Fix Greek, spacing, and special characters (#1122)

en_tn_49-GAL.tsv

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ GAL	4	6	xhe6	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ	1	his
 GAL	4	6	s54r		κρᾶζον	1	who calls	The Spirit is the one who calls.
 GAL	4	6	mlg1		Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ	1	Abba, Father	This is the way a young child would address his father in Paul's home language, but not in the language of the Galatian readers. To keep the sense of a foreign language, translate this as a word that sounds as much like "Abba" as your language allows.
 GAL	4	7	e7tc		οὐκέτι εἶ δοῦλος, ἀλλὰ υἱός	1	you are no longer a slave, but a son	Paul uses the word for male child here because the subject is inheritance. In his culture and that of his readers, inheritance passed most commonly, but not always, to male children. He was neither specifying nor excluding female children here.
-GAL	4	7	akb8	figs-you	οὐκέτι εἶ δοῦλος … καὶ κληρονόμος	0	you are no longer a slave ... you are also an heir	Paul is addressing his readers as though they are one person, so "you" here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
+GAL	4	7	akb8	figs-you	οὐκέτι εἶ δοῦλος ... καὶ κληρονόμος	0	you are no longer a slave ... you are also an heir	Paul is addressing his readers as though they are one person, so "you" here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
 GAL	4	7	d5hu	figs-metaphor	κληρονόμος	1	heir	The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 GAL	4	8	s4ic			0	General Information:	He continues to rebuke the Galatians by asking rhetorical questions.
 GAL	4	8	ukf5			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds the Galatian believers that they are again trying to live under God's laws rather than living by faith.
@@ -263,8 +263,8 @@ GAL	5	18	san8		οὐκ ... ὑπὸ νόμον	1	not under the law	"not obligate
 GAL	5	19	yf2a		τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός	1	the works of the sinful nature	The abstract noun "works" can be translated with the verb "does." Alternate translation: "what the sinful nature does"
 GAL	5	19	u2pu	figs-personification	τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός	1	the works of the sinful nature	The sinful nature is spoken of as if it were a person who does things. Alternate translation: "what people do because of their sinful nature" or "the things people do because they are sinful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
 GAL	5	21	rs9b	figs-metaphor	κληρονομήσουσιν	1	inherit	Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	5	22	hez3	figs-metaphor	ὁ … καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματός ἐστιν ἀγάπη … πίστις	0	the fruit of the Spirit is love ... faith	Here "fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Alternate translation: "what the Spirit produces is love ... faith" or "the Spirit produces in God's people love ... faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	5	22	hez3	figs-metaphor	ὁ ... καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματός ἐστιν ἀγάπη ... πίστις	0	the fruit of the Spirit is love ... faith	Here "fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Alternate translation: "what the Spirit produces is love ... faith" or "the Spirit produces in God's people love ... faith" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	5	23	ss5k	figs-metaphor	πραΰτης … ἐνκράτεια	1	gentleness ... self-control	The list of "the fruit of the Spirit" that begins with the words "love, joy, peace" ends here. Here "fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Alternate translation: "what the Spirit produces is love, joy, peace ... gentleness ... self-control" or "the Spirit produces in God's people love, joy, peace ... gentleness ... self-control" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	5	23	ss5k	figs-metaphor	πραΰτης ... ἐνκράτεια	1	gentleness ... self-control	The list of "the fruit of the Spirit" that begins with the words "love, joy, peace" ends here. Here "fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Alternate translation: "what the Spirit produces is love, joy, peace ... gentleness ... self-control" or "the Spirit produces in God's people love, joy, peace ... gentleness ... self-control" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 GAL	5	24	l6ux	figs-personification	τὴν σάρκα ἐσταύρωσαν σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις	1	have crucified the sinful nature with its passions and desires	Paul speaks of Christians who refuse to live according to their sinful nature as if it were a person and they have killed it on a cross. Alternate translation: "refuse to live according the sinful nature with its passions and desires, as if they killed it on a cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 GAL	5	24	m3nm	figs-personification	τὴν σάρκα ... σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις	1	the sinful nature with its passions and desires	The sinful nature is spoken of as if it were a person that had passions and desires. Alternate translation: "their sinful nature, and the things they strongly want to do because of it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
 GAL	5	25	h9hd		εἰ ζῶμεν Πνεύματι	1	If we live by the Spirit	"Since God's Spirit has caused us to be alive"

en_tn_51-PHP.tsv

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNo
 PHP	front	intro	pv9j			0		# Introduction to Philippians<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of the Philippians<br><br>1. Greeting, thanksgiving and prayer (1:1-11)<br>1. Paul's report on his ministry (1:12-26)<br>1. Instructions<br>- To be steadfast (1:27-30)<br>- To be united (2:1-2)<br>- To be humble (2:3-11)<br>- To work out our salvation with God working in you (2:12-13)<br>- To be innocent and light (2:14-18)<br>1. Timothy and Epaphroditus (2:19-30)<br>1. Warning about false teachers (3:1-4:1)<br>1. Personal instruction (4:2-5)<br>1. Rejoice and do not be anxious (4:4-6)<br>1. Final remarks<br>- Values (4:8-9)<br>- Contentment (4:10-20)<br>- Final Greetings (4:21-23)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book Philippians?<br><br>Paul wrote Philippians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome.<br><br>### What is the Book of Philippians about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to the believers in Philippi, a city in Macedonia. He wrote it to thank the Philippians for the gift they had sent him. He wanted to tell them about how he was doing in prison and to encourage them to rejoice even if they are suffering. He also wrote to them about a man named Epaphroditus. He was the one who brought the gift to Paul. While visiting Paul, Epaphroditus became ill. So, Paul decided to send him back to Philippi. Paul encouraged the believers in Philippi to welcome and to be kind to Epaphroditus when he returns.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Philippians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Philippi," or "A Letter to the Christians in Philippi." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the city of Philippi like?<br><br>Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, founded Philippi in the region of Macedonia. This meant that the citizens of Philippi were also considered citizens of Rome. The people of Philippi were proud of being citizens of Rome. But Paul told the believers that they are citizens of heaven (3:20).<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural "you"<br><br>In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. The word "you" is almost always plural and refers to the believers in Philippi. The exception to this is 4:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### Who were the "enemies of the cross of Christ" (3:18) in this letter?<br><br>The "enemies of the cross of Christ" were probably people who called themselves believers, but they did not obey God's commands. They thought that freedom in Christ meant that believers could do whatever they desired and God would not punish them (3:19).<br><br>### Why were the words "joy" and "rejoice" frequently used in this letter?<br><br>Paul was in prison when he wrote this letter (1:7). Even though he suffered, Paul said many times that he was joyful because God had been kind to him through Jesus Christ. He wanted to encourage his readers to have the same trust in Jesus Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])<br><br>### What does Paul mean by the expression "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.?<br><br>This kind of expression occurs in 1:1, 8, 13, 14, 26, 27; 2:1, 5, 19, 24, 29; 3:1, 3, 9, 14; 4:1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 19, 21. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Philippians?<br><br>* Some versions have "Amen" at the end of the final verse in the letter (4:23). The ULT, UST, and other many modern versions do not. If "Amen" is included, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the Book of Philippians.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])<br>
 PHP	1	intro	kd3g			0		# Philippians 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul includes a prayer in the beginning of this letter. At that time, religious leaders sometimes began informal letters with a prayer.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The day of Christ<br>This probably refers to the day when Christ returns. Paul often connected the return of Christ with motivating godly living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Paradox<br><br>A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This statement in verse 21 is a paradox: "to die is gain." In verse 23 Paul explains why this is true. ([Philippians 1:21](../../php/01/21.md))<br>
 PHP	1	1	c255	figs-you		0	General Information:	Paul and Timothy wrote this letter to the church at Philippi. Because Paul writes later in the letter saying "I," it is generally assumed that he is the author and that Timothy, who is with him, writes as Paul speaks. All instances of "you" and "your" in the letter refer to the believers in the Philippian church and are plural. The word "our" probably refers to all believers in Christ, including Paul, Timothy, and the Philippian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
-PHP	1	1	kze2		Παῦλος καὶ Τιμόθεος … καὶ διακόνοις	0	Paul and Timothy ... and deacons	If your language has a particular way of introducing the authors of a letter, use it here.
+PHP	1	1	kze2		Παῦλος καὶ Τιμόθεος ... καὶ διακόνοις	0	Paul and Timothy ... and deacons	If your language has a particular way of introducing the authors of a letter, use it here.
 PHP	1	1	kx8h		Παῦλος καὶ Τιμόθεος, δοῦλοι Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ	1	Paul and Timothy, servants of Christ Jesus	"Timothy, who are servants of Christ Jesus"
 PHP	1	1	na5j		πᾶσιν τοῖς ἁγίοις ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ	1	all those set apart in Christ Jesus	This refers to those whom God chose to belong to him by being united to Christ. Alternate translation: "all God's people in Christ Jesus" or "all those who belong to God because they are united with Christ"
 PHP	1	1	im6v		ἐπισκόποις καὶ διακόνοις	1	the overseers and deacons	"the leaders of the church"
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ PHP	1	12	tu2t		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Here this means fellow Christians, inc
 PHP	1	12	zy4g	figs-explicit	ὅτι τὰ κατ’ ἐμὲ	0	that what has happened to me	Paul is talking about his time in prison. Alternate translation: "that the things I suffered because I was put into prison for preaching about Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	1	12	q288		μᾶλλον εἰς προκοπὴν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου ἐλήλυθεν	0	has really served to advance the gospel	"has caused more people to hear the gospel"
 PHP	1	13	h1ly	figs-metaphor	τοὺς δεσμούς μου φανεροὺς ἐν Χριστῷ	1	my chains in Christ came to light	"Chains in Christ" here is a metonym for being in prison for the sake of Christ. "Came to light" is a metaphor for "became known." Alternate translation: "It became known that I am in prison for the sake of Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHP	1	13	wi6n	figs-activepassive	τοὺς δεσμούς μου φανεροὺς ἐν Χριστῷ … τῷ πραιτωρίῳ … τοῖς λοιποῖς πᾶσιν	0	my chains in Christ came to light ... guard ... everyone else	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the palace guards and many other people in Rome know that I am in chains for the sake of Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+PHP	1	13	wi6n	figs-activepassive	τοὺς δεσμούς μου φανεροὺς ἐν Χριστῷ ... τῷ πραιτωρίῳ ... τοῖς λοιποῖς πᾶσιν	0	my chains in Christ came to light ... guard ... everyone else	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the palace guards and many other people in Rome know that I am in chains for the sake of Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 PHP	1	13	f8az		τοὺς δεσμούς μου ... ἐν Χριστῷ	1	my chains in Christ	Here Paul uses the preposition "in" to mean "for the sake of." Alternate translation: "my chains for the sake of Christ" or "my chains because I teach people about Christ"
 PHP	1	13	i46j	figs-metonymy	τοὺς δεσμούς μου	1	my chains	Here the word "chains" is a metonym for imprisonment. Alternate translation: "my imprisonment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 PHP	1	13	dm1m		πραιτωρίῳ	1	palace guard	This is a group of soldiers that helped protect the Roman emperor.
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ PHP	2	12	cm1s	figs-doublet	μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου	1	with fear
 PHP	2	13	m6b8		καὶ τὸ θέλειν, καὶ τὸ ἐνεργεῖν, ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐδοκίας	1	both to will and to work for his good pleasure	"so that you will want to do what pleases him and will be able to do what pleases him"
 PHP	2	15	z2lz	figs-doublet	ἄμεμπτοι καὶ ἀκέραιοι	1	blameless and pure	The words "blameless" and "pure" are very similar in meaning and are used together to strenghten the idea. Alternate translation: "completely innocent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
 PHP	2	15	p71u	figs-metaphor	φαίνεσθε ὡς φωστῆρες ἐν κόσμῳ	0	you may shine as lights in the world	Light represents goodness and truth. Shining as lights in the world represents living in a good and righteous way so that people in the world can see that God is good and true. Alternate translation: "so that you will be like lights in the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHP	2	15	jb7y	figs-doublet	μέσον γενεᾶς σκολιᾶς καὶ διεστραμμένης … ἐν κόσμῳ	1	in the world, in the middle of a crooked and depraved generation	Here the word "world" refers to the people of the world. The words "crooked" and "depraved" are used together to emphasize that the people are very sinful. Alternate translation: "in the world, among people who are very sinful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+PHP	2	15	jb7y	figs-doublet	μέσον γενεᾶς σκολιᾶς καὶ διεστραμμένης ... ἐν κόσμῳ	1	in the world, in the middle of a crooked and depraved generation	Here the word "world" refers to the people of the world. The words "crooked" and "depraved" are used together to emphasize that the people are very sinful. Alternate translation: "in the world, among people who are very sinful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
 PHP	2	16	u3qb	figs-metaphor	λόγον ζωῆς ἐπέχοντες	1	Hold on to the word of life	"Hold on" represents firmly believing. Alternate translation: "Continue to firmly believe the word of life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHP	2	16	eq86		λόγον ζωῆς	1	the word of life	"the message that brings life" or "the message that shows how to live the way God wants you to"
 PHP	2	16	q7y8		εἰς ἡμέραν Χριστοῦ	1	on the day of Christ	This refers to when Jesus comes back to set up his kingdom and rule over the earth. Alternate translation: "when Christ returns"
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ PHP	2	25	qsd6		ὑμῶν ... ἀπόστολον καὶ λειτουργὸν
 PHP	2	26	gxn9		ἐπιποθῶν ἦν πάντας ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἀδημονῶν	1	he was very distressed, and he longed to be with you all	"he was very worried and wanted to be with you all"
 PHP	2	27	itx2	figs-explicit	λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην	1	sorrow upon sorrow	The cause of the sorrow can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "the sorrow of losing him added to the sorrow I already have from being in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	2	28	y5gc		κἀγὼ ἀλυπότερος ὦ	1	I can be free from anxiety	"I will be less anxious" or "I will not worry as much as I have been"
-PHP	2	29	y95x		Προσδέχεσθε … αὐτὸν	0	Welcome Epaphroditus	"Gladly receive Epaphroditus"
+PHP	2	29	y95x		Προσδέχεσθε ... αὐτὸν	0	Welcome Epaphroditus	"Gladly receive Epaphroditus"
 PHP	2	29	qx14		ἐν Κυρίῳ μετὰ πάσης χαρᾶς	1	in the Lord with all joy	"as a fellow believer in the Lord with all joy" or "with the great joy we have because the Lord Jesus loves us"
 PHP	2	30	ns1y	figs-metaphor	μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν	1	he came near death	Paul here speaks of death as if it were a place that one could go to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHP	2	30	g98z	figs-metaphor	ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας	0	fill up what you could not do in service to me	Paul speaks of his needs as if they were a container that Epaphroditus filled with good things for Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ PHP	3	1	ymm2		χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	rejoice in the Lord	"be happy b
 PHP	3	1	q4pt		τὰ αὐτὰ γράφειν ὑμῖν, ἐμοὶ μὲν οὐκ ὀκνηρόν	0	For me to write these same things again to you is no trouble for me	"It is no trouble for me to write these things again to you"
 PHP	3	1	qb78	figs-explicit	ὑμῖν δὲ ἀσφαλές	0	and it keeps you safe	Here "these things" refers to Paul's teachings. You can add this alternate translation to the end of the previous sentence. Alternate translation: "because these teachings will protect you from those who teach what is not true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	3	2	ny6y		βλέπετε	1	Watch out for	"Beware of" or "Look out for"
-PHP	3	2	zin8		τοὺς κύνας … τοὺς κακοὺς ἐργάτας … τὴν κατατομήν	1	the dogs ... those evil workers ... those who mutilate the flesh	These are three different ways of describing the same group of false teachers. Paul is using strong expressions to convey his feeling about these Jewish Christian teachers.
+PHP	3	2	zin8		τοὺς κύνας ... τοὺς κακοὺς ἐργάτας ... τὴν κατατομήν	1	the dogs ... those evil workers ... those who mutilate the flesh	These are three different ways of describing the same group of false teachers. Paul is using strong expressions to convey his feeling about these Jewish Christian teachers.
 PHP	3	2	yr9n	figs-metaphor	τοὺς κύνας	1	dogs	The word "dogs" was used by the Jews to refer to those who were not Jews. They were considered unclean. Paul speaks of the false teachers as though they were dogs, to insult them. If you have a different animal in your culture that is considered unclean or whose name is used as an insult, you could use this animal instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
 PHP	3	2	cka6	figs-hyperbole	τὴν κατατομήν	1	mutilate	Paul is exaggerating about the act of circumcision to insult the false teachers. The false teachers said God will only save a person who is circumcised, who cuts off the foreskin. This action was required by the law of Moses for all male Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 PHP	3	3	y8yt	figs-inclusive	ἡμεῖς γάρ ἐσμεν	1	For it is we who are	Paul uses "we" to refer to himself and all true believers in Christ, including the Philippian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ PHP	3	6	ksr3		κατὰ ζῆλος διώκων τὴν ἐκκλησίαν	1	A
 PHP	3	6	n51b		διώκων τὴν ἐκκλησίαν	1	I persecuted the church	"I attacked Christians"
 PHP	3	6	hln8		κατὰ δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐν νόμῳ γενόμενος ἄμεμπτος	1	as for righteousness under the law, I was blameless	"Righteousness under the law" refers to being righteous by obeying the law. Paul obeyed the law so carefully that he believed that no one could find any part of it that he disobeyed. Alternate Translation: "I was so righteous by obeying the law that I was blameless"
 PHP	3	7	n4lg	figs-metaphor	ἅτινα ἦν μοι κέρδη	1	whatever things were a profit for me	Paul is referring here to the praise he received for being an eager Pharisee. He speaks of this praise as if he had viewed it in the past as a businessman's profit. Alternate translation: "anything that other Jews praised me for" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHP	3	7	lb8f		Κέρδη … ζημίαν	0	profit ... loss	These are common business terms. If many people in your culture do not understand formal business terms, you could translate these terms as "things that made my life better" and "things that made my life worse."
