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Discourse function tN's (RUT) (#1297)

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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
RUT front intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Ruth<br><br>1. How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22)<br>1. Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23)<br>1. Boaz and Ruth at the threshing floor (3:1–18)<br>1. How Ruth became the wife of Boaz (4:1–16)<br>1. Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22)<br><br>### What is the Book of Ruth about?<br><br>This book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book traditionally has the title **Ruth** because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as ***The Book about Ruth***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur?<br><br>The story of Ruth is set during the time when there were **judges** in Israel. These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab?<br><br>In a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab shows great faith in him. The Israelites’ frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])<br><br>### What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth?<br><br>Israelites practiced what is called ***levirate marriage***. This was a custom for the closest male relative to provide for a childless widow by marrying her. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would still have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could.<br><br>### What was a **kinsman-redeemer**?<br><br>A person’s close relative or relatives were expected to act as ***kinsmen-redeemers*** (2:20 ULT) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need. They were also responsible to practice ***levirate marriage***. In the Book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer.<br><br>### What was **gleaning** in the Book of Ruth?<br><br>Poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These **gleaners** picked up sheaves of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz.<br><br>### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty?<br><br>A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do, according to a covenant they had with someone else. God promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other.<br><br>The Book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives are part of Israel’s duties in God’s covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth and Naomi gives good examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])<br><br>### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East?<br><br>City gates in the time of Boaz were natural meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were large, perhaps two to three meters in width. Therefore the gateway opening provided a shady area for public meetings. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway.<br><br>Some English Bible versions speak of Boaz sitting ***at*** the city gate. It may be best for translators to make clear that Boaz sat ***in*** the city gateway.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How does the Book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic?<br><br>The Book of Ruth often changes to new topics or new parts of the story. The ULT uses various words to indicate these changes, such as ***so,*** ***then,*** and ***now***. Translators should use the ways most natural in their own languages to signal these changes.<br>
RUT 1 intro irf4 0 # Ruth 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### **It happened in the days when the judges ruled**<br><br>The events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Women without a husband or children<br><br>In the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Contrast<br><br>The actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi’s god, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br>
RUT 1 1 sb2j וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 It happened that ***It was*** or ***This is what happened***. This is a common way of beginning a historical story.
RUT 1 1 m9nl בִּ⁠ימֵי֙ שְׁפֹ֣ט הַ⁠שֹּׁפְטִ֔ים 1 in the days when the judges ruled ***during the time when judges led and governed Israel***
RUT 1 1 sb2j writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 It happened that ***It was*** or ***This is what happened***. This is a common way of beginning a historical story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
RUT 1 1 m9nl grammar-connect-time-simultaneous בִּ⁠ימֵי֙ שְׁפֹ֣ט הַ⁠שֹּׁפְטִ֔ים 1 in the days when the judges ruled ***during the time when judges led and governed Israel*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
RUT 1 1 nm13 figs-explicit בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 in the land This refers to the land of Israel. Alternate translation: ***in the land of Israel*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 1 1 mmb4 writing-participants אִ֜ישׁ 1 a certain man ***a man***. This is a common way of introducing a character into a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
RUT 1 2 e53a אֶפְרָתִ֔ים מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית לֶ֖חֶם יְהוּדָ֑ה 1 who were Ephrathites of Bethlehem of Judah They were people from the tribe of Ephraim who settled at Bethlehem in the region of Judah.
@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ RUT 1 17 lql7 figs-idiom בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּמ֨וּתִי֙ אָמ֔
RUT 1 17 sje3 figs-idiom יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠כֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף כִּ֣י 1 May Yahweh do to me, and even more, if This refers to Ruth asking God to punish her if she does not do what she said like the English idiom ***God forbid, if***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 1 17 abc2 כִּ֣י הַ⁠מָּ֔וֶת יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵֽ⁠ךְ 1 except death separates between me and between you ***If anything other than death separates us from each other*** or ***if I leave you while you and I are both still alive***
RUT 1 18 rsq2 וַ⁠תֶּחְדַּ֖ל לְ⁠דַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠הָ 1 she stopped arguing with her ***Naomi stopped arguing with Ruth***
RUT 1 19 j9wa writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 It happened that ***It came about***. This marks a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
RUT 1 19 j9wa writing-newevent וַתֵּלַ֣כְנָה שְׁתֵּיהֶ֔ם עַד־בֹּאָ֖נָה בֵּ֣ית לָ֑חֶם וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 It happened that when they came to Bethlehem, This sentence introduces a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
RUT 1 19 jdr1 writing-background וַתֵּלַ֣כְנָה שְׁתֵּיהֶ֔ם עַד־בֹּאָ֖נָה בֵּ֣ית לָ֑חֶם 1 when they came to Bethlehem This is a background clause, explaining that the new event took place after Naomi had returned to Bethlehem with Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
RUT 1 19 y3us figs-metonymy כָּל־הָ⁠עִיר֙ 1 the entire town The ***town*** refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: ***everyone in the town*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 1 19 abc3 figs-hyperbole כָּל־הָ⁠עִיר֙ 1 the entire town Here ***entire*** is as generalization. Some of the residents of the town may not have been excited by this news. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
RUT 1 19 xnb3 הֲ⁠זֹ֥את נָעֳמִֽי 1 Is this Naomi? Since it has been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem and no longer has her husband and two sons, it is likely the women were expressing doubt as to if this woman was actually Naomi. Treat as a real question, not rhetorical.
