diff --git a/tn_2CO.tsv b/tn_2CO.tsv index 7414bbce45..d6f6a4223d 100644 --- a/tn_2CO.tsv +++ b/tn_2CO.tsv @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 1:1 mhg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἀχαΐᾳ 1 The word **Achaia** is the name of a Roman province in the southern part of modern-day Greece. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 1:2 heps rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη, ἀπὸ 1 After stating his name and the people to whom he is writing, Paul adds a blessing. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness and peace within you from” or “I pray that you will have grace and peace from” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) 1:2 f6k1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη, ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas of **Grace** and **peace**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “I pray that God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ will be favorable to you and give you a peaceful spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1:3 px2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εὐλογητὸς ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May we always praise the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1:3 px2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εὐλογητὸς ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May we always praise the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1:3 xshp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing εὐλογητὸς ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 After blessing the recipients of his letter, Paul adds a blessing to God. If your people would consider it strange for people to bless God, then translate it as praise, since that is what we do when we bless God. Alternate translation: “May we always praise the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) 1:3 k7dl rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ 1 **Father** is an important title for God. Both **God** and **Father** refer to God. This phrase could mean (1) God is both God and Father to our Lord Jesus, or (2) God is Father to our Lord Jesus. Alternate translation: “God, who is the Father” 1:3 pg4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁ Πατὴρ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν καὶ Θεὸς πάσης παρακλήσεως 1 Here, the possessive form describes **mercies** and **all comfort** as coming from God, who is their source. Both **Father** and **God** are the same person. Alternate translation: “the Father who is the source of mercies and the God who is the source of all comfort” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) @@ -22,29 +22,29 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 1:5 tg9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor περισσεύει & ἡ παράκλησις ἡμῶν 2 Here Paul speaks of **comfort** as if it were an object that could increase in size. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this with a different metaphor or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God comforts us abundantly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1:6 y9bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive εἴτε δὲ θλιβόμεθα 1 Here and through the first half of verse 21, the word **we** and other first-person pronouns refer to Paul and Timothy, but not to the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 1:6 bbff εἴτε δὲ θλιβόμεθα 1 There is no strong contrast here. Rather, Paul continues to talk about suffering and comfort. If it is helpful in your language, you do not need to use a word here that indicates a contrast with what came before. Alternate translation: “If we are afflicted” -1:6 ylw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἴτε δὲ θλιβόμεθα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But if people afflict us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1:6 ylw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἴτε δὲ θλιβόμεθα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But if people afflict us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1:6 pxy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἴτε δὲ θλιβόμεθα 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that it does happen. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you could translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “But when we are afflicted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) 1:6 gfyd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑπὲρ τῆς ὑμῶν παρακλήσεως καὶ σωτηρίας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **comfort** and **salvation**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “it is so that you can be comforted and saved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1:6 wyj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἴτε παρακαλούμεθα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if God comforts us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1:6 wyj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἴτε παρακαλούμεθα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if God comforts us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1:6 ujj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἴτε παρακαλούμεθα 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that it does happen. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you could translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “when we are comforted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) 1:6 w94l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑπὲρ τῆς ὑμῶν παρακλήσεως 2 See how you translated this same phrase earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “it is so that you can be comforted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1:6 mx46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ὑπομονῇ τῶν αὐτῶν παθημάτων 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **endurance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “as you endure the same sufferings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1:7 ot4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ ἡ ἐλπὶς ἡμῶν βεβαία ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, εἰδότες ὅτι ὡς κοινωνοί ἐστε τῶν παθημάτων, οὕτως καὶ τῆς παρακλήσεως 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because we know that you share in God's comfort just as much as in the suffering, our hope concerning you is firm” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 1:7 n3nl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καὶ ἡ ἐλπὶς ἡμῶν βεβαία ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “And we firmly believe that you will endure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1:7 klvm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ ἡ ἐλπὶς ἡμῶν βεβαία ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν 1 If your language requires you to specify the content of Paul's **hope**, you can include this information. Alternate translation: “And our hope that you will remain faithful to Jesus is firm” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1:7 klvm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ ἡ ἐλπὶς ἡμῶν βεβαία ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν 1 If your language requires you to specify the content of Paul's **hope**, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “And our hope that you will remain faithful to Jesus is firm” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1:7 a4vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οὕτως καὶ τῆς παρακλήσεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **comfort**, you could express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this word in verses 5 and 6. Alternate translation: “God will also comfort you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1:7 ca1o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὕτως καὶ τῆς παρακλήσεως 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “in the same way, you are partakers also of the comfort” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1:8 jqn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐ & θέλομεν ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative word **ignorant**. Alternate translation: “we want you to know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 1:8 lgs0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑπὲρ τῆς θλίψεως ἡμῶν τῆς γενομένης 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **tribulation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “concerning the time when people caused us to suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1:8 pr8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν ὑπὲρ δύναμιν ἐβαρήθημεν 1 Here, Paul is speaking of **tribulation** as if it were a heavy weight that they had to carry. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we were suffering so much that we thought that we could not endure it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1:8 gu5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὑπερβολὴν & ἐβαρήθημεν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it was excessively difficult for us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +1:8 gu5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὑπερβολὴν & ἐβαρήθημεν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it was excessively difficult for us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1:8 t4iy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 Here, **so that** introduces the result of what came before. Use a natural way to introduce a result in your language. Alternate translation: “with the result that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 1:9 lks3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor αὐτοὶ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς τὸ ἀπόκριμα τοῦ θανάτου ἐσχήκαμεν 1 Paul is comparing the certainty of death that they experienced to that of someone who receives a **sentence of death**, that is, an order from a judge that he must be executed. Alternate translation: “we were as sure of our own deaths as someone is who is condemned to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1:9 dttx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here the connecting words **so that** introduce a goal or purpose relationship. The purpose that God had for Paul and his companions to feel that they would die is for them to trust in God. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) 1:9 i7up rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τῷ Θεῷ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but instead, we would be trusting in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1:9 bu2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τῷ ἐγείροντι τοὺς νεκρούς 1 Here, **raising the dead** is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “who causes the dead to live again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1:10 x4kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τηλικούτου θανάτου 1 Here, **so great a death** represents the terrible persecution that Paul and his companions were experiencing and that they were convinced would end in death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the jaws of death” or “such a deadly danger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1:10 eitn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ ῥύσεται 1 The implication is that God will rescue Paul and his companions from similar dangerous situations in the future. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and whenever we are in danger, God will rescue us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1:10 eitn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ ῥύσεται 1 The implication is that God will rescue Paul and his companions from similar dangerous situations in the future. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and whenever we are in danger, God will rescue us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1:10 c2xx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς ὃν ἠλπίκαμεν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “we trust God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1:11 q17d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν τῇ δεήσει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **supplication**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by praying to God for us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1:11 xftq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The connecting words **so that** introduce a goal or purpose relationship. Paul presents the purpose of the Corinthians praying for him to be that many people will be thanking God. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) @@ -226,10 +226,10 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 2:16 pv6o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οἷς μὲν ὀσμὴ ἐκ θανάτου εἰς θάνατον, οἷς δὲ ὀσμὴ ἐκ ζωῆς εἰς ζωήν 1 Here Paul refers to “the ones perishing” before he refers to “the ones being saved,” which is the opposite of the order he used in [2:15](../02/15.md). This was good style in his culture. If reversing the order from [2:15](../02/15.md) would be confusing for your readers, and if it would not be good style, you could reverse the order here to match that in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “to the ones indeed, an aroma from life to life, but to the others, an aroma from death to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) 2:16 t3vw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οἷς -1 Here, the phrase **to the ones** refers to “the ones perishing,” and the phrase **to the {others}** refers to “the ones being saved” (see [2:15](../02/15.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify to whom these phrases refer. Alternate translation: “to the latter … to the former” or “to the ones perishing … to the ones being saved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) 2:16 dwk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor ὀσμὴ -1 Here Paul continues to speak about **fragrance** and good smells (see [2:14–15](../02/14.md)). He specifically explains what kind of **aroma** he and his fellow workers are. Those who do not believe think that the **aroma** smells bad, while those who do believe think that the **aroma** smells good. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the idea plainly. Make sure that your translation fits with how you translated the “smelling” language in [2:14–15](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “we smell like an aroma … we smell like an aroma” or “our message is … our message is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) -2:16 ud2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ θανάτου εἰς θάνατον & ἐκ ζωῆς εἰς ζωήν 1 Here Paul uses the words **from** and **to** with the same word. He could be using this form because: (1) **from** indicates the source of the **aroma**, and **to** indicates the effects of the **aroma**. Alternate translation: “that smells like death and leads to death … that smells like life and leads to life” or “of death causing death … of life causing life” (2) **from** and **to** together emphasize that the **aroma** is characterized completely by either **death** or **life**. Alternate translation: “of death … of life” or “characterized completely by death … characterized completely by life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +2:16 ud2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐκ θανάτου εἰς θάνατον & ἐκ ζωῆς εἰς ζωήν 1 Twice here Paul uses the words **from** and **to** with the same word. He could be using this form because: (1) **from** indicates the source of the **aroma**, and **to** indicates the effects of the **aroma**. Alternate translation: “that smells like death and leads to death … that smells like life and leads to life” or “of death causing death … of life causing life” (2) **from** and **to** together emphasize that the **aroma** is characterized completely by either **death** or **life**. Alternate translation: “of death … of life” or “characterized completely by death … characterized completely by life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:16 yau5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ θανάτου εἰς θάνατον & ἐκ ζωῆς εἰς ζωήν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **death** and **life**, you could express the ideas by using verbs such as “die” and “live” or adjectives such as “dead” and “alive.” Make sure your translation fits with the option you chose in the previous note. Alternate translation: “that comes from something dying and that leads to people dying … that comes from something living and leads to people living” or “that smells like something dead … that smells like something alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2:16 cdr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns πρὸς ταῦτα 1 Here, the phrase **these things** refers back to what those who proclaim the good news must do, things that Paul has outlined in [2:14–16](../02/14.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit to what **these things** refers. Alternate translation: “to do what I have said” or “to preach the gospel like this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) -2:16 be6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πρὸς ταῦτα τίς ἱκανός? 1 Paul does not ask this question because he is looking for information. Rather, he asks it to involve the Corinthians in what he is arguing. The question could imply that the answer is that: (1) Paul and his fellow workers are **sufficient** since God works through them. Alternate translation: “for these things, we are indeed sufficient” (2) no one is **sufficient**. Alternate translation: “for these things, nobody is sufficient!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +2:16 be6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πρὸς ταῦτα τίς ἱκανός? 