+PHP	3	7	lb8f		Κέρδη ... ζημίαν	0	profit ... loss	These are common business terms. If many people in your culture do not understand formal business terms, you could translate these terms as "things that made my life better" and "things that made my life worse."
 PHP	3	7	y1sg	figs-metaphor	ταῦτα ἥγημαι ... ζημίαν	1	I have considered them as loss	Paul speaks of that praise as if he were now viewing it as a business loss instead of a profit. In other words, Paul says that all his religious acts of righteousness are worthless before Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHP	3	8	zi6f		μενοῦνγε	1	In fact	"Really" or "Truly"
 PHP	3	8	qdh7	figs-explicit	καὶ ἡγοῦμαι	1	now I count	The word "now" emphasizes how Paul has changed since he quit being a Pharisee and became a believer in Christ. Alternate translation: "now that I have trusted in Christ, I count" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@@ -183,8 +183,8 @@ PHP	3	16	pxn9	figs-inclusive	εἰς ὃ ἐφθάσαμεν, τῷ αὐτῷ
 PHP	3	17	jed4		συνμιμηταί μου γίνεσθε	1	Be imitators of me	"Do what I do" or "Live as I live"
 PHP	3	17	uxc5		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md).
 PHP	3	17	h4tv		τοὺς οὕτω περιπατοῦντας, καθὼς ἔχετε τύπον ἡμᾶς	0	those who are walking by the example that you have in us	"those who already are living as I live" or "those who already are doing what I do"
-PHP	3	18	ab61		πολλοὶ … περιπατοῦσιν … τοὺς ἐχθροὺς τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ	0	Many are walking ... as enemies of the cross of Christ	These words are Paul's main thought for this verse.
+PHP	3	18	ab61		πολλοὶ ... περιπατοῦσιν ... τοὺς ἐχθροὺς τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ	0	Many are walking ... as enemies of the cross of Christ	These words are Paul's main thought for this verse.
-PHP	3	18	kr19	figs-metaphor	πολλοὶ … περιπατοῦσιν	0	Many are walking	A person's behavior is spoken of as if that person were walking along a path. Alternate translation: "Many are living" or "Many are conducting their lives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+PHP	3	18	kr19	figs-metaphor	πολλοὶ ... περιπατοῦσιν	0	Many are walking	A person's behavior is spoken of as if that person were walking along a path. Alternate translation: "Many are living" or "Many are conducting their lives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHP	3	18	x2lu		οὓς πολλάκις ἔλεγον ὑμῖν, νῦν δὲ καὶ κλαίων, λέγω	0	those about whom I have often told you, and now I am telling you with tears	Paul interrupts his main thought with these words that describe the "many." You can move them to the beginning or end of the verse if you need to.
 PHP	3	18	zwp3		πολλάκις ἔλεγον ὑμῖν	1	I have often told you	"I have told you many times"
 PHP	3	18	h6pc		κλαίων, λέγω	0	am telling you with tears	"am telling you with great sadness"
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ PHP	3	20	q1cc	figs-inclusive		0	General Information:	By Paul's use of "our" and
 PHP	3	20	n2lh		ἡμῶν ... τὸ πολίτευμα ἐν οὐρανοῖς ὑπάρχει	1	our citizenship is in heaven	Possible meanings are 1) "we are citizens of heaven" or 2) "our homeland is heaven" or 3) "our true home is heaven."
 PHP	3	21	eye2		ὃς μετασχηματίσει τὸ σῶμα τῆς ταπεινώσεως ἡμῶν	1	He will transform our lowly bodies	"He will change our weak, earthly bodies"
 PHP	3	21	b2bc		σύμμορφον τῷ σώματι τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ	1	into bodies formed like his glorious body	"into bodies like his glorious body"
-PHP	3	21	qz6p	figs-activepassive	τῷ σώματι … κατὰ τὴν ἐνέργειαν τοῦ δύνασθαι αὐτὸν, καὶ ὑποτάξαι αὑτῷ τὰ πάντα	0	body, formed by the might of his power to subject all things to himself	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "body. He will change our bodies with the same power he uses to control all things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+PHP	3	21	qz6p	figs-activepassive	τῷ σώματι ... κατὰ τὴν ἐνέργειαν τοῦ δύνασθαι αὐτὸν, καὶ ὑποτάξαι αὑτῷ τὰ πάντα	0	body, formed by the might of his power to subject all things to himself	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "body. He will change our bodies with the same power he uses to control all things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 PHP	4	intro	rp5c			0		# Philippians 04 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### "My joy and my crown"<br>Paul had helped the Philippians become spiritually mature. As a result, Paul rejoiced and God honored him and his work. He considered discipling other Christians and encouraging them to grow spiritually as important to Christian living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Euodia and Syntyche<br>Apparently, these two women disagreed with each other. Paul was encouraging them to agree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
 PHP	4	1	zk6q	figs-you		0	General Information:	When Paul says, "my true companion," the word "you" is singular. Paul does not say the name of the person. He calls him that to show he worked with Paul to spread the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
 PHP	4	1	xmc4			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues with some specific instructions to the believers in Philippi on unity and then gives instructions to help them live for the Lord.
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ PHP	4	1	wx5w	figs-metonymy	χαρὰ καὶ στέφανός μου	1	my joy an
 PHP	4	1	dz44		οὕτως στήκετε ἐν Κυρίῳ, ἀγαπητοί	1	in this way stand firm in the Lord, beloved friends	"so continue living for the Lord in the way that I have taught you, dear friends"
 PHP	4	2	x5qf	translate-names	Εὐοδίαν παρακαλῶ, καὶ Συντύχην παρακαλῶ	1	I am pleading with Euodia, and I am pleading with Syntyche	These are women who were believers and helped Paul in the church at Philippi. Alternate translation: "I beg Euodia, and I beg Syntyche" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
 PHP	4	2	iyq7	figs-metonymy	τὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖν ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	be of the same mind in the Lord	The phrase "be of the same mind" means to have the same attitude or opinion. Alternate translation: "agree with each other because you both believe in the same Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-PHP	4	3	yb3f	figs-you	ναὶ, ἐρωτῶ … σέ, γνήσιε σύνζυγε	0	Yes, I ask you, my true companion	Here "you" refers to the "true fellow worker" and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
+PHP	4	3	yb3f	figs-you	ναὶ, ἐρωτῶ ... σέ, γνήσιε σύνζυγε	0	Yes, I ask you, my true companion	Here "you" refers to the "true fellow worker" and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
 PHP	4	3	hdz7	figs-metaphor	γνήσιε σύνζυγε	1	true companion	This metaphor is from farming, where two animals would be bound to the same yoke, and so they work together. Alternate translation: "fellow worker" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHP	4	3	cm3u	translate-names	μετὰ ... Κλήμεντος	1	along with Clement	Clement was a man who was a believer and worker in the church at Philippi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
 PHP	4	3	s9h9		ὧν τὰ ὀνόματα ἐν βίβλῳ ζωῆς	1	whose names are in the Book of Life	"whose names God has written in the Book of Life"
@@ -247,5 +247,5 @@ PHP	4	21	h2jr		οἱ ... ἀδελφοί	1	The brothers	This refers to those peo
 PHP	4	21	z65a		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md).
 PHP	4	21	lq4e		πάντα ἅγιον	1	every believer	Some versions translate this as "every holy person."
 PHP	4	22	bi8m		πάντες οἱ ἅγιοι	1	All the believers	Some versions translate this as "All the holy people."
-PHP	4	22	rg96		μάλιστα … οἱ ἐκ τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας	0	especially those of Caesar's household	This refers to servants who worked in Caesar's palace. "especially the fellow believers who work in the palace of Caesar"
+PHP	4	22	rg96		μάλιστα ... οἱ ἐκ τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας	0	especially those of Caesar's household	This refers to servants who worked in Caesar's palace. "especially the fellow believers who work in the palace of Caesar"
 PHP	4	23	a3f8	figs-synecdoche	μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν	1	with your spirit	Paul refers to the believers by using the word "spirit," which is what enables humans to relate to God. Alternate translation: "with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])

en_tn_52-COL.tsv

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ COL	1	26	a9kw	figs-activepassive	νῦν ... ἐφανερώθη	1	now it has be
 COL	1	27	c8yb	figs-metaphor	τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς δόξης τοῦ μυστηρίου τούτου	1	the riches of the glory of this secret truth	Paul speaks of the value of this secret truth about God as if it were a treasure of material wealth. "riches" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 COL	1	27	c7ln	figs-metaphor	Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν	1	Christ in you	Paul speaks of the believers as if they were actual containers in which Christ is present. This is one of his ways of expressing the union of the believers with Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 COL	1	27	mr83		ἡ ἐλπὶς τῆς δόξης	1	the hope of glory	"so you can confidently expect to share in God's glory"
-COL	1	28	va1x	figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς καταγγέλλομεν, νουθετοῦντες … διδάσκοντες … παραστήσωμεν 	0	we proclaim ... We admonish ... we teach ... we may present	These words do not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
+COL	1	28	va1x	figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς καταγγέλλομεν, νουθετοῦντες ... διδάσκοντες ... παραστήσωμεν 	0	we proclaim ... We admonish ... we teach ... we may present	These words do not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
 COL	1	28	na8w		νουθετοῦντες πάντα ἄνθρωπον	1	We admonish every person	"We warn everyone"
 COL	1	28	lyz1	figs-explicit	ἵνα παραστήσωμεν πάντα ἄνθρωπον	1	so that we may present every person	You may need to make explicit to whom they will present every person. Alternate translation: "so that we may present to God every person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 COL	1	28	uk2i	figs-metaphor	τέλειον	1	complete	Being complete is a metaphor for being spiritually mature. Alternate translation: "spiritually mature" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ COL	2	1	tt6v			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues to encourage the believers
 COL	2	1	dqg5		ἡλίκον ἀγῶνα ἔχω ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν	1	how great a struggle I have had for you	Paul has exerted much effort in developing their purity and understanding of the gospel.
 COL	2	1	fn4z		τῶν ἐν Λαοδικίᾳ	1	those at Laodicea	This was a city very close to Colossae where there was also a church for which Paul was praying.
 COL	2	1	rj7d	figs-synecdoche	ὅσοι οὐχ ἑόρακαν τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἐν σαρκί	1	as many as have not seen my face in the flesh	Here "face in the flesh" represents the person as a whole. Alternate translation: "all those who have never seen me personally" or "all those whom I have never met face to face" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
-COL	2	2	ge1w	figs-pronouns	Ἵνα … αἱ καρδίαι αὐτῶν	0	so that their hearts	Paul includes the Galatians even though he uses a different pronoun. Alternate translation: "so that their hearts and yours" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
+COL	2	2	ge1w	figs-pronouns	Ἵνα ... αἱ καρδίαι αὐτῶν	0	so that their hearts	Paul includes the Galatians even though he uses a different pronoun. Alternate translation: "so that their hearts and yours" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
 COL	2	2	a4px		συμβιβασθέντες	1	brought together	This means brought together in a close relationship.
 COL	2	2	kdg8	figs-metaphor	πᾶν πλοῦτος τῆς πληροφορίας τῆς συνέσεως	1	all the riches of full assurance of understanding	Paul speaks of a person who is completely sure that the good news is true as though that person were rich in physical things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 COL	2	2	qgi2		τοῦ μυστηρίου τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	the secret truth of God	This is knowledge that can be revealed only by God.
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ COL	2	8	lm1v		βλέπετε	0	See that	"Make sure that"
 COL	2	8	ga9l	figs-metaphor	ὑμᾶς ἔσται ὁ συλαγωγῶν	0	captures you	Paul speaks of the way a person can believe false teachings (because they believe false things or love the wrong things) as if someone had physically caught and held that person by force. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 COL	2	8	p3vx		τῆς φιλοσοφίας	1	philosophy	religious doctrines and beliefs that are not from God's word but are based on man's thoughts about God and life
 COL	2	8	t8xx	figs-metaphor	κενῆς ἀπάτης	1	empty deceit	Paul speaks of false ideas that produce nothing and so are without value as though they are containers with nothing in them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-COL	2	8	l9jt		τὴν παράδοσιν τῶν ἀνθρώπων … τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου	0	the tradition of men ... the elements of the world	Both Jewish traditions and pagan (Gentile) belief systems are worthless. "The elements of the world" perhaps refers to evil spirits that claimed to rule the world and that were adored by people. But some interpreters view "the elements of the world" as people's basic teachings about the world.
+COL	2	8	l9jt		τὴν παράδοσιν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ... τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου	0	the tradition of men ... the elements of the world	Both Jewish traditions and pagan (Gentile) belief systems are worthless. "The elements of the world" perhaps refers to evil spirits that claimed to rule the world and that were adored by people. But some interpreters view "the elements of the world" as people's basic teachings about the world.
 COL	2	9	ahq5		ἐν αὐτῷ κατοικεῖ πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τῆς Θεότητος σωματικῶς	1	in him all the fullness of God lives in bodily form	"God's total nature lives in physical form in Christ"
 COL	2	10	lbk7	figs-metaphor	ἐστὲ ἐν αὐτῷ πεπληρωμένοι	1	You have been filled in him	Paul speaks of people as though they were containers into which God has placed Christ. Alternate translation: "You are made complete in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 COL	2	10	je36	figs-metaphor	ὅς ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλὴ πάσης ἀρχῆς καὶ ἐξουσίας	0	who is the head over every power and authority	Christ is the ruler over every other ruler (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ COL	2	12	ln8e	figs-metaphor	συνταφέντες αὐτῷ ἐν τῷ βαπ
 COL	2	12	g1rq	figs-metaphor	ἐν ᾧ ... συνηγέρθητε	1	in him you were raised up	With this metaphor, Paul speaks of the new spiritual life of believers that God made possible by making Christ come alive again. This can be made active. Alternate translation: "because you have joined yourself to Christ, God raised you up" or "in him God caused you to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 COL	2	12	rec6	figs-activepassive	συνηγέρθητε	1	you were raised up	Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God raised you up" or "God caused you to live again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
 COL	2	13	v6vi	figs-metaphor	ὑμᾶς νεκροὺς ὄντας	0	When you were dead	Paul speaks of unresponsiveness to God as if it were death. Alternate translation: "When you Colossian believers were unable to respond to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-COL	2	13	f9ms	figs-metaphor	ὑμᾶς νεκροὺς ὄντας … συνεζωοποίησεν ὑμᾶς	0	you were dead ... he made you alive	With this metaphor Paul speaks of coming into new spiritual life as if it were coming back to life physically. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+COL	2	13	f9ms	figs-metaphor	ὑμᾶς νεκροὺς ὄντας ... συνεζωοποίησεν ὑμᾶς	0	you were dead ... he made you alive	With this metaphor Paul speaks of coming into new spiritual life as if it were coming back to life physically. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 COL	2	13	wh4z		νεκροὺς ... ἐν τοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ τῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν	1	dead in your trespasses and in the uncircumcision of your flesh	You were dead on two accounts: 1) you were spiritually dead, living a life of sin against Christ and 2) you were not circumcised according to the law of Moses.
 COL	2	13	k2hw		χαρισάμενος ἡμῖν πάντα τὰ παραπτώματα	1	forgave us all of our trespasses	"he forgave us, both us Jews and you Gentiles, of all our trespasses"
 COL	2	14	w22z	figs-metaphor	ἐξαλείψας τὸ καθ’ ἡμῶν χειρόγραφον τοῖς δόγμασιν, ὃ ἦν ὑπεναντίον ἡμῖν	1	He canceled the written record of debts that stood against us	Paul speaks of the way God forgives our sins as if it were the way a person, to whom many people owe money or goods, destroys the record of that debt so they do not have to pay him back. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ COL	3	11	vt4t		βάρβαρος	1	barbarian	a foreigner who does not know local
 COL	3	11	n7by		Σκύθης	1	Scythian	This is someone from the land of Scythia, which was outside the Roman Empire. Greeks and Romans used this word for someone who grew up in a place where everyone did wicked things all the time.
 COL	3	11	i964	figs-explicit	ἀλλὰ πάντα καὶ ἐν πᾶσιν Χριστός	0	Christ is all, and is in all	Nothing is excluded or left out of the rule of Christ. Alternate translation: "Christ is all important and lives in all his people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 COL	3	12	b5ti	figs-activepassive	ὡς ἐκλεκτοὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἅγιοι καὶ ἠγαπημένοι	1	as God's chosen ones, holy and beloved	This can be made active. Alternate translation: "as those whom God has chosen for himself, whom he desires to see live for him alone, and whom he loves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-COL	3	12	d217	figs-metaphor	 ἐνδύσασθε … σπλάγχνα οἰκτιρμοῦ, χρηστότητα, ταπεινοφροσύνην, πραΰτητα, μακροθυμίαν	0	put on a heart of mercy, kindness, humility, gentleness, and patience	The "heart" is a metaphor for feelings and attitudes. Here it is spoken of as if it has certain feelings and attitudes, and as if it were clothing to wear. Alternate translation: "have a merciful, kind, humble, gentle, and patient heart" or "be merciful, kind, humble, gentle, and patient" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+COL	3	12	d217	figs-metaphor	ἐνδύσασθε ... σπλάγχνα οἰκτιρμοῦ, χρηστότητα, ταπεινοφροσύνην, πραΰτητα, μακροθυμίαν	0	put on a heart of mercy, kindness, humility, gentleness, and patience	The "heart" is a metaphor for feelings and attitudes. Here it is spoken of as if it has certain feelings and attitudes, and as if it were clothing to wear. Alternate translation: "have a merciful, kind, humble, gentle, and patient heart" or "be merciful, kind, humble, gentle, and patient" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 COL	3	13	r8iy		ἀνεχόμενοι ἀλλήλων	1	Bear with one another	"Be patient with one another" or "Accept each other even when you disappoint each other"
 COL	3	13	rts1		χαριζόμενοι ἑαυτοῖς	1	Be gracious to each other	"Treat each other better than they deserve for you to treat them"
 COL	3	13	p474	figs-abstractnouns	πρός ... ἔχῃ μομφήν	1	has a complaint against	The abstract noun "complaint" can be stated as "complain." Alternate translation: "has a reason to complain against" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])

en_tn_57-TIT.tsv

@@ -116,14 +116,14 @@ TIT	3	9	xnf9		μωρὰς ζητήσεις	1	foolish debates	"arguments concerni
 TIT	3	9	qk66		γενεαλογίας	1	genealogies	This is the study of family kinship relationships.