@ -58,9 +59,10 @@ RUT 1 21 n9zc אֲנִי֙ מְלֵאָ֣ה הָלַ֔כְתִּי וְ⁠רֵ
RUT 1 21 jqx5 עָ֣נָה בִ֔⁠י 1 has testified against me ***has judged me guilty***
RUT 1 21 t1p8 הֵ֥רַֽע לִֽ⁠י 1 has afflicted me ***has brought calamity on me*** or ***has brought tragedy to me***
RUT 1 22 cx7g writing-endofstory וַ⁠תָּ֣שָׁב נָעֳמִ֗י וְ⁠ר֨וּת 1 So Naomi returned, with Ruth This begins a summary statement. English marks this by the word **So**. Determine how your language marks concluding or summary statements and do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
RUT 1 22 jdr2 writing-background וְהֵ֗מָּה בָּ֚אוּ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם בִּתְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים׃ 1 They came to Bethlehem at the beginning of the harvest of barley. The sentence gives background information, explaining that Naomi and Ruth had arrived in Bethlehem around the time when the Israelites were starting to harvest their barley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 1 22 bgy3 figs-abstractnouns בִּ⁠תְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 at the beginning of the harvest of barley ***the barley harvest***. The phrase **the harvest of barley** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: ***when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
RUT 2 intro ld2v 0 # Ruth 02 General Notes<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### **Do not go to glean in another field**<br><br>Boaz said this because he could not guarantee their safety in another person’s field. It is assumed that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
RUT 2 1 t2sn writing-background וּֽ⁠לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֞י מידע לְ⁠אִישָׁ֗⁠הּ 1 Now Naomi had a relative of her husband This phrase introduces new information before the story continues. Your language may have a way to introduce new information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 2 1 t2sn writing-participants וּֽ⁠לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֞י מידע לְ⁠אִישָׁ֗⁠הּ 1 Now Naomi had a relative of her husband This sentence introduces the next part of the story, in which Ruth meets Boaz. Boaz is introduced here as a new participant in the story. Your language may also have a specific way to introduce new events or new characters in a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
RUT 2 1 b4q7 אִ֚ישׁ גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל 1 a man of great wealth ***a prominent, wealthy man***. This means that Boaz was prosperous and well known in his community, with a good reputation.
RUT 2 2 am6a ר֨וּת הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 Ruth, the Moabite woman Here the story resumes. You need to see how your language restarts a story after a break.
RUT 2 2 c7rk הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 the Moabite woman This is another way of saying the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab.
@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ RUT 2 2 abc5 figs-metonymy אֲשֶׁ֥ר…בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 in wh
RUT 2 2 j59b figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־ חֵ֖ן 1 I will find favor The phrase **will find favor** is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Alternate translation: ***to be kind to me*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 2 2 ed93 בִתִּֽ⁠י 1 my daughter Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother. Make sure it is possible in your language to use this word for someone who is not an actual daughter.
RUT 2 3 ht73 וַ⁠יִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔⁠הָ 1 She happened to come Ruth was not aware that the field she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi’s relative Boaz.
RUT 2 4 vys2 writing-participants וְ⁠הִנֵּה־בֹ֗עַז 1 Behold, Boaz The word ***behold*** alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field. Your language may also have a specific way of introducing important events or characters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
RUT 2 4 vys2 figs-informremind וְ⁠הִנֵּה 1 Behold, The word ***Behold*** alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field and seeing Ruth for the first time. Your language may also have a specific way of alerting someone to pay careful attention to what happens next in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-informremind]])
RUT 2 4 q1lv בָּ֚א מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם 1 came from Bethlehem The fields were an unspecified distance outside of Bethlehem.
RUT 2 4 r4bl יְבָרֶכְ⁠ךָ֥ יְהוָֽה 1 May Yahweh bless you ***May Yahweh give you good things*** or ***May Yahweh make you happy***
RUT 2 5 a5ht לְ⁠מִ֖י הַ⁠נַּעֲרָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּֽאת 1 Whose is this young woman? Possible meanings are 1) Boaz was asking about Ruth’s husband or 2) Boaz was asking about Ruth’s parents or current guardians.
@ -124,16 +126,19 @@ RUT 2 22 bcc4 וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִפְגְּעוּ־בָ֖⁠ךְ 1 so that the
RUT 2 23 e2vq וַ⁠תִּדְבַּ֞ק 1 So she stayed close Ruth worked in Boaz’s fields with his workers during the day, so she would be safe.
RUT 2 23 a7qp וַ⁠תֵּ֖שֶׁב אֶת־חֲמוֹתָֽ⁠הּ 1 She lived with her mother-in-law Ruth went to Naomi’s home to sleep at night.
RUT 3 intro t4y5 0 # Ruth 03 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Boaz’s integrity<br><br>Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz’s character is important for this story.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### **So that it may be well with you**<br><br>Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi’s daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
RUT 3 1 jdr3 writing-newevent וַ⁠תֹּ֥אמֶר לָ֖⁠הּ נָעֳמִ֣י 1 Naomi…said to her, This sentence introduces the next part of the story, in which Ruth asks Boaz to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer for her and Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/translate/writing-newevent]])
RUT 3 1 r7ar חֲמוֹתָ֑⁠הּ 1 her mother-in-law Naomi is the mother of Ruth’s dead husband.
RUT 3 1 f1uc בִּתִּ֞⁠י 1 My daughter Ruth became Naomi’s daughter by marrying her son and further by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem.
RUT 3 1 nxr8 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־ לָ֛⁠ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִֽיטַב־ לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 should I not seek rest for you, so that it may be well with you? Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: ***I must look for a place for you to rest, so that you will be taken care of.*** or ***I must find a husband to care for you, so that you can live without worry.*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 3 1 uw2p figs-metaphor לָ֛⁠ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ 1 rest for you Possible meanings are 1) literally in finding a house for her to live in or 2) figuratively in finding a husband to care for her. Naomi probably had both senses in mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 3 2 jdr4 grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה 1 Connecting Statement: This phrase indicates that Naomi advises Ruth because she desires to find a resting place for Ruth [Ruth 3:1]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
RUT 3 2 j31t figs-explicit הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 young female workers you were with The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: ***female workers you have been with in the fields*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 3 2 b4h8 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֥א בֹ֨עַז֙ מֹֽדַעְתָּ֔⁠נוּ 1 is Boaz not our kinsman? Naomi probably used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her. Alternate translation: ***Boaz is our relative.*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 3 2 nd8v הִנֵּה 1 Look This term indicates that the following statement is very important.
