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tn_ACT.tsv
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@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ front:intro mw28 0 # Introduction to Acts\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
1:13 vis2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅτε εἰσῆλθον 1 The previous verse explains that the apostles returned to Jerusalem. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state that again explicitly here. Alternate translation: “when they arrived back in Jerusalem”
1:13 zt12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown εἰς τὸ ὑπερῷον, ἀνέβησαν οὗ ἦσαν καταμένοντες 1 In this culture, in some houses, rooms were built on top of other rooms. The expression **upper chamber** describes such a room, which was reached by stairs. If your culture does not have houses like that, it may be helpful to explain the meaning of the expression in your translation. Alternate translation: “they climbed the stairs to the room where they were staying, which had been built on top of other rooms in the house”
1:13 a032 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Ἰάκωβος Ἁλφαίου & Ἰούδας Ἰακώβου 1 These are two occurrences of an idiom. Alternate translation: “James the son of Alphaeus … Judas the son of James”
1:13 a033 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰάκωβος & Ἁλφαίου & Ἰούδας & Ἰακώβου 1 These are the names of four men.
1:13 a033 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰάκωβος & Ἁλφαίου & Ἰούδας & Ἰακώβου 1 These are the names of four men. As the UST indicates, the man named **James** who was the father of **Judas** is not the same man as the James who is mentioned first in this verse, and he is also not the same man as James the son of Alphaeus.
1:13 a034 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Σίμων ὁ Ζηλωτὴς 1 **Simon** is the name of a man, and **Zealot** is another name by which he was known. (1) **Zealot** could be a title that indicates that this man was part of the group of people who wanted to free the Jewish people from Roman rule. Alternate translation: “Simon the Patriot” (2) **Zealot** could also be a description that indicates that this man was zealous for God to be honored. Alternate translation: “Simon the Passionate One”
1:14 z6cf ὁμοθυμαδὸν 1 The word **unanimously** indicates that the apostles and other believers shared a common commitment and purpose and that there was no strife among them. Alternate translation: “with one accord” or “harmoniously”
1:14 a035 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γυναιξὶν 1 Luke assumes that his readers will know he is referring to the women who accompanied Jesus and his disciples during his ministry. These women provided for them out of their own means, and they had traveled with them to Jerusalem. These women are described in [Luke 8:2–3](../luk/08/02.md) and [23:49](../luk/23/49.md). Alternate translation: “the women who had helped Jesus and his disciples during his ministry”

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tn_EST.tsv
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@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ front:intro d989 0 # Introduction to Esther\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
6:13 aca3 חֲכָמָ֜י⁠ו 1 See how you translated this expression in [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “his advisors”
6:13 fd5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִ֣ם & מָרְדֳּכַ֞י אֲשֶׁר֩ הַחִלּ֨וֹתָ לִ⁠נְפֹּ֤ל לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ 1 This could mean either of two possibilities: (1) The action of falling could refer to bowing down and it could be a metaphor meaning to be dishonored and defeated. Haman wanted Mordecai to bow down in front of him. But instead, the story would be saying that Haman is starting to bow down (in a metaphorical sense) in front of Mordecai. Alternate translation: “Mordecai has begun to humiliate you. If he … ” (2) “Fall” could be a figurative way of saying “be killed in battle.” In that case, Zeresh would be comparing Haman and Mordecai to two soldiers who are fighting. She is saying that Haman has already “begun to fall,” that is, he is losing the battle, and he is likely to be killed. Alternate translation: “Mordecai has begun to defeat you. Since he … ”
6:13 j3d3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ 1 Here, **face** represents the front of a person. This could mean: (1) that Haman has already begun to fall down (bow down) in front of Mordecai figuratively, or (2) that Haman and Mordecai are facing one another in hand-to-hand combat. Alternate translation: “before whom” or “in whose presence”
6:13 p5t2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠זֶּ֣רַע הַ⁠יְּהוּדִ֡ים 1 Here, **seed** is a metaphor meaning “offspring.” It is a comparison: Just as plants produce seeds that grow into many more plants, so people can have many offspring. Alternate translation: “one of the Jewish people”
6:13 p5t2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠זֶּ֣רַע הַ⁠יְּהוּדִ֡ים 1 Here, **seed** means "descendants." If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is among the descendants of the Jews”
6:13 nan5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹא־תוּכַ֣ל ל֔⁠וֹ 1 Here Haman’s wife and friends are again speaking as if Haman is in a battle with Mordecai. Alternate translation: “you will not win against him” or “you will not have greater honor than he has”
6:13 j3d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast כִּֽי 1 This conjunction indicates a contrast between the actions of prevailing (in the previous clause) and falling.
6:13 j3d7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נָפ֥וֹל תִּפּ֖וֹל 1 Here the action of **falling**: (1) either refers once again to prostrating oneself, and is a metaphor meaning to be dishonored and defeated, or (2) Haman’s wife and friends are saying that for Haman, defeat will be the outcome of the figurative battle. Alternate translation: “you will certainly lose to him”
@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ front:intro d989 0 # Introduction to Esther\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
9:26 j135 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠מָ֥ה הִגִּ֖יעַ אֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 This expression means “what had happened to them.”
9:27 acp8 קִיְּמ֣וּ וְקִבְּל֣וּ הַ⁠יְּהוּדִים֩ ׀ עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֨ם ׀ וְ⁠עַל־זַרְעָ֜⁠ם וְ⁠עַ֨ל כָּל־הַ⁠נִּלְוִ֤ים עֲלֵי⁠הֶם֙ & לִ⁠הְי֣וֹת עֹשִׂ֗ים אֵ֣ת שְׁנֵ֤י הַ⁠יָּמִים֙ הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה 1 Alternate translation: “the Jews said that they would tell their descendants and those people who became Jews to be certain to celebrate this festival”
9:27 acp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet קִיְּמ֣וּ וְקִבְּל֣וּ הַ⁠יְּהוּדִים֩ 1 “Set up” and “accepted” mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that the Jews definitely agreed to do this. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine these words. Alternate translation: “agreed to establish”
9:27 j137 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠עַל־זַרְעָ֜⁠ם 1 As in [6:13](../06/13.md), **seed** is a metaphor meaning “offspring.” Alternate translation: “and for their descendants” or “and for their offspring”
9:27 j137 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠עַל־זַרְעָ֜⁠ם 1 As in [6:13](../06/13.md), **seed** means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “and for their descendants”
9:27 j141 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַעֲב֔וֹר 1 This expression means that the Jews would never stop celebrating the feast of Purim every year. you could put this last since it applies to the whole verse. Alternate translation: “always” or “forever”
9:27 acq0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events לִ⁠הְי֣וֹת עֹשִׂ֗ים אֵ֣ת שְׁנֵ֤י הַ⁠יָּמִים֙ הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה 1 To present things in chronological order, you can put this before the reference to Jewish descendants and converts to Judaism. Alternate translation: “to establish those two days as holidays and to observe them”
9:27 acq1 כִּ⁠כְתָבָ֖⁠ם 1 Alternate translation: “in the way that Mordecai had told them to do in the letter”
@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@ front:intro d989 0 # Introduction to Esther\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
9:28 m5o8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וִ⁠ימֵ֞י הַ⁠פּוּרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֗לֶּה לֹ֤א יַֽעַבְרוּ֙ מִ⁠תּ֣וֹךְ הַ⁠יְּהוּדִ֔ים וְ⁠זִכְרָ֖⁠ם לֹא־יָס֥וּף מִ⁠זַּרְעָֽ⁠ם 1 These two phrases mean similar things. The repetition is used to emphasize that the Jews will definitely not stop celebrating Purim each year. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis with a word like “definitely” or “certainly” or “always.” Alternate translation: “the Jews and their descendants will certainly always continue to celebrate this festival of Purim”
9:28 acq7 מִ⁠תּ֣וֹךְ הַ⁠יְּהוּדִ֔ים 1 Alternate translation: “within the Jewish community”
9:28 i2qk וְ⁠זִכְרָ֖⁠ם לֹא־יָס֥וּף 1 Alternate translation: “will always observe”
9:28 j155 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠זַּרְעָֽ⁠ם 1 As in verse 27, **seed** is a metaphor meaning “offspring.” Alternate translation: “and for their descendants” or “and for their offspring”
9:28 j155 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠זַּרְעָֽ⁠ם 1 As in verse 27, **seed** means "descendants." Alternate translation: “and for their descendants”
9:29 je8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish בַת־אֲבִיחַ֛יִל 1 This information reminds the reader who Esther was.
9:29 cm8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֲבִיחַ֛יִל 1 This man was Esther’s father and Mordecai’s uncle. See how you translated his name in [2:15](../02/15.md).