 TIT	3	9	xu7f		ἔρεις	1	strife	arguments or fights
 TIT	3	9	ky3n		νομικὰς	1	the law	"the law of Moses"
-TIT	3	10	x3fh		ἄνθρωπον … παραιτοῦ	1	Reject anyone	"Stay away from anyone"
+TIT	3	10	x3fh		ἄνθρωπον ... παραιτοῦ	1	Reject anyone	"Stay away from anyone"
 TIT	3	10	xzx1		μετὰ μίαν καὶ δευτέραν νουθεσίαν	1	after one or two warnings	"after you have warned that person once or twice"
 TIT	3	11	r7pc		ὁ τοιοῦτος	1	such a person	"a person like that"
 TIT	3	11	inh5	figs-metaphor	ἐξέστραπται	1	has turned from the right way	Paul speaks of someone who makes errors as if he were leaving the path on which he had been walking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 TIT	3	11	p81k		ὢν αὐτοκατάκριτος	1	condemns himself	"brings judgment on himself"
 TIT	3	12	z7i4			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul closes the letter by telling Titus what to do after he appoints elders in Crete and by giving greetings from those with him.
 TIT	3	12	mba6		ὅταν πέμψω	1	When I send	"After I send"
-TIT	3	12	c32w	translate-names	Ἀρτεμᾶν … Τυχικόν	1	Artemas ... Tychicus	These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
+TIT	3	12	c32w	translate-names	Ἀρτεμᾶν ... Τυχικόν	1	Artemas ... Tychicus	These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
 TIT	3	12	knt1		σπούδασον ἐλθεῖν	1	hurry and come	"come quickly"
 TIT	3	12	gdw9		παραχειμάσαι	1	spend the winter	"stay for the winter"
 TIT	3	13	a46f	translate-names	Ζηνᾶν	1	Zenas	This is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

en_tn_60-JAS.tsv

@@ -6,56 +6,56 @@ JAS	1	1	pkt2	figs-explicit	Ἰάκωβος, Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰη
 JAS	1	1	l4i7	figs-synecdoche	ταῖς δώδεκα φυλαῖς 	1	to the twelve tribes 	Possible meanings are 1) this is a synecdoche for Jewish Christians, or 2) this is a metaphor for all Christians. Alternate translation: "to God's faithful people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	1	1	vza9	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ 	1	in the dispersion 	The term "dispersion" normally referred to the Jews who were scattered in other countries, away from their homeland Israel. This abstract noun can be expressed with a phrase with the verb "scattered." Alternate translation: "who are scattered around the world" or "who live in other countries" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
 JAS	1	1	huk9		χαίρειν!	1	Greetings!	a basic greeting, such as "Hello!" or "Good day!" 
-JAS	1	2	knw6			0	Consider it all joy, my brothers, when you experience various troubles	"My fellow believers, think of all your different kinds of troubles as something to celebrate"
+JAS	1	2	knw6		πᾶσαν χαρὰν ἡγήσασθε, ἀδελφοί μου, ὅταν πειρασμοῖς περιπέσητε ποικίλοις 	0	Consider it all joy, my brothers, when you experience various troubles 	"My fellow believers, think of all your different kinds of troubles as something to celebrate" 
 JAS	1	3	xud2	figs-abstractnouns	τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως κατεργάζεται ὑπομονήν 	1	the testing of your faith produces endurance 	The expressions "the testing," "your faith," and "endurance" are nouns that stand for actions. God does the testing, that is, he finds out how much the believers trust and obey him. Believers ("you") believe in him and endure suffering. Alternate translation: "when you suffer hardships, God is finding out how much you trust him. As a result, you will become able to endure even more hardships" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	1	4	j2p4	figs-personification		0	Let endurance complete its work	Here endurance is spoken of as if it were a person at work. Alternate translation: "Learn to endure any hardship" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+JAS	1	4	j2p4	figs-personification	ἡ ... ὑπομονὴ ἔργον τέλειον ἐχέτω 	0	Let endurance complete its work 	Here endurance is spoken of as if it were a person at work. Alternate translation: "Learn to endure any hardship" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 
 JAS	1	4	unh4		τέλειοι	1	fully developed 	able to trust in Christ and obey him in all circumstances 
 JAS	1	4	l7ef		ἐν μηδενὶ λειπόμενοι 	1	not lacking anything 	This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: "having all that you need" or "being all that you need to be" 
-JAS	1	5	du7z			0	ask for it from God, the one who gives	"ask God for it. He is the one who gives"
+JAS	1	5	du7z		αἰτείτω παρὰ τοῦ διδόντος, Θεοῦ 	0	ask for it from God, the one who gives 	"ask God for it. He is the one who gives" 
 JAS	1	5	q2df		τοῦ διδόντος πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς καὶ μὴ ὀνειδίζοντος 	1	gives generously and without rebuke to all 	"gives generously and does not rebuke any" 
-JAS	1	5	xu31			0	he will give it	"God will do it" or "God will answer your prayer"
+JAS	1	5	xu31		δοθήσεται αὐτῷ 	0	he will give it 	"God will do it" or "God will answer your prayer" 
 JAS	1	6	y2mk	figs-doublenegatives	ἐν πίστει, μηδὲν διακρινόμενος 	1	in faith, doubting nothing 	This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: "with complete certainty that God will answer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 
-JAS	1	6	p12l	figs-simile		0	For anyone who doubts is like a wave in the sea that is driven by the wind and tossed around	Anyone who doubts that God will help him is said to be like the water in the ocean or in a large lake, which keeps moving in different directions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+JAS	1	6	p12l	figs-simile	ὁ γὰρ διακρινόμενος ἔοικεν κλύδωνι θαλάσσης, ἀνεμιζομένῳ καὶ ῥιπιζομένῳ. 	0	For anyone who doubts is like a wave in the sea that is driven by the wind and tossed around 	Anyone who doubts that God will help him is said to be like the water in the ocean or in a large lake, which keeps moving in different directions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 
-JAS	1	8	b5t6	figs-metaphor		0	is double-minded	The word "double-minded" refers to a person's thoughts when he is unable to make a decision. Alternate translation: "cannot decide if he will follow Jesus or not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	8	b5t6	figs-metaphor	δίψυχος	0	is double-minded 	The word "double-minded" refers to a person's thoughts when he is unable to make a decision. Alternate translation: "cannot decide if he will follow Jesus or not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	1	8	k89p	figs-metaphor	ἀκατάστατος ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτοῦ 	1	unstable in all his ways 	Here this person is spoken of as if he cannot stay on one path but instead goes from one to another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	1	9	gc9b		ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὁ ταπεινὸς 	1	the poor brother 	"the believer who does not have much money" 
-JAS	1	9	yxs5	figs-metaphor	καυχάσθω ἐν τῷ ὕψει αὐτοῦ	1	boast of his high position	Someone whom God has honored is spoken of as if he were standing in a high place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	9	yxs5	figs-metaphor	καυχάσθω ... ἐν τῷ ὕψει αὐτοῦ 	1	boast of his high position 	Someone whom God has honored is spoken of as if he were standing in a high place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	1	10	uzk7	figs-ellipsis	ὁ δὲ πλούσιος ἐν τῇ ταπεινώσει αὐτοῦ 	1	but the rich man of his low position 	The words "let boast" are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "but let the rich man boast of his low position" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 
 JAS	1	10	w4ta		ὁ δὲ πλούσιος 	1	but the rich man 	"but the man who has a lot of money." Possible meanings are 1) the rich man is a believer or 2) the rich man is an unbeliever. 
 JAS	1	10	ulk4	figs-ellipsis	ἐν τῇ ταπεινώσει αὐτοῦ 	1	of his low position 	A rich believer should be happy if God causes him to suffer. Alternate translation: "should be happy that God has given him difficulties" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 
 JAS	1	10	nug7	figs-simile	ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου παρελεύσεται 	1	he will pass away as a wild flower in the grass 	Rich people are spoken of as being similar to wild flowers, which are alive for only a short time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 
 JAS	1	11	gv7v	figs-metaphor	ἡ εὐπρέπεια τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ ἀπώλετο 	1	its beauty perishes 	A flower no longer being beautiful is spoken of as if its beauty dies. Alternate translation: "and it is no longer beautiful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	11	ng26	figs-simile	οὕτως καὶ ὁ πλούσιος ἐν ταῖς πορείαις πορείαις αὐτοῦ μαρανθήσεται	1	the rich man will fade away in the middle of his journey	Here the flower simile is probably continued. As flowers do not die suddenly but instead fade away over a short time, so also the rich people may not die suddenly but instead take a little time to disappear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+JAS	1	11	ng26	figs-simile	ὁ πλούσιος ἐν ταῖς πορείαις αὐτοῦ μαρανθήσεται 	1	the rich man will fade away in the middle of his journey 	Here the flower simile is probably continued. As flowers do not die suddenly but instead fade away over a short time, so also the rich people may not die suddenly but instead take a little time to disappear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 
-JAS	1	11	sdi2	figs-metaphor	ἐν ταῖς πορείαις πορείαις αὐτοῦ	1	in the middle of his journey	A rich man's activities in daily life are spoken of as if they are a journey that he is making. This metaphor implies that he is giving no thought to his coming death, and that it will takes him by surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	11	sdi2	figs-metaphor	ἐν ταῖς πορείαις αὐτοῦ 	1	in the middle of his journey 	A rich man's activities in daily life are spoken of as if they are a journey that he is making. This metaphor implies that he is giving no thought to his coming death, and that it will takes him by surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	1	12	vcu4			0	Connecting Statement: 	James reminds the believers who have fled that God does not cause temptation; he tells them how to avoid temptation. 
-JAS	1	12	m13d			0	Blessed is the man who endures testing	"The man who endures testing is fortunate" or "The man who endures testing is well off"
+JAS	1	12	m13d		μακάριος ἀνὴρ ὃς ὑπομένει πειρασμόν. 	0	Blessed is the man who endures testing 	"The man who endures testing is fortunate" or "The man who endures testing is well off" 
 JAS	1	12	vr4a		ὑπομένει πειρασμόν 	1	endures testing 	remains faithful to God during hardships 
-JAS	1	12	vta6			0	passed the test	he has been approved by God
+JAS	1	12	vta6		δόκιμος	0	passed the test 	he has been approved by God 
 JAS	1	12	k3hh	figs-metaphor	λήμψεται τὸν στέφανον τῆς ζωῆς 	1	receive the crown of life 	Eternal life is spoken of as if it were a wreath of leaves placed on the head of a victorious athlete. Alternate translation: "receive eternal life as his reward" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	12	hx28	figs-activepassive		0	has been promised to those who love God	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has promised to those who love him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	1	12	hx28	figs-activepassive	ἐπηγγείλατο τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτόν 	0	has been promised to those who love God 	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has promised to those who love him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
 JAS	1	13	a77a		πειραζόμενος	1	when he is tempted 	"when he desires to do something evil" 
 JAS	1	13	lh7z	figs-activepassive	ἀπὸ Θεοῦ πειράζομαι 	1	I am tempted by God 	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God is trying to make me do something evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
-JAS	1	13	p5cp	figs-activepassive	Θεοῦ ὁ γὰρ Θεὸς ἀπείραστός ἐστιν κακῶν	1	God is not tempted by evil	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one can make God desire to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	1	13	p5cp	figs-activepassive	ὁ ... Θεὸς ἀπείραστός ἐστιν κακῶν 	1	God is not tempted by evil 	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one can make God desire to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
 JAS	1	13	zb13		πειράζει δὲ αὐτὸς οὐδένα 	1	nor does he himself tempt anyone 	"and God himself does not try to persuade anyone do evil" 
 JAS	1	14	nj9m	figs-personification	ἕκαστος πειράζεται ὑπὸ τῆς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας 	1	each person is tempted by his own desire 	A person's desire is spoken of as if it were someone else who was tempting him to sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 
 JAS	1	14	nle5	figs-personification	ἐξελκόμενος καὶ δελεαζόμενος 	1	which drags him away and entices him 	Evil desire continues to be spoken of as if it were a person who could drag away someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 
 JAS	1	14	z4bd		δελεαζόμενος	1	entices	attracts, persuades someone to do evil 
-JAS	1	15	s4cd	figs-personification		0	Then after the desire conceives, it gives birth to sin, and after the sin is full grown, it gives birth to death	Desire continues to be spoken of as a person, this time clearly as a woman who becomes pregnant with a child. The child is identified as sin. Sin is another female baby that grows up, becomes pregnant, and gives birth to death. This chain of metaphors is a picture of someone who ends up dying both spiritually and physically because of his evil desires and his sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	15	s4cd	figs-personification	εἶτα ἡ ἐπιθυμία συλλαβοῦσα τίκτει ἁμαρτίαν, ἡ δὲ ἁμαρτία ἀποτελεσθεῖσα, ἀποκύει θάνατον 	0	Then after the desire conceives, it gives birth to sin, and after the sin is full grown, it gives birth to death 	Desire continues to be spoken of as a person, this time clearly as a woman who becomes pregnant with a child. The child is identified as sin. Sin is another female baby that grows up, becomes pregnant, and gives birth to death. This chain of metaphors is a picture of someone who ends up dying both spiritually and physically because of his evil desires and his sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	16	v195		μὴ πλανᾶσθε πλανᾶσθε	1	Do not be deceived	"Do not let anyone deceive you" or "Stop deceiving yourselves"
+JAS	1	16	v195		μὴ πλανᾶσθε 	1	Do not be deceived 	"Do not let anyone deceive you" or "Stop deceiving yourselves" 
 JAS	1	17	t2nn	figs-doublet	πᾶσα δόσις ἀγαθὴ καὶ πᾶν δώρημα τέλειον 	1	Every good gift and every perfect gift 	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. James uses them to emphasize that anything good that a person has comes from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 
 JAS	1	17	n7d8	figs-metaphor	τοῦ Πατρὸς τῶν φώτων 	1	the Father of lights 	God, the creator of all the lights in the sky (sun, moon, and stars), is said to be their "Father." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	17	g5ge	figs-simile		0	With him there is no changing or shadow because of turning	This expression pictures God as an unchanging light, like the sun, moon, planets, and stars in the sky. This is in contrast to shadows here on earth that constantly change. Alternate translation: "God does not change. He is as as constant as the sun, moon, and stars in the sky, rather than like shadows which appear and disappear on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+JAS	1	17	g5ge	figs-simile	παρ’ ᾧ οὐκ ἔνι παραλλαγὴ ἢ τροπῆς ἀποσκίασμα. 	0	With him there is no changing or shadow because of turning 	This expression pictures God as an unchanging light, like the sun, moon, planets, and stars in the sky. This is in contrast to shadows here on earth that constantly change. Alternate translation: "God does not change. He is as as constant as the sun, moon, and stars in the sky, rather than like shadows which appear and disappear on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 
 JAS	1	18	g1tv	figs-inclusive	ἀπεκύησεν ἡμᾶς 	1	to give us 	The word "us" refers to James and his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) 
-JAS	1	18	mj29	figs-metaphor	ἀπεκύησεν ἀπεκύησεν ἡμᾶς	1	give us birth	God, who brought us eternal life, is spoken of as if he had given us birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	18	mj29	figs-metaphor	ἀπεκύησεν ἡμᾶς 	1	give us birth 	God, who brought us eternal life, is spoken of as if he had given us birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	1	18	ykq9		λόγῳ ἀληθείας 	1	the word of truth 	Possible meanings are 1) "the message about the truth" or 2) "the true message." 
 JAS	1	18	qh2e	figs-simile	εἰς τὸ εἶναι ἡμᾶς ἀπαρχήν τινα 	1	so that we would be a kind of firstfruits 	James is using the traditional Hebrew idea of firstfruits as a way to describe the value of the Christian believers to God. He implies that there will be many more believers in the future. Alternate translation: "so that we would be like an offering of firstfruits" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 
-JAS	1	19	dt7i			0	You know this	Possible meanings are 1) "Know this" as a command, to pay attention to what I am about to write or 2) "You know this" as a statement, that I am about to remind you of something that you already know.
+JAS	1	19	dt7i		ἴστε	0	You know this 	Possible meanings are 1) "Know this" as a command, to pay attention to what I am about to write or 2) "You know this" as a statement, that I am about to remind you of something that you already know. 
-JAS	1	19	p728	figs-idiom	ἔστω ἔστω πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ταχὺς εἰς τὸ, ἀκοῦσαι βραδὺς εἰς τὸ λαλῆσαι	1	Let every man be quick to hear, slow to speak	These sayings are idioms that mean people should first listen intently, and then consider carefully what they say. Here "slow to speak" does not mean speaking slowly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+JAS	1	19	p728	figs-idiom	ἔστω ... πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ταχὺς εἰς τὸ ἀκοῦσαι, βραδὺς εἰς τὸ λαλῆσαι. 	1	Let every man be quick to hear, slow to speak 	These sayings are idioms that mean people should first listen intently, and then consider carefully what they say. Here "slow to speak" does not mean speaking slowly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 
 JAS	1	19	ev3v		βραδὺς εἰς ὀργήν 	1	slow to anger 	"not get angry quickly" 
-JAS	1	20	ej4p		ὀργὴ ἀνδρὸς δικαιοσύνην Θεοῦ οὐκ ἐργάζεται ἐργάζεται	1	the anger of man does not work the righteousness of God	When a person is always angry, he cannot do God's work, which is righteous.
