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν 1 Here, the phrase **the one** refers to Abraham’s son Isaac. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Isaac, the one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:29 ued8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis κατὰ Πνεῦμα 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “having been born according to Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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4:29 gt1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ Πνεῦμα 1 Here, **according to Spirit** means that Isaac’s birth came about because the Holy Spirit worked in a supernatural way in order to make it happen. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having been born because of the supernatural working of the Spirit” or “having been born by the miraculous working of the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:29 saqx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases οὕτως καὶ 1 The phrase **so it also is** introduces a comparison. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a comparison. Alternate translation: “so it is also the same” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:28 ct63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα 1 Here, **children** could be a metaphor which means that the Galatian believers are: (1) God’s spiritual descendants. If it would help your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God’s spiritual descendants” or “God’s children” (2) Abraham’s spiritual descendants. If it would help your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Abraham’s spiritual descendants” or “Abraham’s children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:28 u3dr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe the source of these **children**. He means that the **children** are the **children** or descendants which God promised to supernaturally give to Abraham, and therefore they are **children** whose source derives from God fulfillment of his **promise** to Abraham. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers. Alternate translation: “children of God’s promise” or “children of God’s promise to Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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4:29 on63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἀλλ’ 1 Here, the word **But** could be: (1) introducing a contrast. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. (2) indicating a transition. Alternate translation: “And” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:29 vmec rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ὥσπερ 1 Here, the word **just as** introduces a comparison. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a comparison. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:29 eky8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ 1 Here, the phrase **the one** refers to Abraham’s son Ishmael. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: "Ishmael, the one" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:29 ppp0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν 1 Here, the phrase **the one** refers to Abraham’s son Isaac. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Isaac, the one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:29 ued8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis κατὰ Πνεῦμα 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “having been born according to Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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4:29 gt1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατὰ Πνεῦμα 1 Here, **according to Spirit** means that Isaac’s birth came about because the Holy Spirit worked in a supernatural way in order to make it happen. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having been born because of the supernatural working of the Spirit” or “having been born by the miraculous working of the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:29 saqx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases οὕτως καὶ 1 The phrase **so it also is** introduces a comparison. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a comparison. Alternate translation: “so it is also the same” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:30 a2xo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί λέγει ἡ Γραφή 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form to get the Galatian believers to think about the scripture verse he cites next. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: "the scripture says," (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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4:30 klbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification λέγει ἡ Γραφή 1 Here, Paul speaks of the specific scripture passage he is quoting from Genesis as though it were a person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does Moses say in the scripture” or “does Moses write in the scripture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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4:30 kg1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἔκβαλε τὴν παιδίσκην καὶ τὸν υἱὸν αὐτῆς; οὐ γὰρ μὴ κληρονομήσει ὁ υἱὸς τῆς παιδίσκης, μετὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τῆς ἐλευθέρας 1 This is a quotation from Genesis. Use a natural way in your language to indicate that this is a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
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4:30 x9d7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔκβαλε 1 Here, **Cast out** means to send away. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: "Banish" or "Remove from here" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:30 x9d7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔκβαλε 1 Here, **Cast out** means to send away. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: "Banish" or "Remove from here" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:30 imto rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐ & μὴ 1 The phrase **certainly not** translates two negative words in Greek. In the author’s culture, two negative words made the statement even more negative. If your language can use two negatives as the author’s culture did, you could use a double negative here. If your language does not use two negatives in this way, you could translate with one strong negative. Alternate translation: “by no means” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
