Merge pull request 'Stephen's edits to Hebrews' (#2881) from stephenwunrow-tc-create-1 into master

Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/2881

en_tn_59-HEB.tsv

@@ -839,7 +839,7 @@ HEB	7	19	xp1h	figs-metonymy	κρείττονος ἐλπίδος	1	a better hope
 HEB	7	19	c9tz	figs-go	ἐγγίζομεν τῷ Θεῷ	1	through which we come near to God	Here, the phrase **come near** refers to getting close to something but not necessarily being right next to it. Here, the author wants believers to approach God in heaven. This means that they enter into God’s presence. If your readers would misunderstand **come near**, you could use a word or phrase that refers to being in someone’s presence. Alternate translation: “we go before God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
 HEB	7	20	e97r	translate-versebridge		0	General Information:	To help your readers understand the author’s main point in this verse and the next one, you could combine both verses into a verse bridge. You could put the background information about how the Israelite priests were not appointed with an oath while Jesus was appointed with an oath in a first sentence. Then, you could put the comparison between how Jesus was appointed with an oath and how he is the guarantor of a better covenant in a second sentence. Alternate translation: “For indeed they without swearing an oath are become priests, but he with an oath-taking, through God saying to him, “The Lord swore and will not change his mind: ‘You are a priest forever.’” So, by as much as not without swearing an oath,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]])
 HEB	7	20	f3cd	grammar-connect-words-phrases	καθ’ ὅσον	1	General Information:	Here, the phrase **by as much as** introduces the first half a comparison that the author will complete in [7:22](../07/22.md). The point is that, just as **swearing an oath** is more guaranteed than not using an oath, so Jesus’s priesthood and covenant are better than the priesthood of the descendant’s of Levi. If your readers would misunderstand **by as much as**, you could use a form that introduces a comparison between two situations or concepts. Alternate translation: “just as it was” or “in the same way that it was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
-HEB	7	20	ziqe	figs-litotes	οὐ χωρὶς ὁρκωμοσίας	1		The phrase **not without swearing** is a negative understatement that emphasizes that God most definitely did “swear” an **oath**. If this is confusing in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “definitely with swearing an oath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
+HEB	7	20	ziqe	figs-doublenegatives	οὐ χωρὶς ὁρκωμοσίας	1		The phrase **not without swearing an oath** uses two negative words to emphasize that there was definitely an **oath** involved. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning with positive words, emphasizing the importance of **swearing an oath**. Alternate translation: “with swearing an oath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
 HEB	7	20	vf69	figs-explicit	οὐ χωρὶς ὁρκωμοσίας	1	And it was not without an oath!	Here the author again refers to [Psalm 110:4](../psa/110/04.md), which states that the Lord “swears” that “you are a priest forever.” The author quotes this Psalm again in the following verse. If your readers would misunderstand what is the content of the **oath**, you could make it explicit. Alternate translation: “not without swearing an oath about the priesthood of the Messiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 HEB	7	20	v343	figs-infostructure	ὁρκωμοσίας, οἱ μὲν γὰρ χωρὶς ὁρκωμοσίας εἰσὶν ἱερεῖς γεγονότες,	1	And it was not without an oath!	Here the author begins a comment about the **oath** and priests. This comment continues to the end of [7:21](../07/21.md). The ULT has used em-dashes to make it clear that these words are extra information that explain **not without swearing an oath**. If your readers would misunderstand that the author is explaining **not without swearing an oath** before continuing the comparison (which he does continue in [7:22](../07/22.md), you could use a form that indicates that the author is about to give extra explanatory information. If you do, make sure that you properly signal the end of this extra information at the end of 7:22. Alternate translation: “swearing an oath—by the way, they indeed without swearing an oath are become priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
 HEB	7	20	atus	grammar-connect-words-phrases	μὲν γὰρ	1	And it was not without an oath!	Here, the word **For** introduces an explanation of about why it is important there was an **oath**. The word **indeed** signals to the audience that this explanation has two parts. The second part begins with “but” in [7:21a](../07/21.md). If your readers would misunderstand **for indeed**, you could use words that introduce a two-part explanation. Alternate translation: “now on the one hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ HEB	9	7	vgxd	figs-explicit	εἰς…τὴν δευτέραν, ἅπαξ τοῦ
 HEB	9	7	kmhb	figs-explicit	τὴν δευτέραν	1	not without blood	Here, the phrase **second {tent}** refers to the **second** or inner section of the tabernacle. See how you translated the similar phrase in [9:3](../09/03.md). Alternate translation: “the inner room of the tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 HEB	9	7	pqby	translate-ordinal	τὴν δευτέραν	1	not without blood	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use a cardinal number here. Alternate translation: “tent two” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
 HEB	9	7	h4tn	figs-idiom	ἅπαξ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ μόνος	1	not without blood	Here, the phrase **once {in} the year only** identifies an event as something that happens on one day in the year. The event does not occur again until the same day the next year. If your readers would misunderstand **once {in} the year only**, you could use a form that more clearly expresses this idea. Alternate translation: “only one time every year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-HEB	9	7	xs9l	figs-doublenegatives	οὐ χωρὶς αἵματος	1	not without blood	The phrase **not without blood** uses two negative words to emphasize that **blood** is required. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning with positive words, emphasizing the importance of **blood**. Alternate translation: “enters, and always with blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
+HEB	9	7	xs9l	figs-doublenegatives	οὐ χωρὶς αἵματος	1	not without blood	The phrase **not without blood** uses two negative words to emphasize that **blood** is required. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning with positive words, emphasizing the importance of **blood**. Alternate translation: “enters, and always with blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
 HEB	9	7	u1ww	figs-gendernotations	προσφέρει…ἑαυτοῦ	1	not without blood	In Israelite and Jewish culture, only men could be high priests, so the author is referring to a man here. However, he is not emphasizing that the high priests were male, so you can use a non-gendered word if it is clearer. Alternate translation: “the high priest offers … himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
 HEB	9	7	lui1	figs-idiom	ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τῶν τοῦ λαοῦ ἀγνοημάτων	1	not without blood	Here, just as in [7:27](../07/27.md), the phrase **on behalf of** someone or someone’s sins means that the sacrifices are intended to deal with the sins that those people commit. It does not mean that the sacrifices allow the sins or encourage the sins. If your readers would misunderstand **on behalf of** here, you could express the idea in a more natural way. Alternate translation: “to deal with his own sins and with the unintentional sins of the people” or “for the forgiveness of his own sins and those of the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
 HEB	9	7	xtk5	translate-unknown	τῶν τοῦ λαοῦ ἀγνοημάτων	1	blood	Here, the phrase **unintentional sins** refers to wrong things that people have done without intending to do something wrong. If your readers would misunderstand **unintentional sins**, you could use a word or phrase that refers to sins that people have committed without trying to sin. Alternate translation: “of the accidental sins of the people” or “of the sins that the people did not intend to commit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
@@ -1145,7 +1145,7 @@ HEB	9	17	qb62	figs-nominaladj	νεκροῖς	1	the death of the person who made
 HEB	9	17	vq4n	translate-unknown	ὁ διαθέμενος	1	the death of the person who made it must be proven	Here, just as in [9:16](../09/16.md), the word **covenanting** refers to the process of creating the **covenant**. If your readers would misunderstand **covenanting**, you could use a word or phrase that refers to setting up or creating a **covenant** or agreement. Alternate translation: “the one having created it” or “the one having made it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
 HEB	9	18	lr2e	grammar-connect-words-phrases	ὅθεν	1	So not even the first covenant was established without blood	Here, the word **So** introduces the ways in which the **first {covenant}** fits with what the author has said about covenants and death in [9:16–17](../09/16.md). In other words, he uses **So** to introduce the application of the principle he discussed in those verses. If your readers would misunderstand **So**, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an inference or application. Alternate translation: “Because of that,” or “In much the same way,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
 HEB	9	18	wpf1	figs-activepassive	οὐδ’ ἡ πρώτη χωρὶς αἵματος ἐνκεκαίνισται	1	So not even the first covenant was established without blood	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on the **first {covenant}**, which was **inaugurated**, rather than focusing on the person doing the “inaugurating.” If you must state who did the action, the author implies that God did it through Moses (see [9:19](../09/19.md)). Alternate translation: “God did not even inaugurate the first covenant without blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	9	18	m9c3	figs-litotes	οὐδ’ ἡ πρώτη χωρὶς αἵματος ἐνκεκαίνισται	1		The words **not even** and **without blood** form a negative understatement that emphasizes how important the **blood** is. If this is confusing in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “even the first covenant had certainly been inaugurated with blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
+HEB	9	18	m9c3	figs-doublenegatives	οὐδ’ ἡ πρώτη χωρὶς αἵματος ἐνκεκαίνισται	1		The phrases **not even** and **without blood** together use two negative words to emphasize that **blood** is required. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning with positive words, emphasizing the importance of **blood**. Alternate translation: “also the first covenant had to be inaugurated with blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
 HEB	9	18	kq87	figs-explicit	πρώτη	1	first covenant	Here, the phrase **first {covenant}** refers to the agreement that God made with the Israelites through Moses. If your readers would misunderstand **first {covenant}**, you could make the idea more explicit. See how you translated the similar phrase in [8:7](../08/07.md); [9:15](../09/15.md). Alternate translation: “the covenant that God made with his people at first” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 HEB	9	18	v838	figs-explicit	αἵματος	1	blood	The author assumes that his audience knows that the use of **blood** also requires the “death” that he has been speaking about. If your readers would not make this inference, you could make it explicit that **blood** requires someone or something to die. Alternate translation: “blood from sacrificed animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 HEB	9	19	uupi	grammar-connect-words-phrases	γὰρ	1	took the blood … with water … and sprinkled … the scroll … and all the people	Here, the word **For** introduces an important example of what the author said in the previous verse ([9:18](../09/18.md)) about how the “first covenant” was “inaugurated” with “blood.” If your readers would misunderstand **For**, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an example. Alternate translation: “For example,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
@@ -1319,7 +1319,7 @@ HEB	10	16	czh3	figs-quotations	αὕτη ἡ διαθήκη ἣν διαθήσο
 HEB	10	16	s783		αὕτη ἡ διαθήκη ἣν διαθήσομαι πρὸς αὐτοὺς μετὰ τὰς ἡμέρας ἐκείνας, λέγει Κύριος, διδοὺς νόμους μου ἐπὶ καρδίας αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν ἐπιγράψω αὐτούς	1	after those days	These words are part of the quotation from [Jeremiah 31:33](../jer/31/33.md) that the author already quoted in [8:10](../08/10.md). Here, the author repeats the words he used there almost exactly. He changes “with the house of Israel” to “with them,” and he reverses the order in which “hearts’ and “mind” appear. Repeat the words you used in [8:10](../08/10.md), but make these two minor changes. 
 HEB	10	16	xx53	writing-quotations	τὰς ἡμέρας ἐκείνας, λέγει Κύριος, διδοὺς	1	I will put my laws in their hearts	Here, the phrase **says the Lord** could be: (1) part of the quotation that the “Holy Spirit” says. Alternate translation: “those days, so the Lord says, putting” (2) the introduction to what **the Lord** says “after” the Spirit speaks other words (see “after having said” in [10:15](../10/15.md)). In this case, **says the Lord** is not part of the quotation but introduces the second half of the quotation, which continues to the end of [10:17](../10/17.md). Alternate translation: “those days,’ then the Lord says, ‘putting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
 HEB	10	17	teku	grammar-connect-time-sequential	καὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν	1	General Information:	Here, the phrase **And {then}** could be: (1) the introduction to what the Spirit says “after” the Spirit speaks other words (see “after having said” in [10:15](../10/15.md)). In this case, **And {then}** is not part of the quotation but introduces the second half of the quotation. Alternate translation: “And then he says” (2) part of the quotation that the “Lord” says. Alternate translation: “‘And their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
-HEB	10	17	pql9	figs-quotations	καὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν, καὶ τῶν ἀνομιῶν αὐτῶν, οὐ μὴ μνησθήσομαι ἔτι.	1	Their sins and lawless deeds	If you do not use this form in your language, you could translate these words as an indirect quote instead of as a direct quote. Alternate translation: “And {then} he says that their sins and their lawless deeds he will certainly not still remember.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
+HEB	10	17	pql9	figs-quotations	καὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν, καὶ τῶν ἀνομιῶν αὐτῶν, οὐ μὴ μνησθήσομαι ἔτι.	1	Their sins and lawless deeds	If you do not use this form in your language, you could translate these words as an indirect quote instead of as a direct quote. Alternate translation: “And then he says that their sins and their lawless deeds he will certainly not still remember.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
 HEB	10	17	vkw4		τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν, καὶ τῶν ἀνομιῶν αὐτῶν, οὐ μὴ μνησθήσομαι ἔτι	1	General Information:	These words are part of the quotation from [Jeremiah 31:34](../jer/31/34.md) that the author already quoted in [8:12](../08/12.md). Here, the author repeats the words he used there almost exactly. He adds **and their lawless deeds** after **sins**, probably to represent the previous clause in [8:12](../08/12.md): “I will be merciful toward their unrighteousness.” Further, he makes “remember” from [8:12](../08/12.md) future tense. Repeat the words you used in [8:10](../08/10.md), but make these two changes. 
 HEB	10	17	qn7w	figs-abstractnouns	τῶν ἀνομιῶν αὐτῶν	1	Their sins and lawless deeds I will remember no longer.”	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **deeds**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “do.” Alternate translation: “the lawless things they did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 HEB	10	18	pje1	grammar-connect-words-phrases	δὲ	1	Now	Here, the word **Now** introduces an explanation of the words that the author has quoted in [10:16–17](../10/16.md). If your readers would misunderstand **Now**, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an explanation, or you could leave it untranslated. Alternate translation: “As you can see,” or “So,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
@@ -1390,7 +1390,7 @@ HEB	10	28	luxo	figs-pastforfuture	ἀποθνῄσκει	1	two or three witnesse
 HEB	10	28	efb3	figs-metonymy	ἀποθνῄσκει	1	two or three witnesses	Here, the word **dies** means “is put to death.” It does not refer to a natural or spontaneous death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to someone being killed. Alternate translation: “is put to death” or “is killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 HEB	10	28	ai1s	figs-abstractnouns	χωρὶς οἰκτιρμῶν	1	two or three witnesses	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **mercy**, you could express the idea in another natural way. Alternate translation: “without anyone being merciful” or “without hesitation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 HEB	10	28	sa91	figs-abstractnouns	ἐπὶ δυσὶν ἢ τρισὶν μάρτυσιν	1	two or three witnesses	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **testimony**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “testify.” Alternate translation: “when two or three witnesses testify to it” or “on the basis of two or three witnesses testifying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-HEB	10	29	gv5z	figs-exclamations	πόσῳ δοκεῖτε χείρονος, ἀξιωθήσεται τιμωρίας, ὁ τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ καταπατήσας, καὶ τὸ αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης κοινὸν ἡγησάμενος, ἐν ᾧ ἡγιάσθη, καὶ τὸ Πνεῦμα τῆς χάριτος ἐνυβρίσας!	1	How much worse punishment do you think one deserves … grace?	Here the author uses a long exclamation to emphasize **how much worse** the **punishment** will be for the people he describes in this verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea as a strong positive statement or as a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “So you know that certainly much worse punishment will deserve the one having trampled underfoot the Son of God and having considered the blood of the covenant—by which he was sanctified—as profane and having insulted the Spirit of grace.” or “How much worse punishment do you think will deserve the one having trampled underfoot the Son of God and having considered the blood of the covenant—by which he was sanctified—{as} profane and having insulted the Spirit of grace?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
+HEB	10	29	gv5z	figs-exclamations	πόσῳ δοκεῖτε χείρονος, ἀξιωθήσεται τιμωρίας, ὁ τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ καταπατήσας, καὶ τὸ αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης κοινὸν ἡγησάμενος, ἐν ᾧ ἡγιάσθη, καὶ τὸ Πνεῦμα τῆς χάριτος ἐνυβρίσας!	1	How much worse punishment do you think one deserves … grace?	Here the author uses a long exclamation to emphasize **how much worse** the **punishment** will be for the people he describes in this verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea as a strong positive statement or as a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “So you know that certainly much worse punishment will deserve the one having trampled underfoot the Son of God and having considered the blood of the covenant—by which he was sanctified—as profane and having insulted the Spirit of grace.” or “How much worse punishment do you think will deserve the one having trampled underfoot the Son of God and having considered the blood of the covenant—by which he was sanctified—as profane and having insulted the Spirit of grace?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
 HEB	10	29	lrjz	figs-abstractnouns	πόσῳ δοκεῖτε χείρονος, ἀξιωθήσεται τιμωρίας	1	How much worse punishment do you think one deserves … grace?	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **punishment**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “punish.” You may need to rephrase the first part of this verse. Alternate translation: “How much more do you think will deserve to be punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 HEB	10	29	jd69	figs-metaphor	τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ καταπατήσας	1	has trampled underfoot the Son of God	Here the author speaks as if a person who could “trample” **the Son of God** under his or her feet. The author speaks in this way to refer to how someone can disrespect or shame someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that refers to disrespecting or shaming someone. Alternate translation: “having dishonored the Son of God” or “having treated the Son of God with great disrespect” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 HEB	10	29	d2z9	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	the Son of God	**Son of God** is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
@@ -1465,7 +1465,7 @@ HEB	10	39	zvuj	figs-abstractnouns	εἰς ἀπώλειαν	1	who turn back to d
 HEB	10	39	dv8y	figs-abstractnouns	πίστεως εἰς περιποίησιν ψυχῆς	1	for keeping our soul	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas behind **faith** and **preservation**, you could express the ideas by using verbs such as “believe” and “preserve.” Alternate translation: “of believing so that the soul is preserved” or “we believe so that our souls are preserved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 HEB	10	39	hm0m	figs-synecdoche	ψυχῆς	1		Here, the word **soul** is a way to refer to a person as a whole. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “of ourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
 HEB	10	39	br6c	figs-genericnoun	ψυχῆς	1		Here the author is speaking of “souls” in general, not of one particular **soul**. If your readers would misunderstand this form, you could use a form that refers to “souls” in general. Alternate translation: “of the souls” or “each of our souls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
-HEB	11	intro	g4cc			0		# Hebrews 11 General Notes<br><br>## Structure<br><br>7. Faith and endurance (10:26–12:29)<br>      * Exhortation: Examples of faith (11:1–40)<br><br>## Important concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Faith<br><br>In both the old and new covenants, God required faith. Some people with faith performed miracles and were very powerful. Other people with faith suffered greatly.