+JAS	1	20	ej4p		ὀργὴ ... ἀνδρὸς, δικαιοσύνην Θεοῦ οὐκ ἐργάζεται. 	1	the anger of man does not work the righteousness of God 	When a person is always angry, he cannot do God's work, which is righteous. 
-JAS	1	21	hit5	figs-metaphor		0	take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil	Sin and evil are spoken of here as if they were clothing that could be taken off. Alternate translation: "stop doing all filthy sins and stop doing abundant amounts of evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	21	hit5	figs-metaphor	ἀποθέμενοι πᾶσαν ῥυπαρίαν καὶ περισσείαν κακίας 	0	take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil 	Sin and evil are spoken of here as if they were clothing that could be taken off. Alternate translation: "stop doing all filthy sins and stop doing abundant amounts of evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	21	h226	figs-doublet		0	take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil	Here the expressions "sinful filth" and "evil" share similar meanings. James uses them to emphasize how bad sin is. Alternate translation: "stop doing every kind of sinful behavior" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+JAS	1	21	h226	figs-doublet	ἀποθέμενοι πᾶσαν ῥυπαρίαν καὶ περισσείαν κακίας 	0	take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil 	Here the expressions "sinful filth" and "evil" share similar meanings. James uses them to emphasize how bad sin is. Alternate translation: "stop doing every kind of sinful behavior" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 
-JAS	1	21	h8ty	figs-metaphor		0	sinful filth	Here "filth," that is, dirt, stands for sin and evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	21	h8ty	figs-metaphor	ῥυπαρίαν	0	sinful filth 	Here "filth," that is, dirt, stands for sin and evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	1	21	a3u3		ἐν πραΰτητι 	1	In humility 	"Without pride" or "Without arrogance" 
 JAS	1	21	i9w1	figs-metaphor	δέξασθε τὸν ἔμφυτον λόγον 	1	receive the implanted word 	The expression "implant" means to place one thing inside of another. Here God's word is spoken of as if it were a plant made to grow inside believers. Alternate translation: "obey the message God has spoken to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	1	21	ekl3	figs-explicit	σῶσαι τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν 	1	save your souls 	What a person is saved from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "save you from God's judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
@@ -66,67 +66,67 @@ JAS	1	23	ewn9		ὅτι εἴ τις ἀκροατὴς λόγου ἐστὶν	1
 JAS	1	23	r6pp	figs-ellipsis	καὶ οὐ ποιητής 	1	but not a doer 	The word "is" and "of the word" are understood from the previous phrase. The noun "doer" can also be expressed with the verbs "do" or "obey." Alternate translation: "but is not a doer of the word" or "but does not obey the word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 
 JAS	1	23	pw5x	figs-simile	οὗτος ἔοικεν ἀνδρὶ κατανοοῦντι τὸ πρόσωπον τῆς γενέσεως αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐσόπτρῳ 	1	he is like a man who examines his natural face in a mirror 	A person who hears God's word is like someone who looks in the mirror. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 
 JAS	1	23	shn9		τὸ πρόσωπον τῆς γενέσεως αὐτοῦ 	1	his natural face 	The word "natural" clarifies that James is using the ordinary meaning of the word "face." Alternate translation: "his face" 
-JAS	1	24	wu34	figs-explicit		0	then goes away and immediately forgets what he was like	It is implied that though he may see that he needs to do something, such as wash his face or fix his hair, he walks away and forgets to do it. This what a person who does not obey God's word is like. Alternate translation: "then goes away and immediately forgets to do what he saw he needed to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and  [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+JAS	1	24	wu34	figs-explicit	καὶ ἀπελήλυθεν, καὶ εὐθέως ἐπελάθετο ὁποῖος ἦν 	0	then goes away and immediately forgets what he was like 	It is implied that though he may see that he needs to do something, such as wash his face or fix his hair, he walks away and forgets to do it. This what a person who does not obey God's word is like. Alternate translation: "then goes away and immediately forgets to do what he saw he needed to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 
-JAS	1	25	kvr7	figs-simile	ὁ δὲ παρακύψας εἰς νόμον νόμον τέλειον	1	the person who looks carefully into the perfect law	This expression continues the image of the law as a mirror. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+JAS	1	25	kvr7	figs-simile	ὁ ...παρακύψας εἰς νόμον νόμον τέλειον 	1	the person who looks carefully into the perfect law 	This expression continues the image of the law as a mirror. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 
-JAS	1	25	sf8k	figs-explicit	νόμον νόμον τέλειον τὸν τῆς ἐλευθερίας	1	the perfect law of freedom	The relationship between the law and freedom can be expressed clearly. Here "freedom" probably refers to freedom from sin. Alternate translation: "the perfect law that gives freedom" or "the perfect law that makes those who follow it free"  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JAS	1	25	sf8k	figs-explicit	νόμον τέλειον τὸν τῆς ἐλευθερίας 	1	the perfect law of freedom 	The relationship between the law and freedom can be expressed clearly. Here "freedom" probably refers to freedom from sin. Alternate translation: "the perfect law that gives freedom" or "the perfect law that makes those who follow it free" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
 JAS	1	25	jku1	figs-activepassive	οὗτος μακάριος ἐν τῇ ποιήσει αὐτοῦ ἔσται 	1	this man will be blessed in his actions 	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will bless this man as he obeys the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
-JAS	1	26	j1bg			0	thinks himself to be religious	"thinks he worships God correctly"
+JAS	1	26	j1bg		δοκεῖ θρησκὸς εἶναι 	0	thinks himself to be religious 	"thinks he worships God correctly" 
 JAS	1	26	vxu1	figs-metonymy	γλῶσσαν αὐτοῦ 	1	his tongue 	Controlling one's tongue stands for controlling one's speech. Alternate translation: "what he says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
 JAS	1	26	bj2t		ἀπατῶν	1	deceives	gets someone to believe something that is not true 
 JAS	1	26	sex6	figs-metonymy	καρδίαν αὐτοῦ 	1	his heart 	Here "heart" refers to his belief or thoughts. Alternate translation: "himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	1	26	q83d			0	his religion is worthless	"he worships God uselessly"
+JAS	1	26	q83d		τούτου μάταιος ἡ θρησκεία 	0	his religion is worthless 	"he worships God uselessly" 
 JAS	1	27	g11k	figs-doublet	καθαρὰ καὶ ἀμίαντος 	1	pure and unspoiled 	James speaks of religion, the way one worships God, as if it could be physically pure and unspoiled. These are traditional ways for Jews to say that something is acceptable to God. Alternate translation: "Completely acceptable" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	27	skf4	figs-metaphor		0	before our God and Father	directed to God (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	27	skf4	figs-metaphor	παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ καὶ Πατρί 	0	before our God and Father 	directed to God (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	1	27	iiv2		ὀρφανοὺς	1	the fatherless 	"the orphans" 
 JAS	1	27	r8nj		ἐν τῇ θλίψει αὐτῶν 	1	in their affliction 	The fatherless and widows are suffering because their fathers or husbands have died. 
 JAS	1	27	nmf7	figs-metaphor	ἄσπιλον ἑαυτὸν τηρεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου 	1	to keep oneself unstained by the world 	Sin in the world is spoken of as something dirty that can stain a person. Alternate translation: "to not allow the evil in the world to cause oneself to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	2	intro	f5zd			0		# James 02 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Favoritism<br><br>Some of James's readers treated rich and powerful people well and treated poor people badly. This is called favoritism, and James tells them that this is wrong. God wants his people to treat both rich people and poor people well.<br><br>### Justification<br><br>Justification is what happens when God makes a person righteous. James says here that God makes righteous or justifies people who do good works along with having faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Quotation marks<br><br>The words "Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works" are hard to understand. Some people think that they are what "someone may say," like the words in the quotation marks. Most versions translate them as words that James is saying back to that "someone."<br><br>### "You have ... I have"<br><br>Some people think that the words "you" and "I" are metonyms for "some people" and "other people." If they are correct, verse 18 could be translated, "Someone may say, 'Some people have faith and other people have works. Not everyone has both.'" If the next sentence is also what "someone may say," it could be translated "Some people show their faith without works, and other people show their faith by their works. Both have faith." In both cases, the reader will understand only if you add the extra sentence. It is probably best to translate as the ULT does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br> 
 JAS	2	1	ici9			0	Connecting Statement: 	James continues to tell the scattered Jewish believers how to live by loving one another and reminds them not to favor rich people over poor brothers. 
 JAS	2	1	kab4		ἀδελφοί μου 	1	My brothers 	James considers his audience to be Jewish believers. Alternate translation: "My fellow believers" or "My brothers and sisters in Christ" 
-JAS	2	1	qs2x	figs-metaphor	ἔχετε τὴν πίστιν τοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	hold to faith in our Lord Jesus Christ	Believing in Jesus Christ is spoken of as if it were an object that one could hold onto. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	2	1	qs2x	figs-metaphor	ἔχετε τὴν πίστιν τοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 	1	hold to faith in our Lord Jesus Christ 	Believing in Jesus Christ is spoken of as if it were an object that one could hold onto. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	2	1	x32n	figs-inclusive	τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 	1	our Lord Jesus Christ 	The word "our" includes James and his fellow believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) 
 JAS	2	1	en1c		προσωπολημψίαις	1	favoritism toward certain people 	the desire to help some people more than others 
-JAS	2	2	h5uh	figs-hypo		0	Suppose that someone	James starts to describe a situation where the believers might give more honor to a rich person than to a poor person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
+JAS	2	2	h5uh	figs-hypo	ἐὰν ...ἀνὴρ 	0	Suppose that someone 	James starts to describe a situation where the believers might give more honor to a rich person than to a poor person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 
-JAS	2	2	j8d5			0	wearing gold rings and fine clothes	"dressed like a wealthy person"
+JAS	2	2	j8d5		χρυσοδακτύλιος, ἐν ἐσθῆτι λαμπρᾷ 	0	wearing gold rings and fine clothes 	"dressed like a wealthy person" 
-JAS	2	3	zx9f			0	sit here in a good place	sit in this place of honor
+JAS	2	3	zx9f		σὺ κάθου ὧδε καλῶς 	0	sit here in a good place 	sit in this place of honor 
-JAS	2	3	ce14		στῆθι ἐκεῖ	1	stand over there	move to a place with less honor
+JAS	2	3	ce14		σὺ στῆθι ἐκεῖ 	1	stand over there 	move to a place with less honor 
 JAS	2	3	h2fy		κάθου ὑπὸ τὸ ὑποπόδιόν μου 	1	Sit at my feet 	move to a humble place 
-JAS	2	4	x9el	figs-rquestion		0	are you not judging among yourselves? Have you not become judges with evil thoughts?	James is using rhetorical questions to teach and possibly scold his readers. Alternate translation: "you are making judgments among yourselves and becoming judges with evil thoughts." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	2	4	x9el	figs-rquestion	οὐ διεκρίθητε ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, καὶ ἐγένεσθε κριταὶ διαλογισμῶν πονηρῶν 	0	are you not judging among yourselves? Have you not become judges with evil thoughts? 	James is using rhetorical questions to teach and possibly scold his readers. Alternate translation: "you are making judgments among yourselves and becoming judges with evil thoughts." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
 JAS	2	5	m5jr		ἀκούσατε, ἀδελφοί μου ἀγαπητοί 	1	Listen, my beloved brothers 	James was exhorting his readers as family. "Pay attention, my dear fellow believers" 
-JAS	2	5	ha52	figs-rquestion		0	did not God choose ... love him?	Here James uses a rhetorical question to teach his readers not to show favoritism. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "God has chosen ... love him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	2	5	ha52	figs-rquestion	οὐχ ὁ Θεὸς ἐξελέξατο τοὺς πτωχοὺς τῷ κόσμῳ, πλουσίους ἐν πίστει, καὶ κληρονόμους τῆς βασιλείας ἧς ἐπηγγείλατο τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτόν 	0	did not God choose ... love him? 	Here James uses a rhetorical question to teach his readers not to show favoritism. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "God has chosen ... love him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
 JAS	2	5	ke2q	figs-nominaladj	τοὺς πτωχοὺς 	1	the poor 	This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: "poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 
-JAS	2	5	s38z	figs-metaphor		0	be rich in faith	Having much faith is spoken of as being wealthy or rich. The object of faith may have to be specified. Alternate translation: "have strong faith in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	2	5	s38z	figs-metaphor	πλουσίους ἐν πίστει 	0	be rich in faith 	Having much faith is spoken of as being wealthy or rich. The object of faith may have to be specified. Alternate translation: "have strong faith in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	2	5	qii5	figs-metaphor	κληρονόμους	1	heirs	The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	2	6	yv6y	figs-you	ὑμεῖς δὲ ἠτιμάσατε 	1	But you have 	James is speaking to his whole audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 
 JAS	2	6	vr53		ἠτιμάσατε τὸν πτωχόν 	1	have dishonored the poor 	"you have shamed poor people" 
-JAS	2	6	l2lu	figs-rquestion	οὐχ οἱ πλούσιοι καταδυναστεύουσιν καταδυναστεύουσιν ὑμῶν?	1	Is it not the rich who oppress you?	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. Alternate translation: "It is rich people who oppress you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
+JAS	2	6	l2lu	figs-rquestion	οὐχ οἱ πλούσιοι καταδυναστεύουσιν ὑμῶν? 	1	Is it not the rich who oppress you? 	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. Alternate translation: "It is rich people who oppress you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 
 JAS	2	6	eeg5	figs-nominaladj	οἱ πλούσιοι 	1	the rich 	This refers to rich people in general. Alternate translation: "rich people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 
 JAS	2	6	z73x		καταδυναστεύουσιν ὑμῶν 	1	who oppress you 	"who treat you badly" 
-JAS	2	6	s9k1	figs-rquestion		0	Are they not the ones ... to court?	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "The rich people are the ones ... to court." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	2	6	s9k1	figs-rquestion	αὐτοὶ ἕλκουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς κριτήρια 	0	Are they not the ones ... to court? 	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "The rich people are the ones ... to court." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
 JAS	2	6	h8jn	figs-explicit	ἕλκουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς κριτήρια 	1	drag you to court 	"forcibly take you to court to accuse you in front of judges" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
-JAS	2	7	las1	figs-rquestion		0	Do they not insult ... have been called?	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct and teach his readers. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "The rich people insult ... have been called." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	2	7	las1	figs-rquestion	οὐκ αὐτοὶ βλασφημοῦσιν τὸ καλὸν ὄνομα τὸ ἐπικληθὲν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς 	0	Do they not insult ... have been called? 	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct and teach his readers. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "The rich people insult ... have been called." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
 JAS	2	7	wd8y	figs-metonymy	τὸ καλὸν ὄνομα τὸ ἐπικληθὲν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς 	1	the good name by which you have been called 	This refers to Christ's name. Alternate translation: "the name of Christ who called you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
 JAS	2	8	fe1i	figs-you	τελεῖτε	1	you fulfill 	The word "you" refers to the Jewish believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 
-JAS	2	8	q9hh		νόμον νόμον τελεῖτε βασιλικὸν	1	fulfill the royal law	"obey God's law." The law is "royal" becuase God, the true king, is the one who gave it to people.
+JAS	2	8	q9hh		νόμον τελεῖτε βασιλικὸν 	1	fulfill the royal law 	"obey God's law." The law is "royal" becuase God, the true king, is the one who gave it to people. 
 JAS	2	8	ymf5		ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν 	1	You shall love your neighbor as yourself 	James is quoting from the book of Leviticus. 
 JAS	2	8	gll2		τὸν πλησίον σου 	1	your neighbor 	"all people" or "everyone" 
 JAS	2	8	b9wu		καλῶς ποιεῖτε 	1	you do well 	"you are doing well" or "you are doing what is right" 
-JAS	2	9	xt6y		εἰ προσωπολημπτεῖτε	1	if you favor	"give special treatment to" or "give honor to"
+JAS	2	9	xt6y		εἰ ...προσωπολημπτεῖτε 	1	if you favor 	"give special treatment to" or "give honor to" 
 JAS	2	9	cq5h		ἁμαρτίαν ἐργάζεσθε 	1	committing sin 	"sinning." That is, breaking the law. 
 JAS	2	9	gl2e	figs-personification	ἐλεγχόμενοι ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου ὡς παραβάται 	1	convicted by the law as lawbreakers 	Here the law is spoken of as if it were a human judge. Alternate translation: "guilty of breaking God's law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 
-JAS	2	10	l29g		ὅστις γὰρ τηρήσῃ	1	For whoever obeys	"For anyone who obeys"
+JAS	2	10	l29g		ὅστις γὰρ ... τηρήσῃ 	1	For whoever obeys 	"For anyone who obeys" 
-JAS	2	10	jb5u	figs-metaphor		0	except that he stumbles ... the whole law	Stumbling is falling down while one is trying to walk. Disobeying one point of the law is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	2	10	jb5u	figs-metaphor	πταίσῃ δὲ ἐν ἑνί, γέγονεν πάντων ἔνοχος 	0	except that he stumbles ... the whole law 	Stumbling is falling down while one is trying to walk. Disobeying one point of the law is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	2	10	m8ep			0	in just a single way	because of disobedience to just one requirement of the law
+JAS	2	10	m8ep		ἐν ἑνί 	0	in just a single way 	because of disobedience to just one requirement of the law 
 JAS	2	11	ez11		ὁ γὰρ εἰπών 	1	For the one who said 	This refers to God, who gave the law to Moses. 
-JAS	2	11	q19i		μὴ μοιχεύσῃς μοιχεύσῃς	1	Do not commit	To "commit" is to do an action.
+JAS	2	11	q19i		μὴ μοιχεύσῃς 	1	Do not commit 	To "commit" is to do an action. 