RUT 3 2 nd8v figs-informremind הִנֵּה 1 Look The word ***Look*** indicates that the following statement is very important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-informremind]])
RUT 3 2 ms25 זֹרֶ֛ה 1 is winnowing To winnow means to separate grain from the unwanted chaff by tossing both the grain and chaff into the air, allowing the wind to blow the chaff away.
RUT 3 3 ru6z וָ⁠סַ֗כְתְּ 1 and anoint yourself This is probably a reference to rubbing sweet-smelling oil on oneself, much as women put on perfume today.
RUT 3 3 e92h figs-idiom ו⁠ירדתי הַ⁠גֹּ֑רֶן 1 and go down to the threshing floor This refers to leaving the city and heading to the threshing area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 4 jdr5 grammar-connect-time-background וִ⁠יהִ֣י בְ⁠שָׁכְב֗⁠וֹ 1 Then it will be that when he lies down, This is a background clause, explaining when Ruth should watch to see where Boaz sleeps. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
RUT 3 4 ln1m translate-symaction וְ⁠גִלִּ֥ית מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 and uncover his feet This means to remove the cloak or blanket covering his feet so that they would be exposed to the cold air. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
RUT 3 4 l4we ו⁠שכבתי 1 and lie down ***and lie down at his feet***
RUT 3 4 w1u5 וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד לָ֔⁠ךְ אֵ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעַשִֽׂי⁠ן 1 Then he will tell you what you should do The specific custom of that time is unclear, but this is usually understood as a culturally acceptable way for a woman to tell a man that she was willing to marry him. Boaz would understand the custom and accept or reject her offer.
@ -142,7 +147,7 @@ RUT 3 7 fz7e figs-synecdoche וַ⁠יִּיטַ֣ב לִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 and his
RUT 3 7 y6gk וַ⁠תָּבֹ֣א בַ⁠לָּ֔ט 1 Then she came quietly ***Then she sneaked in*** or ***Then she came in quietly so no one would hear her***
RUT 3 7 eq2u וַ⁠תְּגַ֥ל מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 and uncovered his feet ***and removed his blanket from his feet***
RUT 3 7 pb6l וַ⁠תִּשְׁכָּֽב 1 and lay down ***and lay down at his feet***
RUT 3 8 pz92 וַ⁠יְהִי֙ 1 It came about This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
RUT 3 8 pz92 grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וַ⁠יְהִי֙ בַּ⁠חֲצִ֣י הַ⁠לַּ֔יְלָה 1 It came about in the middle of the night This clause introduces a new event in the story, explaining when Boaz woke up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
RUT 3 8 xun6 וַ⁠יֶּחֱרַ֥ד 1 that was startled It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet.
RUT 3 8 c23j figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּלָּפֵ֑ת 1 He turned over He looked to see what startled him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 8 e7ui אִשָּׁ֔ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽי⁠ו 1 a woman was lying at his feet The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness.
@ -153,8 +158,10 @@ RUT 3 10 bjw9 הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥⁠ךְ הָ⁠אַחֲר
RUT 3 10 e7ka הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥⁠ךְ הָ⁠אַחֲר֖וֹן 1 you have showed more kindness at the end This refers to Ruth asking Boaz to marry her. By marrying Naomi’s relative, Ruth would provide for Naomi and demonstrate great kindness to Naomi.
RUT 3 10 cbd3 הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 from the beginning This refers to the way Ruth had earlier provided for her mother-in-law by staying with her and gleaning grain for food for them.
RUT 3 10 n84d figs-idiom לְ⁠בִלְתִּי־לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙ 1 because you have not gone after ***you have not pursued marriage with***. Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 11 jdr6 grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה 1 Connecting Statement: This phrase indicates that Boaz is motivated to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer because he has seen how much kindness Ruth has shown to Naomi [Ruth 1:10]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
RUT 3 11 ei93 בִּתִּ⁠י֙ 1 my daughter Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman.
RUT 3 12 fvq5 גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽ⁠נִּי 1 a kinsman-redeemer nearer than I It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [Ruth 2:20](../02/20.md).
RUT 3 12 jdr7 grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ⁠עַתָּה֙ 1 Connecting Statement: This phrase indicates a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth and the possibility of another man marrying her instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
RUT 3 12 fvq5 גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽ⁠נִּי 1 a kinsman-redeemer…nearer than I It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [Ruth 2:20](../02/20.md).
RUT 3 13 gcl8 figs-explicit אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥⁠ךְ 1 if he will redeem you Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and help carry on his family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 3 13 tkz9 חַי־יְהוָ֑ה 1 as Yahweh lives ***as surely as Yahweh lives***. This was a common Hebrew vow.
RUT 3 14 vn8p וַ⁠תִּשְׁכַּ֤ב מרגלת⁠ו 1 So she lay at his feet Ruth slept at Boaz’ feet. They did not have sex.
@ -169,7 +176,9 @@ RUT 3 17 e9xx אַל־תָּב֥וֹאִי רֵיקָ֖ם 1 Do not go empty-han
RUT 3 17 abca שֵׁשׁ־ הַ⁠שְּׂעֹרִ֥ים 1 six measures of barley See how you translated this in [Ruth 3:15](../03/15.md).
RUT 3 18 u5rn אִם־כִּלָּ֥ה הַ⁠דָּבָ֖ר 1 he has finished this thing This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth.
RUT 4 intro pz6m 0 # Ruth 04 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### King David<br><br>Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel’s greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### **You must also acquire Ruth the Moabite woman**<br><br>Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.<br><br>### **This was the custom in former times**<br><br>This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down.