9:29 oc4c וּ⁠מָרְדֳּכַ֥י 1 Since the Hebrew verb wrote is feminine singular, it means that the letter was from Esther. The mention of **Mordecai** here probably means that Mordecai helped her to write the letter. Alternate translation: “with Mordecai”
@ -1048,7 +1048,7 @@ front:intro d989 0 # Introduction to Esther\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
9:31 acr4 לְ⁠קַיֵּ֡ם אֵת־יְמֵי֩ הַ⁠פֻּרִ֨ים הָ⁠אֵ֜לֶּה בִּ⁠זְמַנֵּי⁠הֶ֗ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁר֩ קִיַּ֨ם עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֜ם מָרְדֳּכַ֤י הַ⁠יְּהוּדִי֙ וְ⁠אֶסְתֵּ֣ר הַ⁠מַּלְכָּ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “in this second letter, Mordecai the Jew and Queen Esther confirmed that Purim should be celebrated on the fourteenth and fifteenth days of the month of Adar”
9:31 rgr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish הַ⁠יְּהוּדִי֙ 1 This phrase gives clarifying information about Mordecai.
9:31 acr5 וְ⁠כַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר קִיְּמ֥וּ עַל־נַפְשָׁ֖⁠ם וְ⁠עַל־זַרְעָ֑⁠ם דִּבְרֵ֥י הַ⁠צֹּמ֖וֹת וְ⁠זַעֲקָתָֽ⁠ם 1 This is referring to background information that the original audience would have known. They would have known what the fasting was about. It could be either: (1) fasting as a part of Purim. We know that some Jews fasted on the 13th day of the month of Adar to commemorate the day that Haman intended to destroy them, or (2) other times of fasting. Ever since the destruction of Jerusalem, the Jews had been fasting and mourning in the fifth month of the year to show their sorrow over what had happened. (The story refers to the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem in [2:6](../02/06.md).) You could put this information in a footnote if it would help your readers to understand this.
9:31 rl2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠עַל־זַרְעָ֑⁠ם 1 Here, **seed** is a metaphor meaning the offspring or descendants of the Jews. Alternate translation: “and for their descendants” or “and for their offspring”
9:31 rl2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠עַל־זַרְעָ֑⁠ם 1 Here, **seed** is a metaphor meaning the offspring or descendants of the Jews. Alternate translation: “and for their descendants” or “and for their offspring”
9:32 acr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִכְתָּ֖ב בַּ⁠סֵּֽפֶר 1 You can say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “and the royal scribes made an official record of it”
10:intro h4m4 0 # Esther 10 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Mordecai’s new position\n\nThrough the power of Yahweh, Mordecai was given a new position in the Persian Empire. Mordecai was now the second in command in the kingdom of Persia and he used his position to help other Jews.
10:1 j157 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יָּשֶׂם֩ הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵר֧וֹשׁ 1 This introduces a new event in the story. Use a natural way to introduce a new event in your language.
@ -1074,4 +1074,4 @@ front:intro d989 0 # Introduction to Esther\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
10:3 act3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דֹּרֵ֥שׁ טוֹב֙ לְ⁠עַמּ֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠דֹבֵ֥ר שָׁל֖וֹם לְ⁠כָל־זַרְעֽ⁠וֹ 1 The abstract nouns **good** and **peace** refer in this context to prosperity and security. You could translate these ideas with verbs, for example, you could say, “He worked hard to make sure that his people would prosper and their descendants would be secure.”
10:3 wte9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֹּרֵ֥שׁ טוֹב֙ לְ⁠עַמּ֔⁠וֹ 1 **Seeking** is a figurative way to describe actively trying to do something or work hard for something.
10:3 s8f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠דֹבֵ֥ר שָׁל֖וֹם לְ⁠כָל־זַרְעֽ⁠וֹ 1 **Speaking peace** is a figurative way of describing actions that benefit the general welfare of others.
10:3 j161 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠כָל־זַרְעֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **seed** means “descendants.” Even if you combine the two parallel phrases, you can still convey the idea of “down through the generations” with a word such as “always.” Alternate translation: “and for their descendants” or “and for their offspring”
10:3 j161 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠כָל־זַרְעֽ⁠וֹ 1 As in verses 27 and 28, **seed** means "descendants." **seed** means “descendants.” Even if you combine the two parallel phrases, you can still convey the idea of “down through the generations” with a word such as “always.” Alternate translation: “to all of their descendants"

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tn_EZR.tsv
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@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ front:intro fa5r 0 # Introduction to Ezra\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
2:59 gd69 וְ⁠לֹ֣א יָֽכְל֗וּ לְ⁠הַגִּ֤יד 1 Alternate translation: “but they had no records to prove”
2:59 ay8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בֵּית־אֲבוֹתָ⁠ם֙ וְ⁠זַרְעָ֔⁠ם אִ֥ם מִ⁠יִּשְׂרָאֵ֖ל הֵֽם 1 All three of these phrases, **the house of their fathers**, **their seed**, and **whether they were from Israel**, mean very similar things. They are used together to give clarity and emphasis. The first phrase refers to a person being able to name a well-known ancestor. The second phrase refers to a person being able to list his ancestors going back to the one that is well-known. The third phrase summarizes the other two: if a person cannot name an ancestor or recite his ancestry, then he cannot claim to be from Israel. If there would be no distinction between these phrases in your language, you could combine them into one phrase. Alternate translations: “that their ancestors had been Israelites” or “what clan they were from or who their ancestors were, whether they were really Israelites”
2:59 an9o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֵּית־אֲבוֹתָ⁠ם֙ 1 Among the Israelites, the expressions father’s house or **house of their fathers** originally described an extended-family group. It later came to be used more generally to refer to a larger clan within a tribe. In this expression, the word “house” describes all the people descended from a particular person. The term views all of those descendants as if they were one household living together. Alternate translation: “what clan they were from”
2:59 yqp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠זַרְעָ֔⁠ם 1 Here, **seed** is a metaphor meaning “offspring.” In the Bible, the term refers most often to a person’s descendants. Here it is describing the ancestors of these people, that is, whose seed they were. Alternate translation: “or who their ancestors were”
2:59 yqp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠זַרְעָ֔⁠ם 1 Here, **seed** means “ancestors.” In the Bible, the term often describes a person’s descendants. But here, "their seed" means “whose seed they were,” so the term is describing the ancestors of these people. Alternate translation: “or who their ancestors were”
2:60 k7wr בְּנֵי־דְלָיָ֥ה בְנֵי־טוֹבִיָּ֖ה בְּנֵ֣י נְקוֹדָ֑א שֵׁ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים וּ⁠שְׁנָֽיִם 1 Alternate translation: “In this group were 652 men from the descendants of Delaiah, Tobiah, and Nekoda”
2:60 v01g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־דְלָיָ֥ה בְנֵי־טוֹבִיָּ֖ה בְּנֵ֣י נְקוֹדָ֑א 1 Here, **sons** means descendants. Either the men named here were not recognized clan heads of Israel, or the 652 people could not prove that they were descendants of these men. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Delaiah, Tobiah, and Nekoda”
2:60 xr2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names דְלָיָ֥ה & טוֹבִיָּ֖ה & נְקוֹדָ֑א 1 These are the names of three men.