-JAS	2	11	c8jm	figs-you		0	If you ... but if you ... you have	Here "you" means "each one of you." Although James was writing to many Jewish believers, in this case, he used the singular form as if he was writing to each person individually. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
+JAS	2	11	c8jm	figs-you	εἰ ... οὐ μοιχεύεις, φονεύεις δέ, γέγονας 	0	If you ... but if you ... you have 	Here "you" means "each one of you." Although James was writing to many Jewish believers, in this case, he used the singular form as if he was writing to each person individually. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 
-JAS	2	12	c6y8		οὕτως λαλεῖτε καὶ ποιεῖτε	1	So speak and act	"So you must speak and obey." James commanded the people to do this.
+JAS	2	12	c6y8		οὕτως λαλεῖτε καὶ οὕτως ποιεῖτε 	1	So speak and act 	"So you must speak and obey." James commanded the people to do this. 
 JAS	2	12	yp6i	figs-activepassive	διὰ νόμου ἐλευθερίας μέλλοντες κρίνεσθαι 	1	who will be judged by means of the law of freedom 	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who know that God will judge them by means of the law of freedom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
 JAS	2	12	ik76		διὰ νόμου 	1	by means of the law 	This passage implies that it is God who will judge according to his law. 
 JAS	2	12	e87r		νόμου ἐλευθερίας 	1	the law of freedom 	"the law that gives true freedom" 
 JAS	2	13	yv6l	figs-personification	κατακαυχᾶται ἔλεος κρίσεως 	1	Mercy triumphs over 	"Mercy is better than" or "Mercy defeats." Here mercy and justice are spoken of as if they were persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 
 JAS	2	14	h384			0	Connecting Statement: 	James encourages the scattered believers to show their faith before others, just as Abraham showed others his faith by his works. 
-JAS	2	14	k4e4	figs-rquestion		0	What good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith, but he has no works?	James is using a rhetorical question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: "It is no good at all, fellow believers, if someone says he has faith, but he has no works." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	2	14	k4e4	figs-rquestion	τί τὸ ὄφελος, ἀδελφοί μου, ἐὰν πίστιν λέγῃ τις, ἔχειν ἔργα, δὲ μὴ ἔχῃ 	0	What good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith, but he has no works? 	James is using a rhetorical question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: "It is no good at all, fellow believers, if someone says he has faith, but he has no works." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
 JAS	2	14	c234	figs-abstractnouns	ἐὰν πίστιν λέγῃ τις ἔχειν, ἔργα δὲ μὴ ἔχῃ 	1	if someone says he has faith, but he has no works 	The can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "if someone says he believes in God but he does not do what God commands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
 JAS	2	14	z9q8	figs-rquestion	μὴ δύναται ἡ πίστις σῶσαι αὐτόν? 	1	Can that faith save him? 	James is using a rhetorical question to teach his audience. This can be restated to remove the abstract noun "faith." Alternate translation: "That faith cannot save him." or "If a person does not do what God commands, then just saying he believes in God will not save him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
 JAS	2	14	g8kr		σῶσαι αὐτόν 	1	save him 	"spare him from God's judgment" 
@@ -134,203 +134,203 @@ JAS	2	15	f6el		ἀδελφὸς ἢ ἀδελφὴ	1	brother or sister	a fellow
 JAS	2	16	lj89	figs-metonymy	θερμαίνεσθε	1	stay warm 	This means either "have enough clothes to wear" or "have a place to sleep." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
 JAS	2	16	ngj8	figs-explicit	χορτάζεσθε	1	be filled 	The thing that fills them is food. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "be filled with food" or "have enough to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
 JAS	2	16	n5jh	figs-metonymy	τοῦ σώματος 	1	for the body 	to eat, to wear, and to live comfortably (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	2	16	yi63	figs-rquestion		0	what good is that?	James uses a rhetorical question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: "that is not good." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	2	16	yi63	figs-rquestion	τί τὸ ὄφελος? 	0	what good is that? 	James uses a rhetorical question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: "that is not good." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
 JAS	2	17	me1d	figs-metaphor	ἡ πίστις ἐὰν μὴ, ἔχῃ, ἔχῃ ἔργα νεκρά ἐστιν καθ’ ἑαυτήν 	1	faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead 	James speaks of faith as if it were alive if one does good works, and of faith as if it were dead if one does not do good deeds. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "a person who says he believes God, but does not do what God commands, does not really believe God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
 JAS	2	18	al63	figs-hypo	ἀλλ’ ἐρεῖ τις 	1	Yet someone may say 	James describes a hypothetical situation where someone objects to his teaching. James seeks to correct his audience's understanding of faith and works. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 
-JAS	2	18	ii8d	figs-abstractnouns	χωρὶς," ἔχεις πίστιν, κἀγὼ ἔχω ἔργα." δεῖξόν μοι σου τὴν πίστιν σὺ τῶν ἔργων, κἀγώ δείξω σοι τὴν πίστιν ἐκ μου τῶν ἔργων.	1	"You have faith, and I have works." Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works	James is describing how someone may argue against his teaching and how he would respond. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "'It is acceptable that you believe God and that I do what God commands.' Prove to me that you can believe God and not do what he commands, and I will prove to you that I believe God by doing what he commands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	2	18	ii8d	figs-abstractnouns	σὺ πίστιν ἔχεις, κἀγὼ ἔργα ἔχω; δεῖξόν μοι τὴν πίστιν σου χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων, κἀγώ σοι δείξω ἐκ τῶν ἔργων μου τὴν πίστιν.” 	1	"You have faith, and I have works." Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works 	James is describing how someone may argue against his teaching and how he would respond. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "'It is acceptable that you believe God and that I do what God commands.' Prove to me that you can believe God and not do what he commands, and I will prove to you that I believe God by doing what he commands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	2	19	fv39			0	the demons believe that, and they tremble	"the demons also believe, but they shake with fear." James contrasts the demons with those who claim to believe and not do good deeds. James states that the demons are wiser because they fear God while the others do not.
+JAS	2	19	fv39		τὰ δαιμόνια πιστεύουσιν καὶ φρίσσουσιν 	0	the demons believe that, and they tremble 	"the demons also believe, but they shake with fear." James contrasts the demons with those who claim to believe and not do good deeds. James states that the demons are wiser because they fear God while the others do not. 
-JAS	2	20	ax95	figs-rquestion	θέλεις?, κενέ ἄνθρωπε, ὅτι γνῶναι πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἐστιν ἀργή ἡ	1	Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless?	James uses this question to introduce the next part of his teaching. Alternate translation: "Listen to me, foolish man, and I will show that faith without works is useless." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	2	20	ax95	figs-rquestion	θέλεις δὲ γνῶναι, ὦ ἄνθρωπε κενέ, ὅτι ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἀργή ἐστιν? 	1	Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless? 	James uses this question to introduce the next part of his teaching. Alternate translation: "Listen to me, foolish man, and I will show that faith without works is useless." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
 JAS	2	20	sd63	figs-abstractnouns	ὅτι ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἀργή ἐστιν 	1	that faith without works is useless 	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "that if you do not do what God commands, then it is useless for you to say that you believe in God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
 JAS	2	21	ysr8			0	General Information: 	Since these are Jewish believers, they know the story of Abraham, about whom God had told them long ago in his word. 
-JAS	2	21	q8iv	figs-rquestion		0	Was not Abraham our father justified ... on the altar?	This rhetorical question is used to rebut the foolish man's arguments from [James 2:18](../02/18.md), who refuses to believe that faith and works go together. Alternate translation: "Abraham our father was certainly justified ... on the altar." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	2	21	q8iv	figs-rquestion	Ἀβραὰμ ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἀνενέγκας Ἰσαὰκ τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον? 	0	Was not Abraham our father justified ... on the altar? 	This rhetorical question is used to rebut the foolish man's arguments from [James 2:18](../02/18.md), who refuses to believe that faith and works go together. Alternate translation: "Abraham our father was certainly justified ... on the altar." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
 JAS	2	21	v3ft	figs-metaphor	ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη 	1	justified by works 	James speaks of works as if they were objects that one can own. Alternate translation: "justified by doing good deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	2	21	ph1s		ὁ πατὴρ 	1	father	Here "father" is used in the sense of "ancestor." 
 JAS	2	22	t832		βλέπεις	1	You see 	The word "you" is singular, referring to the hypothetical man. James is addressing his whole audience as if they were one person. 
 JAS	2	22	l1gj	figs-metonymy	βλέπεις	1	You see 	The word "see" is a metonym. Alternate translation: "You understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	2	22	vde4			0	faith worked with his works, and that by works his faith was fully developed	James speaks as if "faith" and "works" are things that can work together and help each other. Alternate translation: "because Abraham believed God, he did what God commanded. And because Abraham did what God commanded, he believed God completely"
+JAS	2	22	vde4		ἡ πίστις συνήργει τοῖς ἔργοις αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἔργων ἡ πίστις ἐτελειώθη 	0	faith worked with his works, and that by works his faith was fully developed 	James speaks as if "faith" and "works" are things that can work together and help each other. Alternate translation: "because Abraham believed God, he did what God commanded. And because Abraham did what God commanded, he believed God completely" 
 JAS	2	22	bd9d		βλέπεις	1	You see 	James again addresses his audience directly by using the plural form of "you." 
 JAS	2	23	qh4i	figs-activepassive	ἐπληρώθη ἡ Γραφὴ 	1	The scripture was fulfilled 	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This fulfilled the scripture" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
 JAS	2	23	l818	figs-metaphor	ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην 	1	it was counted to him as righteousness 	"God regarded his faith as righteousness." Abraham's faith and righteousness were treated as if they were able to be counted as having value. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	2	24	yha5	figs-activepassive		0	it is by works that a man is justified, and not only by faith	"actions and faith are what justify a person, and not only faith." James speaks of works as if they were objects to obtain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	2	24	yha5	figs-activepassive	ἐξ ἔργων δικαιοῦται ἄνθρωπος, καὶ οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως μόνον 	0	it is by works that a man is justified, and not only by faith 	"actions and faith are what justify a person, and not only faith." James speaks of works as if they were objects to obtain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	2	25	hir8			0	In the same way also ... justified by works	James says that what was true of Abraham was also true of Rahab. Both were justified by works.
+JAS	2	25	hir8		ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη 	0	In the same way also ... justified by works 	James says that what was true of Abraham was also true of Rahab. Both were justified by works. 
-JAS	2	25	dcv5	figs-rquestion		0	was not Rahab the prostitute justified by works ... another road?	James is using this rhetorical question to instruct his audience. Alternate translation: "it was what Rahab the prostitute did that justified her ... another road." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	2	25	dcv5	figs-rquestion	Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ὑποδεξαμένη τοὺς ἀγγέλους, καὶ ἑτέρᾳ ὁδῷ ἐκβαλοῦσα 	0	was not Rahab the prostitute justified by works ... another road? 	James is using this rhetorical question to instruct his audience. Alternate translation: "it was what Rahab the prostitute did that justified her ... another road." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
 JAS	2	25	pn2f		Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη 	1	Rahab the prostitute 	James expected his audience to know the Old Testament story about the woman Rahab. 
 JAS	2	25	bx6i	figs-metaphor	ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη 	1	justified by works 	James speaks of works as something to possess. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	2	25	af9u		ἀγγέλους	1	messengers	people who bring news from another place 
-JAS	2	25	xm5m		ἑτέρᾳ ὁδῷ ὁδῷ ἐκβαλοῦσα	1	sent them away by another road	"then helped them escape and leave the city"
+JAS	2	25	xm5m		ἑτέρᾳ ὁδῷ ἐκβαλοῦσα 	1	sent them away by another road 	"then helped them escape and leave the city" 
-JAS	2	26	uum8	figs-metaphor	, ὥσπερ γὰρ τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πνεύματος νεκρόν ἐστιν οὕτως καὶ ἡ πίστις χωρὶς ἔργων νεκρά ἐστιν	1	For as the body apart from the spirit is dead, even so faith apart from works is dead	James is speaking of faith without works as if it were a dead body without the spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	2	26	uum8	figs-metaphor	ὥσπερ γὰρ τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πνεύματος νεκρόν ἐστιν οὕτως καὶ ἡ πίστις χωρὶς ἔργων νεκρά ἐστιν 	1	For as the body apart from the spirit is dead, even so faith apart from works is dead 	James is speaking of faith without works as if it were a dead body without the spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	3	intro	py3p			0		# James 03 General Notes<br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br><br>James teaches his readers that they should live to please God by reminding them of things that they know from everyday life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br> 
-JAS	3	1	p4uu	figs-genericnoun		0	Not many of you	James is making a generalized statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
+JAS	3	1	p4uu	figs-genericnoun	μὴ πολλοὶ 	0	Not many of you 	James is making a generalized statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 
 JAS	3	1	c36b		ἀδελφοί μου 	1	my brothers 	"my fellow believers" 
-JAS	3	1	aw5f	figs-explicit		0	we who teach will be judged more strictly	This passage speaks of stricter judgment that will come from God on those who teach others about him. Alternate translation: "God will judge us who teach more severely because we know his word better than some people whom we have taught" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JAS	3	1	aw5f	figs-explicit	μεῖζον κρίμα λημψόμεθα. 	0	we who teach will be judged more strictly 	This passage speaks of stricter judgment that will come from God on those who teach others about him. Alternate translation: "God will judge us who teach more severely because we know his word better than some people whom we have taught" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
 JAS	3	1	v7fa	figs-exclusive		0	we who teach 	James includes himself and other teachers, but not the readers, so the word "we" is exclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 
 JAS	3	2	ab9h	figs-inclusive	πταίομεν ἅπαντες 	1	we all stumble 	James speaks of himself, other teachers, and the readers, so the word "we" is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) 
 JAS	3	2	p9ek	figs-metaphor	πταίομεν	1	stumble	Sinning is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. Alternate translation: "fail" or "sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	3	2	t6xt		ἐν λόγῳ οὐ πταίει πταίει	1	does not stumble in words	"does not sin by saying wrong things"
+JAS	3	2	t6xt		ἐν λόγῳ οὐ πταίει 	1	does not stumble in words 	"does not sin by saying wrong things" 
-JAS	3	2	kn4v		οὗτος τέλειος ἀνήρ ἀνήρ	1	he is a perfect man	"he is spiritually mature"
+JAS	3	2	kn4v		οὗτος τέλειος ἀνήρ 	1	he is a perfect man 	"he is spiritually mature" 
-JAS	3	2	b16h	figs-synecdoche	χαλιναγωγῆσαι καὶ ὅλον τὸ τὸ σῶμα σῶμα	1	control even his whole body	James is referring to one's heart, emotions, and actions. Alternate translation: "control his behavior" or "control his actions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+JAS	3	2	b16h	figs-synecdoche	χαλιναγωγῆσαι καὶ ὅλον τὸ τὸ σῶμα 	1	control even his whole body 	James is referring to one's heart, emotions, and actions. Alternate translation: "control his behavior" or "control his actions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 
 JAS	3	3	z2ez			0	General Information: 	James is developing an argument that small things can control big things. 
 JAS	3	3	zql3		εἰ δὲ τῶν ἵππων τοὺς χαλινοὺς' εἰς τὰ στόματα βάλλομεν 	1	Now if we put bits into horses' mouths 	James speaks about horses' bits. A bit is a small piece of metal that is placed into a horse's mouth to control where it goes. 
 JAS	3	3	s1nf		εἰ δὲ 	1	Now if 	"If" or "When" 
 JAS	3	3	u92q		τῶν ἵππων 	1	horses	A horse is a large animal used to carry things or people. 
-JAS	3	4	yn42			0	Notice also that ships ... are steered by a very small rudder	A ship is like a truck that floats on water. A rudder is a flat piece of wood or metal at the back of the ship, used to control where it goes. The word "rudder" could also be translated as "tool."
+JAS	3	4	yn42		ἰδοὺ, καὶ τὰ πλοῖα, τηλικαῦτα ὄντα, καὶ ὑπὸ ἀνέμων σκληρῶν ἐλαυνόμενα, μετάγεται ὑπὸ ἐλαχίστου πηδαλίου 	0	Notice also that ships ... are steered by a very small rudder 	A ship is like a truck that floats on water. A rudder is a flat piece of wood or metal at the back of the ship, used to control where it goes. The word "rudder" could also be translated as "tool." 
-JAS	3	4	k7f5	figs-activepassive	ὑπὸ ἀνέμων σκληρῶν ἐλαυνόμενα,	1	are driven by strong winds,	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "strong winds push them, they" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	3	4	k7f5	figs-activepassive	ὑπὸ ἀνέμων σκληρῶν ἐλαυνόμενα 	1	are driven by strong winds, 	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "strong winds push them, they" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
 JAS	3	4	jrk1		μετάγεται ὑπὸ ἐλαχίστου πηδαλίου πηδαλίου ὅπου ἡ ὁρμὴ τοῦ εὐθύνοντος βούλεται 	1	are steered by a very small rudder to wherever the pilot desires 	"have a small tool that a person can use to control where the ship goes" 
 JAS	3	5	wt6i		οὕτως καὶ 	1	Likewise	This word signals the analogy of the tongue to the horses' bits and the ships' rudders mentioned in the previous verses. Alternate translation: "In the same way" 
 JAS	3	5	qx1k		μεγάλα αὐχεῖ 	1	boasts great things 	Here "things" is a general word for everything about which these people are proud. 