RUT 4 1 jdr8 writing-newevent וּ⁠בֹ֨עַז עָלָ֣ה הַ⁠שַּׁעַר֮ 1 Now Boaz went up to the gate This clause introduces the next part of the story, in which Boaz performs the role of kinsman-redeemer and marries Ruth. (See: [[rc:en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
RUT 4 1 m4by הַ⁠שַּׁעַר֮ 1 to the gate ***to the gate of the city*** or ***to the gate of Bethlehem***. This was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. There was an open area by the gate that was used as a meeting place to discuss community matters.
RUT 4 1 jdr9 figs-informremind וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה 1 Behold, The word ***Behold*** alerts us to the important event of Boaz sitting down at the gate and seeing the exact person he wanted to see walking by. Your language may also have a specific way of alerting someone to pay careful attention to what happens next in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-informremind]])
RUT 4 1 kz1g הַ⁠גֹּאֵ֤ל 1 the kinsman-redeemer This was the closest living relative to Elimelek. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [Ruth 2:20](../02/20.md).
RUT 4 2 bf74 מִ⁠זִּקְנֵ֥י הָ⁠עִ֖יר 1 from the elders of the city ***from the leaders of the city***
RUT 4 3 es9g חֶלְקַת֙ הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה…מָכְרָ֣ה נָעֳמִ֔י 1 Naomi…is selling the parcel of land It was the responsibility of the kinsman to buy back his relative’s land and to care for his family. In this case, it meant the man must buy Naomi’s land, marry Ruth, and care for Naomi.
@ -185,11 +194,12 @@ RUT 4 5 figs-nominaladj הַ⁠מֵּ֖ת 1 the dead Ruth's husband was the ***
RUT 4 6 sx9k אַשְׁחִ֖ית אֶת־נַחֲלָתִ֑⁠י 1 damaging my own inheritance If he married Ruth, he would have to give some of his own wealth to the children that Ruth might bear.
RUT 4 6 sa7h גְּאַל־לְ⁠ךָ֤ אַתָּה֙ אֶת־גְּאֻלָּתִ֔⁠י 1 You redeem for yourself my right of redemption ***You yourself redeem it instead of me***
RUT 4 7 wga9 writing-background וְ⁠זֹאת֩ 1 Now it was thus ***Now this was the custom ***. The writer of the book explains of the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 4 7 lgf5 writing-background לְ⁠פָנִ֨ים 1 in former times ***in earlier times***. This implies that the customs had changed from when the story took place until the book was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 4 7 lgf5 writing-background לְ⁠פָנִ֨ים 1 in former times ***in earlier times***. This implies that the customs had changed from when the story took place until when the book was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 4 7 d46w לְ⁠רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 to the other This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his sandal.
RUT 4 9 zz42 figs-hyperbole לַ⁠זְּקֵנִ֜ים וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠עָ֗ם 1 to the elders and to all the people This is a generalization. It refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
RUT 4 9 img5 כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֶֽ⁠אֱלִימֶ֔לֶךְ וְ⁠אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְ⁠כִלְי֖וֹן וּ⁠מַחְל֑וֹן 1 all that was Elimelek’s and all that was Kilion’s and Mahlon’s This refers to all the land and possessions of Naomi’s dead husband and sons.
RUT 4 9 lwx9 figs-synecdoche מִ⁠יַּ֖ד נָעֳמִֽי 1 from the hand of Naomi The hand of Naomi represents Naomi. She was responsible for the money exchange. Alternate translation: ***from Naomi*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
RUT 4 10 jdr0 Grammar-connect-words-phrases 1 Connecting Statement: This statement indicates that the people sitting at the gate are witnesses both to the fact that Boaz is claiming Ruth to be his wife and to the fact that he is buying back Elimilech’s family land for Naomi [Ruth 1:9].
RUT 4 10 nm32 לְ⁠הָקִ֤ים שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּת֙ עַל־נַ֣חֲלָת֔⁠וֹ 1 to raise up the name of the dead man through his inheritance The first son that Ruth bore would be legally considered Mahlon’s son and would inherit the land that Boaz bought from Naomi. Alternate translation: ***so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man’s property***
RUT 4 10 gg1m figs-metaphor וְ⁠לֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּ֛ת מֵ⁠עִ֥ם אֶחָ֖י⁠ו 1 so that his name will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place Being forgotten is spoken of as if one’s name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: ***so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers’ descendants and the people of this town*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 4 10 xpu5 וּ⁠מִ⁠שַּׁ֣עַר מְקוֹמ֑⁠וֹ 1 and from the gate of his place The gate of the town is where important legal decisions were made, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land.
@ -208,7 +218,7 @@ RUT 4 13 gw77 figs-euphemism וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א אֵלֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 He went
RUT 4 14 qj8v figs-doublenegatives לֹ֣א הִשְׁבִּ֥ית לָ֛⁠ךְ גֹּאֵ֖ל הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם 1 who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer This phrase can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: ***who has provided you today with a kinsman to redeem you*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
RUT 4 14 p8p3 וְ⁠יִקָּרֵ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ 1 May his name be famous This refers to the reputation and character of Naomi’s grandson.
RUT 4 15 hz3e לְ⁠מֵשִׁ֣יב נֶ֔פֶשׁ 1 one who restores life This phrase probably refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life as a result of having a new grandson. Alternate translation: ***one who brings joy to you again*** or ***one who will make you feel young again***
RUT 4 15 z5lw וּ⁠לְ⁠כַלְכֵּ֖ל אֶת־שֵׂיבָתֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 ane a nourisher of your old age ***and he will take care of you when you become old***
RUT 4 15 z5lw וּ⁠לְ⁠כַלְכֵּ֖ל אֶת־שֵׂיבָתֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 and a nourisher of your old age ***and he will take care of you when you become old***
RUT 4 15 rpc3 figs-idiom ט֣וֹבָה לָ֔⁠ךְ מִ⁠שִּׁבְעָ֖ה בָּנִֽים 1 better to you than seven sons ***Seven*** was the Hebrew number of completeness. Naomi’s sons both died before they produced any offspring, but Ruth bore a grandson to Naomi by Boaz. Alternate translation: ***better to you than any son*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 4 16 k1w4 וַ⁠תִּקַּ֨ח נָעֳמִ֤י אֶת־הַ⁠יֶּ֨לֶד֙ 1 Naomi took the child This refers to Naomi holding the child. Make sure it does not sound like she took him away from Ruth.