@ -1052,7 +1052,7 @@ front:intro fa5r 0 # Introduction to Ezra\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
9:2 iac7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הִתְעָֽרְבוּ֙ זֶ֣רַע הַ⁠קֹּ֔דֶשׁ בְּ⁠עַמֵּ֖י הָ⁠אֲרָצ֑וֹת 1 Here, **mixed** is a metaphor for blending one thing into another. Alternate translation: “so they are blending the Jewish people right in with the other people groups living in the land”
9:2 mncx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הִתְעָֽרְבוּ֙ זֶ֣רַע הַ⁠קֹּ֔דֶשׁ בְּ⁠עַמֵּ֖י הָ⁠אֲרָצ֑וֹת 1 The implication is that as a result of these marriages, not only was a distinct Jewish lineage being lost, the Jewish people were also beginning to follow the practices of these other groups rather than the commandments of God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “so they are blending the Jewish people right in with the other people groups living in the land, and they are starting to follow their practices rather than the law of God”
9:2 fyoq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom זֶ֣רַע הַ⁠קֹּ֔דֶשׁ 1 As in [8:28](../08/28.md), **holiness** means “that which is set apart for a special purpose.” Here, the word refers specifically to the fact that God had set apart the Israelites to be a model community of God’s followers. Alternate translation: “the Jewish people, who belong to God,”
9:2 wk5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֶ֣רַע הַ⁠קֹּ֔דֶשׁ 1 Here, **seed** is a metaphor that means “offspring.” It is a comparison: Just as plants produce seeds that grow into many more plants, so people can have many offspring. The reference here is specifically to the offspring of Jacob, who was also known as Israel, and specifically to his offspring who were living in Judah and Jerusalem, that is, the Jews who had returned from exile. Alternate translation: “the Jewish people, who belong to God,”
9:2 wk5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom זֶ֣רַע הַ⁠קֹּ֔דֶשׁ 1 Here, **seed** means “descendants.” The reference here is specifically to the descendants of Jacob, who was also known as Israel, and specifically to his descendants who were living in Judah and Jerusalem, that is, the Jews who had returned from exile. Alternate translation: “the Jewish people, who belong to God,”
9:2 oxmn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠עַמֵּ֖י הָ⁠אֲרָצ֑וֹת 1 As in [9:1](../09/01.md), this expression refers to members of other people groups who were living in and around the province of Judah. Alternate translation: “with the other people groups living in this land”
9:2 iie7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יַ֧ד הַ⁠שָּׂרִ֣ים וְ⁠הַ⁠סְּגָנִ֗ים הָֽיְתָ֛ה בַּ⁠מַּ֥עַל הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה רִאשׁוֹנָֽה 1 Here, **hand** represents control and action. Alternate translation: “And our clan leaders and provincial officials were actually the first ones to disobey in this way”
9:2 dwaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בַּ⁠מַּ֥עַל הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה 1 Here, **unfaithfulness** means disobedience to God. Alternate translation: “to disobey God in this way”

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tn_JOB.tsv
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@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
5:24 ew8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אָהֳלֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Eliphaz is referring to Job’s home (that is, his family and their possessions) by association with the **tent** in which they live. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your home”
5:24 i2fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹ֣א תֶחֱטָֽא 1 Eliphaz means implicitly that when Job goes to inspect his **sheepfold**, he will not find that any of his sheep are missing (because, for example, wild animals killed them or someone stole them). You can indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and you will not find that any of the sheep are missing”
5:24 j179 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives וְ⁠לֹ֣א תֶחֱטָֽא 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative verb **miss**. Alternate translation: “and you will find that all of your sheep are there”
5:25 fxb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זַרְעֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here the term **seed** means “descendants.” It is a word picture. Just as plants produce seeds that grow into many more plants, so people can have many offspring. Alternate translation: “your descendants”
5:25 fxb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom רַ֣ב זַרְעֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, **seed** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your descendants will be many”
5:25 j180 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝⁠צֶאֱצָאֶ֗י⁠ךָ כְּ⁠עֵ֣שֶׂב הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 Eliphaz is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and that your offspring will be like the grass of the earth”
5:25 f961 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ֝⁠צֶאֱצָאֶ֗י⁠ךָ כְּ⁠עֵ֣שֶׂב הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 The point of this comparison is that just as **the grass of the earth** is very plentiful, so Job will have a large number of offspring. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “and that your offspring will be very numerous, like the grass of the earth”
5:26 a9gt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism תָּב֣וֹא & אֱלֵי־קָ֑בֶר 1 Eliphaz is using the expression **come to the grave** to mean “die.” This is a poetic way of referring to death. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “You will depart this world”
@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
11:20 s359 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י רְשָׁעִ֗ים תִּ֫כְלֶ֥ינָה 1 Zophar is referring to death by association with the way people’s eyes **fail** when they are about to die (either in the sense of becoming visibly dim or in the sense of no longer seeing well). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But the wicked will die”
11:20 j376 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּ֭⁠מָנוֹס אָבַ֣ד מִנְ⁠הֶ֑ם 1 Zophar is speaking of **escape** as if it were a living thing that could **perish**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, they will not be able to escape dying”
11:20 j377 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ֝⁠תִקְוָתָ֗⁠ם מַֽפַּח־נָֽפֶשׁ 1 Zophar is using the phrase **expiration of breath**, which means “breathing out,” to mean dying. This is a mild way of referring to death. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “they will have no hope other than to pass away” or “they will have no hope other than to die”
12:intro u4jn 0 # Job 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the start of Job’s response to Zophar’s first speech. (Job’s response to him continues in chapters 13 and 14.)\n- Verses 1–6: Job speaks to all three of his friends and protests that they have not been telling him anything that he does not already know\n- Verses 7–12: Job speaks specifically to Zophar and insists that what Zophar has just said in his speech is common knowledge in the world and something that he himself knows.\n- Verses 13–25: Job describes how God is so powerful that no one can resist what he does.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Plural and singular “you”\n\nThe pronoun “you” is plural in verses 1–3 because Job is addressing all three of his friends. The pronoun “you” is singular in verses 7–8 because Job is addressing Zophar. Use the plural and singular forms in these places if your language marks that distinction.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nIn verses 13–24, Job makes a series of statements about how powerful God is. These specific statements illustrate the general statement that Job makes in verse 4 that God is “wise in heart and mighty in strength.” A series of statements such as this is known as a litany. If your readers would recognize what Job is doing, you can translate and format this litany the way the ULT does. If the litany form would not be familiar to your readers, you could format the general statement in a way that will show that it is a summary statement that shows the overall meaning of what Job is saying. You could then put each sentence of the litany on a separate line. The format might look something like this:\n> With him {are} wisdom and might; to him {are} counsel and understanding.\n> Behold, he breaks down, and it is not rebuilt; he closes upon a man, and it is not opened.\n> Behold, he withholds the waters and they dry up, and he sends them out and they overthrow the land.\n> With him {are} strength and prudence; to him {are} the one straying and the one causing to stray;\n> the one leading counselors away naked, and he makes judges foolish.\n> He removes the bond of kings and he wraps a cloth around their loins;\n> the one leading priests away naked, and the incumbent ones he overthrows,\n> the one removing the lip {that is} to the ones being trusted, and he takes away the discernment of the elders,\n> the one pouring contempt on princes, and the belt of the mighty ones he loosens,\n> the one revealing deep things out of darkness, and he brings dark shadow into the light,\n> the one magnifying nations, and he destroys them; the one enlarging nations, and he exiles them,\n> the one removing a heart from the leaders of the people of the earth; he causes them to wander in a wasteland {with} no path.\n> They grope in darkness and not in light; he makes them wander like a drunkard.
12:intro u4jn 0 # Job 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the start of Job’s response to Zophar’s first speech. (Job’s response to him continues in chapters 13 and 14.)\n- Verses 1–6: Job speaks to all three of his friends and protests that they have not been telling him anything that he does not already know\n- Verses 7–12: Job speaks specifically to Zophar and insists that what Zophar has just said in his speech is common knowledge in the world and something that he himself knows.\n- Verses 13–25: Job describes how God is so powerful that no one can resist what he does.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Plural and singular “you”\n\nThe pronoun “you” is plural in verses 1–3 because Job is addressing all three of his friends. The pronoun “you” is singular in verses 7–8 because Job is addressing Zophar. Use the plural and singular forms in these places if your language marks that distinction.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nIn verses 13–24, Job makes a series of statements about how powerful God is. These specific statements illustrate the general statement that Job makes in verse 4 that God is “wise in heart and mighty in strength.” A series of statements such as this is known as a litany. If your readers would recognize what Job is doing, you can translate and format this litany the way the ULT does. If the litany form would not be familiar to your readers, you could format the general statement in a way that will show that it is a summary statement that shows the overall meaning of what Job is saying. You could then put each sentence of the litany on a separate line. The format might look something like this:\n> With him {are} wisdom and might; to him {are} counsel and understanding.\n> Behold, he breaks down, and it is not rebuilt; he closes upon a man, and it is not opened.\n> Behold, he withholds the waters and they dry up, and he sends them out and they overthrow the land.\n> With him {are} strength and prudence; to him {are} the one straying and the one causing to stray;\n> the one leading counselors away naked, and he makes judges foolish.\n> He removes the bond of kings and he wraps a cloth around their loins;\n> the one leading priests away naked, and the incumbent ones he overthrows,\n> the one removing the lip {that is} to the ones being trusted, and he takes away the discernment of the elders,\n> the one pouring contempt on nobles, and the belt of the mighty ones he loosens,\n> the one revealing deep things out of darkness, and he brings dark shadow into the light,\n> the one magnifying nations, and he destroys them; the one enlarging nations, and he exiles them,\n> the one removing a heart from the leaders of the people of the earth; he causes them to wander in a wasteland {with} no path.\n> They grope in darkness and not in light; he makes them wander like a drunkard.