1 Paul does not ask this question because he is looking for information. Rather, he asks it to involve the Corinthians in what he is arguing. The question could imply that the answer is that: (1) Paul and his fellow workers are **sufficient** since God works through them. Alternate translation: “for these things, we are indeed sufficient!” (2) no one is **sufficient**. Alternate translation: “for these things, nobody is sufficient!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2:17 h7y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 Here, the word **For** could introduce: (1) an explanation of the implied answer to the previous question, which is that Paul and his fellow workers are “sufficient” since God works through them. Alternate translation: “But we are sufficient, because” (2) an explanation of why Paul and his fellow workers are like an aroma of life or death (see [2:16](../02/16.md)). Alternate translation: “We are an aroma of life or death because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 2:17 pmpz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἐσμεν & λαλοῦμεν 1 Here, just as in [2:14–15](../02/14.md), the word **we** does not include the Corinthians. It could refer to: (1) Paul and those who proclaim the gospel with him. Alternate translation: “we who preach are … we speak” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “I am … I speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 2:17 u7ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj οἱ πολλοὶ 1 Paul is using the adjective **many** as a noun in order to refer **many** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this one with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the many people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) @@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 4:13 wrr3 τὸ αὐτὸ πνεῦμα 1 Here, the word **spirit** could refer to: (1) a human spirit or attitude, which is characterized by faith. Alternate translation: “the same attitude” (2) the Holy Spirit, who gives **faith**. Alternate translation: “the same Holy Spirit” 4:13 ery0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ αὐτὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πίστεως 1 Here, the word **same** could indicate that: (1) this is the **same spirit** that the person who wrote the quotation had. Alternate translation: “the same spirit of the faith that the psalmist had,” (2) this is the **same spirit** that the Corinthians also have. Alternate translation: “the same spirit of the faith that you have,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:13 qma7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “believe” or “trust.” Alternate translation: “that believes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -4:13 gzf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸ γεγραμμένον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, you can express it so that the scripture or scripture author writes or speaks the words. Alternate translation: “what the psalmist wrote” or “to what the psalm says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +4:13 gzf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸ γεγραμμένον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, you could express it so that the scripture or scripture author writes or speaks the words. Alternate translation: “what the psalmist wrote” or “to what the psalm says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 4:13 il5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations κατὰ τὸ γεγραμμένον 1 In Paul’s culture, **according to {what} has been written** was a normal way to introduce a quotation from an important text, in this case, the Old Testament book titled “Psalms” (see [Psalm 116:10](../psa/116/10.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from Psalms. Alternate translation: “as it can be read in the Old Testament,” or “as it says in the book of Psalms,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) 4:14 sfxb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰδότες 1 Here, the word **knowing** introduces a reason for what Paul said that he and his fellow workers do (see [4:13](../04/13.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this relationship more explicit. Alternate translation: “since we know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 4:14 ruov rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὁ ἐγείρας 1 Here, the word **one** refers to God the Father, who **raised Jesus**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit what the pronoun refers to. Alternate translation: “God who raised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) @@ -855,7 +855,7 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 7:15 uagc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου 1 Here the Corinthians’ **fear** could be directed toward: (1) Titus as Paul’s representative. Alternate translation: “with fear and trembling with respect to him” (2) the consequences of what had happened. Alternate translation: “with fear and trembling because of what had happened” (3) God, whom Titus represented. Alternate translation: “with and trembling with respect to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 7:15 dtni rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **fear** and **trembling**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “as you feared and trembled” or “fearfully and nervously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 7:15 g9bz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet φόβου καὶ τρόμου 1 The terms **fear** and **trembling** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “great fear” or “deep respect” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -7:16 hr3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit θαρρῶ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 The implication is that Paul is **confident** that the Corinthians are doing what is right or proper. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I am confident that you do what is proper” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +7:16 hr3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit θαρρῶ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 The implication is that Paul is **confident** that the Corinthians are doing what is right or proper. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I am confident that you do what is proper” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 8:intro kl7m 0 # 2 Corinthians 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n6. Giving for the gospel (8:1–9:15)\n * Example of the Macedonians (8:1–6)\n * Paul appeals to the Corinthians to give generously (8:7–9:5)\n\nSome translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quotation from [Exodus 16:18](../exo/16/18.md) in [8:15](../08/15.md).\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The collection for the church in Jerusalem\n\nThroughout this chapter, Paul encourages the Corinthians to finish collecting the money they were going to contribute to what Paul was gathering to send to the believers in Jerusalem. Paul sometimes calls participating in this collection a grace. He often refers to this collection indirectly, which was a polite way to talk about financial matters in his culture. If people in your culture speak more directly about financial matters, you may need to make some of the ideas more explicit. In order to encourage the Corinthians to give to this collection, Paul tells them that the Macedonian believers have already given generously ([8:1–5](../08/01.md)), states reasons why the Corinthians should give ([8:6–15](../08/06.md)), and assures the Corinthians that the people who are managing the collection are trustworthy ([8:16–24](../08/16.md)). Make sure that your translation includes these elements that encourage the Corinthians to give to the collection.\n\n### The generosity of the Macedonians\n\nIn [8:1–5](../08/01.md), Paul tells the Corinthians about how the Macedonian believers contributed generously to the collection even though they were poor and suffering. He does this to encourage the Corinthians also to give generously. While Paul does not directly compare how much the Corinthians and Macedonians have given, he does use the Macedonians as an example. Your translation should clearly present the Macedonians as an example to imitate.\n\n### Equality\n\nIn [8:13–14](../08/13.md), Paul indicates that one of the reasons for the collection is “equality” among believers. He does not mean that every believer must have exactly the same amount of possessions and money. What he does mean is that believers who have much should share with believers who have little. He wants all believers to be doing “equally” well. So, while this does not mean that everyone has exactly the same amount of possessions and money, it does mean that some believers should not be rich when others are poor. Consider how you might express the idea of general, although not exact, “equality.”\n\n### Titus and two traveling companions\n\nIn [8:16–23](../08/16.md), Paul commends Titus and then introduces and commends the two men who travel with him. Most likely, these three men traveled together and carried Paul’s letter (2 Corinthians) with them. Paul does not name the two men, but he does indicate that they are trustworthy and should be respected. If you have normal ways of introducing and commending people, you could use them here.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Exclusive “we”\n\nThroughout this chapter, Paul uses the words “we,” “us,” and “our” to refer to himself and those who work with him. He does not include the Corinthians. You should assume that Paul only means himself and his fellow workers unless a note specifies otherwise. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 8:1 mm8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a new topic. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a new topic, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Next,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 8:1 d3pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀδελφοί 1 Paul is using the term **brothers** to mean people who share the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “fellow Christians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -882,7 +882,7 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 8:5 t73o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἑαυτοὺς ἔδωκαν, πρῶτον 1 Here Paul speaks as if the Macedonians were gifts that they themselves **gave** to **the Lord** and to **us**. He means that the Macedonians chose to completely serve and honor **the Lord** and **us**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “they first devoted themselves” or “they chose first to be servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 8:5 w0el πρῶτον & καὶ 1 Here, the words **first** and **then** could indicate what is: (1) more and less important. Alternate translation: “primarily … and secondarily” (2) first and second in sequence. Alternate translation: “first … and second” 8:5 k4pa καὶ ἡμῖν 1 Here, the phrase **and then** could introduce: (1) what comes after what they **first** did. Alternate translation: “and after that to us” (2) the second part of what they **first** did. Paul implies that what comes after what they **first** did is giving money. Alternate translation: “and to us before they gave money” -8:5 m2mg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καὶ ἡμῖν 1 Here Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and then they gave themselves to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +8:5 m2mg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καὶ ἡμῖν 1 Here Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and then they gave themselves to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 8:5 kq0n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἑαυτοὺς ἔδωκαν, πρῶτον τῷ Κυρίῳ, καὶ ἡμῖν, διὰ θελήματος Θεοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **by the will of God** could modify: (1) how the Corinthians both gave themselves to **the Lord** and to **us**. Alternate translation: “by the will of God they first gave themselves to the Lord and then to us” (2) just how the Corinthians gave themselves to **us**. Alternate translation: “they first gave themselves to the Lord and then, by the will of God, to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) 8:5 kphi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ θελήματος Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **will**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “as God wanted” or “which is what God desires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 8:6 z42y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθὼς προενήρξατο 1 Here Paul could be implying that Titus already **began**: (1) the **grace**, which is collecting money for the believers in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “just as he began this grace” (2) to work for the sake of the Corinthians in general. Alternate translation: “just as he began to serve you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -898,7 +898,7 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 8:8 mc1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns λέγω 1 The pronoun **this** refers to what Paul said in the previous verse about how the Corinthians “should abound in this act of grace” ([8:7](../08/07.md)). If this is not clear for your readers, you could more clearly refer to that exhortation. Alternate translation: “I say what I just did” or “I say that you should abound in this way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) 8:8 xgi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ τῆς ἑτέρων σπουδῆς & τὸ τῆς ὑμετέρας ἀγάπης γνήσιον 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **genuineness**, **love**, and **earnestness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “that how you love others is genuine through how earnest others are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 8:8 wn2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τῆς ἑτέρων σπουδῆς 1 Here, the phrase **through the earnestness of others** indicates the standard by which Paul is **proving** the **love** of the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the standard by which something else is proved or tested. Alternate translation: “in comparison with the earnestness of others” or “against the earnestness of others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -8:8 x7fs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἑτέρων 1 Paul is using the adjective **others** as a noun to mean other people, particularly other believers. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “of other believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +8:8 x7fs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ἑτέρων 1 Paul is using the adjective **others** as a noun to mean other people, particularly other believers. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “of other believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 8:9 irzk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why the Corinthians should give money to help fellow believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “That is because,” or “Now you should abound in giving because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 8:9 c1ch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν χάριν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the gift of our Lord Jesus Christ” or “what our Lord Jesus Christ has graciously done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 8:9 iz6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor δι’ ὑμᾶς ἐπτώχευσεν, πλούσιος ὤν, ἵνα ὑμεῖς τῇ ἐκείνου πτωχείᾳ πλουτήσητε 1 Here, Paul is speaking of what God considers valuable, including blessings, power, and honor, as if it were wealth. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea with a simile or plain language. Alternate translation: “he became like a poor person for your sake, though he was like a rich person, so that by what was like that one’s poverty, you might become like rich people” or “he gave up blessings and honor for your sake, though he had possessed great blessings and honor, so that by giving those things up, you might receive blessings and honor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -907,7 +907,7 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 8:10 azlo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο 1 Here, the word **this** could refer to: (1) the Corinthians hearing Paul’s **opinion**. Alternate translation: “listening to my opinion” (2) how Paul is giving an **opinion** instead of a command. Alternate translation: “an opinion instead of a command” (3) giving money. Alternate translation: “the act of giving” or “collecting money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) 8:10 z8kg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ὑμῖν & οἵτινες 1 Here, the word **who** could introduce: (1) further information about what the Corinthians were doing. In this case, it describes the Corinthians instead of distinguishing them from other people. Alternate translation: “for you, who” (2) what kind of people the Corinthians are. In this case, it distinguishes the Corinthians from other people and describes them as the kind of people for whom **this is profitable**. Alternate translation: “for you, you who” or “for you, since you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 8:10 spzy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐ μόνον τὸ ποιῆσαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ θέλειν, προενήρξασθε ἀπὸ πέρυσι 1 If your language would not naturally put the negative statement before the positive statement, you could reverse the two clauses here. Paul is emphasizing **desire**, so consider a natural way to emphasize this part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “certainly desired to begin to do this and did not just begin to do it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) -8:10 mt5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ ποιῆσαι & τὸ θέλειν 1 In these phrases, Paul is speaking about collecting money for the believers in Jerusalem. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to collect money for the Jerusalem believers … to do desire to do so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +8:10 mt5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ ποιῆσαι & τὸ θέλειν 1 In these phrases, Paul is speaking about collecting money for the believers in Jerusalem. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to collect money for the Jerusalem believers … to do desire to do so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 8:11 himo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases νυνὶ δὲ 1 Here, the phrase **But now** introduces an exhortation for what to do in the present time as opposed to what they already did “a year ago” (see [8:10](../08/10.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that transitions from the past to the present. Alternate translation: “So at this present time,” or “At this time,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 8:11 fc27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καθάπερ ἡ προθυμία τοῦ θέλειν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **readiness** and **desire**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “just you were ready and willing to do it” or “just as you were eager and wanted to do it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 8:11 d6ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns καὶ τὸ ἐπιτελέσαι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **completion**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “also you may complete it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 9:9 a91h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἐσκόρπισεν, ἔδωκεν & αὐτοῦ 1 Although the terms **he** and **his** are masculine, the author of the quotation is using them in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “Such a person distributed alms, he or she … his or her” or “These people distributed alms, they gave … their” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 9:9 ypxe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ἐσκόρπισεν, ἔδωκεν τοῖς πένησιν 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could either connect the phrases in a way that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, or you could combine the two phrases. Alternate translation: “He distributed alms, indeed, he gave to the poor” or “He distributed gifts to the poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 9:9 o0ri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture ἐσκόρπισεν, ἔδωκεν 1 Here the author of the quotation uses the past tense to describe actions that normally or habitually occur. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use whatever tense is natural in your language for recurring or habitual actions. Alternate translation: “He is distributing alms, he is giving” or “He has distributed alms, he has given” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -9:9 hvk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τοῖς πένησιν 1 The author of the quotation is using the adjective **poor** as a noun to mean **poor** people in general. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “to poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) +9:9 hvk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τοῖς πένησιν 1 The author of the quotation is using the adjective **poor** as a noun to mean **poor** people in general. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “to poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 9:9 h2bx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ δικαιοσύνη αὐτοῦ μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **righteousness** and **eternity**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what he does righteously will last forever” or “he will always be righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 9:9 qcsn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα 1 Here, the phrase **endures to eternity** could mean that: (1) the person always does what is righteous. Alternate translation: “will always be performed” or “will be acted out to eternity” (2) God will always remember and reward the righteous things that the person does. Alternate translation: “will always be remembered” or “will be remembered by God to eternity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 9:10 ejwt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a development of the ideas from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a development, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “So,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) @@ -1117,7 +1117,7 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 10:7 cms9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession Χριστοῦ εἶναι & αὐτὸς Χριστοῦ, οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς 1 Here Paul could be using the possessive form to refer to how people: (1) represent **Christ** in a special way. Alternate translation: “he serves Christ in a special way … he serves Christ in a special way, so also do we“ (2) belong to **Christ** as believers. Alternate translation: “he is a Christian … he is a Christian, so also are we” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) 10:7 z1t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p λογιζέσθω 1 Here Paul uses a third-person imperative. If you have third-person imperatives in your language, you could use one here. If you do not have third-person imperatives, you could express the idea using a word such as “should.” Alternate translation: “he should consider” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p]]) 10:7 iyxt rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο & πάλιν 1 Here, the word **this** refers ahead to the clauses **just as he {is} of Christ, so also {are} we**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to what a person is about to say. Alternate translation: “again what follows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) -10:7 f3i9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “so also are we of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +10:7 f3i9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “so also are we of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 10:8 mezz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of Paul’s claim that he and his fellow workers are of Christ (see [10:7](../10/07.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “In fact,” or “I say that because,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 10:8 y3ny rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact ἐάν τε 1 Here Paul could be using **even if** to introduce: (1) something that he thinks really is true. In other words, Paul really is going to **boast** in a way that he thinks is excessive. Alternate translation: “even when” (2) something that he thinks might be true. In other words, he thinks that the Corinthians might consider his boasting to be excessive. Alternate translation: “even supposing that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) 10:8 qm9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit περισσότερόν τι 1 Here, the phrase **somewhat excessively** could mean that Paul is boasting: (1) more than some people would consider proper. Alternate translation: “somewhat more than what is proper” (2) a great deal. Alternate translation: “very much” (3) more than he already has. Alternate translation: “somewhat more than I have already” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1165,12 +1165,12 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 10:16 xi00 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐν ἀλλοτρίῳ κανόνι & τὰ ἕτοιμα 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the things someone has accomplished in his or her area” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 10:16 raq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν ἀλλοτρίῳ κανόνι 1 Here, just as with the word “limit” in [10:15](../10/15.md), the word **area** could refer to: (1) a measure or standard according to which people serve God. In this case, the **accomplished** things are done according to a measure or standard that fits with someone else besides Paul and his fellow workers. Alternate translation: “according to what God has called other people to do” or “in what God wants others to do” (2) the area or places in which people serve God. In this case, God increases or enlarges the areas in which someone else besides Paul and his fellow workers serve. Alternate translation: “according to where other people serve” or “in the places in which other people serve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 10:17 t3bz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations δὲ 1 Here Paul quotes from the Old Testament Scriptures, specifically from [Jeremiah 9:24](../jer/09/24.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could format these words in a different way and include this information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “But as Jeremiah wrote in the Scriptures,” or “But as you can read in the Scriptures,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) -10:17 q8cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p ὁ & καυχώμενος & καυχάσθω 1 If your language does not use the third-person imperative in this way, you can state this in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one boasting must boast” or “any person who boasts needs to boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p]]) +10:17 q8cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p ὁ & καυχώμενος & καυχάσθω 1 If your language does not use the third-person imperative in this way, you could state this in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one boasting must boast” or “any person who boasts needs to boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p]]) 10:18 wfl6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse ([10:17](../10/17.md)) about how people should boast. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “As you can see,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 10:18 btv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐ & ὁ ἑαυτὸν συνιστάνων, ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν δόκιμος, ἀλλὰ ὃν ὁ Κύριος συνίστησιν 1 If your language would not naturally put the negative statement before the positive statement, you could reverse the two clauses here. Alternate translation: “that one whom the Lord commends is approved, not the one commending himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) 10:18 h81t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations οὐ & ὁ ἑαυτὸν συνιστάνων, ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν δόκιμος 1 Although the term **himself** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that one commending himself or herself” or “those commending themselves are not approved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 10:18 n5v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐ & ὁ ἑαυτὸν συνιστάνων, ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν δόκιμος 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, it is clear from the context that it is **the Lord**. Alternate translation: “the Lord does not approve that one commending himself” or “that one commending himself does not receive approval” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -10:18 sy2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὃν ὁ Κύριος συνίστησιν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “the one whom the Lord commends is approved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +10:18 sy2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὃν ὁ Κύριος συνίστησιν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “the one whom the Lord commends is approved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 11:intro abce 0 # 2 Corinthians 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n7. Paul defends his apostolic authority (10:1–13:10)\n * Paul defends his speech and conduct (11:1–15)\n * Paul boasts about his suffering (11:16–33)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Fools and foolishness\n\nThroughout this chapter, Paul refers to being “foolish” or a “fool.” These words refer to a person who makes bad decisions and who cares about things that are not really valuable. It does not primarily refer to someone who does not know very much. Paul argues that the false teachers are “fools,” which means that they make bad decisions and care about things that are not important. He also describes how he is responding to the false teachers as “foolish.” He means that he speaks in ways that he considers to be “foolish,” but he speaks in these ways because he thinks the Corinthians will understand him if he speaks in these “foolish” ways. Consider how you might express the idea of “foolishness” in your language. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])\n\n### False teachers\n\nThroughout this chapter, Paul is defending himself against false teachers who were claiming to be better than him and to preach a better gospel than his gospel. Paul never refers to these false teachers by name, but he does call them “false apostles” and “deceitful” (see [11:13](../11/13.md)). He also responds to some of their claims about themselves in [11:22–23](../11/22.md). Paul responds to the false teachers in two primary ways. First, he argues that the things that they boast about and claim for themselves are not important or valuable. Second, he argues that even in these things that are not important, he is better than they are. Make sure that your translation clearly indicates that Paul is responding the false teachers in these ways.\n\n### Financial support for teachers\n\nIn this chapter, Paul describes how he did not ask for or receive money and support from the Corinthians. In Paul’s culture, it was common for traveling teachers to ask for and receive money from the people they were teaching. Paul implies that his opponents, the false teachers, did ask for and receive money. He also implies that the Corinthians thought that the message of the false teachers was more valuable than Paul’s message because they charged money for their teaching. Paul argues in response that he cares more for the Corinthians than the false teachers do. In fact, he states that he can boast more than the false teachers because he did not receive money. Make sure that your translation expresses and implies these ideas.\n\n### Boasting\n\nJust as in the previous chapter, in this chapter Paul refers multiple times to “boasting.” In Paul’s culture, not all boasting was considered bad. Instead, there were good and bad kinds of boasting. In these verses, Paul boasts because his opponents, the false teachers, boast. He does not think that this boasting is necessary or good, but he does it to respond to his opponents. Continue to express the idea as you did in the previous chapter. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/boast]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Marriage metaphor\n\nIn [11:2](../11/02.md), Paul speaks as if the Corinthians were a young woman and as if he were the young woman’s father. He intends to marry his daughter to Christ, and he wants to keep his daughter pure and perfect until then. He means that he has helped unite the Corinthians to Christ, and he wants to make sure they stay completely faithful to Christ until Christ comes back. If possible, preserve the marriage metaphor or express it as a simile. See the notes on [11:2](../11/02.md) for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Irony\n\nMultiple times in this chapter, Paul uses irony. In other words, he speaks words that he does not agree with in order to make a point. He does this in [11:5](../11/05.md), where he refers to “super-apostles”; in [11:8](../11/08.md), where he says that he “robbed other churches”; in [11:19](../11/19.md), where he says that the Corinthians gladly bear with the foolish, being wise; and in [11:21](../11/21.md), where he says that he speaks according to dishonor that he and his fellow workers have been weak. In each of these verses, he does not actually agree with these words. Rather, he speaks from the perspective of the Corinthians or his opponents. He does this to show that these perspectives are wrong. See the notes on each of these verses for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn [11:7](../11/07.md), [11](../11/11.md), [22–23](../11/22.md), [29](../11/29.md), Paul uses rhetorical questions. Paul asks these questions to include the Corinthians in what he is arguing, not because he is looking for information. If your language does not use questions in this way, you could include answers to the questions or you could express them as statements or exclamations. See the notes on these verses for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### The long list in [11:23–28](../11/23.md)\n\nIn [11:23–28](../11/23.md), Paul gives a long list of hardships and difficulties he has experienced while he preached the good news. The ULT and UST illustrate different ways to break this list up into pieces. Consider how you might naturally express a long list in your language. 11:1 r4q6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μικρόν τι ἀφροσύνης 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **foolishness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “as I act a little foolishly” or “as I now say what is foolish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 11:1 b4dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μικρόν τι ἀφροσύνης 1 Here, the **foolishness** that Paul refers to is how he is about to boast about his qualifications as an apostle. Paul considers this to be **foolishness**, but he will boast anyways to help the Corinthians realize that he and the gospel that he preaches come from God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make what **foolishness** refers to more explicit. Alternate translation: “as I am about to be a little bit foolish” or “in a little bit of foolishness that I am about to speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1225,7 +1225,7 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 11:11 zqu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion διὰ τί? ὅτι οὐκ ἀγαπῶ ὑμᾶς? 1 Paul is using the question form to show the Corinthians that his reason for not burdening them was not that he did not love them. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these two questions as statements or as exclamations, or you could combine them into one statement. Alternate translation: “I have a reason for this. However, it is not that I do not love you!” or “My reason is not that I do not love you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 11:11 rj6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ Θεὸς οἶδεν 1 Here Paul states that **God knows** something. He implies that **God knows** that Paul does in fact love the Corinthians. The phrase **God knows** makes the claim stronger, since **God** is the one who can prove that the claim is true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “God himself knows that I love you” or “You can know for sure that I love you, since God knows it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:12 qjqa rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces the real reason why Paul does not burden the Corinthians, in contrast to the false reason he denied in the previous verse (see [11:11](../11/11.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a contrast. Alternate translation: “In contrast,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) -11:12 jecy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὃ & ποιῶ, καὶ ποιήσω 1 Here, the phrase **what I do** refers to how Paul does not ask for money from the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit what this phrase refers to. Alternate translation: “I will also continue not accepting money from you” or “I will also continue not burdening you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) +11:12 jecy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὃ & ποιῶ, καὶ ποιήσω 1 Here, the phrase **what I do** refers to how Paul does not ask for money from the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the referent for this phrase explicit. Alternate translation: “I will also continue not accepting money from you” or “I will also continue not burdening you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) 11:12 d9sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐκκόψω 1 Here Paul speaks of removing an **opportunity** as it were cutting off or destroying something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. Alternate translation: “I may defeat” or “I may remove” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 11:12 b9rx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν ἀφορμὴν τῶν θελόντων ἀφορμήν, ἵνα ἐν ᾧ καυχῶνται, εὑρεθῶσιν καθὼς καὶ ἡμεῖς 1 Here, the word **opportunity** refers to a chance or ability to do something. Paul explains what the **opportunity** relates to by using the clause **that in what they are boasting about they may be found just as we also {are}**. Use a form that clearly introduces what an **opportunity** relates to. Alternate translation: “any opportunity of the ones desiring an opportunity to be found just as we also are in what they are boasting about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:12 x0md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἀφορμὴν τῶν θελόντων ἀφορμήν, ἵνα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **opportunity**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what some people want to happen, which is that” or “what is desired by the ones who desire that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -1243,12 +1243,12 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 11:15 lq6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom οὐ μέγα 1 Here, the clause **{it is} no great thing** indicates that what follows is not surprising or shocking but should be expected. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different clause that expresses this idea. Alternate translation: “it is no shock” or “it is expected” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 11:15 w2sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that it must be true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you could translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “when” or “that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) 11:15 sb58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μετασχηματίζονται ὡς διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης 1 See how you translated the similar phrase at the end of [11:13](../11/13.md). Alternate translation: “pose as servants of righteousness” or “act as if they were servants of righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -11:15 unyq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to connect **servants** with **righteousness**. He could mean be describing **servants**: (1) whose goal is **righteousness**, that is, to make people righteous. Alternate translation: “servants who make people righteous” (2) who serve for the sake of **righteousness**. Alternate translation: “servants for what is right” (3) who are righteous. Alternate translation: “righteous servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) +11:15 unyq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to connect **servants** with **righteousness**. He could be describing **servants**: (1) whose goal is **righteousness**, that is, to make people righteous. Alternate translation: “servants who make people righteous” (2) who serve for the sake of **righteousness**. Alternate translation: “servants for what is right” (3) who are righteous. Alternate translation: “righteous servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) 11:15 tpjp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Make sure that your translation fits with the interpretation you chose in the previous note. Alternate translation: “servants who make others righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 11:15 kour rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ὧν τὸ τέλος ἔσται κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν 1 Here Paul refers to how these **servants** will in the **end** be judged and punished for their **works**. He does not make it clear whether he is referring to the **end** of their lives or to the **end** of this time, when Jesus comes back. It is recommended that you use a form that refers in general to how people are punished or suffer for the bad things that they do. Alternate translation: “who will in the end get what they deserve” or “who will eventually be punished for what they did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -11:16 ejcl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάλιν 1 Here Paul could be using the word **again** to refer to: (1) what he said in [11:1](../11/01.md) about how he wanted the Corinthians to bear with his foolishness. Alternate translation: “what I have already said” (2) what he said in [11:13–15](../11/13.md) about how he is different than his foolish opponents. Alternate translation: “again what I just said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +11:16 ejcl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάλιν 1 Here Paul could be using the word **again** to refer to: (1) what he said in [11:1](../11/01.md) about how he wanted the Corinthians to bear with his foolishness. Alternate translation: “what I have already said” (2) what he said in [11:13–15](../11/13.md) about how he is different from his foolish opponents. Alternate translation: “again what I just said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:16 rlov rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical εἰ & μή 1 Here Paul uses the conditional form to introduce something that he thinks may or may not happen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that introduces something that could happen. Alternate translation: “even if not” or “were that not to happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]]) -11:16 ba48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis εἰ & μή 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if you do think me to be foolish” or “if you do not listen to that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +11:16 ba48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis εἰ & μή 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if you do think me to be foolish” or “if you do not listen to that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 11:16 s962 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γε κἂν ὡς ἄφρονα δέξασθέ με, ἵνα κἀγὼ μικρόν τι καυχήσωμαι 1 Here Paul wants the Corinthians to let him do what fools do if they think that he is a fool. He implies that people let fools **boast** and say crazy things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “allow me to act like a fool among you so that I too may boast a little bit like fools do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:17 bz16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὃ λαλῶ 1 Here Paul refers to what he is about to say in the rest of this chapter and in the following chapter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers to what a person is about to say. Alternate translation: “What I am going to say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:17 ejid κατὰ Κύριον 1 Here, the phrase **according to the Lord** could refer to: (1) how someone represents **the Lord**. Alternate translation: “as I speak for the Lord” (2) how **the Lord** spoke. Alternate translation: “in the ways in which the Lord spoke” @@ -1269,12 +1269,12 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 11:20 t27r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπαίρεται 1 Here Paul implies that these people are exalting themselves over the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “exalts himself over you” or “claims he is greater than you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:20 kn2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἐπαίρεται 1 Although the term **himself** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Most likely the person who **exalts** would be a man, but Paul is not making this claim. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “exalts himself or herself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 11:20 yn5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς πρόσωπον ὑμᾶς δέρει 1 Here, the phrase **hits you in the face** could refer to: (1) a direct insult, which is like slapping someone **in the face**. Alternate translation: “acts like they are hitting you in the face” or “strongly insults you” (2) an actual slap on someone’s face. Alternate translation: “slaps you across the face” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -11:21 n8s9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony κατὰ ἀτιμίαν λέγω ὡς ὅτι ἡμεῖς ἠσθενήκαμεν! 1 Here Paul speaks from the perspective of someone who thinks that that what Paul spoke about in the previous verse is the right way to show honor and power. What he means is if his opponents are correct, the way he treated the Corinthians should lead to **dishonor** and show that he is **weak**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make it more explicit that Paul is speaking from someone else’s point of view. Alternate translation: “According to those people, I would have to speak according to dishonor, namely that we ourselves have been weak” or “They might say that according to dishonor we ourselves have been weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +11:21 n8s9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony κατὰ ἀτιμίαν λέγω ὡς ὅτι ἡμεῖς ἠσθενήκαμεν! 1 Here Paul speaks from the perspective of someone who thinks that what Paul spoke about in the previous verse is the right way to show honor and power. What he means is that if his opponents are correct, the way he treated the Corinthians should lead to **dishonor** and show that he is **weak**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make it more explicit that Paul is speaking from someone else’s point of view. Alternate translation: “According to those people, I would have to speak according to dishonor, namely that we ourselves have been weak” or “They might say that according to dishonor we ourselves have been weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) 11:21 xt0t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατὰ ἀτιμίαν λέγω 1 Here, the clause **According to dishonor I speak** means that what Paul is about to say causes **dishonor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “What I speak dishonors me” or “It is dishonorable that I speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 11:21 ei5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατὰ ἀτιμίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **dishonor**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “In a way that dishonors me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 11:21 zjjy λέγω ὡς ὅτι 1 Here, the words translated **namely, that** could: (1) introduce what it is that Paul speaks. Alternate translation: “I speak that” (2) introduce what Paul speaks as something that he does not fully agree with. Alternate translation: “I say that it is possible that” 11:21 rtcf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἡμεῖς ἠσθενήκαμεν 1 Here, the word translated **ourselves** emphasizes **we**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **we** in your language. Alternate translation: “it is we who have been weak” or “we indeed have been weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -11:21 rwgk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἐν ᾧ & ἄν τις τολμᾷ (ἐν ἀφροσύνῃ λέγω), τολμῶ κἀγώ 1 Here, the phrase **I am speaking in foolishness** describes what Paul says in this verse. You can move this clause to wherever it is most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I am speaking in foolishness, in whatever {way} anyone might be bold, I too am bold” or “in whatever {way} anyone might be bold, I too am bold, although I am speaking in foolishness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) +11:21 rwgk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἐν ᾧ & ἄν τις τολμᾷ (ἐν ἀφροσύνῃ λέγω), τολμῶ κἀγώ 1 Here, the phrase **I am speaking in foolishness** describes what Paul says in this verse. You can move this clause to wherever is most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I am speaking in foolishness, in whatever {way} anyone might be bold, I too am bold” or “in whatever {way} anyone might be bold, I too am bold, although I am speaking in foolishness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) 11:21 v8a3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν ᾧ & ἄν τις τολμᾷ & τολμῶ κἀγώ 1 Here Paul speaks about being **bold** while doing anything, but he particularly focuses on being **bold** in boasting. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “in whatever boast anyone might be bold to make … I too am bold to make a boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:21 vqbu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἀφροσύνῃ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **foolishness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “foolishly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 11:22 jdq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Ἑβραῖοί εἰσιν? κἀγώ. Ἰσραηλεῖταί εἰσιν? κἀγώ. σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ εἰσιν? κἀγώ. 1 Paul is using the question form to compare himself to what his opponents claim to be. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as comparisons or statements. Alternate translation: “If they are Hebrews, I am also. If they are Israelites, I am also. If they are offspring of Abraham, I am also.” or “When they claim to be Hebrews, so do I. When they claim to be Israelites, so do I. When they claim to be offspring of Abraham, so do I.“ (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -1284,21 +1284,21 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 11:23 bq23 παραφρονῶν λαλῶ 1 Alternate translation: “I speak like someone who is insane” 11:23 dr6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν φυλακαῖς περισσοτέρως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **inprisonments**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “more abundantly being imprisoned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 11:23 qdcm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν πληγαῖς ὑπερβαλλόντως 1 Paul could be describing **beatings** that are **beyond measure** because: (1) Paul was struck or hit many times. Alternate translation: “in beatings with many lashes” or “in frequent beatings” (2) the **beatings** were very severe. Alternate translation: “in very severe beatings” or “in extremely painful beatings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -11:23 r6jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν θανάτοις πολλάκις 1 Here, to be in **deaths** indicates that Paul was in situations in which he could have died. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea more explicitly. Alternate translation: “almost dying often” or “being near to death often” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +11:23 r6jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν θανάτοις πολλάκις 1 Here, to be in ** {danger of} deaths** indicates that Paul was in situations in which he could have died. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea more explicitly. Alternate translation: “often almost dying” or “frequently being near to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:23 pf0p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν θανάτοις 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **deaths**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “about to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 11:24 ttz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τεσσεράκοντα παρὰ μίαν 1 This phrase refers to how in Jewish law a person could be whipped at most 40 times (see [Deuteronomy 25:3](../deu/25/03.md)). Often people would whip a person only 39 times to be sure that they did not go over 40. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this information more explicit or use a footnote to explain the phrase. Alternate translation: “39 lashes, the most they allow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:25 bwzy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἐραβδίσθην 1 Here Paul refers to how the Roman authorities would sometimes punish people. They would have someone hit the person they wished to punish with a wooden stick multiple times. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to that kind of punishment. Alternate translation: “people struck me with wooden sticks” or “Roman leaders punished me by having people hit me with canes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 11:25 u9xc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐραβδίσθην 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, you could use an indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “someone beat me with rods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])\n\n 11:25 xk9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐλιθάσθην 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, you could use an indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “crowds of people stoned me” or “others stoned me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -11:25 o0zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἐναυάγησα 1 Here Paul refers to how ships that sailed on the ocean could break or sink. When this happened, people had to try to survive in the water or swim to shore. Often, many people would die by drowning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to this kind of event. Alternate translation: “a ship I was on sank” or “a ship I was sailing on broke apart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -11:25 q6tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐναυάγησα 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a ship I was sailing on wrecked” or “a ship I was on sank” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +11:25 o0zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἐναυάγησα 1 Here Paul refers to how ships that sailed on the ocean could break apart or sink. When this happened, people had to try to survive in the water or swim to shore. Often, many people would die by drowning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to this kind of event. Alternate translation: “a ship I was on sank” or “a ship on which I was sailing broke apart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +11:25 q6tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐναυάγησα 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a ship on which I was sailing wrecked” or “a ship I was on sank” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 11:25 b4kz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit νυχθήμερον 1 Here the phrase **a night and a day** refers to a full period of 24 hours. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to this time period. Alternate translation: “a full day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -11:25 df3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ βυθῷ 1 Here, the phrase **the deep** refers to the ocean, specifically to the parts of the ocean that are far away from land. Paul means that he was stranded in the water by himself in the ocean. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to this area of the ocean. Alternate translation: “by myself in the middle of the sea” or “floating on the open sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +11:25 df3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ βυθῷ 1 Here, the phrase **the deep** refers to the ocean, specifically to the parts of the ocean that are far away from land. Paul means that he was stranded in the ocean water. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to this area of the ocean. Alternate translation: “by myself in the middle of the sea” or “floating on the open sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:26 v8gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁδοιπορίαις πολλάκις, κινδύνοις 1 Here, the phrase **often in journeys** could: (1) give the situation in which all the other **dangers** occur. Alternate translation: “during my frequent journeys I have been in dangers” (2) be one of the dangerous things Paul is talking about. Alternate translation: “in frequent journeys” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:26 wddz κινδύνοις ποταμῶν, κινδύνοις λῃστῶν, κινδύνοις ἐκ γένους, κινδύνοις ἐξ ἐθνῶν, κινδύνοις ἐν πόλει, κινδύνοις ἐν ἐρημίᾳ, κινδύνοις ἐν θαλάσσῃ, κινδύνοις ἐν ψευδαδέλφοις 1 Here Paul repeats the word **dangers** to emphasize how much danger he was in all the time. If your readers would misunderstand why Paul repeats himself, and if it would not emphasize danger in your language, you could refer to **dangers** once and emphasize the danger in another way. Alternate translation: “in frequent dangers from rivers, from robbers, from my own countrymen, from Gentiles, in the city, in the wilderness, at sea, and from false brothers” 11:26 lp2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κινδύνοις ποταμῶν, κινδύνοις λῃστῶν, κινδύνοις ἐκ γένους, κινδύνοις ἐξ ἐθνῶν, κινδύνοις ἐν πόλει, κινδύνοις ἐν ἐρημίᾳ, κινδύνοις ἐν θαλάσσῃ, κινδύνοις ἐν ψευδαδέλφοις 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **dangers**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being endangered by rivers, being endangered by robbers, being endangered by my own countrymen, being endangered by Gentiles, being endangered in the city, being endangered in the wilderness, being endangered on the sea, being endangered by false brothers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 11:26 myhk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γένους 1 Here Paul refers to other people from his country and nation. These people would be Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “people from my own nation” or “Jews” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -11:26 b3j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ψευδαδέλφοις 1 Paul is using the term **false brothers** to mean people who pretend to share the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “false believers” or “people who claim to be believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +11:26 b3j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ψευδαδέλφοις 1 Paul is using the term **false brothers** to mean people who pretend to share the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “false believers” or “people who falsely claim to be believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 11:26 m8y5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ψευδαδέλφοις 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “false brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 11:27 fd61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κόπῳ καὶ μόχθῳ, ἐν ἀγρυπνίαις πολλάκις, ἐν λιμῷ καὶ δίψει, ἐν νηστείαις πολλάκις, ἐν ψύχει καὶ γυμνότητι 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas in this verse, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “I labor and toil, often sleep little, am hungry and thirsty, often fast, and am often cold and naked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 11:27 lx1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet κόπῳ καὶ μόχθῳ 1 The terms **hard work** and **hardship** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “difficult labor” or “tiring toil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -1307,9 +1307,9 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 11:28 n1q5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἐπίστασίς μοι ἡ καθ’ ἡμέραν, ἡ μέριμνα πασῶν τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **care** and **concern**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “I care every day as I am concerned for all the churches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 11:28 zf14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἡ ἐπίστασίς μοι ἡ καθ’ ἡμέραν, ἡ μέριμνα πασῶν τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν 1 The terms **care** and **concern** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “there is the concern of all the churches for me every day” or “there is the concerned care for me every day for all the churches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 11:28 fhdd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ μέριμνα πασῶν τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **concern** that is directed toward **all the churches**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “the concern for all the churches” or “the concern I have for all the churches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -11:29 fvz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς ἀσθενεῖ, καὶ οὐκ ἀσθενῶ? 1 Paul is using the question form to show that he is **weak** when other believers are **weak**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “If anyone is weak, I too am weak” or “I am weak when others are weak!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +11:29 fvz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς ἀσθενεῖ, καὶ οὐκ ἀσθενῶ? 1 Paul is using the question form to show that he is **weak** when other believers are **weak**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “If anyone is weak, I too am weak!” or “I am weak when others are weak!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 11:29 vxw0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τίς ἀσθενεῖ, καὶ οὐκ ἀσθενῶ 1 Here Paul could be indicating that: (1) he sympathizes with people who are **weak** by becoming **weak** himself. Alternate translation: “Who is weak, and I do not sympathize by also being weak” (2) when others are **weak**, it makes Paul **weak** too. Alternate translation: “Who is weak, and I do not become weak as a result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -11:29 bdd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς σκανδαλίζεται, καὶ οὐκ ἐγὼ πυροῦμαι? 1 Paul is using the question form to show that he is **inflamed** when other believers are **caused to stumble**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “If anyone is caused to stumble, I am inflamed” or “I am inflamed when others are caused to stumble!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +11:29 bdd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τίς σκανδαλίζεται, καὶ οὐκ ἐγὼ πυροῦμαι? 1 Paul is using the question form to show that he is **inflamed** when other believers are **caused to stumble**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “If anyone is caused to stumble, I am inflamed!” or “I am inflamed when others are caused to stumble!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 11:29 ob3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τίς σκανδαλίζεται, καὶ οὐκ ἐγὼ πυροῦμαι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Whom do others cause to stumble, and I do not become inflamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 11:29 xu57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σκανδαλίζεται 1 Here Paul speaks of helping or causing another person to sin as if it were making that person **stumble**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. Alternate translation: “is caused to sin” or “is led into sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 11:29 g5am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐκ ἐγὼ πυροῦμαι? 1 Here Paul speaks as if he were like a fire that could become **inflamed**. He could mean that: (1) he becomes angry in response to people being **caused to stumble**. Alternate translation: “I do not get angry” or “I do not feel fury” (2) he feels sympathy or shares in the stumbling. Alternate translation: “I do not feel sympathy” or “I am not distressed in response” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -1321,17 +1321,17 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 11:31 zpkf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὢν εὐλογητὸς 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, Paul implies that everything God created does it.. Alternate translation: “whom all things bless” or “whom all creation blesses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 11:31 mpwu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **eternity**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “at all times” or “eternally” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 11:31 gb7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἶδεν 1 Here Paul states that God **knows** that Paul is **not lying**. The statement that God **knows** makes the claim stronger, since God is the one who can prove that the claim is true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “he himself knows” or “guarantees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -11:31 no05 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ ψεύδομαι 1 Here Paul could be referring to: (1) what he has already said and what he is about to say. Alternate translation: “I am not lying in what I am saying” (2) what Paul is about to say in the following verses. Alternate translation: “I am not lying in what I have said” (3) what Paul has already said. Alternate translation: “I am not lying in what I am about to say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +11:31 no05 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ ψεύδομαι 1 Here Paul could be referring to: (1) what he has already said and what he is about to say. Alternate translation: “I am not lying in what I am saying” (2) what Paul is about to say in the following verses. Alternate translation: “I am not lying in what I will say” (3) what Paul has already said. Alternate translation: “I am not lying in what I said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:31 yx8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐ ψεύδομαι 1 Paul is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning, **lying**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “I am definitely speaking the truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 11:32 n383 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἁρέτα 1 Here, the word **Aretas** is the name of a man who was a king. He obeyed what the Roman leaders required, and they let him be king over an area that included the city of **Damascus**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 11:32 kwku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἁρέτα τοῦ βασιλέως 1 Here the phrase **under Aretas the king** indicates that **the ethnarch** was appointed by **Aretas** and did what he said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “who obeyed Aretas the king” or “who ruled under Aretas the king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:32 j7de rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Δαμασκηνῶν 1 Here, the word **Damascenes** refers generally to people who live in the city of **Damascus**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 11:32 cpg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν πόλιν Δαμασκηνῶν 1 Here, the phrase **the city of Damascenes** is another way to refer to the city **Damascus**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to that city in whatever way is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his city” or “the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -11:33 i8xa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ θυρίδος ἐν σαργάνῃ, ἐχαλάσθην διὰ τοῦ τείχους 1 Here Paul describes how he **escaped** from the city of Damascus (see [Acts 9:23–25](../act/09/23.md)). His friends put him in a **basket**, a large bowl most likely made out of woven rope or plants. They attached a rope to the **basket** and **lowered** Paul out a **window** or opening that was in the **wall**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could more explicitly explain how this action was done. Alternate translation: “I was put in a basket and lowered by rope through a window that was in the wall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +11:33 i8xa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ θυρίδος ἐν σαργάνῃ, ἐχαλάσθην διὰ τοῦ τείχους 1 Here Paul describes how he **escaped** from the city of Damascus (see [Acts 9:23–25](../act/09/23.md)). His friends put him in a **basket**, a large bowl most likely made out of woven rope or plant stems. They attached a rope to the **basket** and **lowered** Paul out a **window** or opening that was in the **wall**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could more explicitly explain how this action was done. Alternate translation: “I was put in a basket and lowered by rope through a window that was in the wall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:33 uk9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐχαλάσθην 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, Paul implies that friends, who were probably fellow believers, did it. Alternate translation: “friends lowered me” or “other Christians lowered me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 11:33 uitt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ 2 Here, the word **and** introduces what happened as a result of him being **lowered in a basket**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a result. Alternate translation: “so” or “so that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 11:33 aw7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **his hands** represents the power or servants of the “ethnarch,” that is, the local ruler of the city. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his power” or “the people he sent to seize me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -12:intro abcf 0 # 2 Corinthians 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n7. Paul defends his apostolic authority (10:1–13:10)\n * Paul’s ascent to heaven and the thorn in the flesh (12:1–10)\n * Paul concludes his boasting (12:11–13)\n * Paul defends his financial conduct (12:14–18)\n * Paul warns the Corinthians about his third visit (12:19–13:10)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Paul’s trip to heaven\n\nIn [12:1–6](../12/01.md), Paul speaks about how he temporarily ascended to heaven 14 years before he wrote this letter. He speaks about this experience in the third person to avoid directly boasting about himself. Also, he gives very few details about his experience. He describes how he went to the third heaven and paradise, that he heard words he cannot tell to others, and that he is not sure whether he ascended in his body or without his body (which would be either spiritually or in a dream). Paul gives enough details to show that he really did ascend to heaven, but he does not want to tell the Corinthians about what he learned and saw there. In other words, he only “boasts” about this experience to show the Corinthians that he is truly an apostle even according to their standards. However, he thinks it is better to boast about how Christ works through him when he is weak, which is Christ’s standard for being an apostle.\n\n### The third heaven and Paradise\n\nIn Paul’s culture, many people believed that there were different levels or layers in heaven, but they disagreed on how many levels or layers there were. Some people thought that there was only one layer, while others thought that there were three, five, seven, or ten layers. Because of the various options, we cannot be sure whether the “third heaven” is the highest heaven or whether it is the third out of more layers of heaven. When Paul uses the word “Paradise,” he is most likely referring to the place where believers go after they die and before the resurrect. The way he refers to Paradise could imply that it is or is part of the third heaven. However, we cannot be sure about this either. Since we do not know Paul’s view about the layers of heaven or about the location of Paradise, it is best not to include any implied information on these issues in your translation.\n\n### The thorn in the flesh\n\nIn [12:7–8](../12/07.md), Paul refers to a “thorn in the flesh” that was given to him. He further names this “thorn” as a “messenger of Satan.” There are three primary possibilities for what the thorn could be. First, it could be some kind of sickness, disease, or ailment. Second, it could be opposition from other people who wish to stop Paul from preaching the gospel. Third, it could a demon who tries to keep Paul from serving Christ. However, since we do not know anything else about this “thorn,” it is impossible to identify exactly what Paul is writing about. What is clear is that the “thorn” makes Paul’s life difficult and painful. Your translation should be general enough to allow for all of these interpretations since Paul’s language is also this general.\n\n### Financial support for teachers\n\nIn this chapter, Paul continues to state that he did not and will not ask for or receive money and support from the Corinthians. In Paul’s culture, it was common for traveling teachers to ask for and receive money from the people they were teaching, and Paul’s opponents apparently did so. Paul, however, does not do so, and he explains further in this chapter why he acts in that way. Continue to express the idea as you did in the previous chapter.\n\n### Boasting\n\nJust as in the previous two chapters, in this chapter Paul refers multiple times to “boasting.” In Paul’s culture, not all boasting was considered bad. Instead, there were good and bad kinds of boasting. In these verses, Paul boasts because his opponents, the false teachers, boast. He does not think that this boasting is necessary or good, but he does it to respond to his opponents. Continue to express the idea as you did in the previous chapters. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/boast]])\n\n### Paul’s third visit\n\nIn [12:14](../12/14.md) and in [12:20–21](../12/20.md), Paul refers to visiting the Corinthians for a “third” time. He had only visited them twice by the time he wrote this letter, but he plans to visit them again. This visit would happen sometime after the Corinthians received this letter. We do know that Paul visited the Corinthians again because he wrote a later letter, Romans, from the city of Corinth.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn [12:13](../12/13.md), [15](../12/15.md), [17–19](../12/17.md), Paul uses rhetorical questions. Paul asks these questions to include the Corinthians in what he is arguing, not because he is looking for information. If your language does not use questions in this way, you could include answers to the questions, or you could express them as statements or exclamations. See the notes on these verses for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n### Irony\n\nMultiple times in this chapter, Paul uses irony. In other words, he speaks words that he does not agree with in order to make a point. In [12:11](../12/11.md), he uses irony when he refers to the false teachers as “super-apostles.” He uses irony again in [12:13](../12/13.md), where he exclaims, “Forgive me this injustice!” He uses irony again in [12:16](../12/16.md), where he says, “I myself did not burden you, but, being crafty, I caught you by deceit.” In each of these verses, he does not actually agree with these words. Rather, he speaks from the perspective of the Corinthians or his opponents. He does this to show that these perspectives are wrong. See the notes on each of these verses for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Paul uses the third person to speak about himself\n\nIn [12:2–5](../12/02.md), Paul speaks about a person whom he knows. This person ascended into heaven and heard amazing things. However, in [12:6–7](../12/06.md), Paul speaks as if these “revelations” were things he himself had experienced. Paul must have been speaking about himself when he referred to a person he knows. Most likely, he does this to avoid directly boasting about himself (see [12:5–6](../12/05.md)). He would rather boast about how Christ gives him power when he is weak. If possible, preserve how Paul speaks about himself in the third person. See the notes on these verses for translation options. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +12:intro abcf 0 # 2 Corinthians 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n7. Paul defends his apostolic authority (10:1–13:10)\n * Paul’s ascent to heaven and the thorn in the flesh (12:1–10)\n * Paul concludes his boasting (12:11–13)\n * Paul defends his financial conduct (12:14–18)\n * Paul warns the Corinthians about his third visit (12:19–13:10)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Paul’s trip to heaven\n\nIn [12:1–6](../12/01.md), Paul speaks about how he temporarily ascended to heaven 14 years before he wrote this letter. He speaks about this experience in the third person to avoid directly boasting about himself. Also, he gives very few details about his experience. He describes how he went to the third heaven and paradise, that he heard words he cannot tell to others, and that he is not sure whether he ascended in his body or without his body (which would be either spiritually or in a dream). Paul gives enough details to show that he really did ascend to heaven, but he does not want to tell the Corinthians about what he learned and saw there. In other words, he only “boasts” about this experience to show the Corinthians that he is truly an apostle even according to their standards. However, he thinks it is better to boast about how Christ works through him when he is weak, which is Christ’s standard for being an apostle.\n\n### The third heaven and Paradise\n\nIn Paul’s culture, many people believed that there were different levels or layers in heaven, but they disagreed on how many levels or layers there were. Some people thought that there was only one layer, while others thought that there were three, five, seven, or ten layers. Because of the various options, we cannot be sure whether the “third heaven” is the highest heaven or whether it is the third out of more layers of heaven. When Paul uses the word “Paradise,” he is most likely referring to the place where believers go after they die and before they resurrect. The way he refers to Paradise could imply that it is or is part of the third heaven. However, we cannot be sure about this either. Since we do not know Paul’s view about the layers of heaven or about the location of Paradise, it is best not to include any implied information on these issues in your translation.\n\n### The thorn in the flesh\n\nIn [12:7–8](../12/07.md), Paul refers to a “thorn in the flesh” that was given to him. He further names this “thorn” as a “messenger of Satan.” There are three primary possibilities for what the thorn could be. First, it could be some kind of sickness, disease, or ailment. Second, it could be opposition from other people who wish to stop Paul from preaching the gospel. Third, it could a demon who tries to keep Paul from serving Christ. However, since we do not know anything else about this “thorn,” it is impossible to identify exactly what Paul is writing about. What is clear is that the “thorn” makes Paul’s life difficult and painful. Your translation should be general enough to allow for all of these interpretations since Paul’s language is also this general.\n\n### Financial support for teachers\n\nIn this chapter, Paul continues to state that he did not and will not ask for or receive money and support from the Corinthians. In Paul’s culture, it was common for traveling teachers to ask for and receive money from the people they were teaching, and Paul’s opponents apparently did so. Paul, however, does not do so, and he explains further in this chapter why he acts in that way. Continue to express the idea as you did in the previous chapter.\n\n### Boasting\n\nJust as in the previous two chapters, in this chapter Paul refers multiple times to boasting. In Paul’s culture, not all boasting was considered bad. Instead, there were good and bad kinds of boasting. In these verses, Paul boasts because his opponents, the false teachers, boast. He does not think that this boasting is necessary or good, but he does it to respond to his opponents. Continue to express the idea as you did in the previous chapters. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/boast]])\n\n### Paul’s third visit\n\nIn [12:14](../12/14.md) and in [12:20–21](../12/20.md), Paul refers to visiting the Corinthians for a third time. He had only visited them twice by the time he wrote this letter, but he plans to visit them again. This visit would happen sometime after the Corinthians received this letter. We do know that Paul visited the Corinthians again because he wrote a later letter, Romans, from the city of Corinth.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn [12:13](../12/13.md), [15](../12/15.md), [17–19](../12/17.md), Paul uses rhetorical questions. Paul asks these questions to include the Corinthians in what he is arguing, not because he is looking for information. If your language does not use questions in this way, you could include answers to the questions, or you could express them as statements or exclamations. See the notes on these verses for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n### Irony\n\nMultiple times in this chapter, Paul uses irony. In other words, he speaks words that he does not agree with in order to make a point. In [12:11](../12/11.md), he uses irony when he refers to the false teachers as “super-apostles.” He uses irony again in [12:13](../12/13.md), where he exclaims, “Forgive me this injustice!” He uses irony again in [12:16](../12/16.md), where he says, “I myself did not burden you, but, being crafty, I caught you by deceit.” In each of these verses, he does not actually agree with these words. Rather, he speaks from the perspective of the Corinthians or his opponents. He does this to show that these perspectives are wrong. See the notes on each of these verses for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Paul uses the third person to speak about himself\n\nIn [12:2–5](../12/02.md), Paul speaks about a person whom he knows. This person ascended into heaven and heard amazing things. However, in [12:6–7](../12/06.md), Paul speaks as if these “revelations” were things he himself had experienced. Paul must have been speaking about himself when he referred to a person he knows. Most likely, he does this to avoid directly boasting about himself (see [12:5–6](../12/05.md)). He would rather boast about how Christ gives him power when he is weak. If possible, preserve how Paul speaks about himself in the third person. See the notes on these verses for translation options. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 12:1 e7q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καυχᾶσθαι & οὐ συμφέρον μέν & δὲ 1 Here, the phrase **not profitable** could go with: (1) **I will go on to visions and revelations of the Lord**. Alternate translation: “to boast: even though it is not profitable,” (2) **It is necessary to boast**. Alternate translation: “to boast, though it is not profitable. But” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) 12:1 iur3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐλεύσομαι & εἰς 1 Here Paul speaks of moving on to a new topic as if he were physically moving to a new location. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. Alternate translation: “I will now speak about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 12:1 iwn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ὀπτασίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεις 1 The terms **visions** and **revelations** mean similar things. It is possible that **visions** refers to experiences in which someone sees amazing things, while **revelations** refers to experiences in which someone learns amazing things in general. Paul uses both words to refer in general to all these kinds of experiences. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express Paul’s general focus with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “revelations” or “various visions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -1344,100 +1344,100 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 12:2 dg7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἁρπαγέντα τὸν τοιοῦτον 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, Paul implies that it was God. Alternate translation: “God having caught up such a man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 12:2 k4aw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἕως τρίτου οὐρανοῦ 1 Many people in Paul’s culture believed that the space that they called “heaven” contained multiple layers or spheres of individual heavens. Here, Paul refers to the **third heaven**. Since he does not specify how many heavens he thinks there are, it is best not to clarify whether this is the highest heaven or not. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers more clearly to the **third** out of multiple heavens. Alternate translation: “up to the third out of multiple heavens” or “into the third sphere of heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:3 notz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 1 Here, the word **And** introduces a restatement of the previous verse with some new information. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a restatement. Alternate translation: “I repeat,” or “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -12:3 idrl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καὶ οἶδα τὸν τοιοῦτον ἄνθρωπον (εἴτε ἐν σώματι εἴτε χωρὶς τοῦ σώματος οὐκ οἶδα, ὁ Θεὸς οἶδεν), 1 Just as in the previous verse, the clauses **whether in body, or out of the body, I do not know, God knows** interrupt the main sentence, which continues into the next verse. Use the same form you used in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Whether this happened in the body, or out of the body, I do not know, God knows. However it happened, I know about such a man,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) +12:3 idrl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καὶ οἶδα τὸν τοιοῦτον ἄνθρωπον (εἴτε ἐν σώματι εἴτε χωρὶς τοῦ σώματος οὐκ οἶδα, ὁ Θεὸς οἶδεν), 1 Just as in the previous verse, the clauses **whether in body, or out of the body, I do not know, God knows** interrupt the main sentence, which continues into the next verse. Use the same form you used in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Whether this happened in the body or out of the body, I do not know, God knows. However it happened, I know about such a man,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) 12:3 pkl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person οἶδα τὸν τοιοῦτον ἄνθρωπον 1 Here Paul continues to speak about himself in the third person. Make sure that your translation fits with how you chose to translate [12:2](../12/02.md). Alternate translation: “I know that such a man, that is, me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -12:3 ow23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἴτε ἐν σώματι εἴτε χωρὶς τοῦ σώματος οὐκ οἶδα 1 Here Paul again addresses the question about whether the **man** went into heaven in bodily form or not. He uses almost the same words he used in [12:2](../12/02.md), although he does not repeat **I do not know** here. Translate these words as you did in [12:2](../12/02.md). Alternate translation: “whether in bodily form, or not in bodily form, I do not know” or “whether physically or spiritually, I do not know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -12:4 wm7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ἡρπάγη εἰς τὸν Παράδεισον, καὶ ἤκουσεν ἄρρητα ῥήματα, ἃ οὐκ ἐξὸν ἀνθρώπῳ λαλῆσαι 1 Here Paul continues to speak about himself in the third person. Make sure that your translation fits with how you chose to translate [12:2–3](../12/02.md). Alternate translation: “he, by which I mean I, was caught up into Paradise and heard inexpressible words which are not permitted for a man to speak” or “he was caught up into Paradise and heard inexpressible words which are not permitted for a man to speak. Again, that man is me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +12:3 ow23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἴτε ἐν σώματι εἴτε χωρὶς τοῦ σώματος οὐκ οἶδα 1 Here Paul again addresses the question about whether the **man** went into heaven in bodily form or not. He uses almost the same words he used in [12:2](../12/02.md), although he does not repeat **I do not know** here. Translate these words as you did in [12:2](../12/02.md). Alternate translation: “whether in bodily form or not in bodily form, I do not know” or “whether physically or spiritually, I do not know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +12:4 wm7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ἡρπάγη εἰς τὸν Παράδεισον, καὶ ἤκουσεν ἄρρητα ῥήματα, ἃ οὐκ ἐξὸν ἀνθρώπῳ λαλῆσαι 1 Here Paul continues to speak about himself in the third person. Make sure that your translation fits with how you chose to translate [12:2–3](../12/02.md). Alternate translation: “he, by which I mean I, was caught up into Paradise and heard inexpressible words which are not permitted for a man to speak” or “he was caught up into Paradise and heard inexpressible words which are not permitted for a man to speak. Again, that man is me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 12:4 qv5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡρπάγη εἰς τὸν Παράδεισον, καὶ ἤκουσεν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, Paul implies that it was God. Alternate translation: “God caught him up into Paradise and he heard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 12:4 ic45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown τὸν Παράδεισον 1 Here, the word **Paradise** refers to a place in heaven where those who have trusted in God live after they die and before Jesus comes back. Paul does not explicitly state whether **Paradise** is the “third heaven” or, more likely, within the “third heaven.