RUT 4 16 jn29 וַ⁠תְּשִׁתֵ֣⁠הוּ בְ⁠חֵיקָ֔⁠הּ 1 laid him in her bosom ***held him close against her chest***. This is a statement of love and affection for the child.

1 Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
2 RUT front intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Ruth<br><br>1. How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22)<br>1. Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23)<br>1. Boaz and Ruth at the threshing floor (3:1–18)<br>1. How Ruth became the wife of Boaz (4:1–16)<br>1. Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22)<br><br>### What is the Book of Ruth about?<br><br>This book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book traditionally has the title **Ruth** because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as ***The Book about Ruth***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur?<br><br>The story of Ruth is set during the time when there were **judges** in Israel. These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab?<br><br>In a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab shows great faith in him. The Israelites’ frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])<br><br>### What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth?<br><br>Israelites practiced what is called ***levirate marriage***. This was a custom for the closest male relative to provide for a childless widow by marrying her. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would still have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could.<br><br>### What was a **kinsman-redeemer**?<br><br>A person’s close relative or relatives were expected to act as ***kinsmen-redeemers*** (2:20 ULT) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need. They were also responsible to practice ***levirate marriage***. In the Book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer.<br><br>### What was **gleaning** in the Book of Ruth?<br><br>Poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These **gleaners** picked up sheaves of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz.<br><br>### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty?<br><br>A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do, according to a covenant they had with someone else. God promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other.<br><br>The Book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives are part of Israel’s duties in God’s covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth and Naomi gives good examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])<br><br>### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East?<br><br>City gates in the time of Boaz were natural meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were large, perhaps two to three meters in width. Therefore the gateway opening provided a shady area for public meetings. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway.<br><br>Some English Bible versions speak of Boaz sitting ***at*** the city gate. It may be best for translators to make clear that Boaz sat ***in*** the city gateway.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How does the Book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic?<br><br>The Book of Ruth often changes to new topics or new parts of the story. The ULT uses various words to indicate these changes, such as ***so,*** ***then,*** and ***now***. Translators should use the ways most natural in their own languages to signal these changes.<br>
3 RUT 1 intro irf4 0 # Ruth 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### **It happened in the days when the judges ruled**<br><br>The events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Women without a husband or children<br><br>In the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Contrast<br><br>The actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi’s god, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br>
4 RUT 1 1 sb2j writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 It happened that ***It was*** or ***This is what happened***. This is a common way of beginning a historical story. ***It was*** or ***This is what happened***. This is a common way of beginning a historical story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
5 RUT 1 1 m9nl grammar-connect-time-simultaneous בִּ⁠ימֵי֙ שְׁפֹ֣ט הַ⁠שֹּׁפְטִ֔ים 1 in the days when the judges ruled ***during the time when judges led and governed Israel*** ***during the time when judges led and governed Israel*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
6 RUT 1 1 nm13 figs-explicit בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 in the land This refers to the land of Israel. Alternate translation: ***in the land of Israel*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7 RUT 1 1 mmb4 writing-participants אִ֜ישׁ 1 a certain man ***a man***. This is a common way of introducing a character into a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
8 RUT 1 2 e53a אֶפְרָתִ֔ים מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית לֶ֖חֶם יְהוּדָ֑ה 1 who were Ephrathites of Bethlehem of Judah They were people from the tribe of Ephraim who settled at Bethlehem in the region of Judah.
48 RUT 1 17 sje3 figs-idiom יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠כֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף כִּ֣י 1 May Yahweh do to me, and even more, if This refers to Ruth asking God to punish her if she does not do what she said like the English idiom ***God forbid, if***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
49 RUT 1 17 abc2 כִּ֣י הַ⁠מָּ֔וֶת יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵֽ⁠ךְ 1 except death separates between me and between you ***If anything other than death separates us from each other*** or ***if I leave you while you and I are both still alive***
50 RUT 1 18 rsq2 וַ⁠תֶּחְדַּ֖ל לְ⁠דַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠הָ 1 she stopped arguing with her ***Naomi stopped arguing with Ruth***
51 RUT 1 19 j9wa writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י וַתֵּלַ֣כְנָה שְׁתֵּיהֶ֔ם עַד־בֹּאָ֖נָה בֵּ֣ית לָ֑חֶם וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 It happened that It happened that when they came to Bethlehem, ***It came about***. This marks a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) This sentence introduces a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
52 RUT 1 19 jdr1 writing-background וַתֵּלַ֣כְנָה שְׁתֵּיהֶ֔ם עַד־בֹּאָ֖נָה בֵּ֣ית לָ֑חֶם 1 when they came to Bethlehem This is a background clause, explaining that the new event took place after Naomi had returned to Bethlehem with Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
53 RUT 1 19 y3us figs-metonymy כָּל־הָ⁠עִיר֙ 1 the entire town The ***town*** refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: ***everyone in the town*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
54 RUT 1 19 abc3 figs-hyperbole כָּל־הָ⁠עִיר֙ 1 the entire town Here ***entire*** is as generalization. Some of the residents of the town may not have been excited by this news. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
55 RUT 1 19 xnb3 הֲ⁠זֹ֥את נָעֳמִֽי 1 Is this Naomi? Since it has been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem and no longer has her husband and two sons, it is likely the women were expressing doubt as to if this woman was actually Naomi. Treat as a real question, not rhetorical.