12:2 dpz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony אָ֭מְנָם כִּ֣י אַתֶּם־עָ֑ם וְ֝⁠עִמָּ⁠כֶ֗ם תָּמ֥וּת חָכְמָֽה 1 For emphasis, Job is saying the opposite of what he means. If a speaker of your language would not do this, in your translation you could indicate what Job actually means. Alternate translation: “You are speaking as if you were the people and as if wisdom would with you, but that is not true”
12:2 dk3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אַתֶּם־עָ֑ם 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the word **you** is plural here and in the next two verses because Job is referring to his three friends. So use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. Other languages may have other ways to indicate the plural reference. Alternate translation: “the three of you are the people”
12:2 xl1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אַתֶּם־עָ֑ם 1 Job could be saying (while meaning the opposite): (1) that his three friends are so wise that their opinion is the one that really matters. Alternate translation: “you are the people whose opinion matters” (2) that in their counsel, his three friends are embodying the collective wisdom of their people. Alternate translation: “you have expressed the wisdom of our whole people”
@ -919,7 +919,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
12:19 ch3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj וְ⁠אֵֽתָנִ֣ים 1 Job is using the adjective **incumbent** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. The term is plural; the ULT shows this by adding the word **ones**. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this adjective with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “and people who are long established in their positions”
12:20 g3na rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מֵסִ֣יר שָׂ֭פָה לְ⁠נֶאֱמָנִ֑ים 1 Job is using the term **lip** by association to mean speech. He is using speech, in turn, to mean what these **trusted** people say, that is, the advice that they give. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “God discredits the advice of the ones being trusted”
12:20 dk1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מֵסִ֣יר שָׂ֭פָה לְ⁠נֶאֱמָנִ֑ים 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God discredits the advice of the people in whom kings trust”
12:21 l74e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שׁוֹפֵ֣ךְ בּ֭וּז עַל־נְדִיבִ֑ים 1 For emphasis, Job is speaking as if **contempt** were a liquid that God could literally pour on **princes**. He means that God makes these princes lose the respect of others and experience complete contempt from them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the emphasis in another way. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “God completely disgraces princes”
12:21 l74e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שׁוֹפֵ֣ךְ בּ֭וּז עַל־נְדִיבִ֑ים 1 For emphasis, Job is speaking as if **contempt** were a liquid that God could literally pour on **nobles**. He means that God makes these princes lose the respect of others and experience complete contempt from them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the emphasis in another way. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “God completely disgraces nobles”
12:21 k6sg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מְזִ֖יחַ אֲפִיקִ֣ים רִפָּֽה 1 Job is speaking as if God literally **loosens** the **belt** of **mighty ones**, that is, as if these mighty people tie up their robes so that they can do strenuous things, but God loosens their robes again so that they can not do those things. Job means that God is so strong that when he acts, even the strongest people are shown to be weak by comparison. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and God is so strong that when he acts, even the strongest people are shown to be weak by comparison”
12:21 j408 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj אֲפִיקִ֣ים 1 Job is using the adjective **mighty** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. The term is plural; the ULT shows this by adding the word **ones**. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this adjective with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are mighty”
12:22 bqc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְגַלֶּ֣ה עֲ֭מֻקוֹת מִנִּי־חֹ֑שֶׁךְ וַ⁠יֹּצֵ֖א לָ⁠א֣וֹר צַלְמָֽוֶת 1 Job is speaking as if God were literally bringing things that were shrouded in **darkness** into the **light** where they could be seen. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “God reveals deep things that are obscure to humans; yes, he helps people understand things that are unclear”
@ -1223,10 +1223,11 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
16:16 l1id rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠עַ֖ל עַפְעַפַּ֣⁠י צַלְמָֽוֶת 1 Job is describing the fact that he has not been sleeping well, by association with the way that dark circles form around the eyes of someone who lacks sleep. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and I have dark circles around my eyes from lack of sleep”
16:17 cs74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֹא־חָמָ֣ס בְּ⁠כַפָּ֑⁠י 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **hands**, to mean all of him in the potential act of committing **violence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have not committed any violence”
16:17 j509 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זַכָּֽה 1 Job is speaking as if his prayer were literally **pure**, that is, as if it were a physical substance that had nothing else mixed in. He means that when he prays, he means just what he says and he has no other motives other than sincerely speaking with God. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is sincere”
16:18 xf2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe אֶ֭רֶץ אַל־תְּכַסִּ֣י דָמִ֑⁠י 1 Job is speaking to something that he knows cannot hear him, the **Earth**. He is doing that to show in a strong way how he feels about what has been happening to him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly Alternate translation: “I hope that when I die, my blood will remain visible on the earth”
16:18 xf2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe אֶ֭רֶץ אַל־תְּכַסִּ֣י דָמִ֑⁠י 1 Job is speaking to something that he knows cannot hear him, the **Earth**. He is doing that to show in a strong way how he feels about what has been happening to him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I hope that when I die, my blood will remain visible on the earth”
16:18 aj18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶ֭רֶץ אַל־תְּכַסִּ֣י דָמִ֑⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if he were literally going to be murdered and as if his **blood** were going to fall to the ground and soak into the earth unless something prevented that. He means that he is like the victim of a deadly crime in that he deserves justice but there is a risk that he will not receive it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I want to receive justice for what is happening to me”
16:18 bg2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe וְֽ⁠אַל־יְהִ֥י מָ֝ק֗וֹם לְ⁠זַעֲקָתִֽ⁠י 1 It is likely that Job is continuing to address the **Earth** in this part of the verse. Once again he is doing that in order to show in a strong way how he feels about what has been happening to him. Job is speaking as if the earth could hear him and as if it could make sure that none of its locations would provide a **place** for anyone to hide Job’s **cry** so that it was not answered. The context makes clear that this is a cry for justice. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly Alternate translation: “and I hope that my cry for justice is answered and not hidden”
16:19 z7js rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם עֵדִ֑⁠י וְ֝⁠שָׂהֲדִ֗⁠י בַּ⁠מְּרוֹמִֽים 1 See the discussion in the General Notes to this chapter to decide how to translate the terms **witness** and **advocate**, which both describe the same person, someone whom Job expects will intercede for him in heaven. Alternate translation: “the person who has taken my side is pleading my case to God in heaven”
16:19 ietk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural בַּ⁠מְּרוֹמִֽים 1 Job is using the term **heights** to mean heaven, which is high above the earth. The plural form probably identifies these **heights** as the supreme example of their class. That is, while being on top of a mountain gives someone a commanding position, ruling from heaven gives God the supremely commanding position. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is in highest heaven” or “is in heaven, where he rules supremely”
16:20 b5wz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural מְלִיצַ֥⁠י רֵעָ֑⁠י 1 This could mean: (1) that Job has a single individual in mind here, the one he called his “witness” and “advocate” in the previous verse. While the terms **intercessors** and **friends** are plural, it seems Job could be using plural forms to indicate an indefinite individual. Your language may use plural forms in the same way. If not, you could express the meaning in another way. Alternate translation: “There is a certain intercessor who is my friend” (2) that Job is saying that by contrast with the way this “witness” and “advocate” will take his side, his friends have been scoffing at him. The word translated **intercessors** can also mean “scoffers” (although Job uses it again in [33:23](../33/23.md) to mean “intercessor”). Alternate translation: “My friends are scoffing at me”
16:20 v43g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֶל־אֱ֝ל֗וֹהַ דָּלְפָ֥ה עֵינִֽ⁠י 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **eye**, to mean all of him in the act of weeping. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am pleading tearfully to God for mercy”
16:21 izh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person לְ⁠גֶ֣בֶר 1 When he refers to a **man** in the first part of this verse, Job seems to be speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “for me”
@ -1524,7 +1525,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
20:26 j614 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֵ֖רַע שָׂרִ֣יד בְּ⁠אָהֳלֽ⁠וֹ 1 Zophar is continuing to speak as if **fire** were literally going to **consume** this wicked person and his possessions. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, God will completely destroy everything in his tent, leaving nothing”
20:26 j615 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יֵ֖רַע שָׂרִ֣יד בְּ⁠אָהֳלֽ⁠וֹ 1 Zophar is using one possession of this wicked person, the **tent** in which he lives, to mean all of his possessions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, God will completely destroy all of his possessions, leaving nothing”
20:27 v1vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יְגַלּ֣וּ שָׁמַ֣יִם עֲוֺנ֑⁠וֹ וְ֝⁠אֶ֗רֶץ מִתְקוֹמָ֘מָ֥ה לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Zophar is speaking as if the **heavens** and the **earth** were living things that could testify against this wicked person. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “If the sky could speak, it would testify that it had observed his iniquity; if the earth could speak, it would raise itself up against him”
20:27 j616 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ֝⁠אֶ֗רֶץ מִתְקוֹמָ֘מָ֥ה לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Zophar means that the earth would **raise itself up**, that is, stand up, against this wicked person as a symbolic action to indicate that it had something important to say. In this context, the important thing that the earth had to say would be that the wicked person was guilty. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “and the earth will stand and be a witness against him”
20:27 j616 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-explicit וְ֝⁠אֶ֗רֶץ מִתְקוֹמָ֘מָ֥ה לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Zophar means that the earth would **raise itself up**, that is, stand up, against this wicked person in order to bring charges against him or to serve as a witness in a legal proceeding. In this culture, in order to begin a case against someone, a person would stand up among those who had gathered in the public square. Someone who had evidence to bring in such a proceeding would similarly stand up. Either way, the earth, Zophar says, would testify that the wicked person was guilty. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “and the earth will stand and bring charges against him” or “and the earth will stand and be a witness against him”
20:28 j617 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יִ֭גֶל יְב֣וּל בֵּית֑⁠וֹ 1 Zophar is speaking of the **wealth** that the wicked person has in his **house** as if it were a living thing that could **depart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will lose the wealth that is in his house”
20:28 j618 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִ֝גָּר֗וֹת 1 Zophar is speaking as if the wicked person’s **wealth** were a liquid that could literally be **flowing away**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “vanishing” or “being destroyed”
20:28 j620 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠י֣וֹם אַפּֽ⁠וֹ 1 While God would punish the wicked person on a specific **day**, Zophar is using the term **day** to refer to a specific time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the time when God angrily punishes him”
@ -1539,7 +1540,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
21:2 j626 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תַּנְח֥וּמֹֽתֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Job is using this possessive form to describe not the **consolation** that his friends will have but the **consolation** that he wants them to offer him. It may be helpful clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “the consolation that you offer to me”
21:3 x7gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular שָׂ֭אוּ⁠נִי & תַלְעִֽיג 1 The implied “you” in the imperative **Tolerate** is plural because Job is addressing his three friends, but the pronoun **you** later in the verse is singular because Job is responding directly to Zophar. Use the corresponding forms in your translation if your language marks a distinction between singular and plural “you.”