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4:31 g74v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases διό 1 The word **Therefore** is introducing Paul’s conclusion to what he explained immediately prior to this verse. Use a natural form for introducing a concluding statement. Alternate translation: “So then” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:31 g74v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases διό 1 The word **Therefore** is introducing Paul’s conclusion to what he explained immediately prior to this verse. Use a natural form for introducing a concluding statement. Alternate translation: “So then” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:31 sy8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated the word **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md) where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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4:31 pesk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐσμὲν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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4:31 pesk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐσμὲν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is including the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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4:31 iz3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τέκνα 1 Paul speaks of spiritual descendants as if they were **children**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the word **children** in [4:28](../04/28.md) where it is also used to mean “spiritual descendants.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:31 al42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παιδίσκης & ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐλευθέρας 1 Paul is using the phrase **slave girl** to refer to Hagar, who symbolizes the law of Moses (which brings spiritual bondage), and he is using Sarah, **the free woman**, to symbolize God’s promise that he made to Abraham. If your readers would not understand this you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “of the law of Moses, but of the promises that God made to Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:31 ily3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 Here, the word **but** is introducing a contrast. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation (as a new sentence): "Instead, we are children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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5:intro bcg3 0 # Galatians 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul continues writing about the law of Moses as something that traps or enslaves a person. In this chapter Paul declares repeatedly that Christ has freed believers from being obligated to obey the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Fruit of the Spirit\n\nThe phrase “the fruit of the Spirit” is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. The word “fruit” is singular and refers to the nine qualities listed in [5:22–23](../05/22.md) to show that they are a united cluster of qualities that are manifested in each believer. Translators should keep the singular form for “fruit” if possible. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])\n\n\n### the law \n\nThe phrase “the law” is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. This phrase occurs in chapters 2-5. Every time this phrase occurs in Galatians it refers to the group of laws that God dictated to Moses at Mount Sinai. You should translate this phrase the same way each time it occurs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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4:31 al42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παιδίσκης & ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐλευθέρας 1 Paul is using the phrase **slave girl** to refer to Hagar, who symbolizes the law of Moses (which brings spiritual bondage), and he is using Sarah, **the free woman**, to symbolize God’s promise that he made to Abraham. If your readers would not understand this you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “of the law of Moses, but of the promises that God made to Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:31 ily3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 Here, the word **but** is introducing a contrast. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation (as a new sentence): "Instead, we are children" (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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5:intro bcg3 0 # Galatians 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul continues writing about the law of Moses as something that traps or enslaves a person. In this chapter Paul declares repeatedly that Christ has freed believers from being obligated to obey the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Fruit of the Spirit\n\nThe phrase “the fruit of the Spirit” is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. The word “fruit” is singular and refers to the nine qualities listed in [5:22–23](../05/22.md) to show that they are a united cluster of qualities that are manifested in each believer. Translators should keep the singular form for “fruit” if possible. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])\n\n\n### the law\n\nThe phrase “the law” is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. This phrase occurs in chapters 2-5. Every time this phrase occurs in Galatians it refers to the group of laws that God dictated to Moses at Mount Sinai. You should translate this phrase the same way each time it occurs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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5:1 kuu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ, ἡμᾶς Χριστὸς ἠλευθέρωσεν 1 **For freedom Christ set us free** implies that Christ **set** believers **free** from being required to obey the laws God gave the Jews. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Christ has set us free from the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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5:1 dt67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the purpose for which Christ freed believers. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose. Alternate translation: “For the purpose of freedom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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5:1 hh1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ & δουλείας 1 See how you translated **freedom** in [2:4](../02/04.md) and **slavery** in [4:24](../04/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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@ -708,7 +708,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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5:13 yp6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated the same use of **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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5:13 b62s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἀφορμὴν τῇ σαρκί 1 Here Paul speaks of **the flesh** as if it were a person who could take advantage of **an opportunity**. He is referring to believers thinking they can sin because they do not have to obey the laws God gave the Jews. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “an opportunity to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]).