59 RUT 1 21 jqx5 עָ֣נָה בִ֔⁠י 1 has testified against me ***has judged me guilty***
60 RUT 1 21 t1p8 הֵ֥רַֽע לִֽ⁠י 1 has afflicted me ***has brought calamity on me*** or ***has brought tragedy to me***
61 RUT 1 22 cx7g writing-endofstory וַ⁠תָּ֣שָׁב נָעֳמִ֗י וְ⁠ר֨וּת 1 So Naomi returned, with Ruth This begins a summary statement. English marks this by the word **So**. Determine how your language marks concluding or summary statements and do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
62 RUT 1 22 jdr2 writing-background וְהֵ֗מָּה בָּ֚אוּ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם בִּתְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים׃ 1 They came to Bethlehem at the beginning of the harvest of barley. The sentence gives background information, explaining that Naomi and Ruth had arrived in Bethlehem around the time when the Israelites were starting to harvest their barley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
63 RUT 1 22 bgy3 figs-abstractnouns בִּ⁠תְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 at the beginning of the harvest of barley ***the barley harvest***. The phrase **the harvest of barley** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: ***when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
64 RUT 2 intro ld2v 0 # Ruth 02 General Notes<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### **Do not go to glean in another field**<br><br>Boaz said this because he could not guarantee their safety in another person’s field. It is assumed that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
65 RUT 2 1 t2sn writing-background writing-participants וּֽ⁠לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֞י מידע לְ⁠אִישָׁ֗⁠הּ 1 Now Naomi had a relative of her husband This phrase introduces new information before the story continues. Your language may have a way to introduce new information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) This sentence introduces the next part of the story, in which Ruth meets Boaz. Boaz is introduced here as a new participant in the story. Your language may also have a specific way to introduce new events or new characters in a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
66 RUT 2 1 b4q7 אִ֚ישׁ גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל 1 a man of great wealth ***a prominent, wealthy man***. This means that Boaz was prosperous and well known in his community, with a good reputation.
67 RUT 2 2 am6a ר֨וּת הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 Ruth, the Moabite woman Here the story resumes. You need to see how your language restarts a story after a break.
68 RUT 2 2 c7rk הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 the Moabite woman This is another way of saying the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab.
71 RUT 2 2 j59b figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־ חֵ֖ן 1 I will find favor The phrase **will find favor** is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Alternate translation: ***to be kind to me*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
72 RUT 2 2 ed93 בִתִּֽ⁠י 1 my daughter Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother. Make sure it is possible in your language to use this word for someone who is not an actual daughter.
73 RUT 2 3 ht73 וַ⁠יִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔⁠הָ 1 She happened to come Ruth was not aware that the field she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi’s relative Boaz.
74 RUT 2 4 vys2 writing-participants figs-informremind וְ⁠הִנֵּה־בֹ֗עַז וְ⁠הִנֵּה 1 Behold, Boaz Behold, The word ***behold*** alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field. Your language may also have a specific way of introducing important events or characters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) The word ***Behold*** alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field and seeing Ruth for the first time. Your language may also have a specific way of alerting someone to pay careful attention to what happens next in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-informremind]])
75 RUT 2 4 q1lv בָּ֚א מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם 1 came from Bethlehem The fields were an unspecified distance outside of Bethlehem.
76 RUT 2 4 r4bl יְבָרֶכְ⁠ךָ֥ יְהוָֽה 1 May Yahweh bless you ***May Yahweh give you good things*** or ***May Yahweh make you happy***
77 RUT 2 5 a5ht לְ⁠מִ֖י הַ⁠נַּעֲרָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּֽאת 1 Whose is this young woman? Possible meanings are 1) Boaz was asking about Ruth’s husband or 2) Boaz was asking about Ruth’s parents or current guardians.
126 RUT 2 23 e2vq וַ⁠תִּדְבַּ֞ק 1 So she stayed close Ruth worked in Boaz’s fields with his workers during the day, so she would be safe.
127 RUT 2 23 a7qp וַ⁠תֵּ֖שֶׁב אֶת־חֲמוֹתָֽ⁠הּ 1 She lived with her mother-in-law Ruth went to Naomi’s home to sleep at night.
128 RUT 3 intro t4y5 0 # Ruth 03 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Boaz’s integrity<br><br>Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz’s character is important for this story.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### **So that it may be well with you**<br><br>Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi’s daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
129 RUT 3 1 jdr3 writing-newevent וַ⁠תֹּ֥אמֶר לָ֖⁠הּ נָעֳמִ֣י 1 Naomi…said to her, This sentence introduces the next part of the story, in which Ruth asks Boaz to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer for her and Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/translate/writing-newevent]])
130 RUT 3 1 r7ar חֲמוֹתָ֑⁠הּ 1 her mother-in-law Naomi is the mother of Ruth’s dead husband.
131 RUT 3 1 f1uc בִּתִּ֞⁠י 1 My daughter Ruth became Naomi’s daughter by marrying her son and further by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem.
132 RUT 3 1 nxr8 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־ לָ֛⁠ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִֽיטַב־ לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 should I not seek rest for you, so that it may be well with you? Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: ***I must look for a place for you to rest, so that you will be taken care of.*** or ***I must find a husband to care for you, so that you can live without worry.*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
133 RUT 3 1 uw2p figs-metaphor לָ֛⁠ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ 1 rest for you Possible meanings are 1) literally in finding a house for her to live in or 2) figuratively in finding a husband to care for her. Naomi probably had both senses in mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
134 RUT 3 2 jdr4 grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה 1 Connecting Statement: This phrase indicates that Naomi advises Ruth because she desires to find a resting place for Ruth [Ruth 3:1]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
135 RUT 3 2 j31t figs-explicit הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 young female workers you were with The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: ***female workers you have been with in the fields*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
136 RUT 3 2 b4h8 figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֥א בֹ֨עַז֙ מֹֽדַעְתָּ֔⁠נוּ 1 is Boaz not our kinsman? Naomi probably used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her. Alternate translation: ***Boaz is our relative.*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
137 RUT 3 2 nd8v figs-informremind הִנֵּה 1 Look This term indicates that the following statement is very important. The word ***Look*** indicates that the following statement is very important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-informremind]])
138 RUT 3 2 ms25 זֹרֶ֛ה 1 is winnowing To winnow means to separate grain from the unwanted chaff by tossing both the grain and chaff into the air, allowing the wind to blow the chaff away.