21:3 j627 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֣י אֲדַבֵּ֑ר 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the verb **speak**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “and I will take my turn and speak”
21:3 w3a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony תַלְעִֽיג 1 For emphasis, Job is saying the opposite of what he means. If a speaker of your language would not do this, in your translation you could indicate what Job actually means. Alternate translation: “you will probably continue to mock me, even though you should not”
21:3 w3a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony תַלְעִֽיג 1 For emphasis, Job is saying the opposite of what he means. If a speaker of your language would not do this, in your translation you could indicate what Job actually means. Alternate translation: “you will probably continue to mock me, even though you should not do so”
21:4 d6w5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם שִׂיחִ֑⁠י 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “my complaint is not to a man!”
21:4 j628 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם שִׂיחִ֑⁠י 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job does not mean specifically a male human. He is using the term to mean a mortal as opposed to God. Alternate translation: “my complaint is not to a mortal!”
21:4 j629 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם שִׂיחִ֑⁠י 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this as a positive expression. Alternate translation: “my complaint is to God!”
@ -1555,7 +1556,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
21:6 suz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠אָחַ֥ז בְּ֝שָׂרִ֗⁠י פַּלָּצֽוּת 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **flesh**, to mean his whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and my whole body trembles”
21:7 i446 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַדּ֣וּעַ רְשָׁעִ֣ים יִחְי֑וּ עָ֝תְק֗וּ גַּם־גָּ֥בְרוּ חָֽיִל 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “The wicked should not live, grow old, and become mighty in power!”
21:7 j637 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רְשָׁעִ֣ים 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here, as in several other places in the chapter, Job is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun to mean a certain group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people”
21:8 w7je rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זַרְעָ֤⁠ם נָכ֣וֹן 1 Here the term **seed** means “children.” It is a word picture. Just as plants produce seeds that grow into many more plants, so people can have many children. Alternate translation: “Their children are established”
21:8 w7je rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom זַרְעָ֤⁠ם נָכ֣וֹן 1 Here, **seed** means “children.” Alternate translation: “Their children are established”
21:8 j638 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive זַרְעָ֤⁠ם נָכ֣וֹן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Their children grow up”
21:8 j639 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֣ם 1 Here the word **faces** represents the presence of people by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “in their presence” or “in their homes”
21:8 n4np rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠צֶאֱצָאֵי⁠הֶ֗ם לְ⁠עֵינֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 Job is using the term **eyes** by association to mean sight. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and their descendants in their sight” or “and their descendants where they can see them”
@ -1724,7 +1725,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
22:20 j713 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִם־לֹ֣א נִכְחַ֣ד קִימָ֑⁠נוּ 1 The righteous and innocent people are using the word **If** to introduce a question that anticipates a negative answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “Our enemies have been cut off, have they not”
22:20 j714 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אִם־לֹ֣א נִכְחַ֣ד קִימָ֑⁠נוּ 1 The righteous and innocent people are using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Our enemies have been cut off!”
22:20 jwg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אִם־לֹ֣א נִכְחַ֣ד קִימָ֑⁠נוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, the context suggests that it is God. Alternate translation: “God has cut off our enemies!”
22:20 j715 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם־לֹ֣א נִכְחַ֣ד קִימָ֑⁠נוּ 1 To make a different point, that God actually judges wicked people in this life, Eliphaz is echoing what Job said in [21:21](../21/21..md). There he spoke of a wicked person dying as if he were literally being **cut off**, like a branch from a tree. See how you translated the similar expression there. Alternate translation: “God has ended the lives of our enemies!”
22:20 j715 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם־לֹ֣א נִכְחַ֣ד קִימָ֑⁠נוּ 1 To make a different point, that God actually judges wicked people in this life, Eliphaz is echoing what Job said in [21:21](../21/21..md). There Job spoke of a wicked person dying as if he were literally being **cut off**, like a branch from a tree. See how you translated the similar expression there. Alternate translation: “God has ended the lives of our enemies!”
22:20 j716 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠יִתְרָ֗⁠ם אָ֣כְלָה אֵֽשׁ 1 Eliphaz depicts innocent and righteous people as speaking as if **fire** had destroyed the **possessions** of wicked people. Eliphaz depicts them as speaking as if the fire had literally **devoured** or eaten the possessions. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And they have lost their possessions” or “And other people will now get their possessions”
22:21 aj2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַסְכֶּן־נָ֣א עִמּ֑⁠וֹ וּ⁠שְׁלם 1 Eliphaz is echoing his own words at the beginning of this speech and Job’s words in his preceding speech. In verse 2, Eliphaz insisted that a person cannot be “useful to God,” that is, a person can do nothing to win God’s favor or to put God under obligation. Here Eliphaz uses a different form of the same verb to encourage Job to **Reconcile** with God. A person, he says, can at least cultivate a good relationship with God. Job said in [21:19](../21/19.md) that he wished God would “repay” wicked people, that is, punish them. Eliphaz uses the same verb here to encourage Job to be **at peace** with God, with the suggestion that to that end, Job should do whatever is necessary to make up for any wrong things he has done. Your language may have terms that you can use here and in [21:19](../21/19.md) and [22:2](../22/02.md) in order to show these connections.
22:21 z6jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠שְׁלם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and have a peaceful relationship with him”
@ -1733,7 +1734,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
22:21 j719 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תְּֽבוֹאַתְ⁠ךָ֥ טוֹבָֽה 1 Eliphaz is speaking of **good** as if it were a living thing that could **come** to Job. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will have good things once again”
22:22 ll7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy קַח & מִ⁠פִּ֣י⁠ו תּוֹרָ֑ה 1 Eliphaz is using the term **mouth** by association to mean what God says by using his mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “let what God says instruct you”
22:22 y867 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שִׂ֥ים אֲ֝מָרָ֗י⁠ו בִּ⁠לְבָבֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job could literally **set** God’s **words** in his **heart**. He is using the **heart** to represent the memory. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, carefully remember his words”
22:22 dp7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠שִׂ֥ים אֲ֝מָרָ֗י⁠ו בִּ⁠לְבָבֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Eliphaz is using the term **words** to mean what God says by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and carefully remember what he says”
22:22 dp7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠שִׂ֥ים אֲ֝מָרָ֗י⁠ו בִּ⁠לְבָבֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Eliphaz is using the term **words** to mean what God says by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, carefully remember what he says”
22:23 x1jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result תִּבָּנֶ֑ה תַּרְחִ֥יק עַ֝וְלָ֗ה מֵ⁠אָהֳלֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the phrase **if you distance unrighteousness from your tent**, like the phrase ** If you return to Shaddai**, gives the reason for the result that would follow, **you will be built up**. Alternate translation: “if you distance unrighteousness from your tent, you will be built up”
22:23 j720 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תִּבָּנֶ֑ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will build you up”
22:23 mz1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּבָּנֶ֑ה 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job were a building that God would rebuild after it had been ruined. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God will restore you to health and prosperity”
@ -1767,7 +1768,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
22:30 wrz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠בֹ֣ר כַּפֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 Eliphaz is likely using the term **hands** by association to mean “prayers,” since people in this culture lifted their hands when they prayed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “through the cleanness of your prayers”
22:30 f84n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠בֹ֣ר כַּפֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job would have literally refrained from doing things that would make his **hands** dirty. He means that Job would not have done wrong things, and so he could offer prayers to God as an innocent person whose prayers God would answer. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “through the prayers that you, as an innocent person, offer for him”
23:intro fb42 0 # Job 23 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the beginning of Job’s response to Eliphaz’s third and final speech. Job’s response continues in the next chapter.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Legal proceeding\n\nIn this chapter, Job speaks of making a legal case to prove his innocence to God. As a note to [9:3](../09/03.md) explains, in this culture, people typically presented such cases to community leaders in public places such as the gate of a town. Each party in a dispute would question the other party in the presence of the leaders, and the leaders would then discuss the case and decide which party was guilty and which party was innocent. However, the Bible indicates that judges would also travel around from place to place and hear cases. For example, [1 Samuel 7:16–17](../1sa/07/16.md) says that Samuel “went around to Bethel and Gilgal and Mizpah and judged Israel in all those places.” Job is envisioning God serving as this kind of judge and hearing his case. In your translation, express his language in such a way that readers who are familiar with the legal process in your own culture will recognize what Job is saying.\n\n## Translation issues in this chapter\n\n### “he,” “him,” and “his”\n\nThe pronouns “he,” “him,” and “his” refer to God throughout this chapter. The UST models how a translation may say “God” regularly in order to make this clear.\n\n### “my hand” or “his hand” (23:2)\n\nIn verse 2, Hebrew manuscripts read “my hand.” The ULT follows that reading. Some ancient translations of the Hebrew Bible into other languages say “his hand,” and some modern versions follow that reading. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of ULT.