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5:13 viv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῇ σαρκί 1 Here Paul uses **flesh** to refer to sinful human nature. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for your sinful nature” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:13 t1y7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ διὰ τῆς ἀγάπης δουλεύετε ἀλλήλοις 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “rather than using your freedom as an excuse to sin, through love serve one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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5:13 t1y7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ διὰ τῆς ἀγάπης δουλεύετε ἀλλήλοις 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “rather than using your freedom as an excuse to sin, through love serve one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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5:13 ierd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τῆς ἀγάπης 1 Here, **through** indicates the means by which believers should **serve one another**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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5:13 iki8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ἀγάπης 1 See how you translated **love** in [5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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5:14 cu9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul’s readers should obey the command he gave in the previous verse. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a reason. Alternate translation: “You must do this for one another because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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5:14 pda2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ὁ & νόμος 1 See how you translated **law** in the [2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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5:14 qt9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν 1 The words **you**, **your**, and **yourself** are singular here because, even though Moses said this to the Israelites as a group, each individual person was supposed to obey this command. So in your translation, use the singular forms of **you**, **your**, and **yourself** in this verse, if your language marks that distinction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
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5:14 zdv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative ἀγαπήσεις 1 **You will love** is a statement that Moses uses to give a command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “You must love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
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5:15 jjz0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἰ & ἀλλήλους δάκνετε καὶ κατεσθίετε, βλέπετε μὴ ὑπ’ ἀλλήλων ἀναλωθῆτε 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to teach the Galatians what the results will be if they fight with each other. The result of consuming each other will happen if they fulfill the condition of **biting and devouring one another**. The word “then” is implied before the phrase **watch out**. If it would help your readers, you could supply this word in your translation. Alternate translation: “if you are biting and devouring one another, then watch out that you might not be consumed by one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
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5:15 jjz0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἰ & ἀλλήλους δάκνετε καὶ κατεσθίετε, βλέπετε μὴ ὑπ’ ἀλλήλων ἀναλωθῆτε 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to teach the Galatians what the results will be if they fight with each other. The result of consuming each other will happen if they fulfill the condition of **biting and devouring one another**. The word “then” is implied before the phrase **watch out**. If it would help your readers, you could supply this word in your translation. Alternate translation: “if you are biting and devouring one another, then watch out that you might not be consumed by one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
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5:15 yk60 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰ & ἀλλήλους δάκνετε καὶ κατεσθίετε 1 Here Paul speaks of the Galatian believers fighting each other as if they were wild animals that attack each other. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “if you are mistreating and hurting one another” or “if you are acting like wild animals that bite and devour one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:15 l2m9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μὴ ὑπ’ ἀλλήλων ἀναλωθῆτε 1 Here Paul speaks of the Galatian believers fighting each other as if they were wild animals that eat each other. Here **consumed** could mean: (1) the believers themselves would be destroyed. Alternate translation: “you might not be destroyed by one another” (2) the fellowship of Galatian believers would be destroyed. Alternate translation: “your group of believers might not be destroyed by one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:15 itx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ ὑπ’ ἀλλήλων ἀναλωθῆτε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you might not consume one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ front:intro rx9u 0 # Introduction to Psalms\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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2:2 ag3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יִ֥תְיַצְּב֨וּ ׀ מַלְכֵי־אֶ֗רֶץ וְרוֹזְנִ֥ים נֽוֹסְדוּ־יָ֑חַד 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “The kings of the earth take their stand, indeed, the rulers conspire together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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2:3 bvs1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נְֽ֭נַתְּקָה אֶת־מֽוֹסְרוֹתֵ֑ימוֹ וְנַשְׁלִ֖יכָה מִמֶּ֣נּוּ עֲבֹתֵֽימוֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Let us tear apart their bonds, truly, let us cast their cords away from us.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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2:3 xw9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נְֽ֭נַתְּקָה אֶת־מֽוֹסְרוֹתֵ֑ימוֹ וְנַשְׁלִ֖יכָה מִמֶּ֣נּוּ עֲבֹתֵֽימוֹ 1 The people of other nations speak of Yahweh and his anointed's rule over them as if it were **bonds**and **cords**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “We should free ourselves from their control; we should not let them rule over us any longer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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2:4 vz39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יוֹשֵׁ֣ב בַּשָּׁמַ֣יִם יִשְׂחָ֑ק אֲ֝דֹנָ֗י יִלְעַג־לָֽמוֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “He who sits in the heavens sneers; indeed, \nthe Lord mocks them.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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2:4 vz39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יוֹשֵׁ֣ב בַּשָּׁמַ֣יִם יִשְׂחָ֑ק אֲ֝דֹנָ֗י יִלְעַג־לָֽמוֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “He who sits in the heavens sneers; indeed,\nthe Lord mocks them.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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2:4 t9zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יוֹשֵׁ֣ב 1 Here, **sitting** represents ruling. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He who rules” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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2:5 z631 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְאַפּ֑וֹ וּֽבַחֲרוֹנ֥וֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **anger** and **fury**, you could express the same ideas in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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2:6 ygss rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations 0 This verse is a quotation of Yahweh (who is mentioned before this verse as the Lord who is sitting in the heavens). If the speaker would be unclear, you may want to introduce him as the UST does. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
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Reference in New Issue