+HEB	11	intro	g4cc			0		# Hebrews 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n7. Faith and endurance (10:26–12:29)\n      * Exhortation: Examples of faith (11:1–40)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Faith\n\nThe key theme of this chapter is “faith,” which the author makes clear with his definition in [11:1](../11/01.md). The examples of “faith” that follow function in two primary ways: (1) they give examples of “faith” that help define what it is, and (2) they give examples of “faith” that the audience can imitate. The author’s definition of “faith” shows that “faith” is being confident about things that one cannot currently see. The examples that follow show that the things that cannot be seen include things in heaven and things in the future. So, “faith” consists in being confident about and thus “seeing” what is currently invisible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n### A heavenly city and homeland\n\nIn [11:10](../11/10.md), [16](../11/16.md), the author refers to a “city,” and in [11:14–16](../11/14.md), he refers to a “heavenly homeland.” Most likely, both “city” and “homeland” refer to the same thing. Scholars debate whether “city” and “homeland” describe places where believers will live that God has prepared or whether the words function as metaphors to describe the people of God living together in God’s presence. Your translation should not choose between these interpretations. You should make it clear that the “city” and “homeland” cannot be found on earth right now. \n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### “By faith”\n\nThe author consistently repeats the phrase “by faith,” usually at the beginning of sentences. He also uses the related phrases “through faith,” “according to faith,” and “because of faith.” The author repeats these phrases, especially “by faith,” to keep his audience focused on the main topic: “faith.” If possible, you should translate all these phrases so that they sound very similar. Make sure that it is clear who has the “faith” in each sentence. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])\n\n### References to the history of Israel\n\nThe author refers to people and events in the history of Israel throughout this chapter. Some of the references are several verses long, while others are just one phrase. Many of the stories that he refers to can be found in the Bible, especially in Genesis, Exodus, and Joshua. However, some of the shorter references are about people who lived after the time of the Old Testament. Consider whether your readers will be familiar with some of these stories. You may want to include footnotes that provide some extra information about the most important stories that the author refers to. See the notes for brief summaries of the main stories that the author refers to. \n\n### The style of the example list\n\nThe list of examples that makes up most of chapter 11 begins with longer stories and longer clauses and ends with very short references to stories and very short clauses. The author writes in this way to increase the excitement and power of his examples as he goes. Consider using natural ways to express this slow increase in power and excitement as the chapter progresses.\n\n### Is Abraham or Sarah the subject of [11:11](../11/11.md)?\n\nIn [11:11](../11/11.md), the author could have primarily been referring to Sarah and her faith or Abraham and his faith. Many scholars think that the author is referring to Sarah here because her name is written near the beginning of verse, right after “faith,” and because the author does not refer to Abraham in this verse. Other scholars think that the author is referring to Abraham here because the previous and following verses both refer to Abraham and because the phrase “received ability for {the} conception of an offspring” is only used for the male’s part in procreation. The ULT and UST follow the interpretation that Abraham is the primary subject of the verse. Consider whether your readers might be familiar with a translation that makes a choice in this verse. Otherwise, you may want to follow the ULT and UST here. 
 HEB	11	1	d95i	grammar-connect-words-phrases	δὲ	1	Now	Here, the word **Now** introduces a new part of the author’s argument. He goes on to discuss the **faith** that he mentioned in [10:38–39](../10/38.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a new section, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “This” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
 HEB	11	1	h7va	figs-parallelism	ἐλπιζομένων ὑπόστασις, πραγμάτων ἔλεγχος οὐ βλεπομένων	1	Now	Here the author uses two very similar phrases to describe **faith**. He does this to make what he means very clear. If using two very similar phrases would not make what he means clearer in your language, you could combine the two statements. Alternate translation: “assurance of things not seen which are hoped for” or “proof of things being hoped for but not seen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
 HEB	11	1	a371	figs-abstractnouns	ἔστιν…πίστις…ὑπόστασις	1	Connecting Statement:	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas behind **faith** and **assurance**, you could express the ideas by using verbs such as “believe” and “assure.” Alternate translation: “believing assures us” or “those who believe are assured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
@@ -1639,7 +1639,7 @@ HEB	11	23	lsar			0	Moses, when he was born, was hidden for three months by his p
 HEB	11	23	b8tt	figs-abstractnouns	πίστει	1	Moses, when he was born, was hidden for three months by his parents	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **faith**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “believe” or “trust.” Alternate translation: “By believing,” or “Because they believed,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 HEB	11	23	g2wx	figs-activepassive	Μωϋσῆς, γεννηθεὶς, ἐκρύβη τρίμηνον ὑπὸ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ	1	Moses, when he was born, was hidden for three months by his parents	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus **Moses** rather than on Moses’ parents. Alternate translation: “Moses’ parents hid him for three months after his mother gave birth to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 HEB	11	23	n6fz		τρίμηνον	1	Moses, when he was born, was hidden for three months by his parents	Alternate translation: “for one quarter of a year”
-HEB	11	23	rlnm	translate-unknown	ἀστεῖον	1	Moses, when he was born, was hidden for three months by his parents	Here, the word **beautiful** refers to how someone is charming, good-looking, or has good qualities in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that identifies that a person has good qualities. Alternate translation: “extraordinary” or “excellent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+HEB	11	23	rlnm	translate-unknown	ἀστεῖον	1	Moses, when he was born, was hidden for three months by his parents	Here, the word **beautiful** refers to how someone is charming, good-looking, or has good qualities in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that identifies that a person has good qualities. Alternate translation: “was extraordinary” or “was excellent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
 HEB	11	23	mz1o	figs-explicit	οὐκ ἐφοβήθησαν τὸ διάταγμα	1	Moses, when he was born, was hidden for three months by his parents	Here the author means that Moses’ parents were **not afraid** to break or disobey **the decree**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “they were not afraid of breaking the decree” or “they did not fear the consequences of breaking the decree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 HEB	11	23	wwo6	figs-abstractnouns	τὸ διάταγμα τοῦ βασιλέως	1	Moses, when he was born, was hidden for three months by his parents	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **decree**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “decree” or “command.” Alternate translation: “of what the king decreed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 HEB	11	23	n63g	figs-explicit	τὸ διάταγμα τοῦ βασιλέως	1	Moses, when he was born, was hidden for three months by his parents	Here the author assumes that his audience knew who the **king** was and what the **decree** was about. The **king** is the ruler over the land of Egypt, sometimes also called a “Pharaoh.” The **decree** required all the sons born to the Israelites to be drowned in the river Nile. If your readers would not make these inferences, you could make them more explicit. Alternate translation: “of the king of Egypt’s decree that all the male children of the Israelites should be drowned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@@ -1699,7 +1699,7 @@ HEB	11	32	wkve	grammar-connect-condition-contrary	με διηγούμενον	1
 HEB	11	32	luh9	translate-unknown	διηγούμενον	1	the time will fail me	Here, the phrase **fully relating** refers to describing something in detail. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to narrating or describing something with careful attention to the details. Alternate translation: “carefully narrating” or “speaking in detail” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
 HEB	11	32	ni55	translate-names	Γεδεών, Βαράκ, Σαμψών, Ἰεφθάε, Δαυείδ…Σαμουὴλ	1	Barak	The words **Gideon**, **Barak**, **Samson**, **Jephthah**, **David**, and **Samuel** are the names of six men. Each of these men were leaders of God’s people at some point in the history of the Israelites. Further, there are stories about each of them in the Old Testament, but the author does not go into detail about them here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
 HEB	11	32	a7t9	figs-explicit	τῶν προφητῶν	1	Barak	Here, the phrase **the prophets** refers in general to anyone who spoke God’s word to his people. The man **Samuel** was considered a prophet, so make sure that your translation does not imply that **Samuel** was not a prophet. Alternate translation: “the others who spoke for God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-HEB	11	33	f3jx	writing-pronouns	οἳ	1	It was through faith	Here, **who** does not mean that each person listed in 11:32 did all the things the author is about to mention. The author means in general these are the kinds of things that those with faith were able to do. Alternate translation: “people like these through faith”
+HEB	11	33	f3jx	writing-pronouns	οἳ	1	It was through faith	Here, the word **who** does not mean that each person listed in [11:32](../11/32.md) did all the things the author is about to mention. The author means that these are the kinds of things that those with faith were able to do in general. Alternate translation: “who, along with many others,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
 HEB	11	33	tv4g	figs-abstractnouns	οἳ διὰ πίστεως	1	It was through faith	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **faith**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “believe” or “trust.” Alternate translation: “who, by believing,” or “who, because they believed,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 HEB	11	33	v5w8	figs-idiom	εἰργάσαντο δικαιοσύνην	1	they conquered kingdoms	Here, the phrase **worked justice** indicates that the person who **worked** set up and maintained a system of **justice** in a country. In other words, the person led “justly” and set up a system that focused on being “just.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “established justice” or “set up a just system” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
 HEB	11	33	fxhq	figs-abstractnouns	εἰργάσαντο δικαιοσύνην	1	they conquered kingdoms	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **justice**, you could express the idea by using an adverb such as “justly” or “rightly.” Alternate translation: “led rightly” or “reigned justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
@@ -1713,110 +1713,262 @@ HEB	11	34	uqnf	figs-idiom	ἐδυναμώθησαν ἀπὸ ἀσθενείας
 HEB	11	34	iri4	figs-activepassive	ἐδυναμώθησαν ἀπὸ ἀσθενείας	1	were healed of illnesses	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on those who **were empowered** rather than focusing on the person doing the “empowering.” If you must state who did the action, the author implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “received empowering from God out of weakness” or “became powerful out of weakness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 HEB	11	34	tath	figs-abstractnouns	ἀπὸ ἀσθενείας	1	were healed of illnesses	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **weakness**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “weak.” Alternate translation: “out of being weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 HEB	11	34	zllk	figs-idiom	ἐγενήθησαν ἰσχυροὶ ἐν πολέμῳ	1	were healed of illnesses	Here, the phrase **became strong in battle** indicates that the people fought bravely and successfully against their enemies. In other words, they were good warriors. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in a more natural way. Alternate translation: “became powerful fighters” or “were good at fighting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-HEB	11	34	dd8s	translate-unknown	παρεμβολὰς ἔκλιναν ἀλλοτρίων	1	were healed of illnesses	Here, the word **routed** refers to defeating an enemy so powerfully that the enemy turns and runs away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to this kind of defeat. Alternate translation: “and vanquished foreign armies” or “and caused foreign armies to flee”
-HEB	11	35	t9sp	figs-abstractnouns	ἔλαβον γυναῖκες ἐξ ἀναστάσεως τοὺς νεκροὺς αὐτῶν	1	Women received back their dead by resurrection	You can state the abstract noun **resurrection** with a verb. Alternate translation: “Women received their dead back alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-HEB	11	35	av6c	figs-nominaladj	ἔλαβον γυναῖκες ἐξ ἀναστάσεως τοὺς νεκροὺς αὐτῶν	1		The word **dead** is a nominal adjective. You can state this as a verb. Alternate translation: “Women received back alive those who had died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
-HEB	11	35	ne1u	figs-explicit	ἄλλοι δὲ ἐτυμπανίσθησαν, οὐ προσδεξάμενοι τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν	1	Others were tortured, not accepting release	It is implied that their enemies would have released them from prison under certain conditions. Alternate translation: “but others were tortured rather than denying their faith in order to be released from prison” or “but others were tortured rather than doing what their enemies required of them in order to release them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-HEB	11	35	j37h	figs-activepassive	ἄλλοι δὲ ἐτυμπανίσθησαν, οὐ προσδεξάμενοι τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν	1		If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “but others accepted torture rather than release from prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	11	35	jyw7		κρείττονος ἀναστάσεως	1	a better resurrection	This could mean: (1) these people will experience a **better** life in heaven than what they experienced in this world. (2) these people will have a **better resurrection** than those who did not have faith. Those with faith will live forever with God. Those without faith will live forever separated from God.
-HEB	11	36	e9al	figs-activepassive	ἕτεροι…ἐμπαιγμῶν καὶ μαστίγων πεῖραν ἔλαβον	1	Others had testing in mocking and whippings	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “people mocked and whipped others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	11	36	nx7u	figs-abstractnouns	ἕτεροι…ἐμπαιγμῶν καὶ μαστίγων πεῖραν ἔλαβον, ἔτι δὲ δεσμῶν καὶ φυλακῆς	1	Others had testing in mocking and whippings, and even chains and imprisonment	You can express the abstract nouns **mocking**, **whippings**, and **imprisonment** with verbs. Alternate translation: “God tested others by allowing their enemies to mock and whip them and even put them in chains and imprison them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-HEB	11	37	fg8c	figs-activepassive	ἐλιθάσθησαν, ἐπρίσθησαν, ἐπειράσθησαν, ἐν φόνῳ μαχαίρης ἀπέθανον	1	They were stoned. They were sawn in two. They were killed with the sword	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “People threw stones at others and sawed others in two and killed others with the sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	11	37	r3gx		περιῆλθον	1	went about	Alternate translation: “they went from place to place” or “they lived all the time”
-HEB	11	37	qf89		ἐν μηλωταῖς, ἐν αἰγίοις δέρμασιν	1	in sheepskins and goatskins	Alternate translation: “wearing only the skins of sheep and goats”
-HEB	11	37	x2jf		ὑστερούμενοι	1	destitute	Alternate translation: “having nothing” or “being very poor”
-HEB	11	38	a721	figs-metonymy	οὐκ ἦν ἄξιος ὁ κόσμος	1	The world was not worthy	Here, **the world** refers to the people who lived in the world. Alternate translation: “the people of this world were not worthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-HEB	11	38	j9lp		πλανώμενοι	1	They wandered about	They wandered about because they had no place to live.
-HEB	11	39	l5wd	figs-activepassive	οὗτοι πάντες μαρτυρηθέντες διὰ τῆς πίστεως, οὐκ ἐκομίσαντο τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν	1	Although all these people were approved by God because of their faith, they did not receive the promise	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God honored all these because of their faith, but they did not themselves receive what God had promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	11	39	vgw2	figs-metonymy	τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν	1	the promise	Here, **the promise** stands for “what God had promised them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-HEB	11	40	p9uu	figs-activepassive	ἵνα μὴ χωρὶς ἡμῶν τελειωθῶσιν	1	so that without us, they would not be made perfect	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “in order that God not would perfect them without also perfecting us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	11	40	nkci	figs-doublenegatives	ἵνα μὴ χωρὶς ἡμῶν τελειωθῶσιν	1		You can state the double negative **without … not** in positive form. Alternate translation: “in order that God would perfect both us and them together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
-HEB	12	intro	h1qb			0		# Hebrews 12 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>After telling of the value discipline, the author begins a series of exhortations. (See; [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exhort]])<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 12:5-6, which are words from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Discipline<br><br>God wants his people to do what is right. When they do what is wrong, he needs to correct or punish them. He does this just as earthly fathers correct and punish children whom they love. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/discipline]])
-HEB	12	1	jg6w	figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς…ἡμῖν…τρέχωμεν…ἡμῖν	1		The word **we** and each occurrence of **us** refers to the author and his readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
-HEB	12	1	k8mr			0	Connecting Statement:	Because of this great number of Old Testament believers, the author talks of the life of faith that believers should live with Jesus as their example.
-HEB	12	1	f6u9	figs-metaphor	καὶ ἡμεῖς, τοσοῦτον ἔχοντες περικείμενον ἡμῖν νέφος μαρτύρων	1	we are surrounded by such a large cloud of witnesses	The writer speaks about the Old Testament believers as if they were a **cloud** that surrounded the present-day believers. Alternate translation: “since there are so many examples of faithful people about whom we learn in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	1	hf97		μαρτύρων	1	witnesses	Here, **witnesses** refers to the Old Testament believers in chapter 11 who lived faithful lives previously.
-HEB	12	1	yw1t	figs-metaphor	ὄγκον ἀποθέμενοι πάντα καὶ τὴν εὐπερίστατον ἁμαρτίαν	1	let us lay aside every weight and easily entangling sin	Here, **every weight** and **the easily entangling sin** are spoken of as if a person could take them off himself and put them down. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	1	zln7	figs-metaphor	ὄγκον…πάντα	1	every weight	Attitudes or habits that keep believers from trusting and obeying God are spoken of as if they were loads that would make it difficult for a person to carry while running. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	1	t6wu	figs-metaphor	τὴν εὐπερίστατον ἁμαρτίαν	1	easily entangling sin	Here, **sin** is spoken of as if it were a net or something else that can trip people up and make them fall. Alternate translation: “sin that makes obeying God difficult” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	1	g5dn	figs-metaphor	δι’ ὑπομονῆς, τρέχωμεν τὸν προκείμενον ἡμῖν ἀγῶνα	1	Let us patiently run the race that is placed before us	Following Jesus is spoken of as if it were running a **race**. Alternate translation: “let us continue obeying what God has commanded us, just like a runner keeps going until the race is over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	2	a946		τὸν τῆς πίστεως ἀρχηγὸν καὶ τελειωτὴν	1	the founder and perfecter of the faith	Jesus gives us faith and makes our faith perfect by causing us to reach our goal. Alternate translation: “the creator and finisher of our faith” or “the one who enables us to have faith from beginning to end”
-HEB	12	2	za14	figs-metaphor	ἀντὶ τῆς προκειμένης αὐτῷ χαρᾶς	1	For the joy that was placed before him	The **joy** that Jesus would experience is spoken of as if God the Father had **placed** it **before him** as a goal to reach. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	2	y7me		αἰσχύνης καταφρονήσας	1	despised its shame	This means Jesus hated the **shame** of dying on a cross, even though he allowed that to happen.