23:2 fi9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־הַ֭⁠יּוֹם 1 Job is using this expression to emphasize to his friends that their arguments have not changed his situation at all.. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Despite all the things you have said to me,”
23:2 fi9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־הַ֭⁠יּוֹם 1 Job is using this expression to emphasize to his friends that their arguments have not changed his situation at all. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Despite all the things you have said to me,”
23:2 ke1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְרִ֣י שִׂחִ֑⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if his **complaint** about what has happened to him is **bitter** or bad-tasting. The image is that what he says is so unpleasant that it leaves a bad taste in his mouth when he says it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have many unpleasant things to complain about”
23:2 cm2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָ֝דִ֗⁠י כָּבְדָ֥ה עַל־אַנְחָתִֽ⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if he were literally holding his **hand** down hard on his **groaning** in order to suppress it. He means that there is more that he could groan or complain about than he has actually stated yet. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have been suppressing my groaning”
23:3 pn2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִֽי־יִתֵּ֣ן יָ֭דַעְתִּי וְ⁠אֶמְצָאֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 See how you translated the expression **Who will give** in [11:5–6](../11/05.md). Alternate translation: “I wish that I knew and I would find him!”
@ -1811,7 +1812,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
23:17 j747 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠פְּנֵי־חֹ֑שֶׁךְ 1 Job is using the term **darkness** to represent troubles. See how you translated the similar expression in [20:26](../20/26.md). Alternate translation: “before these troubles began”
23:17 qpa8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ֝⁠מִ⁠פָּנַ֗⁠י כִּסָּה־אֹֽפֶל 1 In this instance, the phrase **from my face ** means “in front of.” It could refer either to place or to time. Alternate translation: “and gloom covers everything in front of me” or “and gloom covers everything that will happen to me in the future”
23:17 j748 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠מִ⁠פָּנַ֗⁠י כִּסָּה־אֹֽפֶל 1 Job is speaking as if **gloom** were literally covering everything in front of him or everything that would happen to him in the future. He is using **gloom**, like **darkness** earlier in the verse, to represent troubles. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and there is trouble everywhere I look” or “and I can only anticipate further trouble happening to me”
24:intro e2gb 0 # Job 24 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the continuation of Job’s response to Eliphaz’s third and final speech. Job’s response began in the previous chapter.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### God’s judgment of wicked people\n\nIn verses 1–17, Job protests that God does not judge wicked people. He lists many oppressive things that wicked people do to vulnerable, innocent people, and he complains that God acts as if there is nothing wrong with those things. But in verses 18–24, Job then describes how God actually does judge wicked people. There is an explanation for this apparent contradiction. In the speech as a whole, Job is saying that he knows God will judge wicked people in the end, but it is very distressing to him that God does not judge and punish them now in order to keep them from continuing to oppress vulnerable people. In your translation, you can use language that shows that Job firmly believes what he says in both parts of the chapter, since it is actually consistent for him to say both that God seemingly does not judge wicked people now and that God ultimately will judge wicked people in the end. This is not a contradiction, it is a paradox, and the Bible speaks of it in other passages as well. For example, [Ecclesiastes 8:11](../08/11.md) says that because God does not immediately punish people who do wrong, people feel that they can get away with doing wrong. But Ecclesiastes goes on to say in the next verse that even if a sinner might do a hundred evil things and live a long time, it is still better to obey God.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Changing referents of “they”\n\nJob uses the word “they” throughout this chapter to mean both wicked people and the poor people whom they exploit. He does not often indicate when he changing the referent of the word. Notes indicate the referent in each verse. In your translation, to be helpful to your readers, you may wish to specify “wicked people” or “poor people” each time the referent changes.
24:intro e2gb 0 # Job 24 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the continuation of Job’s response to Eliphaz’s third and final speech. Job’s response began in the previous chapter.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### God’s judgment of wicked people\n\nIn verses 1–17, Job protests that God does not judge wicked people. He lists many oppressive things that wicked people do to vulnerable, innocent people, and he complains that God acts as if there were nothing wrong with those things. But in verses 18–24, Job then describes how God actually does judge wicked people. There is an explanation for this apparent contradiction. In the speech as a whole, Job is saying that he knows God will judge wicked people in the end, but it is very distressing to him that God does not judge and punish them now in order to keep them from continuing to oppress vulnerable people. In your translation, you can use language that shows that Job firmly believes what he says in both parts of the chapter, since it is actually consistent for him to say both that God seemingly does not judge wicked people now and that God ultimately will judge wicked people in the end. This is not a contradiction, it is a paradox, and the Bible speaks of it in other passages as well. For example, [Ecclesiastes 8:11](../08/11.md) says that because God does not immediately punish people who do wrong, people feel that they can get away with doing wrong. But Ecclesiastes goes on to say in the next verse that even if a sinner might do a hundred evil things and live a long time, it is still better to obey God.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Changing referents of “they”\n\nJob uses the word “they” throughout this chapter to mean both wicked people and the poor people whom they exploit. He does not often indicate when he changing the referent of the word. Notes indicate the referent in each verse. In your translation, to be helpful to your readers, you may wish to specify “wicked people” or “poor people” each time the referent changes.
24:1 thc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַדּ֗וּעַ מִ֭⁠שַּׁדַּי לֹא־נִצְפְּנ֣וּ עִתִּ֑ים וְ֝יֹדְעָ֗יו לֹא־חָ֥זוּ יָמָֽי⁠ו\n\n 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “Times should be set by Shaddai! The ones knowing him ought to see his days!”
24:1 ej3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מַדּ֗וּעַ מִ֭⁠שַּׁדַּי לֹא־נִצְפְּנ֣וּ עִתִּ֑ים 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Why does Shaddai not set times” or, as an exclamation, “Shaddai should set times!”
24:1 mg7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עִתִּ֑ים 1 Job implicitly means **times** for judgment. (See the discussion in the General Notes to chapter 23 of how judges in Israel would come to specific places at appointed times.) You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “times for judgment”
@ -1838,7 +1839,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
24:7 j756 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠בְּלִ֣י לְב֑וּשׁ 1 The poor people whom Job is talking about may be **without a garment** because: (1) wicked people have taken their outer garments in pledge and not returned them, as Eliphaz describes in [22:6](../22/06.md). This would suit the context, in which Job is describing how wicked people oppress poor people. Alternate translation: “without a garment because wicked people have taken their garments in pledge and not returned them” (2) they are too poor to afford outer garments. Alternate translation: “without outer garments because they have become too poor to afford them”
24:8 a2gx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּֽ⁠מִ⁠בְּלִ֥י מַ֝חְסֶ֗ה 1 In this instance, the word **without** means “without any other.” You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and because they have no other shelter,”
24:8 j5eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חִבְּקוּ־צֽוּר 1 Job is not referring to a specific **rock**. He means rocks in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “they hug the rocks”
24:8 j757 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חִבְּקוּ־צֽוּר 1 Job is using this expression to mean that poor people huddle up close to rocks, seeking shelter from the rain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they huddle up close to rocks”
24:8 j757 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חִבְּקוּ־צֽוּר 1 Job is using this expression to mean that poor people huddle up close to rocks in order to seek shelter from the rain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they huddle up close to rocks”
24:9 ma3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִ֭גְזְלוּ & יַחְבֹּֽלוּ 1 The pronoun **They** in the first part of the verse and the pronoun **they** in the second part of the verse refer to wicked people. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Wicked people snatch … wicked people bind a pledge”
24:9 ahj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj יָת֑וֹם & עָנִ֥י 1 Job is using the adjectives **fatherless** and **poor** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “fatherless children … poor people” or “children whose fathers have died … people who are poor”
24:9 t1ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִ֭גְזְלוּ מִ⁠שֹּׁ֣ד יָת֑וֹם 1 Job implicitly means that wicked people snatch **fatherless** children **from the breast** of their mother, that is, while they are nursing, in order to claim the children as slaves in payment of a debt. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Wicked people even take infants away from their mothers while they are nursing, in order to claim the children as slaves in payment of a debt”
@ -1868,14 +1869,14 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
24:15 mza9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠עֵ֤ין נֹאֵ֨ף 1 Job is using one part of an **adulterer**, his **eye**, to mean all of him in the act of watching. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And the adulterer”
24:15 jp3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֹאֵ֨ף 1 Job is not referring to a specific **adulterer**. He is describing the behavior that is characteristic of any adulterer. It may be more natural in your language to make **adulterer** an indefinite noun rather than a definite one. Alternate translation: “an adulterer”
24:15 ymp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes לֵ֭⁠אמֹר לֹא־תְשׁוּרֵ֣⁠נִי עָ֑יִן 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “saying to himself that no one will perceive him”
24:15 ewy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֭⁠אמֹר לֹא־תְשׁוּרֵ֣⁠נִי עָ֑יִן 1 The characteristic adulterer is using one part of someone who might **perceive** him, that person’s **eye**, to mean all of that person in the act of perceiving him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “No one will perceive me”
24:15 ewy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֹא־תְשׁוּרֵ֣⁠נִי עָ֑יִן 1 The characteristic adulterer is using one part of someone who might **perceive** him, that person’s **eye**, to mean all of that person in the act of perceiving him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “No one will perceive me”
24:15 j769 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠סֵ֖תֶר פָּנִ֣ים יָשִֽׂים 1 Job is not speaking of a **cover** that would keep the **adulterer** from seeing. He is speaking of a disguise intended to keep people from recognizing who the adulterer is. You could express this in a way that would be familiar in your culture. Alternate translation: “and he pulls his hat down low over his face”
24:16 j770 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns חָתַ֥ר & בָּ֫תִּ֥ים 1 The pronoun **One** refers to a wicked person. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Since, as the rest of the verse shows, Job is actually describing behavior that is characteristic of wicked people in general, you may wish to use a plural term. Alternate translation: “Wicked people dig into houses”
24:16 c35g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָתַ֥ר בַּ⁠חֹ֗שֶׁךְ בָּ֫תִּ֥ים 1 In this culture, **houses** were made of clay or sun-dried brick, so thieves could gain entry to a house most easily by digging through one of its walls. If houses in your culture are made of different materials that a thief would not or could not dig through, you may wish to use a general expression in your translation. Alternate translation: “Wicked people break into houses”
24:16 k9sq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חִתְּמוּ־לָ֗⁠מוֹ 1 This expression means "to stay indoors." If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they stay indoors”
24:16 k9sq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חִתְּמוּ־לָ֗⁠מוֹ 1 This expression means "they stay indoors." If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they stay indoors”
24:16 j771 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹא־יָ֥דְעוּ אֽוֹר 1 This expression means that wicked people are not familiar with **light**, and the reason is that they do not leave their homes when it is light. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they do not go out when it is light”
24:16 j772 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־יָ֥דְעוּ אֽוֹר 1 While the word **light** here is literal, since Job is using it to mean **day**, there is also a moral overtone, as in verse 13, where Job said that wicked people rebel against the light, meaning God’s revelation. If your language has a term for “light” that also has these moral connotations, it would be appropriate to use it here in your translation.