-JAS	3	5	ub5h			0	Notice also	"Think about"
+JAS	3	5	ub5h		ἰδοὺ	0	Notice also 	"Think about" 
 JAS	3	5	fr8x		ἡλίκον πῦρ ἡλίκην ὕλην ἀνάπτει 	1	how small a fire sets on fire a large forest 	In order to help people understand the harm that the tongue can cause, James speaks of the harm that a small flame can cause. Alternate translation: "how a small flame can start a fire that burns many trees" 
 JAS	3	6	wm5q	figs-metonymy	καὶ ἡ γλῶσσα πῦρ 	1	The tongue is also a fire 	The tongue is a metonym for what people say. James calls it a fire because of the great damage it can do. Alternate translation: "The tongue is like a fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	3	6	i61e	figs-metaphor	πῦρ ὁ κόσμος τῆς ἀδικίας καθίσταται ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ἡμῶν	1	a world of sinfulness set among our body parts	The enormous effects of sinful speaking are spoken of as if they were a world by themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	3	6	i61e	figs-metaphor	ὁ κόσμος τῆς ἀδικίας καθίσταται ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ἡμῶν 	1	a world of sinfulness set among our body parts 	The enormous effects of sinful speaking are spoken of as if they were a world by themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	3	6	sv44	figs-metaphor	ἡ σπιλοῦσα ὅλον τὸ σῶμα 	1	It stains the whole body 	Sinful speaking is spoken of metaphorically as if it stained one's body. And becoming unacceptable to God is spoken of as if it were dirt on the body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	3	6	lf1j	figs-metaphor	φλογίζουσα τὸν τροχὸν τῆς γενέσεως 	1	sets on fire the course of life 	The phrase "course of life" refers to a person's entire life. Alternate translation: "it ruins a person's entire life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	3	6	a7qd	figs-activepassive		0	life. It is itself set on fire by hell	The word "itself" refers to the tongue. Also, here "hell" refers to the powers of evil or to the devil. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "life because the devil uses it for evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	3	6	a7qd	figs-activepassive	γενέσεως, καὶ φλογιζομένη ὑπὸ τῆς Γεέννης 	0	life. It is itself set on fire by hell 	The word "itself" refers to the tongue. Also, here "hell" refers to the powers of evil or to the devil. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "life because the devil uses it for evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	3	7	ug59	figs-activepassive		0	For every kind of ... mankind	The phrase "every kind" is a general statement referring to all or many kinds of wild animals. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People have learned to control many kinds of wild animals, birds, reptiles, and sea creatures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	3	7	ug59	figs-activepassive	πᾶσα γὰρ φύσις θηρίων τε καὶ πετεινῶν, ἑρπετῶν τε καὶ ἐναλίων, δαμάζεται καὶ δεδάμασται τῇ φύσει τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ 	0	For every kind of ... mankind 	The phrase "every kind" is a general statement referring to all or many kinds of wild animals. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People have learned to control many kinds of wild animals, birds, reptiles, and sea creatures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
 JAS	3	7	b8c9	translate-unknown	ἑρπετῶν	1	reptile	This is an animal that crawls on the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 
 JAS	3	7	zw5m		ἐναλίων	1	sea creature 	an animal that lives in the sea 
 JAS	3	8	q9xe	figs-metaphor	τὴν δὲ γλῶσσαν οὐδεὶς δαμάσαι δύναται ἀνθρώπων 	1	But no human being can tame the tongue 	James speaks of the tongue as if it were a wild animal. Here "tongue" represents a person's desire to speak evil thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	3	8	m7vi	figs-metaphor		0	It is a restless evil, full of deadly poison	James speaks of the harm that  people can cause by what they say as if the tongue were an evil and poisonous creature that can kill people. Alternate translation: "It is like a restless and evil creature, full of deadly poison" or "It is like a restless and evil creature that can kill people with its venom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	3	8	m7vi	figs-metaphor	ἀκατάστατον κακόν 	0	It is a restless evil, full of deadly poison 	James speaks of the harm that people can cause by what they say as if the tongue were an evil and poisonous creature that can kill people. Alternate translation: "It is like a restless and evil creature, full of deadly poison" or "It is like a restless and evil creature that can kill people with its venom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	3	9	le6h		ἐν αὐτῇ εὐλογοῦμεν 	1	With it we 	"We use the tongue to say words that" 
 JAS	3	9	ucm9		καταρώμεθα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους 	1	we curse men 	"we ask God to harm men" 
-JAS	3	9	umg1	figs-activepassive		0	who have been made in God's likeness	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God made in his likeness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	3	9	umg1	figs-activepassive	τοὺς καθ’ ὁμοίωσιν Θεοῦ γεγονότας 	0	who have been made in God's likeness 	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God made in his likeness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
 JAS	3	10	a1ly	figs-abstractnouns	ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ στόματος ἐξέρχεται εὐλογία καὶ κατάρα 	1	Out of the same mouth come blessing and cursing 	The nouns "blessing" and "cursing" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "With the same mouth, a person blesses people and curses people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
 JAS	3	10	qrs2		ἀδελφοί μου 	1	My brothers 	"Fellow Christians" 
-JAS	3	10	n9zy		οὐ χρή ταῦτα γίνεσθαι	1	these things should not happen	"these things are wrong"
+JAS	3	10	n9zy		οὐ χρή, ... ταῦτα οὕτως γίνεσθαι 	1	these things should not happen 	"these things are wrong" 
 JAS	3	11	m18q			0	Connecting Statement: 	After James stresses that the words of believers should not both bless and curse, he gives examples from nature to teach his readers that people who honor God by worshiping him should also live in right ways. 
-JAS	3	11	mz8d	figs-rquestion		0	Does a spring pour out from its opening both sweet and bitter water?	James uses a rhetorical question to remind believers about what happens in nature. This can be expressed as a sentence. Alternate translation: "You know that a spring does not pour out both sweet water and bitter water." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	3	11	mz8d	figs-rquestion	μήτι ἡ πηγὴ ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς ὀπῆς βρύει τὸ γλυκὺ καὶ τὸ πικρόν 	0	Does a spring pour out from its opening both sweet and bitter water? 	James uses a rhetorical question to remind believers about what happens in nature. This can be expressed as a sentence. Alternate translation: "You know that a spring does not pour out both sweet water and bitter water." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	3	12	z3qg	figs-rquestion	μὴ δύναται συκῆ, ἀδελφοί μου, ἐλαίας ποιῆσαι?	1	Does a fig tree, my brothers, make olives?	James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: "Brothers, you know that a fig tree cannot grow olives." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	3	12	z3qg	figs-rquestion	μὴ δύναται, ἀδελφοί μου, συκῆ ἐλαίας ποιῆσαι 	1	Does a fig tree, my brothers, make olives? 	James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: "Brothers, you know that a fig tree cannot grow olives." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
 JAS	3	12	jjj8		ἀδελφοί μου 	1	my brothers 	"my fellow believers" 
 JAS	3	12	bu4l	figs-ellipsis	ἢ ἄμπελος, σῦκα? 	1	Or a grapevine, figs? 	The word "make" is understood from the previous phrase. James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: "Or does a grapevine make figs?" or "And a grapevine cannot grow figs." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 
 JAS	3	13	fgb7	figs-rquestion	τίς σοφὸς καὶ ἐπιστήμων ἐν ὑμῖν? 	1	Who is wise and understanding among you? 	James uses this question to teach his audience about proper behavior. The words "wise" and "understanding" are similar. Alternate translation: "I will tell you how a wise and understanding person is to act." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 
-JAS	3	13	f9xv	figs-abstractnouns		0	Let that person show a good life by his works in the humility of wisdom	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "humility" and "wisdom." Alternate translation: "That person should live a good life by doing the kind of deeds that come from being humble and wise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	3	13	f9xv	figs-abstractnouns	δειξάτω ἐκ τῆς καλῆς ἀναστροφῆς τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ ἐν πραΰτητι σοφίας. 	0	Let that person show a good life by his works in the humility of wisdom 	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "humility" and "wisdom." Alternate translation: "That person should live a good life by doing the kind of deeds that come from being humble and wise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	3	14	js7b	figs-metonymy	εἰ ζῆλον πικρὸν ἔχετε καὶ ἐριθείαν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμῶν	1	if you have bitter jealousy and ambition in your heart	Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's emotions or thoughts. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "jealousy" and "ambition." Alternate translation: "if you are jealous and selfish" or "if you desire what other people have and you want to succeed even if it harms others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	3	14	js7b	figs-metonymy	εἰ ... ζῆλον πικρὸν ἔχετε καὶ ἐριθείαν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμῶν 	1	if you have bitter jealousy and ambition in your heart 	Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's emotions or thoughts. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "jealousy" and "ambition." Alternate translation: "if you are jealous and selfish" or "if you desire what other people have and you want to succeed even if it harms others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	3	14	a191	figs-abstractnouns	μὴ κατακαυχᾶσθε κατακαυχᾶσθε καὶ ψεύδεσθε κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας	1	do not boast and lie against the truth	The abstract noun "truth" can be stated as "true." Alternate translation: "do not boast that you are wise, because that is not true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	3	14	a191	figs-abstractnouns	μὴ κατακαυχᾶσθε καὶ ψεύδεσθε κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας. 	1	do not boast and lie against the truth 	The abstract noun "truth" can be stated as "true." Alternate translation: "do not boast that you are wise, because that is not true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
 JAS	3	15	clz6	figs-metonymy	οὐκ ἔστιν αὕτη ἡ σοφία ἄνωθεν κατερχομένη 	1	This is not the wisdom that comes down from above 	Here "This" refers to the "bitter jealousy and strife" described in the previous verses. The phrase "from above" is a metonym that represents "heaven" which represents God himself. Alternate translation: "This is not the kind of wisdom that God teaches us from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	3	15	g44u	figs-abstractnouns		0	This is not the wisdom that comes down from above. Instead, it is earthly, unspiritual, demonic	The abstract noun "wisdom" can be stated as "wise." - Alternate translation: "Whoever acts like this is not wise according to what God in heaven teaches us. Instead this person is earthly, unspiritual, and demonic" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	3	15	g44u	figs-abstractnouns	οὐκ ἔστιν αὕτη ἡ σοφία ἄνωθεν κατερχομένη, ἀλλὰ ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης. 	0	This is not the wisdom that comes down from above. Instead, it is earthly, unspiritual, demonic 	The abstract noun "wisdom" can be stated as "wise." - Alternate translation: "Whoever acts like this is not wise according to what God in heaven teaches us. Instead this person is earthly, unspiritual, and demonic" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
 JAS	3	15	h36b	figs-metonymy	ἐπίγειος	1	earthly	The word "earthly" refers to the values and behaviors of the people who do not honor God. Alternate translation: "not honoring to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
 JAS	3	15	a2u6		ψυχική	1	unspiritual	"not from the Holy Spirit" or "not spiritual" 
 JAS	3	15	mzc9		δαιμονιώδης	1	demonic	"from demons" 
-JAS	3	16	x5jz	figs-abstractnouns		0	For where there are jealousy and ambition, there is confusion and every evil practice	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "jealousy," "ambition," and "confusion." Alternate translation: "For when people are jealous and selfish, this causes them to act in disorderly and evil ways" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	3	16	x5jz	figs-abstractnouns	ὅπου γὰρ ζῆλος καὶ ἐριθεία, ἐκεῖ ἀκαταστασία καὶ πᾶν φαῦλον πρᾶγμα. 	0	For where there are jealousy and ambition, there is confusion and every evil practice 	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "jealousy," "ambition," and "confusion." Alternate translation: "For when people are jealous and selfish, this causes them to act in disorderly and evil ways" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	3	16	dvd7			0	there is confusion	"there is disorder" or "there is chaos"
+JAS	3	16	dvd7		ἐκεῖ ἀκαταστασία 	0	there is confusion 	"there is disorder" or "there is chaos" 
 JAS	3	16	vmt4		πᾶν φαῦλον πρᾶγμα 	1	every evil practice 	"every kind of sinful behavior" or "every kind of wicked deed" 
-JAS	3	17	s8w4	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ ἡ δὲ δὲ ἄνωθεν ἄνωθεν σοφία πρῶτον ἁγνή ἐστιν	1	But the wisdom from above is first pure	Here "from above" is metonym that represents "heaven" which represents God himself. The abstract noun "wisdom" can be stated as "wise." Alternate translation: "But when a person is wise according to what God in heaven teaches, he acts in ways that are first pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	3	17	s8w4	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ δὲ δὲ ἄνωθεν σοφία πρῶτον ἁγνή ἐστιν 	1	But the wisdom from above is first pure 	Here "from above" is metonym that represents "heaven" which represents God himself. The abstract noun "wisdom" can be stated as "wise." Alternate translation: "But when a person is wise according to what God in heaven teaches, he acts in ways that are first pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	3	17	hhk5		πρῶτον ἁγνή ἐστιν	1	is first pure	"is first holy"
+JAS	3	17	hhk5		πρῶτον μὲν ἁγνή ἐστιν 	1	is first pure 	"is first holy" 
 JAS	3	17	hfh9	figs-metaphor	μεστὴ ἐλέους καὶ καρπῶν ἀγαθῶν 	1	full of mercy and good fruits 	Here "good fruits" refer to kind things that people do for others as a result of having wisdom from God. Alternate translation: "full of mercy and good deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	3	17	by2l			0	and sincere	"and honest" or "and truthful"
+JAS	3	17	by2l		ἀνυπόκριτος	0	and sincere 	"and honest" or "and truthful" 
-JAS	3	18	md56	figs-metaphor	καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης ἐν εἰρήνῃ σπείρεται τοῖς ποιοῦσιν εἰρήνην	1	The fruit of righteousness is sown in peace among those who make peace	People making peace is spoken of as if they were sowing seeds, and righteousness  is spoken of as if it were the fruit that grows up as a result of making peace. Alternate translation: "The result of making peace is righteousness" or "Those who work peacefully to help people live in peace produce righteousness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	3	18	md56	figs-metaphor	καρπὸς ... δικαιοσύνης ἐν εἰρήνῃ σπείρεται, τοῖς ποιοῦσιν εἰρήνην 	1	The fruit of righteousness is sown in peace among those who make peace 	People making peace is spoken of as if they were sowing seeds, and righteousness is spoken of as if it were the fruit that grows up as a result of making peace. Alternate translation: "The result of making peace is righteousness" or "Those who work peacefully to help people live in peace produce righteousness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	3	18	htr1	figs-abstractnouns	ποιοῦσιν εἰρήνην 	1	make peace 	The abstract noun "peace" can be stated as "peacefully." Alternate translation: "cause people to live peacefully" or "help people not to be angry with each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
 JAS	4	intro	r6vv			0		# James 04 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Adultery<br><br>Writers in the Bible often speak of adultery as a metaphor for people who say they love God but do things that God hates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>### Law<br><br>James probably uses this word in [James 4:11](../../jas/04/11.md) to refer to "the royal law" ([James 2:8](../../jas/02/08.md)).<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br><br>James asks many questions because he wants his readers to think about how they are living. He wants to correct and teach them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Humble<br><br>This word probably usually refers to people who are not proud. James uses the word here to refer to people who are not proud and who also trust in Jesus and obey him.<br> 
 JAS	4	1	q3pd			0	General Information: 	In this section, the words "yourselves," "your," and "you" are plural and refer to the believers to whom James writes. 
 JAS	4	1	k21j			0	Connecting Statement: 	James rebukes these believers for their worldliness and their lack of humility. He again urges them to watch how they speak to and about each other. 
-JAS	4	1	ub82	figs-doublet		0	Where do quarrels and disputes among you come from?	The abstract nouns "quarrels" and "disputes" mean basically the same thing and can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: "Why do you quarrel and dispute among yourselves?" or "Why do you fight among yourselves?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	4	1	ub82	figs-doublet	πόθεν πόλεμοι καὶ πόθεν μάχαι ἐν ὑμῖν? 	0	Where do quarrels and disputes among you come from? 	The abstract nouns "quarrels" and "disputes" mean basically the same thing and can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: "Why do you quarrel and dispute among yourselves?" or "Why do you fight among yourselves?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	4	1	pqx2	figs-rquestion	ἐντεῦθεν? ἐντεῦθεν ἐκ ὑμῶν τῶν ἡδονῶν οὐκ τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν τοῖς μέλεσιν ἐν	1	Do they not come from your desires that fight among your members?	James uses this question to rebuke his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "They come from your evil desires for things, desires that fight among your members." or "They come from your desires for evil things, desires that fight among your members." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	4	1	pqx2	figs-rquestion	οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ἐκ τῶν ἡδονῶν ὑμῶν, τῶν στρατευομένων ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν? 	1	Do they not come from your desires that fight among your members? 	James uses this question to rebuke his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "They come from your evil desires for things, desires that fight among your members." or "They come from your desires for evil things, desires that fight among your members." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	4	1	vpe2	figs-personification	ἐντεῦθεν? ἐντεῦθεν ἐκ ὑμῶν τῶν ἡδονῶν οὐκ τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν τοῖς μέλεσιν ἐν	1	Do they not come from your desires that fight among your members?	James speaks of desires as they were enemies who waged war against the believers. In reality, of course, it is the people who have these desires who fight among themselves. Alternate translation: "They come from your desires for evil things, by which you end up harming each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+JAS	4	1	vpe2	figs-personification	οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ἐκ τῶν ἡδονῶν ὑμῶν, τῶν στρατευομένων ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν? 	1	Do they not come from your desires that fight among your members? 	James speaks of desires as they were enemies who waged war against the believers. In reality, of course, it is the people who have these desires who fight among themselves. Alternate translation: "They come from your desires for evil things, by which you end up harming each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 
-JAS	4	1	v5kg		τοῖς τοῖς μέλεσιν μέλεσιν ὑμῶν	1	among your members	Possible meanings are 1) there is fighting among the local believers, or 2) the fighting, that is, the conflict, is inside each believer.
+JAS	4	1	v5kg		ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν 	1	among your members 	Possible meanings are 1) there is fighting among the local believers, or 2) the fighting, that is, the conflict, is inside each believer. 