-HEB	12	2	vm9b	translate-symaction	ἐν δεξιᾷ τε τοῦ θρόνου τοῦ Θεοῦ κεκάθικεν	1	sat down at the right hand of the throne of God	To sit at the **right hand** of God is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Hebrews 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “and sat down at the place of honor and authority beside the throne of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
-HEB	12	3	fsos	figs-exclusive	μὴ κάμητε, ταῖς ψυχαῖς ὑμῶν ἐκλυόμενοι	1		The words **you** and **your** are plural and here refer to the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
-HEB	12	3	i1xl	figs-metonymy	ταῖς ψυχαῖς ὑμῶν	1	weary in your hearts	Here, **souls** represents a person’s thoughts and emotions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-HEB	12	4	b9b7	figs-personification	οὔπω…ἀντικατέστητε, πρὸς τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ἀνταγωνιζόμενοι	1	You have not yet resisted or struggled against sin	Here, **sin** is spoken of as if it were a person against whom someone fights in a battle. Alternate translation: “You have not yet bled from resisting the attacks of sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
-HEB	12	4	i4ip	figs-metaphor	μέχρις αἵματος	1	to the point of blood	Resisting opposition so much that one dies for it is spoken of as if one reached a certain place where he would die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	4	uwg6	figs-metonymy	αἵματος	1	of blood	Here, **blood** refers to death. Alternate translation: “of death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-HEB	12	5	y6cv	figs-personification	τῆς παρακλήσεως, ἥτις ὑμῖν…διαλέγεται	1	the encouragement that instructs you	Old Testament scripture is spoken of as if it were a person who could exhort others. Alternate translation: “what God has instructed you in the scriptures to exhort you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
-HEB	12	5	e6a9	figs-gendernotations	ὡς υἱοῖς…υἱέ μου	1	as sons … My son	The word translated **sons** and **son** is specifically the word for a male child. In that culture the family line continued through the sons, not normally through the daughters. However, as stated by the UST and some English versions, the author is directing his words to both males and females. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
-HEB	12	5	a7vf		υἱέ μου, μὴ ὀλιγώρει παιδείας Κυρίου, μηδὲ ἐκλύου ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ ἐλεγχόμενος	1	My son … corrected by him	Here the author is quoting from the book of Proverbs in the Old Testament, which was the words of Solomon to his male children.
-HEB	12	5	cxe9	figs-litotes	μὴ ὀλιγώρει παιδείας Κυρίου, μηδὲ ἐκλύου	1	do not think lightly of the Lord’s discipline, nor grow weary	You can state this in positive form. Alternate translation: “take it very seriously when the Lord disciplines you, and remain encouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
-HEB	12	5	i1a6	figs-activepassive	ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ ἐλεγχόμενος	1	you are corrected by him	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “when he corrects you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	12	6	zu3c		πάντα υἱὸν ὃν παραδέχεται	1	every son whom he receives	The word translated **son** is specifically the word for a male child. In that culture the family line continued through the sons, not normally through the daughters. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations)
-HEB	12	7	v1gu	figs-simile	ὡς υἱοῖς ὑμῖν προσφέρεται ὁ Θεός	1	God deals with you as with sons	This compares God disciplining his people to a father disciplining his **sons**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
-HEB	12	7	upgq	figs-ellipsis	ὡς υἱοῖς ὑμῖν προσφέρεται ὁ Θεός	1		You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “God deals with you the same way a father deals with his sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
-HEB	12	7	i3k4	figs-gendernotations	υἱοῖς…υἱὸς	1	sons … son	You can translate **sons** and **son** to include males and females. Alternate translation: “to children … child is there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
-HEB	12	7	jb38	figs-rquestion	τίς γὰρ υἱὸς ὃν οὐ παιδεύει πατήρ?	1	what son is there whom his father does not discipline?	The author makes the point through this question that every good **father** disciplines his children. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “For every good father disciplines his children!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-HEB	12	8	kwc6	figs-abstractnouns	εἰ δὲ χωρίς ἐστε παιδείας, ἧς μέτοχοι γεγόνασι πάντες	1	But if you are without discipline, which all people share in	You can restate the abstract noun **discipline** with the verb “disciplining.” Alternate translation: “So if you have not experienced God disciplining you like he disciplines all his children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-HEB	12	8	s5u9	figs-metaphor	ἄρα νόθοι καὶ οὐχ υἱοί ἐστε	1	then you are illegitimate and not his sons	Those whom God does not discipline are spoken of as if they are **sons** born to a man and a woman who are not married each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	9	r4lb	figs-rquestion	οὐ πολὺ…μᾶλλον ὑποταγησόμεθα τῷ Πατρὶ τῶν πνευμάτων, καὶ ζήσομεν?	1	How much more should we submit to the Father of spirits and live!	The author uses a question to emphasize that we should obey God **the Father**. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “even more so, we should obey the Father of spirits and live!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-HEB	12	9	cl95	figs-idiom	τῷ Πατρὶ τῶν πνευμάτων	1	the Father of spirits	The idiom **Father of spirits** contrasts with **fathers of our flesh** earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “our spiritual Father” or “our Father in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-HEB	12	9	pem8		καὶ ζήσομεν	1	and live	Alternate translation: “so that we will live”
-HEB	12	10	l1a3	figs-metaphor	εἰς τὸ μεταλαβεῖν τῆς ἁγιότητος αὐτοῦ	1	so that we can share in his holiness	This metaphor speaks of **holiness** as if it were an object that can be shared among people. Alternate translation: “so that we may become holy as God is holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	11	g13e	figs-metaphor	καρπὸν εἰρηνικὸν…ἀποδίδωσιν δικαιοσύνης	1	it produces the peaceful fruit of righteousness	Here, **fruit** here is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “it produces the peaceful result of righteousness” or “it produces righteousness, which results in peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	11	xbg8	figs-personification	τοῖς δι’ αὐτῆς γεγυμνασμένοις	1	who have been trained by it	The discipline or correction done by the Lord is spoken of as if it were the Lord himself. Alternate translation: “for those who have been trained by God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
-HEB	12	11	gaor	figs-activepassive	τοῖς δι’ αὐτῆς γεγυμνασμένοις	1		If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “whom God has trained by disciplining them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	12	12	cvp9	figs-metaphor	τὰς παρειμένας χεῖρας, καὶ τὰ παραλελυμένα γόνατα, ἀνορθώσατε	1	strengthen your hands that hang down and your weak knees.	Possibly this continues the metaphor about the race in [Hebrews 12:1](../12/01.md). It is in this way that the author speaks about living as Christians and helping others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	13	yi9n	figs-metaphor	τροχιὰς ὀρθὰς ποιεῖτε τοῖς ποσὶν ὑμῶν	1	Make straight paths for your feet	Possibly this continues the metaphor about the race in [Hebrews 12:1](../12/01.md). It is in this way that the author speaks about living as Christians and helping others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	13	qmq7	figs-metaphor	τροχιὰς ὀρθὰς	1	straight paths	Living so as to honor and please God is spoken of as if it were a **straight** path to follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	13	i19d	figs-metaphor	μὴ τὸ χωλὸν ἐκτραπῇ	1	what is lame will not be sprained	In this metaphor of running a race, **lame** represents another person in the race who is hurt and wants to quit. This, in turn, represent the Christians themselves. Alternate translation: “whoever is weak and wants to quit will not sprain his ankle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	13	euf9	figs-metaphor	μὴ…ἐκτραπῇ	1	will not be sprained	Someone who stops obeying God is spoken of as if he injured his foot or ankle on a path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	13	c8e5	figs-activepassive	μὴ…ἐκτραπῇ	1		If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “will not sprain his ankle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	12	13	wq18	figs-activepassive	ἰαθῇ δὲ μᾶλλον	1	rather be healed	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “but instead become strong” or “but instead God will heal him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	12	14	g22e	figs-metaphor	εἰρήνην διώκετε μετὰ πάντων	1		Here, **peace** is spoken of as if it were something that a person must chase after. Alternate translation: “Seek to be at peace with everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	14	h45r	figs-abstractnouns	εἰρήνην διώκετε μετὰ πάντων	1	Pursue peace with everyone	You can translate the abstract noun **peace** with an adverb. Alternate translation: “Try to live peacefully with everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-HEB	12	14	pa9a	figs-doublenegatives	καὶ τὸν ἁγιασμόν, οὗ χωρὶς οὐδεὶς ὄψεται τὸν Κύριον	1	also the holiness without which no one will see the Lord	You can express the double negative **without … no one** as a positive encouragement. Alternate translation: “also work hard to be holy, because only holy people will see the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
-HEB	12	14	v9z7	figs-ellipsis	καὶ τὸν ἁγιασμόν	1	also the holiness	You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “also pursue the holiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
-HEB	12	15	at8j	figs-doublenegatives	μή τις ὑστερῶν ἀπὸ τῆς χάριτος τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	no one lacks God’s grace	You can state the double negative **no one … lacking** in positive form. Alternate translation: “everyone receives enough of God’s grace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
-HEB	12	15	nh7g	figs-metaphor	μή τις ῥίζα πικρίας ἄνω φύουσα ἐνοχλῇ, καὶ δι’ αὐτῆς μιανθῶσιν πολλοί	1	that no root of bitterness grows up to cause trouble, so that many do not become polluted by it	Hateful or resentful attitudes are spoken of as if they were a plant that is bitter to the taste. Alternate translation: “that no one becomes like a bitter root, which when it grows causes trouble and harms many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	16	b6ef		Ἠσαῦ	1		**Esau**, who was told about in the writings of Moses, was Isaac’s first son and Jacob’s brother.
-HEB	12	17	j6x8	figs-activepassive	ἀπεδοκιμάσθη	1	he was rejected	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “his father, Isaac, refused to bless him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	12	17	d6he	figs-abstractnouns	μετανοίας γὰρ τόπον οὐχ εὗρεν	1	because he found no opportunity for repentance	You can translate the abstract noun **repentance** with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because it was not possible for him to repent” or “because it was not possible for him to change his decision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-HEB	12	17	b7k3		καίπερ μετὰ δακρύων ἐκζητήσας αὐτήν	1	even though he sought it with tears	Here, **he** refers to Esau.
-HEB	12	18	xti4			0	Connecting Statement:	The author gives a contrast between what believers in Moses’ time had while living under the law and what present day believers have after coming to Jesus under the new covenant. He illustrates the experience of the Israelites by describing how God appeared to them at Mount Sinai.
-HEB	12	18	y1ed		οὐ…προσεληλύθατε	1		Here, **you** refers to the Hebrew believers to whom the author wrote.
-HEB	12	18	a43l	figs-explicit	οὐ γὰρ προσεληλύθατε, ψηλαφωμένῳ	1	For you have not come to a mountain that can be touched	You can state the implicit information explicitly. Alternate translation: “For you have not come, as the people of Israel came, to a mountain that can be touched” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-HEB	12	18	w6j6	figs-activepassive	οὐ…ψηλαφωμένῳ	1	that can be touched	This means that believers in Christ have not come to a physical mountain like Mount Sinai that a person can touch. If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “you have not come a mountain that you can touch” or “ you have not come a mountain that you can perceive with your senses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	12	19	x2qk	figs-metonymy	καὶ φωνῇ ῥημάτων, ἧς οἱ ἀκούσαντες παρῃτήσαντο, μὴ προστεθῆναι αὐτοῖς λόγον	1	nor to a voice that speaks words whose hearers begged that not another word be spoken to them	Here, **voice** refers to someone speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-HEB	12	19	a9uh	figs-activepassive	καὶ φωνῇ ῥημάτων, ἧς οἱ ἀκούσαντες παρῃτήσαντο, μὴ προστεθῆναι αὐτοῖς λόγον	1		If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “or where God was speaking in such a way that those who heard him begged him not to speak another word to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	12	20	p7qu	figs-activepassive	τὸ διαστελλόμενον	1	what was commanded	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “what God commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	12	20	x31x	figs-activepassive	λιθοβοληθήσεται	1	it must be stoned	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “you must stone it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	12	22	r9dz	figs-metaphor	Σιὼν Ὄρει	1	Mount Zion	The writer speaks of **Mount Zion**, the location of the Temple in Jerusalem, as if it were heaven itself, the residence of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	22	k1kv		μυριάσιν ἀγγέλων	1	tens of thousands of angels	Alternate translation: “to an uncountable number of angels”
-HEB	12	23	j94e	figs-metaphor	πρωτοτόκων	1	the firstborn	Here, **the firstborn** is plural and speaks of believers in Christ as if they were firstborn sons. This emphasizes their special place and privilege as God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	23	km4a	figs-activepassive	ἀπογεγραμμένων ἐν οὐρανοῖς	1	registered in heaven	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “whose names God has written in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	12	23	i7qb	figs-activepassive	τετελειωμένων	1	who have been made perfect	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “whom God has made perfect” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	12	24	kq1v		διαθήκης νέας μεσίτῃ	1	the mediator of a new covenant	This means **Jesus** caused the **new covenant** between God and humans to exist. See how you translated this phrase in [Hebrews 9:15](../09/15.md).
-HEB	12	24	nz8l	figs-personification	αἵματι ῥαντισμοῦ, κρεῖττον λαλοῦντι παρὰ τὸν Ἂβελ	1	the sprinkled blood that speaks better than Abel’s blood	The **blood** of Jesus and the blood of Abel are spoken of as if they were people calling out. Alternate translation: “to the sprinkled blood of Jesus that says better things than the blood of Abel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
-HEB	12	24	w9jj		τὸν Ἂβελ	1		Abel was the son of the first man and woman, Adam and Eve. Cain, also their son, murdered Abel.
-HEB	12	24	z7uq	figs-metonymy	αἵματι ῥαντισμοῦ	1	blood	Here, **blood** stands for Jesus’ death, as Abel’s blood stands for his death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-HEB	12	25	c9cn			0	Connecting Statement:	Having contrasted the Israelites’ experience at Mount Sinai with the believers’ experience after Christ died, the writer reminds believers that they have the same God who warns them today. This is the fifth main warning given to believers.
-HEB	12	25	pnn5	figs-you	μὴ παραιτήσησθε	1		The word **you** continues to refer to believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
-HEB	12	25	nnk9	figs-doublenegatives	μὴ παραιτήσησθε τὸν λαλοῦντα	1	you do not refuse the one who is speaking	You can state this in positive form. Alternate translation: “you pay attention to the one who is speaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
-HEB	12	25	eltr	figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς	1		The word **we** continues to refer to the writer and the readers who are believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
-HEB	12	25	gkn1	figs-explicit	εἰ…ἐκεῖνοι οὐκ ἐξέφυγον	1	if they did not escape	You can state the implicit information explicitly. Alternate translation: “if the people of Israel did not escape judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-HEB	12	25	fy9u		ἐπὶ γῆς…τὸν χρηματίζοντα	1	the one who warned them on earth	This could refer to: (1) Moses, who warned them here **on earth**. (2) God, who warned them at Mount Sinai.
-HEB	12	25	s5lj	figs-metaphor	ἡμεῖς οἱ τὸν ἀπ’ οὐρανῶν ἀποστρεφόμενοι	1	if we turn away from the one who is warning	Rejecting God is spoken of as if a person were changing direction and **turn away from** him. Alternate translation: “if we reject the one who is warning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-HEB	12	26	rf4e		οὗ ἡ φωνὴ τὴν γῆν ἐσάλευσεν τότε	1	his voice shook the earth	Alternate translation: “when God spoke at that time, the sound of his voice caused the earth to shake”
-HEB	12	26	rspc		ἔτι ἅπαξ ἐγὼ σείσω, οὐ μόνον τὴν γῆν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν οὐρανόν	1		This quotation is from the prophet Haggai in the Old Testament.
-HEB	12	26	i1c8		ἐσάλευσεν…σείσω	1	shook … shake	Translate **shook** and **shake** with words for what an earthquake does when it moves the ground. This refers back to [Hebrews 12:18-21](./18.md) and what happened when the people saw the mountain where Moses received the law from God.
-HEB	12	27	z6ys	figs-abstractnouns	δηλοῖ τῶν σαλευομένων μετάθεσιν	1	mean the removal of those things that can be shaken, that is, of the things	You can translate the abstract noun **removal** with the verbal phrase “take away.” Alternate translation: “to the taking away of the things that can be shaken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-HEB	12	27	dnpi	figs-activepassive	δηλοῖ τῶν σαλευομένων μετάθεσιν, ὡς πεποιημένων	1		If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “means that God will remove the things that he can shake, that is, the things that he created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	12	27	l29r		τῶν σαλευομένων	1	shaken	Translate **shaken** with the word for what an earthquake does when it moves the ground. This refers back to [Hebrews 12:18-21](./18.md) and what happened when the people saw the mountain where Moses received the law from God. See how you translated “shook” and “shake” in [Hebrews 12:26](../12/26.md).