24:17 j773 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י יַחְדָּ֨ו 1 Job is using the word **For** to give the reason why he said in the preceding verse that wicked people do not go out during the day. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “They do not go out because for all of them”
24:17 j773 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י יַחְדָּ֨ו בֹּ֣קֶר לָ֣⁠מוֹ 1 Job is using the word **For** to give the reason why he said in the preceding verse that wicked people do not go out during the day. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “They do not go out because for all of them, morning”
24:17 g55x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֹּ֣קֶר לָ֣⁠מוֹ צַלְמָ֑וֶת 1 Job is speaking as if **morning** were literally **deep darkness** for wicked people. He means that they dread and avoid morning just as honest people dread and avoid the night. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they dread the morning as if it were deep darkness”
24:17 j774 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לָ֣⁠מוֹ & יַ֝כִּ֗יר 1 The pronoun **them** refers to wicked people, and the pronoun **one** refers to a representative or characteristic wicked person. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “for wicked people … each one of them regards”
24:17 y5ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יַ֝כִּ֗יר 1 As in [24:13](../24/13.md), here the word **regards** means “looks at” with the implication of looking with approval. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “each one of them admires”
@ -1924,7 +1925,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
25:2 j791 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys הַמְשֵׁ֣ל וָ⁠פַ֣חַד עִמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **fear** tells what response God’s **Dominion** produces in those who recognize its powerful and holy character. (In this context, the word **fear** describes reverence and respect for God and awe at his greatness.) If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “Fearful dominion is with him” or “Awesome dominion is with him”
25:2 cz5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הַמְשֵׁ֣ל וָ⁠פַ֣חַד עִמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Dominion** and **fear**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “God rules in a way that inspires great respect”
25:2 t8t1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹשֶׂ֥ה שָׁ֝ל֗וֹם בִּ⁠מְרוֹמָֽי⁠ו 1 The word translated **peace** could mean: (1) harmonious order. Alternate translation: “the one who establishes harmonious order” (2) the absence of conflict. Alternate translation: “the one who rules without opposition” or “the one who rules without rebellion”
25:2 j792 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural בִּ⁠מְרוֹמָֽי⁠ו 1 Bildad is using the term **heights** to mean heaven, which is high above the earth. The plural form probably identifies these **heights** as the supreme example of their class. That is, while being on top of a mountain gives someone a commanding position, ruling from heaven gives God the supremely commanding position. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in highest heaven” or “in heaven, where he rules supremely”
25:2 j792 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural בִּ⁠מְרוֹמָֽי⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same expression in [16:19](../16/19.md). Alternate translation: “in his highest heaven” or “in heaven, where he rules supremely”
25:3 agz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠יֵ֣שׁ מִ֭סְפָּר לִ⁠גְדוּדָ֑י⁠ו וְ⁠עַל־מִ֝֗י לֹא־יָק֥וּם אוֹרֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “There is no number to his troops! His light arises on everyone!”
25:3 tb5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֲ⁠יֵ֣שׁ מִ֭סְפָּר לִ⁠גְדוּדָ֑י⁠ו 1 In this verse, Bildad is describing God’s greatness by saying that at night, there are too many stars in the sky to count, and by day, the sun shines all over the world. So in this context, the word **troops** implicitly refers to the stars as if they were soldiers. Alternate translation: “Is there a number to the stars?” or “There are too many stars in the sky to count!”
25:3 j793 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠עַל־מִ֝֗י לֹא־יָק֥וּם אוֹרֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Bildad is using the term **light** by association to mean the sun. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And upon whom does the sun not rise?” or “And the sun shines on everyone!”
@ -1936,7 +1937,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n
25:6 c7kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אַ֭ף כִּֽי־אֱנ֣וֹשׁ רִמָּ֑ה 1 **Indeed that** is an expression that indicates that what follows is greater in degree than what a person has just said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “How much less a man, a worm”
25:6 j794 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֭ף כִּֽי־אֱנ֣וֹשׁ רִמָּ֑ה 1 Bildad is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “How much less could a man, a worm, be pure”
25:6 l7b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֣וֹשׁ & וּ⁠בֶן־אָ֝דָ֗ם 1 Although the terms **man** and **son** are masculine, Bildad is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use terms in your language that are clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a human … or a human child”
25:6 h6x7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֱנ֣וֹשׁ רִמָּ֑ה 1 Bildad is speaking as if a human were literally a **worm**. The basis of the comparison is probably that just as worms live in the earth, God originally formed humans from the earth. So this is a poetic reference to human mortality. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a mortal”
25:6 h6x7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֱנ֣וֹשׁ רִמָּ֑ה 1 Bildad is speaking as if a human were literally a **worm**. He probably means that humans are lowly, just as worms are lowly, living in the dirt. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that lowly creature”
25:6 j795 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בֶן־אָ֝דָ֗ם תּוֹלֵעָֽה 1 Bildad is similarly speaking as if a human were literally a **grub**. Once again the basis of the comparison seems to be that just as grubs live in the earth, God originally formed humans from the earth. So this is a parallel poetic reference to human mortality. Rather than repeat the image, it may be more natural in your language to translate this as an explanatory phrase. Alternate translation, not preceded by a comma: “whom God formed from the earth”
26:intro f665 0 # Job 26 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job’s response to Bildad.\n\nThis chapter begins a section continuing through chapter 31.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s power\nWhile Bildad describes Yahweh’s power as being so much greater than Job’s, Job understands the true extent of Yahweh’s power. It is not just over Job’s life, but over all of creation.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Sarcasm\n\nJob uses sarcasm in this chapter. This is the use of irony to insult Bildad. (See: [Job 1–4](./01.md) and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
26:2 lud4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony How you have helped one … the arm that has no strength 0 In these statements, Job is accusing Bildad. The word “one” refers to Job. And, the word “arm” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am powerless and have no strength, but you act like you have helped me; but really, you have not helped me at all” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])

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@ -876,6 +876,7 @@ front:intro uk55 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Luke\n\n## Part 1: General
6:15 l291 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Μαθθαῖον & Θωμᾶν & Ἰάκωβον Ἁλφαίου & Σίμωνα 1 These are the names of five men.
6:15 l292 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Μαθθαῖον 1 **Matthew** is often identified with the man named Levi whom Jesus calls to follow him in [5:27](../05/27.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain that, as UST does.
6:15 et48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ζηλωτὴν 1 The term **Zealot** could be: (1) a title that indicates that this man was part of the group of people who wanted to free the Jewish people from Roman rule. Alternate translation: “the Patriot” (2) a description that indicates that this man was zealous for God to be honored. Alternate translation: “the Passionate One”
6:16 qxqp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰούδαν Ἰακώβου & Ἰούδαν Ἰσκαριὼθ 1 **Judas** and **James** are the names of men. As the UST indicates, the man named **James** who is mentioned in this verse is not the same man as the James mentioned in verse 14, and he is not the same man as James the son of Alphaeus, who is mentioned in verse 15. **Iscariot** is a surname that helped identify the second man named Judas. This man may have come from the village of Kerioth, and so **Iscariot** may mean "the man of Kerioth."