139 RUT 3 3 ru6z וָ⁠סַ֗כְתְּ 1 and anoint yourself This is probably a reference to rubbing sweet-smelling oil on oneself, much as women put on perfume today.
140 RUT 3 3 e92h figs-idiom ו⁠ירדתי הַ⁠גֹּ֑רֶן 1 and go down to the threshing floor This refers to leaving the city and heading to the threshing area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
141 RUT 3 4 jdr5 grammar-connect-time-background וִ⁠יהִ֣י בְ⁠שָׁכְב֗⁠וֹ 1 Then it will be that when he lies down, This is a background clause, explaining when Ruth should watch to see where Boaz sleeps. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
142 RUT 3 4 ln1m translate-symaction וְ⁠גִלִּ֥ית מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 and uncover his feet This means to remove the cloak or blanket covering his feet so that they would be exposed to the cold air. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
143 RUT 3 4 l4we ו⁠שכבתי 1 and lie down ***and lie down at his feet***
144 RUT 3 4 w1u5 וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד לָ֔⁠ךְ אֵ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעַשִֽׂי⁠ן 1 Then he will tell you what you should do The specific custom of that time is unclear, but this is usually understood as a culturally acceptable way for a woman to tell a man that she was willing to marry him. Boaz would understand the custom and accept or reject her offer.
147 RUT 3 7 y6gk וַ⁠תָּבֹ֣א בַ⁠לָּ֔ט 1 Then she came quietly ***Then she sneaked in*** or ***Then she came in quietly so no one would hear her***
148 RUT 3 7 eq2u וַ⁠תְּגַ֥ל מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 and uncovered his feet ***and removed his blanket from his feet***
149 RUT 3 7 pb6l וַ⁠תִּשְׁכָּֽב 1 and lay down ***and lay down at his feet***
150 RUT 3 8 pz92 grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וַ⁠יְהִי֙ וַ⁠יְהִי֙ בַּ⁠חֲצִ֣י הַ⁠לַּ֔יְלָה 1 It came about It came about in the middle of the night This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. This clause introduces a new event in the story, explaining when Boaz woke up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
151 RUT 3 8 xun6 וַ⁠יֶּחֱרַ֥ד 1 that was startled It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet.
152 RUT 3 8 c23j figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּלָּפֵ֑ת 1 He turned over He looked to see what startled him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
153 RUT 3 8 e7ui אִשָּׁ֔ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽי⁠ו 1 a woman was lying at his feet The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness.
158 RUT 3 10 e7ka הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥⁠ךְ הָ⁠אַחֲר֖וֹן 1 you have showed more kindness at the end This refers to Ruth asking Boaz to marry her. By marrying Naomi’s relative, Ruth would provide for Naomi and demonstrate great kindness to Naomi.
159 RUT 3 10 cbd3 הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 from the beginning This refers to the way Ruth had earlier provided for her mother-in-law by staying with her and gleaning grain for food for them.
160 RUT 3 10 n84d figs-idiom לְ⁠בִלְתִּי־לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙ 1 because you have not gone after ***you have not pursued marriage with***. Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
161 RUT 3 11 jdr6 grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה 1 Connecting Statement: This phrase indicates that Boaz is motivated to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer because he has seen how much kindness Ruth has shown to Naomi [Ruth 1:10]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
162 RUT 3 11 ei93 בִּתִּ⁠י֙ 1 my daughter Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman.
163 RUT 3 12 fvq5 jdr7 grammar-connect-logic-contrast גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽ⁠נִּי וְ⁠עַתָּה֙ 1 a kinsman-redeemer nearer than I Connecting Statement: It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [Ruth 2:20](../02/20.md). This phrase indicates a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth and the possibility of another man marrying her instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
164 RUT 3 12 fvq5 גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽ⁠נִּי 1 a kinsman-redeemer…nearer than I It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [Ruth 2:20](../02/20.md).
165 RUT 3 13 gcl8 figs-explicit אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥⁠ךְ 1 if he will redeem you Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and help carry on his family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
166 RUT 3 13 tkz9 חַי־יְהוָ֑ה 1 as Yahweh lives ***as surely as Yahweh lives***. This was a common Hebrew vow.
167 RUT 3 14 vn8p וַ⁠תִּשְׁכַּ֤ב מרגלת⁠ו 1 So she lay at his feet Ruth slept at Boaz’ feet. They did not have sex.
176 RUT 3 17 abca שֵׁשׁ־ הַ⁠שְּׂעֹרִ֥ים 1 six measures of barley See how you translated this in [Ruth 3:15](../03/15.md).
177 RUT 3 18 u5rn אִם־כִּלָּ֥ה הַ⁠דָּבָ֖ר 1 he has finished this thing This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth.
178 RUT 4 intro pz6m 0 # Ruth 04 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### King David<br><br>Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel’s greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### **You must also acquire Ruth the Moabite woman**<br><br>Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.<br><br>### **This was the custom in former times**<br><br>This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down.
179 RUT 4 1 jdr8 writing-newevent וּ⁠בֹ֨עַז עָלָ֣ה הַ⁠שַּׁעַר֮ 1 Now Boaz went up to the gate This clause introduces the next part of the story, in which Boaz performs the role of kinsman-redeemer and marries Ruth. (See: [[rc:en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
180 RUT 4 1 m4by הַ⁠שַּׁעַר֮ 1 to the gate ***to the gate of the city*** or ***to the gate of Bethlehem***. This was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. There was an open area by the gate that was used as a meeting place to discuss community matters.