-HEB	12	27	s3xt	figs-activepassive	πεποιημένων	1	that have been created	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “of what God has created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-HEB	12	27	ta84	figs-activepassive	τὰ μὴ σαλευόμενα	1	the things that cannot be shaken	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the things that do not shake” or “the things that cannot shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	11	34	dd8s	translate-unknown	παρεμβολὰς ἔκλιναν ἀλλοτρίων	1	were healed of illnesses	Here, the word **routed** refers to defeating an enemy so powerfully that the enemy turns and runs away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to this kind of defeat. Alternate translation: “and vanquished foreign armies” or “and caused foreign armies to flee” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+HEB	11	35	i3r7	figs-nominaladj	τοὺς νεκροὺς αὐτῶν	1	Women received back their dead by resurrection	The author is using the adjective **dead** as a noun in order to refer to all people who are **dead**. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this one with a noun phrase. The word **their** indicates that these **dead** people belong to the families of the **Women**. Alternate translation: “their dead relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
+HEB	11	35	t9sp	figs-abstractnouns	ἐξ ἀναστάσεως	1	Women received back their dead by resurrection	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **resurrection**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “resurrect.” Alternate translation: “because they were resurrected” or “when God resurrected them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	11	35	av6c	writing-pronouns	ἄλλοι	1		Here, the word **others** does not refer to other **Women**. Rather, it refers to other people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this explicit. Alternate translation: “other Israelites” or “other believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+HEB	11	35	j37h	figs-activepassive	ἄλλοι…ἐτυμπανίσθησαν	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on those who **were tortured** rather than focusing on the people doing the “torturing.” If you must state who did the action, you could use a vague or indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “others accepted torture” or “others were those whom people tortured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	11	35	ne1u	figs-explicit	οὐ προσδεξάμενοι τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν	1	Others were tortured, not accepting release	Here the audience would understand that the “torture” would stop if the people being **tortured** did what the torturer asked. In this case, the author implies that the people are being **tortured** to make them disobey or deny God. To “accept release,” then, would require disobeying or denying God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make what the author implies more explicit. Alternate translation: “refusing to disobey God in order to be released” or “not being willing to be released by denying God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	11	35	sqiz	figs-abstractnouns	οὐ προσδεξάμενοι τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν	1	Others were tortured, not accepting release	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **release**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “release.” Alternate translation: “not asking to be released” or “not trying to be released” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	11	35	sdds	figs-abstractnouns	κρείττονος ἀναστάσεως τύχωσιν	1	a better resurrection	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **resurrection**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “resurrect.” Alternate translation: “they might be resurrected in a better way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	11	35	jyw7	figs-ellipsis	κρείττονος ἀναστάσεως	1	a better resurrection	Here the author does not state what this **resurrection** is **better** than. The phrase **better resurrection** could mean: (1) that this is a final **resurrection** and is thus better than the temporary **resurrection** mentioned at the beginning of the verse. Alternate translation: “resurrection better than a temporary return to life” (2) that **resurrection** is **better** than a temporary **release** from being **tortured**. Alternate translation: “a resurrection better than release” (3) these people will have a **better resurrection** than those who did not have faith. Everyone experiences **resurrection**, but those who trusted God receive a **better** one. Alternate translation: “a resurrection better than what their enemies will obtain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
+HEB	11	36	nx7u	figs-abstractnouns	ἕτεροι…ἐμπαιγμῶν καὶ μαστίγων πεῖραν ἔλαβον, ἔτι δὲ δεσμῶν καὶ φυλακῆς	1	Others had testing in mocking and whippings, and even chains and imprisonment	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas behind **trial**, **mockings**, **whippings**, and **imprisonment**, you could express the ideas by using verbs and verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “others were tested when people mocked and whipped them, and even more when people put them in chains and imprisoned them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	11	36	e9al	figs-idiom	πεῖραν ἔλαβον	1	Others had testing in mocking and whippings	Here, the phrase **received a trial** refers to experiencing some circumstance or event. It could also indicate that the circumstance or event was hard or difficult. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to experiencing or undergoing something difficult. Alternate translation: “had an experience” or “underwent the pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+HEB	11	36	fql3	translate-unknown	μαστίγων	1	Others had testing in mocking and whippings	Here, **whippings** refers to punishment that consisted in one person hitting another person’s back with ropes. The one doing the **whipping** would hit the other person until his or her back was cut open. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to this kind of punishment. Alternate translation: “of floggings” or “of beatings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+HEB	11	36	nauk	grammar-connect-words-phrases	ἔτι δὲ	1	Others had testing in mocking and whippings	Here, the phrase **and even more** indicates that what the author says next are worse or more difficult to bear than the **mockings** and **whippings** he has already mentioned. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that makes this comparison clear. Alternate translation: “and even worse,” or “and more difficult,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
+HEB	11	36	clyd	figs-doublet	δεσμῶν καὶ φυλακῆς	1	Others had testing in mocking and whippings	Here, the words **chains** and **imprisonment** function together to refer to forced confinement. The word **chains** refers to how a person could be restrained by bonds or ropes, while the word **imprisonment** refers to how a person could be locked in a room. If you do not have two words for these categories, you could use a single word or phrase to refer to restraining someone in a specific location. Alternate translation: “of being in jail” or “of being locked up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+HEB	11	36	azzs	figs-metonymy	δεσμῶν	1	Others had testing in mocking and whippings	Here, the word **chains** refers to being “chained.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “of being chained” or “of being tied up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+HEB	11	37	fg8c	figs-activepassive	ἐλιθάσθησαν, ἐπρίσθησαν, ἐπειράσθησαν	1	They were stoned. They were sawn in two. They were killed with the sword	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on those who experience these sufferings rather than focusing on whoever makes them suffer. If you must state who did the action, you could use a vague or indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “People stoned them, people sawed them in two, people tried them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	11	37	zqgb	translate-textvariants	ἐπειράσθησαν	1	They were stoned. They were sawn in two. They were killed with the sword	Many early manuscripts do not include **they were tried** in this list. Consider whether translations that your readers are familiar with include **they were tried**. Otherwise, consider including the phrase as the ULT does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
+HEB	11	37	n5zo	figs-idiom	ἐν φόνῳ μαχαίρης ἀπέθανον	1	They were stoned. They were sawn in two. They were killed with the sword	Here, the phrase **with slaughter of a sword** indicates that **they died** when people killed them with swords. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea more naturally. Alternate translation: “they died violent deaths” or “they died by the sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+HEB	11	37	bl90	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν φόνῳ μαχαίρης	1	They were stoned. They were sawn in two. They were killed with the sword	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **slaughter**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “slaughter” or “kill.” Alternate translation: “when people slaughtered them with swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	11	37	r3gx	figs-go	περιῆλθον	1	went about	Here, the phrase **went about** refers to movement around an area without stopping and staying in one place for a while. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to this kind of movement. Alternate translation: “they went from place to place” or “they traveled around” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
+HEB	11	37	qf89	figs-explicit	ἐν μηλωταῖς, ἐν αἰγίοις δέρμασιν	1	in sheepskins and goatskins	Here, the words **sheepskins** and **goatskins** refer to skins from animals. In the author’s culture, clothing was not made from animal skins but from the fur from the animals. So, people who wore “skins” were not able to get normal clothes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify what wearing **sheepskins** and **goatskins** would mean. Alternate translation: “wearing only the skins from sheep and goats” or “without proper clothing, wearing only sheepskins and goatskins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	11	37	knra	figs-doublet	ἐν μηλωταῖς, ἐν αἰγίοις δέρμασιν	1	in sheepskins and goatskins	Here the author refers to both **sheepskins** and **goatskins** to emphasize that the people he is discussing did not have any other clothing. If you do not have two words for these categories, or if it would be unclear why the author refers to both kinds of skins, you could use a single word or phrase that refers to the skins from animals. Alternate translation: “in skins from animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+HEB	11	37	x2jf	translate-unknown	ὑστερούμενοι	1	destitute	Here, the word **destitute** refers to someone who is very poor, who owns nothing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that identifies someone as extremely poor. Alternate translation: “having nothing” or “being very poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+HEB	11	37	hh76	translate-unknown	κακουχούμενοι	1	destitute	Here, the word **mistreated** refers to when a person is treated badly or cruelly by other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to a person experiencing cruel or nasty behavior from others. Alternate translation: “tormented” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+HEB	11	38	q9hd	figs-infostructure	ὧν οὐκ ἦν ἄξιος ὁ κόσμος, ἐπὶ ἐρημίαις πλανώμενοι, καὶ ὄρεσι, καὶ σπηλαίοις, καὶ ταῖς ὀπαῖς τῆς γῆς.	1	The world was not worthy	The author puts the clause **of which {people} the world was not worthy** here to contrast with how these same **{people}** are “destitute, oppressed, mistreated” (see [11:37](../11/37.md)). If possible, retain this clause where it stands. If keeping the clause here is not possible, you could move it to the end of the verse. Alternate translation: “being caused to wander about in deserts and mountains and caves and the holes in the ground, of which {people} the world was not worthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
+HEB	11	38	a721	figs-metonymy	ἦν…ὁ κόσμος	1	The world was not worthy	Here, the word **world** refers primarily to the people who live in the world and the societies that they make up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to the people and societies of **the world**. Alternate translation: “those who live in this world were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+HEB	11	38	j9lp	figs-activepassive	πλανώμενοι	1	They wandered about	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on those who are **caused to wander** rather than focusing on the people doing the “causing.” If you must state who did the action, you could use a vague or indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “having to wander about” or “people causing them to wander about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	11	38	g7ua	figs-doublet	σπηλαίοις, καὶ ταῖς ὀπαῖς τῆς γῆς	1	They wandered about	Here, the words **caves** and **holes** function together to identify any type of hiding place or shelter **in the ground**. The word **caves** refers to openings in the ground that a person can walk into, while **holes** refers to openings in the ground that person has to climb or drop down into. If you do not have two words for these categories, you could use a single word or phrase to identify any kind of hiding place or shelter **in the ground**. Alternate translation: “cavities in the ground” or “shelters in the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+HEB	11	39	a0x8	writing-pronouns	οὗτοι πάντες	1	Although all these people were approved by God because of their faith, they did not receive the promise	Here, the phrase **all these {people}** refers to everyone who trusted God that the author has mentioned in this chapter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “all these people I have mentioned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+HEB	11	39	rxog	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	μαρτυρηθέντες	1	Although all these people were approved by God because of their faith, they did not receive the promise	Here, the phrase **having been commended** introduces something that contrasts with how they **did not receive the promise**. One would expect those who were **commended** to receive the promise, but the author says the opposite. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a contrast, especially something that is unexpected or contrary to expectations. Alternate translation: “even though they were commended” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
+HEB	11	39	l5wd	figs-activepassive	μαρτυρηθέντες	1	Although all these people were approved by God because of their faith, they did not receive the promise	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on those who are **commended** rather than focusing on the person doing the “commending.” If you must state who did the action, the author implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “whom God commended” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	11	39	uvel	figs-abstractnouns	διὰ τῆς πίστεως	1	Although all these people were approved by God because of their faith, they did not receive the promise	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **faith**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “believe” or “trust.” Alternate translation: “because they believed,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	11	39	vgw2	figs-metonymy	τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν	1	the promise	Here, the word **promise** refers to the contents of the **promise**, or what God has “promised” to give. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that the author is referring to the contents of this **promise**. Alternate translation: “the things from God’s promise” or “the things that God promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+HEB	11	39	zy4b	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν	1	the promise	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **promise**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “promise” or “pledge.” Alternate translation: “what God pledged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	11	40	as77	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	τοῦ Θεοῦ…προβλεψαμένου	1	so that without us, they would not be made perfect	Here, the phrase **God having provided** introduces an idea that contrasts with what the author said in the previous verse ([11:39](../11/39.md)) about how the faithful people did not “receive the promise.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a contrast. Alternate translation: “but God has provided” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
+HEB	11	40	td7x	figs-ellipsis	περὶ ἡμῶν κρεῖττόν τι	1	so that without us, they would not be made perfect	Here, the author states that something is **better**, but he does not specify what it is **better** than. It is clear from the previous verse ([11:39](../11/39.md)) that the author considers receiving what God promised to be **better** than only receiving the promise itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify what the author is comparing **something better** with. Alternate translation: “something better concerning us than the promise that he gave them” or “what he promised to us, which is better than receiving just the promise itself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
+HEB	11	40	p9uu	figs-activepassive	μὴ χωρὶς ἡμῶν τελειωθῶσιν	1	so that without us, they would not be made perfect	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on those who are **made perfect** rather than focusing on the person doing the “perfecting.” If you must state who did the action, the author implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “God would not perfect them without us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	11	40	nkci	figs-doublenegatives	μὴ χωρὶς ἡμῶν τελειωθῶσιν	1		The phrases **without us** and **not be made perfect** together use two negative words to emphasize that **they** and **us** need to be together to **be made perfect**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning with positive words, emphasizing the importance of **they** and **us** together. Alternate translation: “they would be made perfect only with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
+HEB	12	intro	h1qb			0		# Hebrews 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n7. Faith and endurance (10:26–12:29)\n      * Exhortation: Imitate Jesus in rejecting sin and enduring discipline (12:1–17)\n      * Exhortation: Mount Sinai and Mount Zion (12:18–29)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 12:5-6, which are words from the Old Testament.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Discipline\n\nGod wants his people to do what is right. When they do what is wrong, he needs to correct or punish them. He does this just as earthly fathers correct and punish children whom they love. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/discipline]])
+HEB	12	1	k8mr	grammar-connect-logic-result	τοιγαροῦν	1	Connecting Statement:	Here, the phrase **For that very reason** draws an inference or exhortation from all of [11:1–40](../11/01.md), but especially from [11:39–40](../11/39.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that clearly draws and inference or exhortation from a previous section. Alternate translation: “Because of all that” or “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
+HEB	12	1	jg6w	grammar-connect-logic-result	ἔχοντες	1		Here, the word **having** introduces a basis or reason for why we should **run with endurance**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a basis or reason. Alternate translation: “since we have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
+HEB	12	1	f6u9	figs-metaphor	τοσοῦτον…περικείμενον ἡμῖν νέφος μαρτύρων	1	we are surrounded by such a large cloud of witnesses	Here, the author speaks of the **witnesses**, that is, the faithful people the author mentioned in the previous chapter, as if they were a **cloud** that “surrounds” **us**. In the author’s culture, a large crowd of people was often described as a **cloud**, and the fact that it “surrounds” means that the author and audience stand in the middle of the crowd. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “so great a crowd of witnesses around us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+HEB	12	1	hf97		μαρτύρων	1	witnesses	Here, the word **witnesses** could refer to one or both of the following ideas: (1) the **witnesses** could “witness” or watch **us** as we **run** the **race**. Alternate translation: “of spectators” (2) the **witnesses** could “witness” or testify to what it means to have faith and endurance. Alternate translation: “of witnesses to faith”
+HEB	12	1	xshp	figs-imperative	ὄγκον ἀποθέμενοι πάντα καὶ τὴν εὐπερίστατον ἁμαρτίαν…τρέχωμεν	1	witnesses	Here, the phrase beginning with **having laid aside** is part of the author’s exhortation or command to his audience. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make it clearer that this phrase is part of the command. Alternate translation: “let us lay aside every weight and the easily entangling sin, and let us run” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
+HEB	12	1	yw1t	figs-metaphor	ὄγκον ἀποθέμενοι πάντα καὶ τὴν εὐπερίστατον ἁμαρτίαν	1	let us lay aside every weight and easily entangling sin	Here the author speaks of **sin** and other hindrances to the Christian life as if they were **weight** and something that “entangles.” The author pictures the Christian life as a race, and sin and other hindrances make this race hard and difficult, just like extra **weight** and anything that “entangles” makes a race harder for a runner. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea as a simile or use plain language. Alternate translation: “having laid aside sin and distractions like they were extra weight or things that entangle” or “avoiding sin and any other hindrance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+HEB	12	1	k1cr	figs-doublet	ὄγκον…πάντα καὶ τὴν εὐπερίστατον ἁμαρτίαν	1	let us lay aside every weight and easily entangling sin	Here, the words **weight** and **sin** refer to very similar things. It is likely that **weight** refers in general to anything that hinders people from “running the race,” while **sin** is a specific type of **weight**. It is also possible that these two words mean basically the same thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by linking the two words together with a word besides **and**. Alternate translation: “every weight, especially the easily entangling sin” or “every weight, that is, the easily entangling sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+HEB	12	1	g5dn	figs-metaphor	δι’ ὑπομονῆς, τρέχωμεν τὸν προκείμενον ἡμῖν ἀγῶνα	1	Let us patiently run the race that is placed before us	Here, the author speaks of persevering in trusting God and obeying him as if it were a **race** that he and his audience need to **run**. This was a common metaphor in his culture and emphasized the need to have **endurance** despite any obstacles or difficulties. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “let us persist in trusting God, just like a runner keeps running until the race is over” or “let us continue to have faith as we endure whatever happens to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+HEB	12	1	zln7	figs-abstractnouns	δι’ ὑπομονῆς, τρέχωμεν	1	every weight	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **endurance**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “endure” or “persevere.” Alternate translation: “let us endure as we run” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	1	t6wu	figs-idiom	προκείμενον ἡμῖν	1	easily entangling sin	Here, the phrase **placed before us** refers to how a race course **is placed** in front of the runners by whoever set up the course. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that naturally refers to how a race course is set up. Alternate translation: “that is set up in front of us” or “that we must run” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+HEB	12	1	ym6m	figs-activepassive	προκείμενον ἡμῖν	1	easily entangling sin	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on the **race** that is **placed before us** rather than focusing on the person doing the “placing.” If you must state who did the action, the author implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “that God placed before us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	2	ap7m	figs-metaphor	ἀφορῶντες εἰς	1	the founder and perfecter of the faith	Here the author speaks as if the audience could “look away” from any trouble or persecution and toward **Jesus**. He speaks in this way to indicate that he wants his audience to think about and focus on **Jesus** rather than trouble or persecution. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “concentrating instead on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n