-JAS	4	2	khh9	figs-hyperbole	φονεύετε καὶ ζηλοῦτε, καὶ οὐ δύνασθε δύνασθε ἐπιτυχεῖν	1	You kill and covet, and you are not able to obtain	The phrase "You kill" expresses how badly the people behave in order to get what they want. It can be translated as "You do all kinds of evil things to get what you cannot have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
+JAS	4	2	khh9	figs-hyperbole	φονεύετε καὶ ζηλοῦτε, καὶ οὐ δύνασθε ἐπιτυχεῖν 	1	You kill and covet, and you are not able to obtain 	The phrase "You kill" expresses how badly the people behave in order to get what they want. It can be translated as "You do all kinds of evil things to get what you cannot have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 
 JAS	4	2	v9m8	figs-doublet	μάχεσθε καὶ πολεμεῖτε 	1	You fight and quarrel 	The words "fight" and "quarrel" mean basically the same thing. James uses them to emphasize how much the people argue among themselves. Alternate translation: "You constantly fight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 
 JAS	4	3	nk57		κακῶς αἰτεῖσθε 	1	you ask badly 	Possible meanings are 1) "you ask with wrong motives" or "you ask with bad attitudes" or 2) "you are asking for wrong things" or "you are asking for bad things" 
 JAS	4	4	efi8	figs-metaphor	μοιχαλίδες!	1	You adulteresses! 	James speaks of believers as being like wives who sleep with men other than their husbands. Alternate translation: "You are not being faithful to God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	4	4	wu5v	figs-rquestion		0	Do you not know ... God?	James uses this question to teach his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "You know ... God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	4	4	wu5v	figs-rquestion	οὐκ οἴδατε ὅτι ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου, ἔχθρα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν? 	0	Do you not know ... God? 	James uses this question to teach his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "You know ... God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
 JAS	4	4	b5ly	figs-metonymy	ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου 	1	friendship with the world 	This phrase refers to identifying with or participating in the world's value system and behavior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
 JAS	4	4	br36	figs-personification	ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου 	1	friendship with the world 	Here the world's value system is spoken of as if it were a person that others could be friends with. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 
 JAS	4	4	jf1g	figs-metonymy	ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου ἔχθρα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν 	1	friendship with the world is hostility against God 	One who is friends with the world is an enemy of God. Here "friendship with the world" stands for being friends with the world, and "hostility against God" stands for being hostile against God. Alternate translation: "friends of the world are enemies of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	4	5	i2y4		ἢ δοκεῖτε κενῶς ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει	1	Or do you think the scripture says in vain	This is a rhetorical question James uses to exhort his audience. To speak in vain is to speak uselessly. Alternate translation: "There is a reason that scripture says"
+JAS	4	5	i2y4		ἢ δοκεῖτε ... κενῶς ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει 	1	Or do you think the scripture says in vain 	This is a rhetorical question James uses to exhort his audience. To speak in vain is to speak uselessly. Alternate translation: "There is a reason that scripture says" 
 JAS	4	5	bx68		τὸ Πνεῦμα ὃ κατῴκισεν ἐν ἡμῖν 	1	The Spirit he caused to live in us 	Some versions, including the ULT and UST, understand this as a reference to the Holy Spirit. Other versions translate this as "the spirit" and mean by it the human spirit that each person has been created to have. We suggest that you use the meaning that is presented in other translations used by your readers. 
-JAS	4	6	ub8z	figs-explicit		0	But God gives more grace	How this phrase relates to the previous verse can be made explicit: "But, even though our spirits may desire what we cannot have, God gives us even more grace, if we will humble ourselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JAS	4	6	ub8z	figs-explicit	μείζονα δὲ δίδωσιν χάριν 	0	But God gives more grace 	How this phrase relates to the previous verse can be made explicit: "But, even though our spirits may desire what we cannot have, God gives us even more grace, if we will humble ourselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
-JAS	4	6	hyh2			0	so the scripture	"Because God gives more grace, the scripture"
+JAS	4	6	hyh2		διὸ λέγει 	0	so the scripture 	"Because God gives more grace, the scripture" 
 JAS	4	6	qs61	figs-nominaladj	ὑπερηφάνοις	1	the proud 	This refers to proud people in general. Alternate translation: "proud people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 
 JAS	4	6	uu3r	figs-nominaladj	ταπεινοῖς	1	the humble 	This refers to humble people in general. Alternate translation: "humble people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 
 JAS	4	7	da5t		ὑποτάγητε οὖν 	1	So submit 	"Because God gives grace to the humble, submit" 
-JAS	4	7	g7e5		ὑποτάγητε τῷ Θεῷ	1	submit to God	"obey God"
+JAS	4	7	g7e5		ὑποτάγητε ... τῷ Θεῷ 	1	submit to God 	"obey God" 
-JAS	4	7	nud3		ἀντίστητε τῷ διαβόλῳ	1	Resist the devil	"Oppose the devil" or "Do not do what the devil wants"
+JAS	4	7	nud3		ἀντίστητε ... τῷ διαβόλῳ 	1	Resist the devil 	"Oppose the devil" or "Do not do what the devil wants" 
 JAS	4	7	w9ue		φεύξεται	1	he will flee 	"he will run away" 
 JAS	4	7	b5yz	figs-you	ὑμῶν	1	you	Here this pronoun is plural and refers to James' audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 
 JAS	4	8	vd6z	figs-you		0	General Information: 	The word "you" here is plural and refers to the scattered believers to whom James writes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 
 JAS	4	8	g62m	figs-metaphor	ἐγγίσατε τῷ Θεῷ 	1	Come close to God 	Here the idea of coming close stands for becoming honest and open with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	4	8	yh1k	figs-parallelism		0	Cleanse your hands, you sinners, and purify your hearts, you double-minded	These are two phrases in parallel with each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
+JAS	4	8	yh1k	figs-parallelism	καθαρίσατε χεῖρας, ἁμαρτωλοί, καὶ ἁγνίσατε καρδίας, δίψυχοι. 	0	Cleanse your hands, you sinners, and purify your hearts, you double-minded 	These are two phrases in parallel with each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 
-JAS	4	8	elh1	figs-metonymy		0	Cleanse your hands	This expression is a command for people to do righteous acts instead of unrighteous acts. Alternate translation: "Behave in a way that honors God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	4	8	elh1	figs-metonymy	καθαρίσατε χεῖρας 	0	Cleanse your hands 	This expression is a command for people to do righteous acts instead of unrighteous acts. Alternate translation: "Behave in a way that honors God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	4	8	mw54	figs-metonymy		0	purify your hearts	Here "hearts" refers to a person's thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: "make your thoughts and intentions right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	4	8	mw54	figs-metonymy	ἁγνίσατε καρδίας 	0	purify your hearts 	Here "hearts" refers to a person's thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: "make your thoughts and intentions right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	4	8	iw61	figs-metaphor	δίψυχοι- δίψυχοι	1	double-minded	The word "double-minded" refers to a person who cannot make a firm decision about something. Alternate translation: "double-minded people" or "people who cannot decide if you want to obey God or not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	4	8	iw61	figs-metaphor	δίψυχοι	1	double-minded	The word "double-minded" refers to a person who cannot make a firm decision about something. Alternate translation: "double-minded people" or "people who cannot decide if you want to obey God or not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	4	9	kdn8	figs-doublet	ταλαιπωρήσατε, πενθήσατε, καὶ κλαύσατε	1	Grieve, mourn, and cry	These three words have similar meanings. James uses them together to emphasize that the people should be truly sorry for not obeying God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
+JAS	4	9	kdn8	figs-doublet	ταλαιπωρήσατε, πενθήσατε, καὶ κλαύσατε. 	1	Grieve, mourn, and cry 	These three words have similar meanings. James uses them together to emphasize that the people should be truly sorry for not obeying God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 
-JAS	4	9	rf6g	figs-parallelism		0	Let your laughter turn into sadness and your joy into gloom	This is saying the same thing in different ways for emphasis. The abstract nouns "laughter," "sadness," "joy," and "gloom" can be translated as verbs or adjectives. Alternate translation: "Stop laughing and be sad. Stop being joyful and be gloomy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	4	9	rf6g	figs-parallelism	ὁ γέλως ὑμῶν εἰς πένθος μετατραπήτω, καὶ ἡ χαρὰ εἰς κατήφειαν. 	0	Let your laughter turn into sadness and your joy into gloom 	This is saying the same thing in different ways for emphasis. The abstract nouns "laughter," "sadness," "joy," and "gloom" can be translated as verbs or adjectives. Alternate translation: "Stop laughing and be sad. Stop being joyful and be gloomy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
 JAS	4	10	an8i	figs-metaphor	ταπεινώθητε ἐνώπιον Κυρίου 	1	Humble yourselves before the Lord 	"Be humble toward God." Actions done with God in mind are often spoken of as being done in his physical presence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	4	10	tn5w	figs-metaphor	ὑψώσει ὑψώσει ὑμᾶς	1	he will lift you up	James indicates that God will honor the humble person by saying God will pick that person up off the ground physically from where that person had prostrated himself in humility. Alternate translation: "he will honor you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	4	10	tn5w	figs-metaphor	ὑψώσει ὑμᾶς 	1	he will lift you up 	James indicates that God will honor the humble person by saying God will pick that person up off the ground physically from where that person had prostrated himself in humility. Alternate translation: "he will honor you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	4	11	sy54			0	General Information: 	The words "you" and "your" in this section refer to the believers to whom James writes. 
 JAS	4	11	r3hc		καταλαλεῖτε	1	speak against 	"speak badly about" or "oppose" 
 JAS	4	11	uyi9	figs-metonymy	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	James speaks of the believers as if they are biological brothers. The term here includes women as well as men. Alternate translation: "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 
 JAS	4	11	jlx4		ἀλλὰ κριτής 	1	but a judge 	"but you are acting like the person who gives the law" 
-JAS	4	12	e9da			0	Only one is the lawgiver and judge	This refers to God. "God is the only one who gives laws and judges people"
+JAS	4	12	e9da		εἷς ἐστιν νομοθέτης καὶ κριτής 	0	Only one is the lawgiver and judge 	This refers to God. "God is the only one who gives laws and judges people" 
-JAS	4	12	m49q	figs-rquestion	σὺ δὲ τίς, εἶ ὁ κρίνων τὸν πλησίον?	1	Who are you, you who judge your neighbor?	This is a rhetorical question James uses to scold his audience. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "You are just a human and cannot judge another human." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	4	12	m49q	figs-rquestion	σὺ δὲ τίς εἶ ὁ κρίνων τὸν πλησίον? 	1	Who are you, you who judge your neighbor? 	This is a rhetorical question James uses to scold his audience. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "You are just a human and cannot judge another human." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
 JAS	4	13	iz9h	figs-idiom	ποιήσομεν ἐκεῖ ἐνιαυτὸν 	1	spend a year there 	James speaks of spending time as if it were money. "stay there for a year" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 
-JAS	4	14	b7ir	figs-rquestion		0	Who knows what will happen tomorrow, and what is your life?	James uses these questions to correct his audience and to teach these believers that physical life is not that important. They can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: "No one knows what will happen tomorrow, and your life does not last very long!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	4	14	b7ir	figs-rquestion	οἵτινες οὐκ ἐπίστασθε τὸ τῆς αὔριον, ποία ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν? 	0	Who knows what will happen tomorrow, and what is your life? 	James uses these questions to correct his audience and to teach these believers that physical life is not that important. They can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: "No one knows what will happen tomorrow, and your life does not last very long!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	4	14	a9v2	figs-metaphor	ἀτμὶς γάρ ἐστε ἡ πρὸς ὀλίγον φαινομένη ἔπειτα καὶ ἀφανιζομένη	1	For you are a mist that appears for a little while and then disappears	James speaks of people as if they were a mist that appears and then quickly goes away. Alternate translation: "You live for only a short amount of time, and then you die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	4	14	a9v2	figs-metaphor	ἀτμὶς γάρ ἐστε, ἡ πρὸς ὀλίγον φαινομένη, ἔπειτα καὶ ἀφανιζομένη. 	1	For you are a mist that appears for a little while and then disappears 	James speaks of people as if they were a mist that appears and then quickly goes away. Alternate translation: "You live for only a short amount of time, and then you die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	4	15	gj65		ἀντὶ, τοῦ λέγειν ὑμᾶς	1	Instead, you should say	"Instead, your attitude should be"
+JAS	4	15	gj65		ἀντὶ, τοῦ λέγειν ὑμᾶς, 	1	Instead, you should say 	"Instead, your attitude should be" 
 JAS	4	15	e1il		ζήσομεν καὶ ποιήσομεν τοῦτο ἢ ἐκεῖνο 	1	we will live and do this or that 	"we will live long enough to do what we have planned to do." The word "we" does not directly refer to James or his audience but is part of the example of how James' audience should consider the future. 
-JAS	4	17	q84z			0	for anyone who knows to do good but does not do it, for him it is sin	Anyone who fails to do the good he knows he should do is guilty of sin.
+JAS	4	17	q84z		εἰδότι οὖν καλὸν ποιεῖν, καὶ μὴ ποιοῦντι, ἁμαρτία αὐτῷ ἐστιν. 	0	for anyone who knows to do good but does not do it, for him it is sin 	Anyone who fails to do the good he knows he should do is guilty of sin. 
 JAS	5	intro	ud8q			0		# James 05 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Eternity<br>This chapter contrasts living for things of this world, which will not last, with living for things that will last for eternity. It is also important to live with the expectation that Jesus will return soon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>### Oaths<br>Scholars are divided over whether this passage teaches all oaths are wrong. Most scholars believe some oaths are permissible and James instead is teaching Christians to have integrity.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Elijah<br>This story will be difficult to understand if the books of 1 and 2 Kings and 1 and 2 Chronicles have not yet been translated.<br><br>### "Save his soul from death"<br>This probably teaches that the person who stops their sinful lifestyle will not be punished with physical death as a consequence of their sin. On the other hand, some scholars believe this passage teaches about eternal salvation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br> 
 JAS	5	1	phs3			0	Connecting Statement: 	James warns rich people about their focus on pleasure and riches. 
 JAS	5	1	gel9	figs-explicit	οἱ πλούσιοι 	1	you who are rich 	Possible meanings are 1) James is giving a strong warning to wealthy believers or 2) James is talking about wealthy unbelievers. Alternate translation: "you who are rich and say you honor God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
 JAS	5	1	l3wd	figs-abstractnouns	ἐπὶ ταῖς ταλαιπωρίαις ὑμῶν ταῖς ἐπερχομέναις 	1	because of the miseries coming on you 	James states that these people will suffer terribly in the future and writes as if their sufferings were objects that were coming toward them. The abstract noun "miseries" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "because you will suffer terribly in the future" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	5	2	gq45	figs-pastforfuture	ὑμῶν. πλοῦτος σέσηπεν, καὶ ὑμῶν ὁ ἱμάτια γέγονεν σητόβρωτα- σητόβρωτα τὰ	1	Your riches have rotted, and your clothes have become moth-eaten.	Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: "Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
+JAS	5	2	gq45	figs-pastforfuture	ὁ πλοῦτος ὑμῶν σέσηπεν, καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια ὑμῶν σητόβρωτα γέγονεν. 	1	Your riches have rotted, and your clothes have become moth-eaten. 	Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: "Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) 
-JAS	5	2	v241			0	riches ... clothes	These things are mentioned as examples of things that are valuable to wealthy people.
+JAS	5	2	v241		ὁ πλοῦτος ... τὰ ἱμάτια 	0	riches ... clothes 	These things are mentioned as examples of things that are valuable to wealthy people. 
-JAS	5	3	am1u	figs-pastforfuture		0	Your gold and your silver have become tarnished	Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: "Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths. Your gold and silver will become tarnished" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
+JAS	5	3	am1u	figs-pastforfuture	ὁ χρυσὸς ὑμῶν καὶ ὁ ἄργυρος κατίωται, 	0	Your gold and your silver have become tarnished 	Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: "Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths. Your gold and silver will become tarnished" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) 
-JAS	5	3	wj9v			0	gold ... silver	These things are mentioned as examples of things that are valuable to wealthy people.
+JAS	5	3	wj9v		χρυσὸς ... ἄργυρος 	0	gold ... silver 	These things are mentioned as examples of things that are valuable to wealthy people. 
-JAS	5	3	q4pm			0	have become tarnished ... their rust	These phrases are used here to describe how gold and silver are ruined. Alternate translation: "are ruined ... their ruined condition" or "are corroded ... their corrosion"
+JAS	5	3	q4pm		κατίωται, ... ὁ ἰὸς αὐτῶν 	0	have become tarnished ... their rust 	These phrases are used here to describe how gold and silver are ruined. Alternate translation: "are ruined ... their ruined condition" or "are corroded ... their corrosion" 
-JAS	5	3	e55t	figs-personification	ὁ ἰὸς αὐτῶν εἰς μαρτύριον ὑμῖν ἔσται. φάγεται	1	their rust will be a witness against you. It	James wrote of their valuable things being ruined as if they were a person in a courtroom accusing the wicked of their crimes. Alternate translation: "and when God judges you, your ruined treasures will be like someone who accuses you in court. Their corrosion" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] )
+JAS	5	3	e55t	figs-personification	ὁ ἰὸς αὐτῶν εἰς μαρτύριον ὑμῖν ἔσται. 	1	their rust will be a witness against you. It 	James wrote of their valuable things being ruined as if they were a person in a courtroom accusing the wicked of their crimes. Alternate translation: "and when God judges you, your ruined treasures will be like someone who accuses you in court. Their corrosion" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] ) 
-JAS	5	3	i37x	figs-simile		0	will consume ... like fire	Here the corrosion is spoken of as if it were a fire that will burn up their owners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	3	i37x	figs-simile	φάγεται τὰς σάρκας ὑμῶν ὡς πῦρ. 	0	will consume ... like fire 	Here the corrosion is spoken of as if it were a fire that will burn up their owners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	5	3	w3aj	figs-metonymy	τὰς σάρκας ὑμῶν 	1	your flesh 	Here "flesh" stands for the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
 JAS	5	3	j6fe	figs-metaphor	πῦρ	1	fire	The idea of fire here is meant to lead people to remember that fire often stands for God's punishment that will come on all the wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	5	3	np1u	figs-metonymy	ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις 	1	for the last days 	This refers to the time right before God comes to judge all people. The wicked think they are storing up riches for the future, but what they are doing is storing up judgment. Alternate translation: "for when God is about to judge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
 JAS	5	4	gcj5			0	Connecting Statement: 	James continues to warn rich people about thier focus on pleasure and riches. 