181 RUT 4 1 jdr9 figs-informremind וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה 1 Behold, The word ***Behold*** alerts us to the important event of Boaz sitting down at the gate and seeing the exact person he wanted to see walking by. Your language may also have a specific way of alerting someone to pay careful attention to what happens next in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-informremind]])
182 RUT 4 1 kz1g הַ⁠גֹּאֵ֤ל 1 the kinsman-redeemer This was the closest living relative to Elimelek. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [Ruth 2:20](../02/20.md).
183 RUT 4 2 bf74 מִ⁠זִּקְנֵ֥י הָ⁠עִ֖יר 1 from the elders of the city ***from the leaders of the city***
184 RUT 4 3 es9g חֶלְקַת֙ הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה…מָכְרָ֣ה נָעֳמִ֔י 1 Naomi…is selling the parcel of land It was the responsibility of the kinsman to buy back his relative’s land and to care for his family. In this case, it meant the man must buy Naomi’s land, marry Ruth, and care for Naomi.
194 RUT 4 6 sx9k אַשְׁחִ֖ית אֶת־נַחֲלָתִ֑⁠י 1 damaging my own inheritance If he married Ruth, he would have to give some of his own wealth to the children that Ruth might bear.
195 RUT 4 6 sa7h גְּאַל־לְ⁠ךָ֤ אַתָּה֙ אֶת־גְּאֻלָּתִ֔⁠י 1 You redeem for yourself my right of redemption ***You yourself redeem it instead of me***
196 RUT 4 7 wga9 writing-background וְ⁠זֹאת֩ 1 Now it was thus ***Now this was the custom ***. The writer of the book explains of the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
197 RUT 4 7 lgf5 writing-background לְ⁠פָנִ֨ים 1 in former times ***in earlier times***. This implies that the customs had changed from when the story took place until the book was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ***in earlier times***. This implies that the customs had changed from when the story took place until when the book was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
198 RUT 4 7 d46w לְ⁠רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 to the other This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his sandal.
199 RUT 4 9 zz42 figs-hyperbole לַ⁠זְּקֵנִ֜ים וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠עָ֗ם 1 to the elders and to all the people This is a generalization. It refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
200 RUT 4 9 img5 כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֶֽ⁠אֱלִימֶ֔לֶךְ וְ⁠אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְ⁠כִלְי֖וֹן וּ⁠מַחְל֑וֹן 1 all that was Elimelek’s and all that was Kilion’s and Mahlon’s This refers to all the land and possessions of Naomi’s dead husband and sons.
201 RUT 4 9 lwx9 figs-synecdoche מִ⁠יַּ֖ד נָעֳמִֽי 1 from the hand of Naomi The hand of Naomi represents Naomi. She was responsible for the money exchange. Alternate translation: ***from Naomi*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
202 RUT 4 10 jdr0 Grammar-connect-words-phrases 1 Connecting Statement: This statement indicates that the people sitting at the gate are witnesses both to the fact that Boaz is claiming Ruth to be his wife and to the fact that he is buying back Elimilech’s family land for Naomi [Ruth 1:9].
203 RUT 4 10 nm32 לְ⁠הָקִ֤ים שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּת֙ עַל־נַ֣חֲלָת֔⁠וֹ 1 to raise up the name of the dead man through his inheritance The first son that Ruth bore would be legally considered Mahlon’s son and would inherit the land that Boaz bought from Naomi. Alternate translation: ***so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man’s property***
204 RUT 4 10 gg1m figs-metaphor וְ⁠לֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַ⁠מֵּ֛ת מֵ⁠עִ֥ם אֶחָ֖י⁠ו 1 so that his name will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place Being forgotten is spoken of as if one’s name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: ***so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers’ descendants and the people of this town*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
205 RUT 4 10 xpu5 וּ⁠מִ⁠שַּׁ֣עַר מְקוֹמ֑⁠וֹ 1 and from the gate of his place The gate of the town is where important legal decisions were made, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land.
218 RUT 4 14 qj8v figs-doublenegatives לֹ֣א הִשְׁבִּ֥ית לָ֛⁠ךְ גֹּאֵ֖ל הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם 1 who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer This phrase can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: ***who has provided you today with a kinsman to redeem you*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
219 RUT 4 14 p8p3 וְ⁠יִקָּרֵ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ 1 May his name be famous This refers to the reputation and character of Naomi’s grandson.
220 RUT 4 15 hz3e לְ⁠מֵשִׁ֣יב נֶ֔פֶשׁ 1 one who restores life This phrase probably refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life as a result of having a new grandson. Alternate translation: ***one who brings joy to you again*** or ***one who will make you feel young again***
221 RUT 4 15 z5lw וּ⁠לְ⁠כַלְכֵּ֖ל אֶת־שֵׂיבָתֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 ane a nourisher of your old age and a nourisher of your old age ***and he will take care of you when you become old***
222 RUT 4 15 rpc3 figs-idiom ט֣וֹבָה לָ֔⁠ךְ מִ⁠שִּׁבְעָ֖ה בָּנִֽים 1 better to you than seven sons ***Seven*** was the Hebrew number of completeness. Naomi’s sons both died before they produced any offspring, but Ruth bore a grandson to Naomi by Boaz. Alternate translation: ***better to you than any son*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
223 RUT 4 16 k1w4 וַ⁠תִּקַּ֨ח נָעֳמִ֤י אֶת־הַ⁠יֶּ֨לֶד֙ 1 Naomi took the child This refers to Naomi holding the child. Make sure it does not sound like she took him away from Ruth.
224 RUT 4 16 jn29 וַ⁠תְּשִׁתֵ֣⁠הוּ בְ⁠חֵיקָ֔⁠הּ 1 laid him in her bosom ***held him close against her chest***. This is a statement of love and affection for the child.