+HEB	12	2	a946	figs-possession	τὸν τῆς πίστεως ἀρχηγὸν καὶ τελειωτὴν	1	the founder and perfecter of the faith	Here, the form that the author uses could indicate that: (1) Jesus is **the founder and perfecter** or other people’s **faith**. In other words, he enables them to “begin” and “complete” their **faith**. Alternate translation: “the one who founds and perfects our faith” (2) Jesus was the **founder and perfecter** or his own **faith**. In this case, Jesus is an example of someone who had faith from the beginning to the end, that is, always. Alternate translation: “the one with faith from beginning to end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
+HEB	12	2	cuot	figs-abstractnouns	τῆς πίστεως	1	the founder and perfecter of the faith	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **faith**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “believe” or “trust.” Alternate translation: “believing God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	2	bf0j		ἀντὶ τῆς…χαρᾶς	1	the founder and perfecter of the faith	Here, the phrase **for the joy** could mean that: (1) Jesus **endured a cross** for the sake of the **joy**, that is, because he knew he would have **joy** as a result. Alternate translation: “for the sake of the joy” (2) Jesus **endured a cross** instead of the **joy** that could have been experiencing. Alternate translation: “instead of the joy”
+HEB	12	2	bdk5	figs-abstractnouns	ἀντὶ τῆς προκειμένης αὐτῷ χαρᾶς	1	the founder and perfecter of the faith	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **joy**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “joyful.” Alternate translation: “for how joyful he would eventually be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	2	za14	figs-idiom	προκειμένης αὐτῷ	1	For the joy that was placed before him	Here, the phrase **placed before him** identifies the **joy** as something that he could expect and be about to experience. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that naturally refers to something that is about to happen. See how you translated the similar phrase “placed before us” in [12:1](../12/01.md). Alternate translation: “that he was about to experience” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 
+HEB	12	2	x005	figs-activepassive	προκειμένης αὐτῷ	1	For the joy that was placed before him	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on the **joy** that is **placed before him** rather than focusing on the person doing the “placing.” If you must state who did the action, the author implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “that God placed before him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	2	fyyr	figs-pastforfuture	προκειμένης αὐτῷ	1	For the joy that was placed before him	Here, the phrase **is placed** refers to something that was happening when Jesus **endured the cross**. It does not mean that the **joy** is still **placed before him** now. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a verb tense that naturally refers to the time when Jesus **endured the cross**. Alternate translation: “that was placed before him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
+HEB	12	2	nxwv	figs-metonymy	σταυρὸν	1	For the joy that was placed before him	Here, the word **cross** refers to dying on a **cross**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to death on a **cross**. Alternate translation: “dying on a cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+HEB	12	2	y7me	figs-abstractnouns	αἰσχύνης	1	despised its shame	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **shame**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “shameful” or a verb such as “shame.” Alternate translation: “how it shamed him” or “how shameful it was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	2	vm9b	translate-symaction	ἐν δεξιᾷ…τοῦ θρόνου τοῦ Θεοῦ κεκάθικεν	1	sat down at the right hand of the throne of God	When someone sits **at {the} right hand of the throne of God**, it symbolizes that person’s honor, authority, and ability to rule. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea explicitly. Alternate translation: “he sat down to rule at the right hand of the throne of God” or “he took the place of honor and authority at the right hand of the throne of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
+HEB	12	2	czd5	figs-metonymy	ἐν δεξιᾷ…τοῦ θρόνου	1	sat down at the right hand of the throne of God	Here, **at {the} right hand** refers to the place next to a person’s **right hand**, which would be the “right side.” In the author’s culture, this side was associated with honor or authority. If your readers would misunderstand **at {the} right hand**, you could refer to the “right side.” Make sure that your readers understand that this side indicates that Jesus has honor and authority when he sits there. Alternate translation: “at the right side of the throne” or “in the honorable place on the throne” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+HEB	12	3	aw3u	grammar-connect-words-phrases	γὰρ	1		Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what the author said in the previous two verses ([12:1–2](../12/01.md)) about “looking away to Jesus” and about who Jesus is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
+HEB	12	3	ydbc	writing-pronouns	τὸν	1		Here, the word **one** refers to Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make whom **one** refers to explicit. Alternate translation: “Jesus, the one who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+HEB	12	3	y8ze	figs-explicit	τοιαύτην…ἀντιλογίαν	1		Here, the phrase **such opposition** implies that there was much or great **opposition**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this explicit. Alternate translation: “great opposition” or “much opposition” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	3	d3ir	figs-abstractnouns	τοιαύτην…ὑπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν εἰς ἑαυτοὺς ἀντιλογίαν	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **opposition**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “oppose.” Alternate translation: “how sinners greatly opposed him against themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	3	w93k	figs-explicit	ἁμαρτωλῶν εἰς ἑαυτοὺς	1		Here, the author indicates that the **opposition** that Jesus **endured** was actually **against** the people who opposed Jesus. By including **against themselves**, the author indicates that their **opposition** to Jesus actually hurt themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that **against themselves** means that they hurt or injured themselves. Alternate translation: “sinners, who actually harmed themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	3	wq9m	translate-textvariants	ἑαυτοὺς	1		Here some early manuscripts have “him” or “himself” instead of **themselves**. The best manuscripts have **themselves**, but scholars often argue that “himself” makes more sense here. Consider whether your readers are familiar with a version that uses “himself” here. Otherwise, you could follow the ULT by using **themselves**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
+HEB	12	3	ml2u	figs-metaphor	ἵνα μὴ κάμητε, ταῖς ψυχαῖς ὑμῶν ἐκλυόμενοι	1		Here, the author continues to speak as if the audience are running a race. He wishes them to persevere in trusting God, just like a runner who does not **become weary** or “give up.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “so that you, like a runner, might not become weary in your souls, giving up” or “so that you might not become discouraged in your souls, ceasing to trust God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+HEB	12	3	ihdn	figs-infostructure	μὴ κάμητε, ταῖς ψυχαῖς ὑμῶν ἐκλυόμενοι	1		Here, the phrase **in your souls** could go with: (1) **become weary**. See the ULT. (2) **giving up**. Alternate translation: “you might not become weary, giving up in your souls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
+HEB	12	3	i1xl	figs-synecdoche	ταῖς ψυχαῖς ὑμῶν	1	weary in your hearts	Here, the phrase **your souls** is a way to refer to the audience members while focusing on their inner life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to the inner life of a person, or you could simply refer to the person as a whole. Alternate translation: “in your hearts” or “inside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+HEB	12	3	fsos	grammar-connect-logic-result	ἐκλυόμενοι	1		Here, the phrase **giving up** introduces what the result would be if the audience became **weary** in their **souls**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this relationship more explicit. Alternate translation: “with the result that you give up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
+HEB	12	4	i4ip	figs-explicit	οὔπω…ἀντικατέστητε	1	to the point of blood	Here the author does not state explicitly what they have **resisted**. The rest of the verse implies that it is **sin**, which probably includes both their own sinful deeds and the sinful acts of others that injure the audience. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make what they have **resisted** against clearer. Alternate translation: “You have not yet resisted sin” or “You have not yet resisted sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	4	uwg6	figs-idiom	μέχρις αἵματος	1	of blood	Here, the phrase **to the point of blood** refers to death. In other words, the audience has **not yet** died because they **resisted**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or plain language. Alternate translation: “to the point of death” or “so that you died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+HEB	12	4	vc5d	grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	ἀνταγωνιζόμενοι	1	of blood	Here, the word **struggling** introduces how the audience have **resisted**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this relationship more explicit. Alternate translation: “as you struggle” or “while you are struggling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
+HEB	12	4	b9b7	figs-personification	πρὸς τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ἀνταγωνιζόμενοι	1	You have not yet resisted or struggled against sin	Here the author speaks of **sin** as if it were an opponent that the audience was fighting against. The author speaks in this way to indicate how serious and dangerous resisting **sin** is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or plain language. Alternate translation: “struggling against sin as if it were an enemy” or “striving against sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+HEB	12	5	istg		καὶ ἐκλέλησθε τῆς παρακλήσεως, ἥτις ὑμῖν ὡς υἱοῖς διαλέγεται	1	the encouragement that instructs you	Here the words that the author uses to introduce the quotation could be: (1) a statement of reproach. See the ULT. (2) a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “and have you completely forgotten the exhortation that instructs you as sons?”
+HEB	12	5	y6cv	figs-personification	τῆς παρακλήσεως, ἥτις ὑμῖν…διαλέγεται	1	the encouragement that instructs you	Here the author speaks as if the quotation or **exhortation** were a person that could “instruct” his audience. He speaks in this way to show that the **exhortation** that he quotes should teach them something about what it means to be **sons**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “the exhortation from which you should learn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+HEB	12	5	eqol	figs-abstractnouns	τῆς παρακλήσεως, ἥτις ὑμῖν…διαλέγεται	1	the encouragement that instructs you	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **exhortation**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “exhort.” Alternate translation: “what Scripture exhorts you, which instructs you” or “how you have been exhorted and instructed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	5	b1wh	writing-quotations	τῆς παρακλήσεως, ἥτις ὑμῖν ὡς υἱοῖς διαλέγεται	1	the encouragement that instructs you	Here, the author introduces a quotation that continues through the following verse. He quotes from [Proverbs 3:11–12](../pro/03/11.md), which are words that Solomon wrote to his children. If your readers would not know that the quotation is from the Old Testament, you could include a footnote or use some other form to identify it. Alternate translation: “the exhortation from Scripture that instructs you as sons” or “the exhortation from Proverbs that instructs you as sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
+HEB	12	5	a7vf	figs-quotations	ὡς υἱοῖς…υἱέ μου, μὴ ὀλιγώρει παιδείας Κυρίου, μηδὲ ἐκλύου ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ ἐλεγχόμενος	1	My son … corrected by him	If you do not use this form in your language, you could translate the clauses as indirect quotes instead of as direct quotes. If you do, you will need to translate the clauses in the next verse in the same way. Alternate translation: “as sons not to make light of the discipline of the Lord, as a son, nor to become weary when being reproved by him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
+HEB	12	5	e6a9	figs-gendernotations	ὡς υἱοῖς…υἱέ μου	1	as sons … My son	Although the words **sons** and **son** are masculine, the author is using them to refer to all children, both male and female. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a non-gendered word or refer to both genders. Alternate translation: “as sons and daughters: ‘My child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
+HEB	12	5	d21i	figs-parallelism	μὴ ὀλιγώρει παιδείας Κυρίου, μηδὲ ἐκλύου ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ ἐλεγχόμενος	1	My son … corrected by him	These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both sentences in your translation rather than combining them. However, if the repetition might be confusing, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **nor** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “do not make light of the discipline of the Lord; yes, do not become weary when being reproved by him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
+HEB	12	5	cxe9	figs-yousingular	μὴ ὀλιγώρει…μηδὲ ἐκλύου	1	do not think lightly of the Lord’s discipline, nor grow weary	Since the quotation is addressed to one **son**, the commands in this verse are also addressed to only one person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
+HEB	12	5	se3v	figs-idiom	μὴ ὀλιγώρει παιδείας	1	do not think lightly of the Lord’s discipline, nor grow weary	Here, the phrase **make light of** indicates that a person does not take something seriously or considers it to be unimportant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase. Alternate translation: “take seriously the discipline” or “do not ignore the discipline” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+HEB	12	5	s5d6	figs-abstractnouns	παιδείας Κυρίου	1	do not think lightly of the Lord’s discipline, nor grow weary	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **discipline**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “discipline” or “train.” Alternate translation: “of the Lord disciplining you” or “of it when the Lord disciplines you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	5	ktf9		μηδὲ ἐκλύου	1	do not think lightly of the Lord’s discipline, nor grow weary	See how you translated the same idea in [12:3](../12/03.md), where the ULT translates the same word with the phrase “giving up.”
+HEB	12	5	i1a6	figs-activepassive	ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ ἐλεγχόμενος	1	you are corrected by him	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on the **son**, who is **reproved**, rather than focusing on the **Lord**, who does the “reproving.” Alternate translation: “when God is reproving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	6	cwpc	figs-quotations	ὃν γὰρ ἀγαπᾷ Κύριος, παιδεύει, μαστιγοῖ δὲ πάντα υἱὸν ὃν παραδέχεται.	1	every son whom he receives	If you do not use this form in your language, you could translate the clauses as indirect quotes instead of as direct quotes. If you do, you will need to translate the clauses in the previous verse in the same way. Alternate translation: “For whom the Lord loves, he disciplines, and he whips every son whom he welcomes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
+HEB	12	6	sap0	figs-parallelism	ὃν…ἀγαπᾷ Κύριος, παιδεύει, μαστιγοῖ δὲ πάντα υἱὸν ὃν παραδέχεται	1	every son whom he receives	These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both sentences in your translation rather than combining them. However, if the repetition might be confusing, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “whom {the} Lord loves, he disciplines; yes, he whips every son whom he welcomes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
+HEB	12	6	yiyw	figs-metaphor	μαστιγοῖ	1	every son whom he receives	Here the author of the quotation speaks as if the **Lord** “whipped” or flogged his “sons.” He speaks in this way because “whipping” was a common form of punishment and training in his culture. He means that God acts in ways that cause his “sons” pain, but he does this to train and discipline them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “he is like a father who whips” or “he painfully disciplines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+HEB	12	6	zu3c	figs-gendernotations	υἱὸν	1	every son whom he receives	Although the word **son** is masculine, the author is using it to refer to any child, either male or female. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a non-gendered word or refer to both genders. Alternate translation: “son and daughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
+HEB	12	6	vvrb	figs-metaphor	παραδέχεται	1	every son whom he receives	Here the author speaks of God acknowledging or claiming someone as a **son** as if God were “welcoming” the **son** into his house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or plain language. Alternate translation: “he acknowledges” or “he approves of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+HEB	12	7	j6a5	figs-explicit	ὑπομένετε	1	God deals with you as with sons	Here the context makes it clear that the audience should **Endure** any suffering or persecution they might experience. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this implication explicit. Alternate translation: “Endure suffering” or “Endure trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	7	iq4n		εἰς παιδείαν	1	God deals with you as with sons	Here, the phrase **for discipline** could indicate: (1) the purpose for which the audience should **Endure**. Alternate translation: “so that you are disciplined” or “for the sake of discipline” (2) how they should understand the sufferings that they **Endure**. Alternate translation: “suffering as discipline” or “suffering, since it is discipline”
+HEB	12	7	v1gu	figs-abstractnouns	εἰς παιδείαν	1	God deals with you as with sons	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **discipline**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “discipline” or “train.” Alternate translation: “so that you are disciplined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	7	upgq	figs-explicit	ὡς υἱοῖς ὑμῖν προσφέρεται ὁ Θεός	1		Here the author is not stating that God is treating them “as if” they were sons, although they are really not. Rather, he means that God is treating them **as** what they are: **sons**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make it clearer that the audience really are **sons**. Alternate translation: “God is treating you as the sons that you are” or “God is treating you like this since you are sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	7	i3k4	figs-gendernotations	υἱοῖς…υἱὸς ὃν οὐ παιδεύει πατήρ	1	sons … son	Although the words **sons**, **son**, and **father** are masculine, the author of the quotation is using them to refer to any children and parents, whether male or female. He uses the masculine forms because **discipline** was most commonly given by fathers to sons in his culture. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use non-gendered words or refer to both genders. Alternate translation: “sons and daughters … son or daughter is there whom his or her parents do not discipline” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
+HEB	12	7	k09m	grammar-connect-words-phrases	γὰρ	1	sons … son	Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of how “enduring” suffering means that **God is treating** the audience **as sons**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
+HEB	12	7	jb38	figs-rquestion	τίς…υἱὸς ὃν οὐ παιδεύει πατήρ?	1	what son is there whom his father does not discipline?	The author is using the question form to remind his readers of something he thinks they already know. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate the question with a strong negative or positive statement. Alternate translation: “there is no son whom his father does not discipline!” or “every son is disciplined by his father!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+HEB	12	8	fdu3	grammar-connect-words-phrases	δὲ	1	But if you are without discipline, which all people share in	Here, the word **But** introduces a further development in the author’s argument. It does not introduce a contrast with what the author just said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next part of an argument, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
+HEB	12	8	xlp3	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	εἰ…χωρίς ἐστε παιδείας…ἄρα…ἐστε	1	But if you are without discipline, which all people share in	Here the author uses the conditional form to show that being **without discipline** means that they are **illegitimate and not {his} sons**. If the conditional form does not indicate a cause and effect relationship like this in your language, you could express the **if** statement in a way that does show the relationship. Alternate translation: “were you without discipline … then you would be” or “if ever you were without discipline … then you would be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
+HEB	12	8	kwc6	figs-abstractnouns	χωρίς ἐστε παιδείας, ἧς μέτοχοι γεγόνασι πάντες	1	But if you are without discipline, which all people share in	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **discipline**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “discipline” or “train.” Alternate translation: “if you are not disciplined, which all men have participated in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	8	kdgp	figs-gendernotations	πάντες…υἱοί	1	But if you are without discipline, which all people share in	Although the words **{men}** and **sons** are masculine, the author is using them to refer to all people, both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use non-gendered words or refer to both genders. Alternate translation: “all people … his sons and daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