6:16 g24m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὃς ἐγένετο προδότης 1 It may be helpful to explain what **traitor** means in the context of this story. Alternate translation: “who later betrayed Jesus to his enemies”
6:17 i5gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns μετ’ αὐτῶν 1 In this context, **them** refers to all of the disciples whom Jesus called to himself in [6:13](../06/13.md). Alternate translation: “with his disciples”
6:17 l295 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole ἀπὸ πάσης 1 This is a generalization for emphasis. Alternate translation: “from throughout”
@ -4430,4 +4431,4 @@ front:intro uk55 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Luke\n\n## Part 1: General
24:53 m787 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis διὰ παντὸς 1 Luke is leaving out a word that a sentence would ordinarily need in order to be complete. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could supply the word from the context. Alternate translation: “through all hours”
24:53 wa3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole διὰ παντὸς 1 Luke means that the disciples were in the temple **through all** the hours that the temple was open. Even so, this is an overstatement to emphasize that they went to the temple every day. Alternate translation: “every day”
24:53 edm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 Only priests were allowed to enter the **temple** building. Luke is using the word for the entire building to refer to one part of it. Alternate translation: “in the temple courtyard”
24:53 pex4 εὐλογοῦντες τὸν Θεόν 1 Alternate translation: “worshiping God”
24:53 pex4 εὐλογοῦντες τὸν Θεόν 1 Alternate translation: “worshiping God”

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@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ front:intro k2y2 0 # Introduction to Nehemiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
7:61 d1h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בֵּית־אֲבוֹתָ⁠ם֙ וְ⁠זַרְעָ֔⁠ם אִ֥ם מִ⁠יִּשְׂרָאֵ֖ל הֵֽם 1 These two longer phrases mean similar things. The second phrase explains the meaning of the first for clarity and emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “that their ancestors had been Israelites,” otherwise “what clan they were from or who their ancestors were, whether they were really Israelites”
7:61 d1h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בֵּית־אֲבוֹתָ⁠ם֙ וְ⁠זַרְעָ֔⁠ם 1 These two short phrases mean similar things. They are used together to emphasize that accurate records would be required to prove a person’s lineage. You do not need to repeat both phrases in your translation if that would be confusing for your readers. Alternate translation: “what their lineage was”
7:61 d1h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֵּית־אֲבוֹתָ⁠ם֙ וְ⁠זַרְעָ֔⁠ם 1 Among the Israelites, the expression **father’s house** or **house of the father** originally described an extended clan. It later came to be used more generally to refer to a larger clan within a tribe. (For example, the two expressions are used interchangeably in Exodus 6:14, “These were the heads of their fathers’ houses: The sons of Reuben, the firstborn of Israel, were Hanok, Pallu, Hezron, and Karmi. These were the clan ancestors of Reuben.”) In this expression, the word **house** describes all the people descended from a particular person. The term views all of those descendants as if they were one household living together. Alternate translation: “what clan they were from”
7:61 d1h7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠זַרְעָ֔⁠ם 1 Here, **seed** is a metaphor meaning “offspring.” It is a comparison: Just as plants produce seeds that grow into many more plants, so people can have many offspring. In the Bible, the term refers most often to a person’s descendants. But here it is describing the ancestors of these people, that is, “whose seed they were.” Alternate translation: “who their ancestors were”
7:61 d1h7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠זַרְעָ֔⁠ם 1 Here, **seed** means “ancestors.” In the Bible, the term often describes a person’s descendants. But here, "their seed" means “whose seed they were,” so the term is describing the ancestors of these people. Alternate translation: “or who their ancestors were”
7:62 d1h9 בְּנֵי־דְלָיָ֥ה בְנֵֽי־טוֹבִיָּ֖ה בְּנֵ֣י נְקוֹדָ֑א שֵׁ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֥ים וּ⁠שְׁנָֽיִם 1 Alternate translation: “Altogether 642 men returned who were from the descendants of Delaiah, Tobiah, and Nekoda”
7:62 d1i1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־דְלָיָ֥ה בְנֵֽי־טוֹבִיָּ֖ה בְּנֵ֣י נְקוֹדָ֑א 1 **Sons** means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “They were from the descendants of Delaiah, Tobiah, and Nekoda”
7:62 np4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names דְלָיָ֥ה & טוֹבִיָּ֖ה & נְקוֹדָ֑א 1 These are the names of three men.
@ -1044,7 +1044,7 @@ front:intro k2y2 0 # Introduction to Nehemiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
9:1 irv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וּ⁠בְ⁠שַׂקִּ֔ים וַ⁠אֲדָמָ֖ה עֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 The people did these things to show symbolically how sorry they were for their sins. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “The people refrained from eating, wore rough clothing, and put dust on their heads to show that they were sorry for their sins”
9:1 f1a7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַ⁠אֲדָמָ֖ה עֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 **Them** in this sentence refers to the people, but it does not mean that they covered themselves entirely in dust. The story is using the whole person to refer to one part of the person, the head, which is where people in this culture put dust to express sorrow. Alternate translation: “the people … put dust on their heads”
9:2 f1a9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּבָּֽדְלוּ֙ זֶ֣רַע יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל בְּנֵ֣י נֵכָ֑ר 1 The Israelites were conducting this ceremony as a special act of repentance for how they and their ancestors had disobeyed God. They were acknowledging how they had failed to fulfill the special assignment God had given them of modeling the blessings of living according to his ways, so it would not have been appropriate for people from other nations to take part in the ceremony. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “The people of Israel did not allow anyone from any other nation to take part in this ceremony because it was going to be a time of repentance for how they and their ancestors had disobeyed Yahweh”
9:2 xbs1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֶ֣רַע יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Here, **seed** is a metaphor meaning **offspring.** It is a comparison: Just as plants produce seeds that grow into many more plants, so people can have many offspring. So the term refers to a person’s descendants. Here it means the descendants of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
9:2 xbs1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom זֶ֣רַע יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Here, **seed** means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel” or “the Israelites”
9:2 qx58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל בְּנֵ֣י נֵכָ֑ר 1 **Sons** here means **descendants.** Alternate translation: “all people from other nations”
9:2 vhc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יַּעַמְד֗וּ וַ⁠יִּתְוַדּוּ֙ עַל־חַטֹּ֣אתֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וַ⁠עֲוֺנ֖וֹת אֲבֹתֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 Here, **stood** probably does not mean “standing up,” since the next verse says that they “rose up,” which probably means that they got up from kneeling. As they were showing sorrow for their sins, they would likely have knelt to worship God, as in [8:6](../08/06.md). So **stood** probably means instead that they remained in place, by implication for some time, and made a thorough confession. Alternate translation: “they remained in place as they confessed all the wrong things that they and their ancestors had done”
9:2 f1b1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבֹתֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 **Fathers** here means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “their ancestors”
@ -1083,7 +1083,7 @@ front:intro k2y2 0 # Introduction to Nehemiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
9:8 f1f1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מָצָ֣אתָ אֶת־לְבָב⁠וֹ֮ נֶאֱמָ֣ן לְ⁠פָנֶי⁠ךָ֒ 1 Here, Abraham’s **heart** represents his thoughts and will, that is, his inner being. Alternate translation: “You recognized that he was completely loyal to you”
9:8 ej7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מָצָ֣אתָ אֶת־לְבָב⁠וֹ֮ נֶאֱמָ֣ן לְ⁠פָנֶי⁠ךָ֒ 1 Here, **face** is a metaphor for a person’s perception, referring to God’s perception of Abraham. Alternate translation: “You recognized that he was completely loyal to you”
9:8 f1f3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠כָר֨וֹת עִמּ֜⁠וֹ הַ⁠בְּרִ֗ית 1 To **cut** a covenant is a Hebrew idiom for making a solemn agreement with a person. The expression comes from the way animals were cut into pieces during covenant ceremonies to show what the parties wanted God to do to anyone who broke the agreement. But the meaning here is idiomatic. It is not a direct reference to such a ceremony, but only to the making of the covenant. Alternate translation: “you made an agreement with him” or “you made a promise to him”
9:8 f1f5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָ⁠תֵ֡ת אֶת־אֶרֶץ֩ & לָ⁠תֵ֣ת לְ⁠זַרְע֑⁠וֹ 1 **Seed** is a metaphor meaning **offspring.** Alternate translation: “to give his descendants the land”
9:8 f1f5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠זַרְע֑⁠וֹ 1 As in verse 2, **seed** means “descendants.” Alternate translation: “to his descendants”
9:8 vbx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֨י הַ⁠חִתִּ֜י הָ⁠אֱמֹרִ֧י וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֛י וְ⁠הַ⁠יְבוּסִ֥י וְ⁠הַ⁠גִּרְגָּשִׁ֖י 1 These are the names of six people groups.
9:8 f1f7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וַ⁠תָּ֨קֶם֙ אֶת־דְּבָרֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 As in [5:13](../05/13.md), **words** means the promises that God made to Abraham, and **stand** means stay in place rather than go away. The Levites are speaking of God’s promises as if they were a living thing that could move around or not. Alternate translation: “you have kept all of your promises”
9:8 f1f9 כִּ֥י צַדִּ֖יק אָֽתָּה 1 Alternate translation: “because you always do what is right”

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