-JAS	5	4	e9iy	figs-personification		0	the pay of the laborers is crying out—the pay that you have withheld from those who harvested your fields	The money that should have been paid is spoken of as a person who is shouting because of the injustice done to him. Alternate translation: "the fact that you did not pay those you hired to work in your fields shows that you have done wrong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+JAS	5	4	e9iy	figs-personification	ὁ μισθὸς τῶν ἐργατῶν, τῶν ἀμησάντων τὰς χώρας ὑμῶν, ὁ ἀφυστερημένος ἀφ’ ὑμῶν, κράζει, 	0	the pay of the laborers is crying out—the pay that you have withheld from those who harvested your fields 	The money that should have been paid is spoken of as a person who is shouting because of the injustice done to him. Alternate translation: "the fact that you did not pay those you hired to work in your fields shows that you have done wrong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 
-JAS	5	4	n21a	figs-metaphor	αἱ βοαὶ τῶν θερισάντων εἰς τὰ ὦτα Κυρίου Σαβαὼθ εἰσελήλυθαν	1	the cries of the harvesters have gone into the ears of the Lord of hosts	The shouts of the harvesters are spoken of as if they could be heard in heaven. Alternate translation: "the Lord of hosts has heard the cries of the harvesters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	4	n21a	figs-metaphor	αἱ βοαὶ τῶν θερισάντων, εἰς τὰ ὦτα Κυρίου Σαβαὼθ εἰσελήλυθαν. 	1	the cries of the harvesters have gone into the ears of the Lord of hosts 	The shouts of the harvesters are spoken of as if they could be heard in heaven. Alternate translation: "the Lord of hosts has heard the cries of the harvesters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	5	4	h9y8	figs-metaphor	εἰς τὰ ὦτα Κυρίου Σαβαὼθ 	1	into the ears of the Lord of hosts 	God is spoken of as if he had ears as humans have. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	5	5	xt8h	figs-metaphor	ἐθρέψατε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ σφαγῆς	1	You have fattened your hearts for a day of slaughter	Here people are viewed as if they were cattle, luxuriously fed on grain so they would become fattened to be slaughtered for a feast. However, no one will feast at the time of judgment. Alternate translation: "Your greed has only prepared you for harsh eternal judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	5	xt8h	figs-metaphor	ἐθρέψατε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ σφαγῆς. 	1	You have fattened your hearts for a day of slaughter 	Here people are viewed as if they were cattle, luxuriously fed on grain so they would become fattened to be slaughtered for a feast. However, no one will feast at the time of judgment. Alternate translation: "Your greed has only prepared you for harsh eternal judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	5	5	pr31	figs-metonymy	τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν 	1	your hearts 	The "heart" was considered to be the center of human desire, and here stands for the entire person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	5	6	u5c5			0	You have condemned ... the righteous person	This is probably not "condemned" in the legal sense of a judge passing a sentence of death on a criminal. Instead, it probably refers to the wicked and powerful people who decide to mistreat the poor until they die.
+JAS	5	6	u5c5		κατεδικάσατε, ἐφονεύσατε τὸν δίκαιον, 	0	You have condemned ... the righteous person 	This is probably not "condemned" in the legal sense of a judge passing a sentence of death on a criminal. Instead, it probably refers to the wicked and powerful people who decide to mistreat the poor until they die. 
 JAS	5	6	lq6p	figs-genericnoun	τὸν δίκαιον. οὐκ ἀντιτάσσεται 	1	the righteous person. He does not 	"the people who do what is right. They do not." Here "the righteous person" refers to righteous people in general and not to a specific person. Alternate translation: "righteous people. They do not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 
 JAS	5	6	z7w1		ἀντιτάσσεται ὑμῖν 	1	resist you 	"oppose you" 
 JAS	5	7	n888			0	General Information: 	In closing, James reminds the believers about the Lord's coming and gives several short lessons on how to live for the Lord. 
 JAS	5	7	xr6g			0	Connecting Statement: 	James changes topics from a rebuke of the rich people to an exhortation to the believers. 
 JAS	5	7	a4sv		μακροθυμήσατε οὖν 	1	So be patient 	"Because of this, wait and be calm" 
-JAS	5	7	wgk4	figs-metonymy		0	until the Lord's coming	This phrase refers to the return of Jesus, when he will begin his kingdom on the earth and judge all people. Alternate translation: "until Christ's return" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	5	7	wgk4	figs-metonymy	ἕως τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ Κυρίου. 	0	until the Lord's coming 	This phrase refers to the return of Jesus, when he will begin his kingdom on the earth and judge all people. Alternate translation: "until Christ's return" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
 JAS	5	7	y4er	figs-metaphor	ὁ γεωργὸς 	1	the farmer 	James makes an analogy using farmers and believers to teach what it means to be patient. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	5	8	bbn1	figs-metonymy	στηρίξατε στηρίξατε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν	1	Make your hearts strong	James is equating the believers' hearts to their will to remain committed. Alternate translation: "Stay committed" or "Keep your faith strong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	5	8	bbn1	figs-metonymy	στηρίξατε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν 	1	Make your hearts strong 	James is equating the believers' hearts to their will to remain committed. Alternate translation: "Stay committed" or "Keep your faith strong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	5	8	jw3b			0	the Lord's coming is near	"the Lord will return soon"
+JAS	5	8	jw3b		ἡ παρουσία τοῦ Κυρίου ἤγγικεν. 	0	the Lord's coming is near 	"the Lord will return soon" 
-JAS	5	9	k74r			0	Do not complain, brothers ... you	James is writing to all the scattered Jewish believers.
+JAS	5	9	k74r		μὴ στενάζετε, ἀδελφοί, κατ’ ἀλλήλων, ἵνα μὴ κριθῆτε. 	0	Do not complain, brothers ... you 	James is writing to all the scattered Jewish believers. 
 JAS	5	9	w9xv		κατ’ ἀλλήλων 	1	against one another 	"about each other" 
-JAS	5	9	z3p7	figs-activepassive	μὴ κριθῆτε κριθῆτε	1	you will be not judged	This can be stated in the active. Alternate translation: "Christ will not judge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	5	9	z3p7	figs-activepassive	μὴ κριθῆτε 	1	you will be not judged 	This can be stated in the active. Alternate translation: "Christ will not judge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
 JAS	5	9	ita4		ἰδοὺ, ὁ κριτὴς 	1	See, the judge 	"Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: the judge" 
-JAS	5	9	g938	figs-metaphor	ὁ κριτὴς πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν ἕστηκεν	1	the judge is standing at the door	James compares Jesus, the judge, to a person about to walk through a door to emphasize how soon Jesus will return to judge the world. Alternate translation: "the judge is coming soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	9	g938	figs-metaphor	ὁ κριτὴς πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν ἕστηκεν. 	1	the judge is standing at the door 	James compares Jesus, the judge, to a person about to walk through a door to emphasize how soon Jesus will return to judge the world. Alternate translation: "the judge is coming soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	5	10	sic1		, τῆς κακοπαθίας καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας τοὺς προφήτας οἳ ἐλάλησαν ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Κυρίου	1	the suffering and patience of the prophets, those who spoke in the name of the Lord	"how the prophets who spoke in the name of the Lord suffered persecution with patience"
+JAS	5	10	sic1		τῆς κακοπαθίας καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας τοὺς προφήτας, οἳ ἐλάλησαν ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Κυρίου. 	1	the suffering and patience of the prophets, those who spoke in the name of the Lord 	"how the prophets who spoke in the name of the Lord suffered persecution with patience" 
-JAS	5	10	pvs3	figs-metonymy	οἳ ἐλάλησαν ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Κυρίου	1	spoke in the name of the Lord	"Name" here is a metonym for the person of the Lord. Alternate translation: "by the authority of the Lord" or "spoke for the Lord to the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	5	10	pvs3	figs-metonymy	οἳ ἐλάλησαν ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Κυρίου. 	1	spoke in the name of the Lord 	"Name" here is a metonym for the person of the Lord. Alternate translation: "by the authority of the Lord" or "spoke for the Lord to the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
 JAS	5	11	xwr8		ἰδοὺ, μακαρίζομεν 	1	See, we regard 	"Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: we regard" 
 JAS	5	11	s3nl		τοὺς ὑπομείναντας 	1	those who endured 	"those who continued obeying God even through hardship" 
-JAS	5	12	fug7		πρὸ πάντων, ἀδελφοί μου,	1	Above all, my brothers,	"This is important, may brothers:" or "Especially, my brothers,"
+JAS	5	12	fug7		πρὸ πάντων ... ἀδελφοί μου, 	1	Above all, my brothers, 	"This is important, may brothers:" or "Especially, my brothers," 
 JAS	5	12	bjt3	figs-gendernotations	ἀδελφοί μου 	1	my brothers 	This refers to all believers including women. Alternate translation: "my fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 
-JAS	5	12	s755		μὴ ὀμνύετε ὀμνύετε	1	do not swear	To "swear" is to say that you will do something, or that something is true, and to be held accountable by a higher authority. Alternate translation: "do not make an oath" or "do not make a vow"
+JAS	5	12	s755		μὴ ὀμνύετε 	1	do not swear 	To "swear" is to say that you will do something, or that something is true, and to be held accountable by a higher authority. Alternate translation: "do not make an oath" or "do not make a vow" 
-JAS	5	12	t1uq	figs-metonymy	μήτε τὸν οὐρανὸν μήτε τὴν γῆν	1	either by heaven or by the earth	The words "heaven" and "earth" refer to the spiritual or human authorities that are in heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	5	12	t1uq	figs-metonymy	μήτε τὸν οὐρανὸν, μήτε τὴν γῆν 	1	either by heaven or by the earth 	The words "heaven" and "earth" refer to the spiritual or human authorities that are in heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	5	12	m3ve			0	let your "Yes" mean "Yes" and your "No" mean "No,"	"do what you say you will do, or say that something is true, without making an oath"
+JAS	5	12	m3ve		ἤτω ... ὑμῶν τὸ “ ναὶ”, ναὶ, καὶ τὸ “ οὒ”, οὔ, 	0	let your "Yes" mean "Yes" and your "No" mean "No," 	"do what you say you will do, or say that something is true, without making an oath" 
-JAS	5	12	f6mx	figs-metaphor	ἵνα μὴ ὑπὸ κρίσιν πέσητε πέσητε	1	so you do not fall under judgment	Being condemned is spoken of as if one had fallen, crushed by the weight of something heavy. Alternate translation: "so God will not punish you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	12	f6mx	figs-metaphor	ἵνα μὴ ὑπὸ κρίσιν πέσητε 	1	so you do not fall under judgment 	Being condemned is spoken of as if one had fallen, crushed by the weight of something heavy. Alternate translation: "so God will not punish you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	5	13	m3e6	figs-rquestion	κακοπαθεῖ τις ἐν ὑμῖν? προσευχέσθω	1	Is anyone among you suffering hardship? Let him pray	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is enduring troubles, he should pray" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	5	13	m3e6	figs-rquestion	κακοπαθεῖ τις ἐν ὑμῖν? Προσευχέσθω. 	1	Is anyone among you suffering hardship? Let him pray 	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is enduring troubles, he should pray" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	5	13	wdf7	figs-rquestion	εὐθυμεῖ τις? ψαλλέτω	1	Is anyone cheerful? Let him sing praise	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their blessings. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is happy, he should sing songs of praise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	5	13	wdf7	figs-rquestion	εὐθυμεῖ τις? Ψαλλέτω. 	1	Is anyone cheerful? Let him sing praise 	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their blessings. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is happy, he should sing songs of praise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
 JAS	5	14	in34	figs-rquestion	ἀσθενεῖ τις ἐν ὑμῖν? προσκαλεσάσθω 	1	Is anyone among you sick? Let him call 	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is sick, he should call" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
 JAS	5	14	fik7	figs-metonymy	ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου 	1	in the name of the Lord 	"Name" is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "by the authority of the Lord" or "with the authority that the Lord has given hthem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
 JAS	5	15	c8q6	figs-metonymy	ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα 	1	The prayer of faith will heal the sick person 	The writer speaks of God hearing believers pray for sick people and healing those people as if the prayers themselves healed the people. Alternate translation: "The Lord will hear the prayer of faith and will heal the sick person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
 JAS	5	15	qiw4		ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως 	1	The prayer of faith 	"The prayer made by believers" or "The prayer that people pray believing God will do as they ask" 
-JAS	5	15	ei3q		ἐγερεῖ ἐγερεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ Κύριος	1	the Lord will raise him up	"the Lord will make him well" or "the Lord will enable him to resume his normal life"
+JAS	5	15	ei3q		ἐγερεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ Κύριος 	1	the Lord will raise him up 	"the Lord will make him well" or "the Lord will enable him to resume his normal life" 
 JAS	5	16	t2iq			0	General Information: 	As these were Jewish believers, James reminds them to pray by recalling one of the prophets of old and that prophet's practical prayers. 
-JAS	5	16	dl5k		ἐξομολογεῖσθε οὖν τὰς ἁμαρτίας	1	So confess your sins	Admit to other believers things you did wrong so that you can be forgiven.
+JAS	5	16	dl5k		ἐξομολογεῖσθε οὖν ... τὰς ἁμαρτίας, 	1	So confess your sins 	Admit to other believers things you did wrong so that you can be forgiven. 
 JAS	5	16	i8cm		ἀλλήλοις	1	to one another 	"to each other" 
 JAS	5	16	mzk8	figs-activepassive	ὅπως ἰαθῆτε 	1	so that you may be healed 	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that God may heal you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
-JAS	5	16	zk62	figs-metaphor		0	The prayer of a righteous person is very strong in its working	Prayer is presented as if it were an object that was strong or powerful. Alternate translation: "When the person who obeys God prays, God will do great things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	16	zk62	figs-metaphor	πολὺ ἰσχύει δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη. 	0	The prayer of a righteous person is very strong in its working 	Prayer is presented as if it were an object that was strong or powerful. Alternate translation: "When the person who obeys God prays, God will do great things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
 JAS	5	17	vhw2		προσευχῇ προσηύξατο 	1	prayed earnestly 	"prayed eagerly" or "prayed passionately" 
-JAS	5	17	i8wv	translate-numbers		0	three ... six	"3 ... 6" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
+JAS	5	17	i8wv	translate-numbers	τρεῖς ... ἕξ 	0	three ... six 	"3 ... 6" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 
 JAS	5	18	zwc9		ὁ οὐρανὸς ὑετὸν ἔδωκεν 	1	The heavens gave rain 	"The heavens" probably refers to the sky, which is presented as the source of the rain. Alternate translation: "Rain fell from the sky" 
 JAS	5	18	yi7m		ἡ γῆ ἐβλάστησεν τὸν καρπὸν αὐτῆς 	1	the earth produced its fruit 	Here the earth is presented as the source of the crops. 
 JAS	5	18	s76l	figs-metonymy	τὸν καρπὸν 	1	fruit	Here "fruit" stands for all the crops of the farmers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
 JAS	5	19	xr4l	figs-gendernotations	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Here this word probably refers to both men and women. Alternate translation: "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 
 JAS	5	19	dv4v	figs-metaphor	ἐάν τις ἐν ὑμῖν πλανηθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας, καὶ ἐπιστρέψῃ ἐπιστρέψῃ τις αὐτόν 	1	if anyone among you wanders from the truth, and someone brings him back 	A believer who stops trusting in God and obeying him is spoken of as if he were a sheep that wandered away from the flock. The person who persuades him to trust in God again is spoken of as if he were a shepherd who went to search for the lost sheep. Alternate translation: "whenever anyone stops obeying God, and another person helps him start obeying again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	5	20	xg1y	figs-metonymy		0	whoever turns a sinner from his wandering way ... will cover over a great number of sins	James means that God will use the actions of this person to persuade the sinner to repent and be saved. But James speaks as if it were this other person who actually saved the sinner's soul from death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	5	20	xg1y	figs-metonymy	ὁ ἐπιστρέψας ἁμαρτωλὸν ἐκ πλάνης ὁδοῦ αὐτοῦ, σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου, καὶ καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν. 	0	whoever turns a sinner from his wandering way ... will cover over a great number of sins 	James means that God will use the actions of this person to persuade the sinner to repent and be saved. But James speaks as if it were this other person who actually saved the sinner's soul from death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	5	20	pd78	figs-synecdoche		0	will save him from death, and will cover over a great number of sins	Here "death" refers to spiritual death, eternal separation from God. Alternate translation: "will save him from spiritual death, and God will forgive the sinner for all of his sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+JAS	5	20	pd78	figs-synecdoche	σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου, καὶ καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν. 	0	will save him from death, and will cover over a great number of sins 	Here "death" refers to spiritual death, eternal separation from God. Alternate translation: "will save him from spiritual death, and God will forgive the sinner for all of his sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 
-JAS	5	20	rh4d	figs-metaphor	καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν	1	will cover over a great number of sins	Possible meanings are 1) the person who brings back the disobedient brother will have his sins forgiven or 2) the disobedient brother, when he returns to the Lord, will have his sins forgiven. Sins are spoken of as if they were objects that God could cover so that he would not see them, so that he would forgive them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	20	rh4d	figs-metaphor	καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν. 	1	will cover over a great number of sins 	Possible meanings are 1) the person who brings back the disobedient brother will have his sins forgiven or 2) the disobedient brother, when he returns to the Lord, will have his sins forgiven. Sins are spoken of as if they were objects that God could cover so that he would not see them, so that he would forgive them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])