+HEB	12	8	gks9	figs-idiom	ἧς μέτοχοι γεγόνασι πάντες	1	But if you are without discipline, which all people share in	Here, to be **partakers** in something means to experience that thing. Here, the phrase means that **all {men}** have experienced **discipline**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in a more natural way. Alternate translation: “in which all men have shared” or “which all men have experienced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+HEB	12	8	suc5	figs-doublet	νόθοι καὶ οὐχ υἱοί	1	But if you are without discipline, which all people share in	Here, the words **illegitimate** and **not {his} sons** function together to identify children who do not have the status of **sons**. In the author’s culture, an **illegitimate** child had one parent who was not fully recognized as a spouse. For example, the woman might not be married to the man, or one of the parents might not be a citizen of the city or country, or one parent might be a slave or concubine. In each of these cases, the child would not receive the full status of “son” and would thus be **illegitimate**. If you do not have two words for these categories, you could use a single word or phrase to identify a child who does not have full status or honor. Alternate translation: “illegitimate sons” or “not true sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+HEB	12	9	r3qx	grammar-connect-words-phrases	εἶτα…μὲν…δὲ	1	How much more should we submit to the Father of spirits and live!	Here, the word **Furthermore** indicates that the author is about to make another argument for why the audience should accept God’s discipline. The phrase **on the one hand** indicates that this argument is in two parts. The second part begins with the phrase **on the other hand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words and phrases that clearly introduce a further argument that is in two parts. Alternate translation: “In addition, at one time … but now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
+HEB	12	9	s980	figs-idiom	τοὺς…τῆς σαρκὸς ἡμῶν πατέρας	1	How much more should we submit to the Father of spirits and live!	Here, the phrase **fathers of our flesh** identifies the **fathers** as those who raised the author and audience when they were children. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to these kinds of **fathers** in contrast to God as a Father. Alternate translation: “our earthly fathers” or “our fathers on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+HEB	12	9	r4lb	figs-rquestion	οὐ πολὺ…μᾶλλον ὑποταγησόμεθα τῷ Πατρὶ τῶν πνευμάτων, καὶ ζήσομεν?	1	How much more should we submit to the Father of spirits and live!	The author is using the question form to encourage the audience to agree with him. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate the question as an exhortation or exclamation. Alternate translation: “we should much more be subjected to the Father of the spirits and live.” or “we will much more be subjected to the Father of the spirits and live!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+HEB	12	9	kng2	figs-activepassive	οὐ πολὺ…μᾶλλον ὑποταγησόμεθα	1	How much more should we submit to the Father of spirits and live!	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the author implies that “we” subject ourselves. Alternate translation: “will we not much more subject ourselves” or “will we not much more submit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	9	cl95	figs-possession	τῷ Πατρὶ τῶν πνευμάτων	1	the Father of spirits	Here the author uses the possessive form to indicate that God is **Father** in connection with **the spirits**, probably the **spirits** of the author and audience. The author uses this construction to contrast God as **Father** with the **fathers of our flesh**. So, God is a **Father** in relation to our **spirits**, while humans are **fathers** in relation to our **flesh**. If possible, use a construction that is similar to how you translated **fathers of our flesh**. Alternate translation: “to the heavenly Father” or “to the Father in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
+HEB	12	9	xk8n		τῶν πνευμάτων	1	the Father of spirits	Here, the phrase **the spirits** could refer to: (1) the **spirits** of the author and audience, in contrast to their **flesh**. Alternate translation: “of our spirits” (2) all **spirits**, including human **spirits** and angels, who are **spirits** (see [1:7](../01/07.md)). Alternate translation: “of all spirits”
+HEB	12	9	pem8	grammar-connect-logic-result	καὶ ζήσομεν	1	and live	Here, the word **and** introduces the result of being **subjected to the Father of the spirits**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a result. Alternate translation: “so that we will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
+HEB	12	9	vize	figs-explicit	ζήσομεν	1	and live	Here, the word **live** refers to receiving eternal life from God, not just to staying alive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “receive everlasting life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	10	qpwr	grammar-connect-words-phrases	μὲν γὰρ…δὲ	1	so that we can share in his holiness	Here, the word **For** indicates that the author is about to explain further the contrast between how earthly fathers train people and how God trains people. The word **indeed** indicates that this argument is in two parts. The second part begins with the word **but**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words and phrases that clearly introduce an explanation that is in two parts. Alternate translation: “Even more, on the one hand … but on the other hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
+HEB	12	10	a1ts	figs-idiom	πρὸς ὀλίγας ἡμέρας	1	so that we can share in his holiness	Here, the phrase **for a few days** refers to a brief period of time, specifically the time in which a person is a child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that refers to a short period of time. Alternate translation: “during our childhood” or “for a few years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+HEB	12	10	k87r	figs-idiom	κατὰ τὸ δοκοῦν αὐτοῖς	1	so that we can share in his holiness	Here, the phrase **according to {what} seems {best} to them** indicates that parents “discipline” in whatever way they think is proper or fitting. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that refers to a person doing what they think is right or proper. Alternate translation: “as they thought best” or “in whatever ways they chose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+HEB	12	10	bdqj	figs-pastforfuture	τὸ δοκοῦν	1	so that we can share in his holiness	Here, the author uses the present tense to refer to what “seemed” best during the time when the parents **were disciplining {us}**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use whatever tense is most appropriate for this time. Alternate translation: “what seemed best” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
+HEB	12	10	hq8j	figs-ellipsis	ὁ…ἐπὶ τὸ συμφέρον	1	so that we can share in his holiness	The second half of this verse leaves out some words that many languages might need to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the first half of the verse. Alternate translation: “he disciplines us to benefit us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
+HEB	12	10	r2ci	figs-explicit	μεταλαβεῖν τῆς ἁγιότητος αὐτοῦ	1	so that we can share in his holiness	Here, to **share** God’s **holiness** means to be like God in being “holy,” that is, set apart and free from sin. It does not mean that we take some **holiness** from God, who would now be less holy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make it clearer that we are holy like God is, not that we take God’s **holiness** away. Alternate translation: “so that we might participate in the holiness that God has” or “so that we might have the kind of holiness that God has” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	10	l1a3	figs-abstractnouns	τῆς ἁγιότητος αὐτοῦ	1	so that we can share in his holiness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **holiness**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “holy.” Alternate translation: “how he is holy” or “the way that he is holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	11	ecx4	grammar-connect-words-phrases	δὲ	1	it produces the peaceful fruit of righteousness	Here, the word **Now** introduces a further development in the author’s argument. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word that introduces development or leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Further,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
+HEB	12	11	y7v6	figs-abstractnouns	πᾶσα…παιδεία πρὸς μὲν τὸ παρὸν, οὐ δοκεῖ χαρᾶς εἶναι, ἀλλὰ λύπης	1	it produces the peaceful fruit of righteousness	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas behind **discipline**, **joy**, and **pain**, you could express the ideas by using a verb such as “discipline” and adjectives such as “joyful” and “painful.” Alternate translation: “being disciplined does not seem like a joyful thing at the present, but a painful thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	11	kjt6	figs-idiom	πρὸς…τὸ παρὸν	1	it produces the peaceful fruit of righteousness	Here, the phrase **at the present** refers to time during which the **discipline** happens. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that refers to that period of time. Alternate translation: “at the moment” or “while it is experienced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+HEB	12	11	jmzj	writing-pronouns	αὐτῆς…ἀποδίδωσιν	1	it produces the peaceful fruit of righteousness	In both places, the word **it** refers back to **discipline**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify to what **it** refers. Alternate translation: “the discipline produces … this discipline” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+HEB	12	11	g13e	figs-metaphor	καρπὸν εἰρηνικὸν…ἀποδίδωσιν δικαιοσύνης	1	it produces the peaceful fruit of righteousness	Here, the author speaks of the result or outcome of discipline as if it were **fruit** that the discipline **produces**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “it leads to the peaceful result of righteousness” or “it brings about a peaceful outcome of righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+HEB	12	11	xt2w	figs-possession	καρπὸν εἰρηνικὸν…δικαιοσύνης	1	it produces the peaceful fruit of righteousness	Here the author uses the possessive form to identify **peaceful fruit** that could: (1) be **righteousness**. In this case, the **fruit** is **peaceful** because the result of the discipline is **peaceful** instead of being painful. Alternate translation: “peaceful fruit that is righteousness” (2) be **righteousness** as well as “peace.” In this case, both **peaceful** and **righteousness** describe what the **fruit** is. Alternate translation: “the fruit that is peace and righteousness” (3) have its source in **righteousness**. Alternate translation: “the peaceful fruit that comes from righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
+HEB	12	11	l9g3	figs-abstractnouns	δικαιοσύνης	1	it produces the peaceful fruit of righteousness	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **righteousness**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “just” or “righteous.” Alternate translation: “of righteous living” or “of acting justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	11	xbg8	figs-metaphor	τοῖς δι’ αὐτῆς γεγυμνασμένοις	1	who have been trained by it	Here, the phrase **having been trained** refers to how athletes physically “train” themselves for competition. The author uses this language to indicate that the “training” is difficult but produces results. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or express the idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “for the ones having been instructed through it” or “for the ones who learned from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+HEB	12	11	gaor	figs-activepassive	τοῖς δι’ αὐτῆς γεγυμνασμένοις	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on those who are **trained** rather than focusing on the person doing the “training.” If you must state who did the action, the author implies that “God” did it by using **it**, that is, the **discipline**. Alternate translation: “for the ones whom God has trained by it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	12	bpdp			0	strengthen your hands that hang down and your weak knees.	In this verse, the author uses language that is very similar to [Isaiah 35:3](../isa/35/03.md). He does not seem to be quoting from Isaiah, but the language is similar enough that you may want to include a footnote that indicates the similarity. 
+HEB	12	12	cvp9	figs-metaphor	τὰς παρειμένας χεῖρας, καὶ τὰ παραλελυμένα γόνατα, ἀνορθώσατε	1	strengthen your hands that hang down and your weak knees.	Here the author encourages the audience as if they were tired athletes. He speaks in this way to urge them to strengthen themselves and continue to persevere in trusting God. If possible, use words and phrases that would be used to encourage a tired athlete. If you must express the idea in another way, you could use a simile or express the idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “tighten your grip and pick up your knees” or “strengthen yourselves like athletes strengthen their hands and knees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+HEB	12	12	mbgx	translate-unknown	ἀνορθώσατε	1	strengthen your hands that hang down and your weak knees.	Here, the phrase **make straight** is a command to return something to the way it was before. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that clearly expresses this idea. Alternate translation: “restore” or “renew strength in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+HEB	12	12	t3rh	translate-unknown	τὰς παρειμένας χεῖρας	1	strengthen your hands that hang down and your weak knees.	Here, the phrase **drooping hands** refers to how people’s hands “droop” to their sides when they are tired or to how fingers “droop” when people are too tired to grip anything. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that refers to what happens to **hands** when a person is tired. Alternate translation: “the slack hands” or “the unclenched hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+HEB	12	12	kz4m	translate-unknown	τὰ παραλελυμένα γόνατα	1	strengthen your hands that hang down and your weak knees.	Here, the word **paralyzed** could refer specifically to a physical condition where one cannot move one’s **knees**, or it could refer more generally to how someone’s **knees** are tired and weak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that describes **knees** that are tired or weak. Alternate translation: “the weak knees” or “the knees that are exhausted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+HEB	12	12	r9bq	figs-activepassive	τὰ παραλελυμένα γόνατα	1	strengthen your hands that hang down and your weak knees.	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, you could use a phrase that simply describes the **knees**. Alternate translation: “the paralyzed knees” or “the knees that do not move” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	13	nbo6		τροχιὰς ὀρθὰς ποιεῖτε τοῖς ποσὶν ὑμῶν	1	Make straight paths for your feet	These words are very similar to the first half of [Proverbs 4:26](../pro/04/26.md). The author does not seem to be quoting directly from Proverbs, but the language is similar enough that you may want to include a footnote that indicates the similarity.
+HEB	12	13	yi9n	figs-metaphor	τροχιὰς ὀρθὰς ποιεῖτε τοῖς ποσὶν ὑμῶν	1	Make straight paths for your feet	Here the author speaks as if his audience were runners who needed to **make straight paths** for their **feet** to run on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by using a simile or plain language. The author could be referring to how **straight paths** are: (1) the quickest and best way to reach a destination. In this case, he wants the audience to direct all their attention to trusting and obeying God, which is the quickest and best way to receive what God has promised. Alternate translation: “direct your attention to following God” (2) the correct **paths**. In this case, the author is encouraging his audience to do what is right. Alternate translation: “do what is just and right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+HEB	12	13	jv3l	figs-metonymy	τοῖς ποσὶν ὑμῶν	1	Make straight paths for your feet	Here, the word **feet** refers to what one does with **feet**, which is running or walking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer directly to running or walking here. Alternate translation: “to walk on” or “for you to run on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+HEB	12	13	i19d	figs-metaphor	μὴ τὸ χωλὸν ἐκτραπῇ	1	what is lame will not be sprained	Here the author speaks of those who are not confidently trusting and obeying God as if they were **lame**. These people are in danger of ceasing to believe at all, which the author refers to as if it were a joint being **dislocated**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by using a simile or plain language.  Alternate translation: “the weak in faith might not be lost” or “those who are struggling might not give up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+HEB	12	13	qmq7	translate-unknown	τὸ χωλὸν	1	straight paths	Here, the word **lame** describes a body part, especially a leg or foot, that does not function as it should. Someone who has a **lame** leg or foot usually limps and cannot walk or run well. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to legs or feet that do not work properly. Alternate translation: “the limping” or “the injured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+HEB	12	13	yytx	figs-nominaladj	τὸ χωλὸν	1	straight paths	The author is using the adjective **lame** as a noun in order to refer to any body part that is **lame**, and by extension, any person with a **lame** body part. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this one with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the lame body parts” or “the people who are lame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
+HEB	12	13	euf9	translate-unknown	μὴ…ἐκτραπῇ	1	will not be sprained	Here, the word **dislocated** refers to how a joint can become disconnected or improperly connected. When this happens, the arm or leg hangs loosely and does not work as it should. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to a disconnected joint. Alternate translation: “might not be put out of joint” or “might not be disconnected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+HEB	12	13	c8e5	figs-activepassive	μὴ τὸ χωλὸν ἐκτραπῇ	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on **the lame** that is **dislocated** rather than focusing on whatever does the “dislocating.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could rephrase the clause so that it is active in form. Alternate translation: “nothing would dislocate the lame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	13	wq18	figs-activepassive	ἰαθῇ δὲ μᾶλλον	1	rather be healed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on those who are **healed** rather than focusing on whatever does the “healing.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could rephrase the clause so that it is active in form. Alternate translation: “but rather might become well” or “but rather might heal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	14	g22e	figs-metaphor	διώκετε	1		Here the author speaks as if he wants the audience to run after and try to capture **peace** and **sanctification**. He speaks in this way because he wants them to act for **peace** and **sanctification** as persistently as someone who “pursues” someone or something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this figure of speech with a comparable metaphor or plain language. Alternate translation: “Consistently act in” or “Seek after” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+HEB	12	14	h45r	figs-abstractnouns	εἰρήνην…μετὰ πάντων, καὶ τὸν ἁγιασμόν	1	Pursue peace with everyone	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas behind **peace** and **sanctify**, you could express the ideas by using adjectives such as “peaceful” and “holy.” Alternate translation: “peaceful ways of living with all men, and the holy way of living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	14	p3df		μετὰ πάντων	1	Pursue peace with everyone	Here, the phrase **with all {men}** could describe: (1) whom the audience should be at **peace** with. Alternate translation: “in your relationships with all men” (2) who else “pursues peace.” Alternate translation: “along with all men”
+HEB	12	14	kmfz	figs-explicit	πάντων	1	Pursue peace with everyone	Here, the phrase **all {men}** could refer to: (1) all people, both believers and unbelievers. Alternate translation: “all humans” (2) all believers. Alternate translation: “all fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	14	i5fm	figs-gendernotations	πάντων	1	Pursue peace with everyone	Although the phrase **all {men}** is masculine, the author is using it to refer to all people, both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a non-gendered word or refer to both genders. Alternate translation: “all people” or “all men and women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
+HEB	12	14	pa9a	figs-doublenegatives	οὗ χωρὶς οὐδεὶς ὄψεται	1	also the holiness without which no one will see the Lord	The phrases **without which** and **no one will see** use two negative words to emphasize that **sanctification** is required for anyone to **see the Lord**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning with positive words, emphasizing the importance of **sanctification**. Alternate translation: “which is the only way that anyone will see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])\n
+HEB	12	14	v9z7	figs-explicit	οὐδεὶς ὄψεται τὸν Κύριον	1	also the holiness	Here, the phrase **see the Lord** refers to being in the Lord’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that refers to entering the Lord’s presence. Alternate translation: “no one will enter the Lord’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	15	hflm	translate-unknown	ἐπισκοποῦντες	1	no one lacks God’s grace	Here, the phrase **carefully watching** refers to looking for something specific in other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to closely observing or examining other people. Alternate translation: “closely observing that” or “watching out that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+HEB	12	15	at8j	figs-idiom	ὑστερῶν ἀπὸ	1	no one lacks God’s grace	Here, the phrase **falling short from** refers to lacking something or failing to get something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to failing to attain something or not having something. Alternate translation: “is lacking” or “fails to receive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+HEB	12	15	frq4	figs-abstractnouns	τῆς χάριτος τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	no one lacks God’s grace	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **grace**, you could express the idea by using an adverb such as “kindly” or “graciously.” Alternate translation: “what God graciously does” or “how God acts kindly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	15	nh7g	figs-metaphor	μή τις ῥίζα πικρίας ἄνω φύουσα ἐνοχλῇ	1	that no root of bitterness grows up to cause trouble, so that many do not become polluted by it	Here the author speaks of “bitter” or resentful thinking and behavior as if it were a **root** that could “grow up” and produce something, in this case **trouble**. The author speaks of **bitterness** as a plant in order to show how even a little **bitterness** can lead to much **trouble**, just like a small **root** grows into a large plant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or plain language. Alternate translation: “not any bitterness is, like a root, growing up to cause trouble” or “not any little bitterness is spreading to cause trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+HEB	12	15	ibi0		μή τις ῥίζα πικρίας ἄνω φύουσα	1	that no root of bitterness grows up to cause trouble, so that many do not become polluted by it	These words are very similar to the second half of [Deuteronomy 29:17](../deu/29/17.md). The author does not seem to be quoting directly from Deuteronomy, but the language is similar enough that you may want to include a footnote that indicates the similarity.
+HEB	12	15	qwbm	figs-possession	ῥίζα πικρίας	1	that no root of bitterness grows up to cause trouble, so that many do not become polluted by it	Here, the author uses the possessive form to describe: (1) a **root** that is “bitter.” Alternate translation: “bitter root” or “root, that is, bitterness,” (2) a **root** that produces things that are “bitter.” Alternate translation: “root that produces bitter things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
+HEB	12	15	ibs6	figs-abstractnouns	ἐνοχλῇ	1	that no root of bitterness grows up to cause trouble, so that many do not become polluted by it	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **trouble**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “trouble” or “annoy.” Alternate translation: “to trouble people” or “to annoy people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	15	ha2b	figs-activepassive	δι’ αὐτῆς μιανθῶσιν πολλοί	1	that no root of bitterness grows up to cause trouble, so that many do not become polluted by it	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “this might defile many” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	15	ir4w	writing-pronouns	αὐτῆς	1	that no root of bitterness grows up to cause trouble, so that many do not become polluted by it	Here, the word **this** refers to the **root of bitterness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make whom **this** refers to explicit. Alternate translation: “this root” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+HEB	12	15	wp42	figs-explicit	μιανθῶσιν	1	that no root of bitterness grows up to cause trouble, so that many do not become polluted by it	Here, the phrase **become defiled** refers to being directly affected by something bad or nasty. In this case, the author’s point is that being exposed to the **root of bitterness** might affect **many** believers so that they also become “bitter.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea more explicitly. Alternate translation: “might be affected” or “might also become bitter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	16	b6ef	translate-names	Ἠσαῦ	1		The word **Esau** is the name of a man. He was the oldest son of Isaac and the grandson of Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
+HEB	12	16	cxn4		ὃς ἀντὶ βρώσεως μιᾶς, ἀπέδετο τὰ πρωτοτόκια ἑαυτοῦ	1		Here the author refers to a story about a man named **Esau**, who was the oldest son of Isaac. One day, Esau was very hungry. He saw his younger brother Jacob making food, and to get some of that food, he gave his **birthright** as the firstborn son to his younger brother. You can read this story in [Genesis 25:29–34](../gen/25/29.md). You might want to include this information in a footnote.
+HEB	12	16	fbiw	figs-abstractnouns	τὰ πρωτοτόκια ἑαυτοῦ	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **birthright**, you could express the idea in another natural way. Alternate translation: “what he was going to receive as the firstborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	17	fot6			0	he was rejected	Here the author refers to a story about what happened to Esau after he sold his birthright. When Esau’s father Isaac was about to die, he wanted to give Esau a blessing. However, Esau’s brother Jacob tricked his father Isaac and took the blessing for himself. When Esau found out, he wept and asked his father to bless him. However, his father had already given the blessing to Jacob. You can read this story in [Genesis 27:1–41](../gen/27/01.md). You might want to include this information in a footnote.
+HEB	12	17	lxc8	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1	he was rejected	Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why the audience should avoid being like Esau and stay away from those who are like Esau. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “Do not be like that, because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
+HEB	12	17	jlb9	figs-abstractnouns	κληρονομῆσαι τὴν εὐλογίαν	1	he was rejected	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **blessing**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “bless.” Alternate translation: “to be blessed by his father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	17	j6x8	figs-activepassive	ἀπεδοκιμάσθη	1	he was rejected	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on Esau, who **was rejected**, rather than focusing on the person doing the “rejecting.” If you must state who did the action, the author could imply that: (1) Esau’s father Isaac did it. Alternate translation: “Isaac his father rejected him” (2) God did it. Alternate translation: “God rejected him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	17	q447	figs-idiom	μετανοίας…τόπον οὐχ εὗρεν	1	he was rejected	Here, the clause **he found no place {for} repentance** was a common way in the author’s culture to refer to the opportunity or ability to “repent”. More specifically, the author could be referring to: (1) a chance to change a situation or decision. Alternate translation: “he had no opportunity to change his actions” (2) the ability to feel remorse or sorrow for what he had done. Alternate translation: “he could not feel remorse” or “he could not regret what he had done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+HEB	12	17	d6he	figs-abstractnouns	μετανοίας	1	because he found no opportunity for repentance	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **repentance**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “repent.” The person who does the **repentance** could be (1) Esau. Alternate translation: “to repent” or “to reverse his actions” (2) Isaac, Esau’s father. Alternate translation: “to change his father’s mind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
+HEB	12	17	uq4m	writing-pronouns	αὐτήν	1	because he found no opportunity for repentance	Here, the word **it** could refer to: (1) **repentance**. Alternate translation: “repentance” or “to reverse his actions” (2) **the blessing**. Alternate translation: “the blessing” or “to be blessed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+HEB	12	17	b7k3	figs-metonymy	μετὰ δακρύων	1	even though he sought it with tears	Here, the word **tears** refers to the action of crying or weeping. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to the action of creating the **tears**. Alternate translation: “with weeping” as “while he cried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+HEB	12	18	xti4			0	Connecting Statement:	In [12:18–21](../12/18.md), the author refers to what happened when the Israelites left Egypt and arrived a mountain named **Sinai**. God came down to this mountain to create a covenant with the Israelites, and Moses met him on the mountain and received God’s commands and promises. When God came to the mountain, there were loud sounds, fire, and dark clouds, and God commanded that nobody should go up the mountain except for Moses and Aaron. The Israelites were afraid and asked Moses to speak to God for them. You can read about this story in [Exodus 19:9–20:21](../exo/19/09.md) and [Deuteronomy 4:9–5:31](../deu/04/09.md). You might want to include this information in a footnote.
+HEB	12	18	wjh3	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1	For you have not come to a mountain that can be touched	Here, the word **For** introduces a further reason (which is found in [12:18–24](../12/18.md)) for why the audience should do what the author has encouraged them to do in [12:14–17](../12/14.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason for exhortations or commands, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “You should do all those things, because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
+HEB	12	18	a43l	figs-explicit	οὐ…προσεληλύθατε, ψηλαφωμένῳ	1	For you have not come to a mountain that can be touched	Here the author assumes that his audience knows that **{what} can be touched** is the mountain named Sinai that the Israelites did **come to** after they left the land of Egypt. If your readers would not make these inferences, you could make the ideas more explicit. Alternate translation: “you have not come, as the Israelites did, to a mountain that can be touched” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	18	y1ed	figs-go	οὐ…προσεληλύθατε	1		Here, the phrase **come to** refers to getting close to something but not necessarily being right next to it. The author is contrasting the audience, who did not **come to** Mount Sinai, with the Israelites, who did **come to** Mount Sinai. God did not allow them to go up on the mountain, so **come to** means that they drew near to the mountain but did not climb on it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to being in something’s presence or near to it. Alternate translation: “you have not drawn near to” or “you have not come into the presence of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
+HEB	12	18	w6j6	figs-activepassive	ψηλαφωμένῳ	1	that can be touched	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to emphasize that the mountain is something that people can “touch.” If you must state who did the action, you could use a vague or indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “what humans can touch” or “what is touchable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	18	aspl	translate-unknown	ψηλαφωμένῳ	1	that can be touched	Here, the phrase **{what} can be touched** describes something that one can experience with the sense of “touch.” In other words, a person can feel this thing with their hands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that describes something that a person can feel using the sense of touch. Alternate translation: “what can be held” or “what can be handled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+HEB	12	18	g8qe	figs-infostructure	καὶ κεκαυμένῳ πυρὶ	1	that can be touched	Here, the word **blazing** could: (1) modify **fire**. Alternate translation: “and to a fire that blazes” (2) be parallel with **{what} can be touched**. Alternate translation: “and is burning, to fire” or “and is blazing with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
+HEB	12	18	vprn	figs-doublet	γνόφῳ, καὶ ζόφῳ	1	that can be touched	Here, the words **darkness** and **gloom** function together to refer to how “dark” it was when they came to the mountain. It is possible that **darkness** refers to shadows, while **gloom** refers to when the sun sets. If you do not have two words for these categories, you could use a single word or phrase to refer to deep **darkness**. Alternate translation: “to gloomy darkness” or “to intense gloom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+HEB	12	18	tm4a	translate-unknown	θυέλλῃ	1	that can be touched	Here, the word **storm** refers to a natural event which includes rain, thunder and lightning, and especially strong winds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to this kind of natural event. Alternate translation: “to a windstorm” or “to strong winds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+HEB	12	19	v3o4	figs-possession	σάλπιγγος ἤχῳ	1	nor to a voice that speaks words whose hearers begged that not another word be spoken to them	Here the author uses the possessive form to refer to the **sound** that a **trumpet** makes when someone plays it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a natural form that refers to the **sound** that a **trumpet** makes. Alternate translation: “to a trumpet blast” or “a call from a trumpet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
+HEB	12	19	gpme	figs-possession	φωνῇ ῥημάτων	1	nor to a voice that speaks words whose hearers begged that not another word be spoken to them	Here the author uses the possessive form to describe a **voice** that speaks **words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a natural form that refers to someone speaking words. In the context, it is clear that God is the one who speaks the **words**. Alternate translation: “words spoken by a voice” or “God’s voice saying words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
+HEB	12	19	x2qk	figs-metonymy	φωνῇ ῥημάτων	1	nor to a voice that speaks words whose hearers begged that not another word be spoken to them	Here, **voice** refers to someone speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “to the speaking of words” or “to words being spoken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+HEB	12	19	qw1w	writing-pronouns	ἧς	1	nor to a voice that speaks words whose hearers begged that not another word be spoken to them	Here, the word **which** refers to the **voice**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make what **which** refers to explicit. Alternate translation: “of which voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+HEB	12	19	dxlf	figs-idiom	μὴ προστεθῆναι αὐτοῖς λόγον	1	nor to a voice that speaks words whose hearers begged that not another word be spoken to them	Here, the phrase **a word to be added to them** refers to speaking more words to the people who are listening. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that naturally refers to saying more words to people. Alternate translation: “no more words to be spoken to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+HEB	12	19	a9uh	figs-activepassive	μὴ προστεθῆναι…λόγον	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to avoid stating who would “add” any more “words.” If you must state who would do the action, the author implies that “God” would do it. Alternate translation: “God not to add a word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	19	wb0p	writing-pronouns	αὐτοῖς	1		Here, the word **them** refers to **the ones having heard**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make whom **them** refers to explicit. Alternate translation: “to them, the ones who heard” or “to themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+HEB	12	20	rmaq	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1	what was commanded	Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why the Israelites “begged for not a word to be added” ([12:19](../12/19.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “That was because” or “They begged for this since” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
+HEB	12	20	p7qu	figs-activepassive	τὸ διαστελλόμενον	1	what was commanded	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on what was **ordered** rather than focusing on the person doing the “ordering.” If you must state who did the action, the author implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “what God ordered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	20	hkp9	writing-quotations	τὸ διαστελλόμενον	1	what was commanded	Here the author quotes from an important text, the Old Testament scriptures. He does not introduce the words as a quotation but instead introduces them as something that God ordered the Israelites to do. However, the audience would have understood that these were words from the Old Testament, specifically a summary of parts of [Exodus 19:12–13](../exo/19/12.md). If your readers would not know that the quotation is from the Old Testament, you could include a footnote or use some other form to identify it. Alternate translation: “what was ordered when God said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
+HEB	12	20	kwjh	figs-quotations	τὸ διαστελλόμενον, κἂν θηρίον θίγῃ τοῦ ὄρους, λιθοβοληθήσεται	1	what was commanded	If you do not use this form in your language, you could translate the sentence as an indirect quote instead of as a direct quote. Alternate translation: “what was ordered, that if even an animal might touch the mountain, it must be stoned.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
+HEB	12	20	jzsh	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	κἂν θηρίον θίγῃ τοῦ ὄρους, λιθοβοληθήσεται	1	what was commanded	Here God uses the conditional form to require anyone who “touches” the **mountain** to be **stoned**. If the conditional form does not indicate a cause and effect relationship like this in your language, you could express the **if** statement in a way that does show the relationship. Alternate translation: “were even an animal to touch the mountain, it must be stoned” or “Suppose even an animal touches the mountain. In that case, it must be stoned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
+HEB	12	20	jfet	figs-explicit	κἂν θηρίον	1	what was commanded	Here, the phrase **even an animal** implies that humans are certainly included, and **even** animals too are included. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this command refers to both humans and animals. Alternate translation: “If a human or even an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	20	x31x	figs-activepassive	λιθοβοληθήσεται	1	it must be stoned	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on what is **stoned** rather than focusing on who does the “stoning.” If you must state who would do the action, the author implies that the Israelites themselves would do it. Alternate translation: “you must stone it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	21	a7a1	figs-explicit	τὸ φανταζόμενον	1	it must be stoned	Here, the phrase **the {thing} being made visible** refers to everything that went along with God appearing on Mount Sinai. The author is referring back to everything he described in [12:18–19](../12/18.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make what these **{things}** are more explicit. Alternate translation: “everything I have described being made visible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	21	qsif	figs-activepassive	τὸ φανταζόμενον	1	it must be stoned	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on what was **made visible** rather than focusing on the person making it **visible**. If you must state who did the action, the author implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “the thing that God made visible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	21	z76w	translate-names	Μωϋσῆς	1	it must be stoned	The word **Moses** is the name of a man. He was the leader of the Israelites, the one whom God spoke to when he made his covenant with the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
+HEB	12	21	en2n	writing-quotations	εἶπεν	1	it must be stoned	Here, the author could be referring to [Deuteronomy 9:19](../deu/09/19.md), where Moses expresses fear when the people make an idol and worship it. On the other hand, the author could be referring to [Exodus 3:6](../exo/03/06.md), which describes how Moses “trembled” when God appeared to him in a burning bush. Most likely, the author is simply describing Moses’ reaction to what he experienced without quoting directly from any Old Testament passage. Introduce the quotation as words that Moses said, and If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include a footnote that references one or both of the passages that the quotation could refer to. Alternate translation: “spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
+HEB	12	21	b4hx	figs-quotations	εἶπεν, ἔκφοβός εἰμι καὶ ἔντρομος	1	it must be stoned	If you do not use this form in your language, you could translate the sentence as an indirect quote instead of as a direct quote. Alternate translation: “said that he was terrified and trembling.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
+HEB	12	21	gfyu	figs-doublet	ἔκφοβός…καὶ ἔντρομος	1	it must be stoned	Here, the words **terrified** and **trembling** function together to show that **Moses** was very afraid. It is likely that **terrified** describes how Moses felt, while **trembling** describes what happened when he felt **terrified**. If you do not have two words for these categories, you could use a single word or phrase to identify God as the creator of the city. Alternate translation: “terrified so that I tremble” or “very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+HEB	12	22	z2id	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλὰ	1	Mount Zion	Here, the word **But** introduces a contrast with what the audience have not “come to,” which the author has described in [12:18–21](../12/18.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a contrast with the previous section or idea. Alternate translation: “On the other hand,” or “On the contrary,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
+HEB	12	22	wd31	figs-go	προσεληλύθατε	1	Mount Zion	Here, the phrase **come to** refers to getting close to something but not necessarily being right next to it. The author is contrasting the audience, who have **come to Mount Zion**, with the Israelites, who “came to” Mount Sinai. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to being in something’s presence or near to it. Alternate translation: “you have drawn near to” or “you have come into the presence of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
+HEB	12	22	kdxx		Σιὼν Ὄρει καὶ πόλει Θεοῦ ζῶντος, Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἐπουρανίῳ	1	Mount Zion	Here, the phrases **city of the living God** and **heavenly Jerusalem** could: (1) identify what is on **Mount Zion**. Alternate translation: “Mount Zion and on it the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem” (2) give other names for **Mount Zion**. Alternate translation: “Mount Zion, that is, the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem” 
+HEB	12	22	r9dz	figs-explicit	Σιὼν Ὄρει καὶ πόλει Θεοῦ ζῶντος, Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἐπουρανίῳ	1	Mount Zion	Here the author is not referring to any earthly **Mount** or **city**. Rather, he is referring to things in heaven. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this clear from the beginning. Alternate translation: “Mount Zion that is in heaven and to the city of the living God, the Jerusalem that is in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	22	gm97	figs-idiom	Θεοῦ ζῶντος	1	Mount Zion	Here, much like in [10:31](../10/31.md), the phrase **{the} living God** identifies **God** as the one who “lives” and possibly as the one who gives “life.” The primary point is that **God** actually “lives,” unlike idols and other things that people call “god.” If your readers would misunderstand **{the} living God**, you could use a word or phrase that emphasizes that God really “lives.” Alternate translation: “of the God who lives” or “of the true God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+HEB	12	22	k1kv	translate-numbers	μυριάσιν ἀγγέλων	1	tens of thousands of angels	Here, the word “myriad” names the number 10,000. The plural **myriads** refers generally to any large number. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to a very large number. Alternate translation: “to millions of angels” or “innumerable angels” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
+HEB	12	22	esxa	figs-infostructure	ἀγγέλων πανηγύρει	1	tens of thousands of angels	Here, the word **assembly** could: (1) rename or describe **myriads of angels**. Alternate translation: “of angels in assembly,” or “of angels—an assembly—” (2) be in parallel with “church” in the following verse, going with “firstborn.” Alternate translation: “of angels, and to the assembly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
+HEB	12	22	jqrl	translate-unknown	πανηγύρει	1	tens of thousands of angels	Here, the word **assembly** refers to a public gathering, often religious, for the purpose of celebration. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to this kind of public gathering. Alternate translation: “to the festive assembly” or “to the celebration” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+HEB	12	23	suql	figs-explicit	ἐκκλησίᾳ πρωτοτόκων	1	the firstborn	This group of people could be: (1) all God’s people from the past, present, and future. Alternate translation: “to the church of all God’s people, the firstborn ones” (2) all God’s people who are currently alive. Alternate translation: “to the church of the firstborn ones who currently live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	23	j94e	figs-metaphor	πρωτοτόκων	1	the firstborn	Here the author speaks as if God’s people were **firstborn** children. He speaks in this way to connect them with Jesus, who is God’s **firstborn** son (see [1:6](../01/06.md)). Further, the **firstborn** were particularly important and honored. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to the most honored child, or you could express the idea in plain language that indicates the importance and significance of these people. Alternate translation: “of the eldest children” or “of the honored people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+HEB	12	23	e3sc	figs-explicit	ἀπογεγραμμένων ἐν οὐρανοῖς	1	registered in heaven	Here, the phrase **registered in {the} heavens** refers to how people who lived in or belonged to a city or region would have their names **registered** in a book to indicate that they belonged in that place. Here, people who have their names **registered** in the **heavens** belong to and will receive what is in the **heavens**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “whose names have been registered in the heavens” or “whose names are recorded as those who will inherit what is in the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	23	km4a	figs-activepassive	ἀπογεγραμμένων	1	registered in heaven	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on those who are **registered** rather than focusing on the person doing the “registering.” If you must state who did the action, the author implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “whom God has registered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	23	xt09		κριτῇ Θεῷ πάντων	1	registered in heaven	Here, the phrase **of all** could go with: (1) **Judge**. Alternate translation: “to God, who is Judge of all” (2) **God**. Alternate translation: “to a Judge, who is God of all”
+HEB	12	23	mwfi	figs-possession	κριτῇ…πάντων	1	registered in heaven	Here the author uses the possessive form to describe to refer to a **Judge** who judges **all** people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in a more natural way. Alternate translation: “the Judge over all” or “the Judge who judges all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
+HEB	12	23	af20	figs-nominaladj	πάντων	1	registered in heaven	The author is using the adjective **all** as a noun in order to refer to **all** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this one with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “of all humans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
+HEB	12	23	oltb	figs-explicit	πνεύμασι δικαίων	1	registered in heaven	This group of people could be: (1) all the people of God who have died. Alternate translation: “to the spirits of the dead righteous ones” (2) the same group as the **church of {the} firstborn {ones}**, that is, all the people of God without distinction. Alternate translation: “to the spirits of all God’s righteous people” (3) all the people of God who lived before Jesus came. Alternate translation: “to the spirits of the righteous Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	23	i7qb	figs-activepassive	τετελειωμένων	1	who have been made perfect	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on those who are **made perfect** rather than focusing on the person doing the “perfecting.” If you must state who did the action, the author implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “whom God has made perfect” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	24	kq1v	figs-possession	διαθήκης νέας μεσίτῃ	1	the mediator of a new covenant	Here the author uses the possessive form to describe how Jesus functions as the **mediator** for a **new covenant**. If your readers would misunderstand that form, you could express the idea in a more natural way. See how you translated the similar phrase in [9:15](../09/15.md). Alternate translation: “who mediates a new covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
+HEB	12	24	nz8l	figs-personification	αἵματι ῥαντισμοῦ, κρεῖττον λαλοῦντι παρὰ τὸν Ἂβελ	1	the sprinkled blood that speaks better than Abel’s blood	Here the author speaks as if the **blood** were a person who could be **speaking**. He speaks in this way to refer to what the **blood** means or accomplishes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or plain language. Alternate translation: “to the sprinkled blood which is like a person who speaks better than Abel” or “to the sprinkled blood which means more to us than that of Abel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+HEB	12	24	ntri	figs-explicit	αἵματι ῥαντισμοῦ	1	blood	Here, the phrase **sprinkled blood** refers to Jesus’ blood. The word **sprinkled** indicates that the **blood** accomplishes cleansing and purification. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make either or both of these implications more explicit. Alternate translation: “to the cleansing blood of Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	24	z7uq	figs-metonymy	αἵματι ῥαντισμοῦ	1	blood	Scholars debate what the **blood** of Jesus represents in Hebrews. It could refer to his resurrected body, his death, or his actual blood. See the book introduction for more information on what Jesus’ **blood** refers to. Since **blood** is a very important concept in Hebrews, preserve the word here if at all possible. Alternate translation: “to the sprinkled blood, which is his sacrifice,” or “to the sprinkled blood of Jesus, that is, his death, which is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+HEB	12	24	jn62	figs-explicit	κρεῖττον λαλοῦντι παρὰ τὸν Ἂβελ	1	blood	Here the author is referring to a story about how **Abel** was killed by his brother. He has already referred to this story in [11:4](../11/04.md). Here, he focuses on how God tells Abel’s brother that Abel’s blood “cries out” from the ground, with the implication being that Abel’s blood asks God to take vengeance on his brother (see [Genesis 4:10](../gen/04/10.md)). The author here contrasts the blood of **Abel** that cries out for vengeance with the **sprinkled blood** of Jesus, which purifies his people and brings salvation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this comparison more explicit. Alternate translation: “speaking of a better salvation than Abel” or “speaking of salvation rather than the vengeance that Abel spoke of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	24	cggv	figs-ellipsis	παρὰ τὸν Ἂβελ	1	blood	This phrase leaves out some words that many languages might need to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the first half of the sentence. The author might be implying: (1) **blood speaking**. Alternate translation: “than Abel’s blood speaks” (2) Abel **speaking**. Alternate translation: “than Abel speaks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
+HEB	12	24	w9jj	translate-names	τὸν Ἂβελ	1		The word **Abel** is the name of a man. He was the second son of the first couple, Adam and Eve. The author has already named him in [11:4](../11/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
+HEB	12	25	c9cn	figs-idiom	βλέπετε μὴ παραιτήσησθε	1	Connecting Statement:	Here, the phrase **see that you do not** is a strong command to diligently or vigilantly avoid doing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable form that expresses a strong command to pay attention or focus on something. Alternate translation: “Watch out that you do not refuse” or “Be careful to avoid refusing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+HEB	12	25	pnn5	figs-explicit	μὴ παραιτήσησθε…παραιτησάμενοι	1		Here, the words **refuse** and **refused** imply that people are “refusing” to do something, but the author does not state what it is directly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that people are “refusing” to listen and obey. Alternate translation: “you do not refuse to listen to … having refused to listen to” or “you do not refuse to obey … having refused to obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	25	nnk9	writing-pronouns	τὸν λαλοῦντα	1	you do not refuse the one who is speaking	Here, the phrase **the one speaking** could refer to: (1) God generally. Alternate translation: “the one speaking, God” (2) Jesus specifically, whose blood “spoke” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “the one speaking, Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+HEB	12	25	ohmk		εἰ γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι οὐκ ἐξέφυγον ἐπὶ γῆς, παραιτησάμενοι τὸν χρηματίζοντα, πολὺ μᾶλλον ἡμεῖς οἱ τὸν ἀπ’ οὐρανῶν ἀποστρεφόμενοι;	1	you do not refuse the one who is speaking	Here the author could have meant: (1) a strong statement. Alternate translation: “For if those did not escape, having refused the one warning them on earth, we will so much less escape, we who are turning away from the one from heaven” (2) a rhetorical question. If you use the following alternate translation, you will need to start a new sentence at the beginning of the following verse. Alternate translation: “For if those did not escape, having refused the one warning them on earth, how much less will we who are turning away from the one from heaven?”
+HEB	12	25	gkn1	grammar-connect-condition-fact	εἰ	1	if they did not escape	Here the author is speaking as if the lack of “escape” of those who **refused the one warning {them} on earth** were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true that they **did not escape**. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what the author is saying is not certain, then you could express the idea by using a word such as “because” or “since.” Alternate translation: “since” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
+HEB	12	25	eltr	writing-pronouns	ἐκεῖνοι	1		Here, the word **those** refers to the Israelites who “refused” to obey God. He may have in mind particularly the Israelites who did not obey God and died in the wilderness (see what the author said in [3:7–4:11](../03/07.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make it clear to whom **those** refers. Alternate translation: “those Israelites” or “those who drew near to Mount Sinai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+HEB	12	25	fy9u	writing-pronouns	ἐπὶ γῆς…τὸν χρηματίζοντα	1	the one who warned them on earth	Here, the phrase **the one warning {them} on earth** could refer to: (1) God generally. Alternate translation: “God when he warned them on earth” (2) Moses, who spoke God’s words to the people at Mount Sinai. Alternate translation: “Moses when he warned them on earth” (3) Jesus specifically. Alternate translation: “Jesus when he warned them on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+HEB	12	25	quqe	figs-explicit	ἐπὶ γῆς…ἀπ’ οὐρανῶν	1	the one who warned them on earth	Here, the phrases **on earth** and **from heaven** indicate the places from which God gave his warnings. The phrase **on earth** refers to how God spoke to the Israelites from Mount Sinai when he made the first covenant. The phrase **from heaven** refers to how God speaks from Mount Zion in heaven as he makes the second covenant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify what **on earth** and **from heaven** refer to specifically. Alternate translation: “from a mountain on earth … from a mountain in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	25	s5lj	figs-metaphor	ἡμεῖς οἱ…ἀποστρεφόμενοι	1	if we turn away from the one who is warning	Here the author refers to rejecting and disobeying God as if a person were changing direction and **turning away from** him. So, **turning away from** God indicates serious disobedience and rejection. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “we who are rejecting” or “we who are renouncing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+HEB	12	25	ga99	figs-ellipsis	ἡμεῖς οἱ τὸν ἀπ’ οὐρανῶν ἀποστρεφόμενοι	1	if we turn away from the one who is warning	This clause leaves out some words that many languages might need to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the first half of the sentence. Alternate translation: “will we escape who are turning away from the one warning us from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
+HEB	12	25	kmmk	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	ἡμεῖς οἱ…ἀποστρεφόμενοι	1	if we turn away from the one who is warning	Here the author does not mean that all of the audience were **turning away from** God when he wrote this letter. Rather, he means that every person in the audience could be someone who “turns away from” God, and they will certainly **not escape**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that shows that the audience **turning away from** God is a possibility, not a current fact. Alternate translation: “we, if we turn away from” or “any one of us who turns away from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
+HEB	12	25	lnpe	writing-pronouns	τὸν	3	if we turn away from the one who is warning	Here, the phrase **the one** could refer to: (1) God generally. Alternate translation: “God” (2) Jesus specifically. Alternate translation: “Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+HEB	12	26	rf4e	figs-metonymy	οὗ ἡ φωνὴ	1	his voice shook the earth	Here, the word **voice** refers to the act of speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer directly to the act of speaking. Alternate translation: “whose speech” or “whose speaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+HEB	12	26	yxrb	figs-explicit	τότε; νῦν	1	his voice shook the earth	Here, the phrase **at that time** refers to the time when God spoke from Mount Sinai. In contrast, the word **now** refers to the present time, the time when the author is writing this letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the time references more explicit. Alternate translation: “at the time of the first covenant … right now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+HEB	12	26	xekm	translate-unknown	ἐσάλευσεν…ἐγὼ σείσω	1	his voice shook the earth	Here the author uses words that refer to earthquakes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words that describe the earth shaking in an earthquake. Alternate translation: “quaked … I myself will quake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+HEB	12	26	dr6r	writing-quotations	ἐπήγγελται λέγων	1	his voice shook the earth	Here the author quotes from an important text, the Old Testament scriptures. He does not introduce the words as a quotation but instead introduces them as something that God says to his people. However, the audience would have understood that these were words from the Old Testament, specifically from [Haggai 2:6](../hag/02/06.md). If your readers would not know that the quotation is from the Old Testament, you could include a footnote or use some other form to identify it. Alternate translation: “he has promised in the Scriptures, saying” or “he has promised when he said in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
+HEB	12	26	rspc	figs-quotations	λέγων, ἔτι ἅπαξ ἐγὼ σείσω, οὐ μόνον τὴν γῆν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν οὐρανόν	1		If you do not use this form in your language, you could translate the sentence as an indirect quote instead of as a direct quote. Alternate translation: “saying that still once more he himself will shake not only the earth, but also the heaven.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
+HEB	12	26	i1c8	figs-idiom	ἔτι ἅπαξ	1	shook … shake	Here, the phrase **Still once** indicates that something has already happened and will happen again, but only one more time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that indicates that something will happen one more time. Alternate translation: “Again, but one time only,” or “Once more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+HEB	12	27	wsr7	writing-quotations	τὸ δὲ, ἔτι ἅπαξ, δηλοῖ	1	mean the removal of those things that can be shaken, that is, of the things	Here the author uses **But this {phrase}** to requote a part of the quotation that he introduced in the previous verse (see [12:26](../12/26.md)). If your readers would misunderstand that the author is requoting the previous quotation to focus on a specific portion of it, you could use a word or phrase that introduces something that has already been quoted. Alternate translation: “Now when God says ‘Still once,’ it indicates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
+HEB	12	27	ut92		ἔτι ἅπαξ	1	mean the removal of those things that can be shaken, that is, of the things	Since the author repeats here the same words that he quoted in [12:26](../12/26.md), you should translate these words in exactly the same way as you did in that verse.
+HEB	12	27	bcew	translate-unknown	δηλοῖ	1	mean the removal of those things that can be shaken, that is, of the things	Here, the word **indicates** refers to what something means or signifies. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to what words mean or signify. See how you translated this word in [9:8](../09/08.md). Alternate translation: “signifies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+HEB	12	27	q2si		μετάθεσιν	1	mean the removal of those things that can be shaken, that is, of the things	Here the word translated **removal** could refer to: (1) a change in content or position. Alternate translation: “the change” or “the transfer” (2) removal or destruction. Alternate translation: “the elimination” or “the eradication”
+HEB	12	27	z6ys	figs-abstractnouns	τῶν σαλευομένων μετάθεσιν, ὡς πεποιημένων	1	mean the removal of those things that can be shaken, that is, of the things	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **removal**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “remove.” Alternate translation: “that God will remove the things being shaken, that is, the things created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+HEB	12	27	unla		τῶν σαλευομένων…τὰ μὴ σαλευόμενα	1	mean the removal of those things that can be shaken, that is, of the things	Here, the phrase **being shaken** could refer to: (1) how something is or is not **shaken**. Alternate translation: “of the things that are shaken … the things that are not shaken” (2) whether something can be **shaken** or not. Alternate translation: “of the things that can be shaken … the things that cannot be shaken”
+HEB	12	27	l29r		τῶν σαλευομένων…τὰ μὴ σαλευόμενα	1	shaken	See how you translated “shook” and “shake” in [Hebrews 12:26](../12/26.md).
+HEB	12	27	dnpi	figs-activepassive	τῶν σαλευομένων	1		 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on what is **shaken** rather than focusing on the person doing the “shaking.” If you must state who did the action, the author implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “of things that God will shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	27	zgjh	grammar-connect-words-phrases	ὡς πεποιημένων	1		Here, the phrase **that is** could introduce: (1) the way in which things are shaken. In other words, God **created** everything by speaking, and he “shakes” everything by speaking. Alternate translation: “just as they were created” (2) the type of things that are shaken. In other words, only **created** things are **shaken**. Alternate translation: “which are the created things” (3) the reason why things are shaken. In other words, things are **shaken** because they are **created**. Alternate translation: “since they are created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
+HEB	12	27	s3xt	figs-activepassive	πεποιημένων	1	that have been created	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on what is **created** rather than focusing on the person doing the “creating.” If you must state who did the action, the author implies that “God” did it. Alternate translation: “of the things that God created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	27	ta84	figs-activepassive	τὰ μὴ σαλευόμενα	1	the things that cannot be shaken	 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The author uses the passive form here to focus on what is not **shaken** rather than focusing on the person who would do the “shaking.” If you must state who would do the action, the author implies that “God” would do it. Alternate translation: “the things that God will not shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+HEB	12	27	x0iw	translate-unknown	μείνῃ	1	the things that cannot be shaken	Here, the word **remain** indicates that something lasts a long time. Here, the idea is that whatever is not **shaken** will last forever. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that identifies something that lasts forever or always exists. Alternate translation: “might always stay” or “might exist at from then on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
 HEB	12	28	m44c	grammar-connect-words-phrases	βασιλείαν ἀσάλευτον παραλαμβάνοντες	1	receiving a kingdom	You can add the words **because we are** to make clear the logical connection between this statement and the next statement. Alternate translation: “because we are receiving an unshakeable kingdom” or “because God is making us members of his kingdom which cannot be shaken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
 HEB	12	28	btf6		ἔχωμεν χάριν	1	let us be grateful	Alternate translation: “let us give thanks”
 HEB	12	28	f382	figs-doublet	μετὰ εὐλαβείας καὶ δέους	1	with reverence and awe	The words **reverence** and **awe** share similar meanings and emphasize the greatness of reverence due to God. Alternate translation: “with great respect and dread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])