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to the place where believing people go immediately after they die. Alternate translation: “the place of the believing dead” or “the abode of the dead in heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -12:4 rdqr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἄρρητα ῥήματα, ἃ οὐκ ἐξὸν ἀνθρώπῳ λαλῆσαι 1 The terms **inexpressible** and **which are not permitted for a man to speak** mean similar things. It is possible that **inexpressible** indicates that people are unable to speak these amazing **words**, and **which are not permitted** indicates that God does not allow people to speak these **words**. If you do not have clear ways to express these two ideas, and if it would be helpful in your language, you could express the general idea with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “words which a man cannot speak” or “amazing and unrepeatable words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) +12:4 rdqr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἄρρητα ῥήματα, ἃ οὐκ ἐξὸν ἀνθρώπῳ λαλῆσαι 1 The terms **inexpressible** and **which are not permitted for a man to speak** mean similar things. It is possible that **inexpressible** indicates that people are unable to speak these amazing **words**, and **which are not permitted** indicates that God does not allow people to speak these **words**. If you do not have clear ways to express these two ideas and if it would be helpful in your language, you could express the general idea with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “words which a man cannot speak” or “amazing and unrepeatable words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 12:4 jwof rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἃ οὐκ ἐξὸν ἀνθρώπῳ λαλῆσαι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, it is clear from the context that it is God. Alternate translation: “which a man cannot speak” or “which God does not permit a man to speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 12:4 dlb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώπῳ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “for a human” or “for a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -12:5 hpq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ὑπὲρ τοῦ τοιούτου, καυχήσομαι, ὑπὲρ δὲ ἐμαυτοῦ, οὐ καυχήσομαι 1 He Paul finishes talking about himself in the third person. It is clear here that he does so in order to avoid boasting about himself. Make sure that your translation fits with how you translated [12:2–4](../12/02.md). If you have not yet revealed that Paul is speaking about himself, this verse may be a good time to do so. Alternate translation: “On behalf of such a man, who is really I, I will boast. But on behalf of myself I will not directly boast” or “Since I am that man, I could boast about myself. However, I will not boast about myself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -12:5 i12f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions οὐ καυχήσομαι, εἰ μὴ ἐν ταῖς ἀσθενείαις 1 If, in your language, it would appear that Paul were making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “I will only boast in my weaknesses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]]) +12:5 hpq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ὑπὲρ τοῦ τοιούτου, καυχήσομαι, ὑπὲρ δὲ ἐμαυτοῦ, οὐ καυχήσομαι 1 Here Paul finishes talking about himself in the third person. It is clear here that he does so in order to avoid boasting about himself. Make sure that your translation fits with how you translated [12:2–4](../12/02.md). If you have not yet revealed that Paul is speaking about himself, this verse may be a good time to do so. Alternate translation: “On behalf of such a man, who is really myself, I will boast. But on behalf of myself I will not directly boast” or “Since I am that man, I could boast about myself. However, I will not boast about myself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +12:5 i12f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions οὐ καυχήσομαι, εἰ μὴ ἐν ταῖς ἀσθενείαις 1 If, in your language, it would appear that Paul was making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “I will only boast in my weaknesses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]]) 12:5 y3cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ταῖς ἀσθενείαις 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **weaknesses**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “about how weak I am” or “about the many ways in which I am weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 12:6 a61a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse ([12:5](../12/05.md)). He wishes to say that he could properly boast about the man who ascended to heaven, since that man is himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “Now” or “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 12:6 pkx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary ἐὰν & θελήσω καυχήσασθαι, οὐκ ἔσομαι ἄφρων, ἀλήθειαν γὰρ ἐρῶ 1 Paul is making a conditional statement that sounds hypothetical, but he already knows that the condition is not true. He has decided that he will not **boast**. However, he wants to speak about what would be true if he did actually **boast**. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a condition that the speaker knows is not true. Alternate translation: “were I actually to desire to boast, I would not be a fool, for I would be speaking the truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary]]) 12:6 adg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀλήθειαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -12:6 pc8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis φείδομαι 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I refrain from boasting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +12:6 pc8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis φείδομαι 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I refrain from boasting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 12:6 krnt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰς ἐμὲ λογίσηται ὑπὲρ 1 Here, the phrase **think more of me** refers to how people can think a person is greater or more powerful than they actually are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that makes this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “would consider me to be greater than” or “would think more highly of me than” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:6 p8fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὃ βλέπει με, ἢ ἀκούει ἐξ ἐμοῦ 1 Here Paul refers to what people can observe him doing and saying. He wants people to think about him only based on what they see him doing and hear him saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “what he sees me do or hears me say” or “what he knows about my deeds and words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:6 m57l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations βλέπει 1 Although the term **he** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “he or she” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -12:7 v5s7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καὶ τῇ ὑπερβολῇ τῶν ἀποκαλύψεων, διὸ ἵνα μὴ ὑπεραίρωμαι 1 Here, the phrase **because of the surpassing {nature} of the revelations** could go with: (1) this verse. In this case, the word **therefore** is in an unusual position in the middle of the sentence, and you may need to move it to the beginning of the sentence. Alternate translation: “Therefore, because of the surpassing nature of revelations, so that I would not become super arrogant” (2) the end of the previous verse. If you follow this interpretation, you will need to end the previous verse with no punctuation. Alternate translation: “also because of the surpassing nature of the revelations. Therefore, so that I would not become super arrogant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) +12:7 v5s7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καὶ τῇ ὑπερβολῇ τῶν ἀποκαλύψεων, διὸ ἵνα μὴ ὑπεραίρωμαι 1 Here, the phrase **because of the surpassing {nature} of the revelations** could go with: (1) this verse. In this case, the word **therefore** is in an unusual position in the middle of the sentence, and you may need to move it to the beginning of the sentence. Alternate translation: “Therefore, because of the surpassing nature of revelations, so that I would not become super arrogant” (2) the end of the previous verse. If you follow this interpretation, you will need to end the previous verse with no punctuation. Alternate translation: “and also because of the surpassing nature of the revelations. Therefore, so that I would not become super arrogant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) 12:7 xxi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῇ ὑπερβολῇ τῶν ἀποκαλύψεων 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe the **revelations** as **surpassing**. He could mean that the **revelations**: (1) were very great. Alternate translation: “because of how amazing the revelations were” (2) were very many. Alternate translation: “because of how many revelations I received” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) 12:7 hu8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐδόθη μοι σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was God. Alternate translation: “God gave me a thorn in the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 12:7 q5e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί 1 Here Paul speaks as if a **thorn** was stabbing him in the **flesh**. He could mean that: (1) he had a sickness or ailment that affected his **flesh**, that is, his body. Alternate translation: “a thorn in the flesh, that is, sickness,” (2) people opposed him and his ministry. Alternate translation: “a thorn in the flesh, that is, people opposing me,” (3) a demon attacked him. Alternate translation: “a thorn in the flesh, that is, a demon,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 12:7 q7lz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ 1 Here Paul refers to a **messenger** or angel that came from or was sent by **Satan**, the devil. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “Satan’s angel” or “someone sent by Satan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -12:7 c09d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κολαφίζῃ 1 Here Paul speaks as if the **messenger of Satan** were physically buffeting or hitting him. He means that the **messenger** caused him to suffer in some physical way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “he might hurt me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +12:7 c09d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κολαφίζῃ 1 Here Paul speaks as if the **messenger of Satan** were physically buffeting or hitting him. He means that the **messenger** caused him to suffer in some physical way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “he might hurt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 12:7 ehp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ἵνα μὴ ὑπεραίρωμαι 2 Here most ancient manuscripts include the clause **so that I would not become super arrogant**. The ULT follows that reading. Some ancient manuscripts do not have this clause. Most likely, this clause was accidentally omitted because Paul had already said it once. So, it is recommended that you use the reading of the ULT. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) 12:8 jbne rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τούτου 1 Here, the word **this** could refer: (1) generally to what Paul described in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “this situation” (2) to the “messenger of Satan.” Alternate translation: “this messenger of Satan” (3) to the “thorn in the flesh.” Alternate translation: “this thorn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) 12:8 n76p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo ὑπὲρ τούτου & ἵνα ἀποστῇ ἀπ’ ἐμοῦ 1 Here Paul refers both to what he **begged the Lord** about (**this**) and what he wanted the Lord to do (**that he would remove {it} from me**). If referring to both of these things would be redundant in your language, and if it would be helpful, you could combine **about this** with **that he would remove {it} from me**. Alternate translation: “that he would remove this from me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo]]) 12:8 wc7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀποστῇ 1 Here, the subject of **remove** could be: (1) the **Lord**, who can **remove** the thorn and the suffering it causes. Alternate translation: “he would take it away” (2) the thorn, or messenger of Satan, which can **remove** itself from Paul. Alternate translation: “it would depart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:9 di10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations εἴρηκέν μοι 1 Here Paul repeats what the Lord said in response to his prayer that the thorn and its suffering be taken away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that introduces the answer to a question or prayer. Alternate translation: “he has answered me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) -12:9 km91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations μοι, ἀρκεῖ σοι ἡ χάρις μου, ἡ γὰρ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται 1 It may be more natural in your language to have an indirect quotation here. If you use the following alternate translation, you will need to remove the quotation marks. Alternate translation: “to me that his grace is enough for me, for his power is being made perfect in weakness.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -12:9 nr2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀρκεῖ σοι ἡ χάρις μου, ἡ γὰρ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **grace**, **power**, and **weakness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “How I act graciously is enough for you, for I perfect how powerful people are when they are weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -12:9 axcg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular σοι 1 Because God is speaking to one person, Paul, **you** in the quotation is singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) +12:9 km91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations μοι, ἀρκεῖ σοι ἡ χάρις μου, ἡ γὰρ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται 1 It may be more natural in your language to have an indirect quotation here. If you use the following alternate translation, you will need to remove the quotation marks. Alternate translation: “to me that his grace is enough for me, for his power is being made perfect in weakness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +12:9 nr2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀρκεῖ σοι ἡ χάρις μου, ἡ γὰρ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **grace**, **power**, and **weakness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “How I act graciously is enough for you, for when people are weak, I perfect how powerfully I work through them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +12:9 axcg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular σοι 1 Because God is speaking to one person, Paul, the pronoun **you** in the quotation is singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) 12:9 cs63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡ γὰρ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, it is clear from the context that it is the Lord. Alternate translation: “for I perfect my power in weakness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -12:9 t5um rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μᾶλλον & ἐν ταῖς ἀσθενείαις μου 1 Here, the phrase **even more** could indicate that Paul will: (1) boast more in his **weaknesses** than he has already. Alternate translation: “more than I have in my weaknesses” (2) boast in his **weaknesses** rather than praying for the removal of the thorn. Alternate translation: “in my weaknesses rather than asking God to remove them” (3) boast in his **weaknesses** rather than in his strengths. Alternate translation: “in my weaknesses rather than in my strengths” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +12:9 t5um rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μᾶλλον & ἐν ταῖς ἀσθενείαις μου 1 Here, the phrase **even more** could indicate that Paul will: (1) boast more in his **weaknesses** than he has already. Alternate translation: “more than I already have in my weaknesses” (2) boast in his **weaknesses** rather than praying for the removal of the thorn. Alternate translation: “in my weaknesses rather than asking God to remove them” (3) boast in his **weaknesses** rather than in his strengths. Alternate translation: “in my weaknesses rather than in my strengths” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:9 usod rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ταῖς ἀσθενείαις μου, ἵνα ἐπισκηνώσῃ ἐπ’ ἐμὲ ἡ δύναμις τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **weaknesses** and **power**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “about how weak I am so that Christ will reside upon me to empower me” or “in how weak I am so that Christ will give his power to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 12:9 adcs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἡ δύναμις τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **power** that comes from **Christ**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “power from Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -12:9 g8mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπισκηνώσῃ ἐπ’ ἐμὲ 1 Here Paul speaks as if **the power of Christ** were person who could **reside** in or **upon** Paul, who is pictured like a tent or house. He means that **the power of Christ** consistently becomes part of his life and is something that he can always have. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “might live in me” or “might always be with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -12:10 pxf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εὐδοκῶ 1 Here Paul means that he is content with these bad experiences and is even happy that he experiences them because Christ works through him when these bad things happen. He does not mean that he enjoys the bad experiences themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “I rejoice when I live” or “I am content to suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +12:9 g8mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπισκηνώσῃ ἐπ’ ἐμὲ 1 Here Paul speaks as if **the power of Christ** were a person who could **reside** in or **upon** Paul, who is pictured like a tent or house. He means that **the power of Christ** consistently becomes part of his life and is something that he can always have. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “might live in me” or “might always be with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +12:10 pxf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εὐδοκῶ 1 Here Paul means that he is content with these bad experiences and is even happy that he experiences them, because Christ works through him when these bad things happen. He does not mean that he enjoys the bad experiences themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “I rejoice when I live” or “I am content to suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:10 s5sx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἀσθενείαις, ἐν ὕβρεσιν, ἐν ἀνάγκαις, ἐν διωγμοῖς, καὶ στενοχωρίαις 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas in this clause, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “in being weak, in being insulted, in being coerced, in being persecuted and distressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 12:10 xl8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἐν ἀσθενείαις, ἐν ὕβρεσιν, ἐν ἀνάγκαις, ἐν διωγμοῖς, καὶ στενοχωρίαις, ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **for the sake of Christ** could go with: (1) the entire list of bad experiences. Alternate translation: “in weaknesses, in insults, in hardships, in persecutions and distresses whenever I experience them for the sake of Christ” (2) the verb **take delight**. Alternate translation: “for the sake of Christ in weaknesses, in insults, in hardships, in persecutions and distresses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) 12:10 t7qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Paul takes **delight** in these bad experiences. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis for a claim. Alternate translation: “that is because” or “I do that since” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 12:11 a1ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γέγονα ἄφρων 1 Here Paul means that he has spoken in **foolish** ways in the previous several chapters. He does not mean that he is always a **foolish** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “I have been talking in foolish ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -12:11 pzw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑμεῖς με ἠναγκάσατε 1 Here Paul means that reason why he had to speak in **foolish** ways that the Corinthians were behaving wrongly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “the way you are acting has compelled me to do so” or “how you are behaving has forced me to be like this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +12:11 pzw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑμεῖς με ἠναγκάσατε 1 Here Paul means is that reason why he had to speak in **foolish** ways is that the Corinthians were behaving wrongly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “the way you are acting has compelled me to do so” or “how you are behaving has made me act this way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:11 bkxl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ὑμεῖς με ἠναγκάσατε 1 Here, the word translated **yourselves** emphasizes **you**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **you** in your language. Alternate translation: “you indeed compelled me” or “it is you who compelled me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 12:11 c25h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces an explanation of how the Corinthians **compelled** Paul to be foolish. He goes on to explain that they should have been commending him, but they have not done so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces an explanation. Alternate translation: “That is because” or “You compelled me because, although it has not happened,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 12:11 v2lr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐγὼ & ὤφειλον ὑφ’ ὑμῶν συνίστασθαι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you ought to commend me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 12:11 rada rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑστέρησα 1 Here Paul could be using the past tense because: (1) he is referring to the time when he was with the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “when I visited you, I lacked” (2) he is speaking of what is generally true. Alternate translation: “I lack” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:11 h4d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐδὲν & ὑστέρησα τῶν ὑπέρλίαν ἀποστόλων 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative verb **lacked** and the negative word **nothing**. Alternate translation: “I have everything that the ‘super-apostles’ have” or “I am just as good as the ‘super-apostles’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -12:11 s82x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony τῶν ὑπέρλίαν ἀποστόλων 1 Here Paul refers to his opponents, the false teachers, with the words that they themselves or their followers used to describe them: **“super-apostles”**. He does not actually believe that these people are better apostles or greater than anyone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that indicates that Paul is speaking from someone else’s perspective to make a point. See how you translated the similar phrase in [11:5](../11/05.md). Alternate translation: “of the so-called ‘super-apostles’” or “of those who consider themselves super-apostles,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +12:11 s82x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony τῶν ὑπέρλίαν ἀποστόλων 1 Here Paul refers to his opponents, the false teachers, with the words that they themselves or their followers used to describe them: **“super-apostles”**. He does not actually believe that these people are better apostles or greater than anyone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that indicates that Paul is speaking from someone else’s perspective to make a point. See how you translated the similar phrase in [11:5](../11/05.md). Alternate translation: “of the so-called ‘super-apostles’” or “of those who consider themselves 'super-apostles'” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) 12:11 v4xc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ καὶ 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that it is true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you could use a word or phrase that introduces something that is contrasting but true. Alternate translation: “although” or “despite the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) -12:11 ulah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole οὐδέν εἰμι 1 Here Paul speaks as if here were actually **nothing**. What he means is that he himself is not great or powerful at all without Christ working through him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “I am worthless on my own” or “I myself have no power or authority” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) +12:11 ulah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole οὐδέν εἰμι 1 Here Paul speaks as if he were actually **nothing**. What he means is that he himself is not great or powerful at all without Christ working through him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “I am worthless on my own” or “I myself have no power or authority” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 12:12 i6sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases μὲν 1 Here, the word translated **Indeed** could: (1) connect this sentence to the previous claim that Paul is equal to the “super-apostles.” You could use a word or phrase that links two statements, or you could leave **Indeed** untranslated. Alternate translation: “In fact” (2) introduce the first part of a contrast. In this case, Paul does not directly state the second half of the contrast. He would be implying that they did not pay attention to these **signs**. Alternate translation: “Although you did not pay attention to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 12:12 fgc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὰ & σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **signs** that prove that someone is **an apostle**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the signs that show that someone is an apostle” or “signs that go along with true apostles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) 12:12 kp5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὰ & σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου κατειργάσθη 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, Paul could be implying that: (1) he performed the **signs**. Alternate translation: “I performed the signs of an apostle” (2) God performed the **signs** through him. Alternate translation: “God performed the signs of an apostle through me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 12:12 t05n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν πάσῃ ὑπομονῇ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **endurance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “consistently” or “without ceasing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -12:12 dnle rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπομονῇ— σημείοις τε, καὶ τέρασιν, καὶ δυνάμεσιν 1 Here, the list **both signs and wonders and miracles** could be: (1) examples of what the **signs of an apostle** were. Alternate translation: “endurance, which included both signs and wonders and miracles” (2) the ways in which Paul demonstrated the **signs of an apostle**. Alternate translation: “endurance, shown through signs and wonders and miracles” or “endurance with both signs and wonders and miracles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +12:12 dnle rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπομονῇ— σημείοις τε, καὶ τέρασιν, καὶ δυνάμεσιν 1 Here, the list, **both signs and wonders and miracles**, could be: (1) examples of what the **signs of an apostle** were. Alternate translation: “endurance, which included both signs and wonders and miracles” (2) the ways in which Paul demonstrated the **signs of an apostle**. Alternate translation: “endurance, shown through signs and wonders and miracles” or “endurance with both signs and wonders, and miracles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:12 d4um rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet σημείοις τε, καὶ τέρασιν, καὶ δυνάμεσιν 1 Here Paul uses three similar words to describe supernatural acts that God empowered Paul to do. The word **signs** emphasizes that these acts reveal something; the word **wonders** emphasizes that these acts are amazing or unusual; the word **miracles** emphasizes that these acts are powerful. Paul uses these three words to show that he performed various acts that showed that he was an apostle. If your language does not have different words that emphasize these three aspects of the supernatural acts, you could combine two or all three of these words into one word or phrase and emphasize the variety in another way. Alternate translation: “many and various miracles” or “both many signs and various miracles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 12:13 aclx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γάρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces another reason why the Corinthians should consider Paul to be trustworthy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces another reason, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Even more,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -12:13 sy7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony τί & ἐστιν ὃ ἡσσώθητε ὑπὲρ τὰς λοιπὰς ἐκκλησίας, εἰ μὴ ὅτι αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὐ κατενάρκησα ὑμῶν? χαρίσασθέ μοι τὴν ἀδικίαν ταύτην! 1 Here Paul speaks from the perspective of his opponents, who tell the Corinthians that Paul has committed an **injustice** by treating them **worse** than the other churches by not asking for money from them. He speaks from their perspective to show the Corinthians that this perspective is foolish and wrong. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that clearly expresses that Paul is speaking from another person’s perspective. Alternate translation: “people say that you were treated worse than the remaining churches because I myself did not burden you. If that is true, you need to forgive me for this injustice.” or “what is the way that you were treated worse than the remaining churches? The only way I treated you differently was by not burdening you. If people call that an injustice, please forgive me for it!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +12:13 sy7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony τί & ἐστιν ὃ ἡσσώθητε ὑπὲρ τὰς λοιπὰς ἐκκλησίας, εἰ μὴ ὅτι αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὐ κατενάρκησα ὑμῶν? χαρίσασθέ μοι τὴν ἀδικίαν ταύτην! 1 Here Paul speaks from the perspective of his opponents, who tell the Corinthians that Paul has committed an **injustice** in treating them **worse** than the other churches by not asking them for money. He speaks from their perspective to show the Corinthians that this perspective is foolish and wrong. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that clearly expresses that Paul is speaking from another person’s perspective. Alternate translation: “people say that you were treated worse than the remaining churches because I myself did not burden you. If that is true, you need to forgive me for this injustice.” or “what is the way that you were treated worse than the remaining churches? The only way I treated you differently was by not burdening you. If people call that an injustice, please forgive me for it!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) 12:13 z35e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί & ἐστιν ὃ ἡσσώθητε ὑπὲρ τὰς λοιπὰς ἐκκλησίας, εἰ μὴ ὅτι αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὐ κατενάρκησα ὑμῶν? 1 Paul is using the question form to show the Corinthians that he treated them like all the other churches except for not asking for money. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or a negation. Alternate translation: “I did not treat you worse than the remaining churches except that I myself did not burden you.” or “Besides not burdening you, I treated you just as well as the remaining churches.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -12:13 tctz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions τί & ἐστιν ὃ ἡσσώθητε ὑπὲρ τὰς λοιπὰς ἐκκλησίας, εἰ μὴ ὅτι αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὐ κατενάρκησα ὑμῶν 1 If, in your language, it would appear that Paul were making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “beyond the fact that I myself did not burden you, what is the way that you were treated worse than the remaining churches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]]) +12:13 tctz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions τί & ἐστιν ὃ ἡσσώθητε ὑπὲρ τὰς λοιπὰς ἐκκλησίας, εἰ μὴ ὅτι αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὐ κατενάρκησα ὑμῶν 1 If, in your language, it would appear that Paul was making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “beyond the fact that I myself did not burden you, what is the way that you were treated worse than the remaining churches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]]) 12:13 pr0h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡσσώθητε 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was Paul. Alternate translation: “I treated you worse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])\n\n 12:13 skav rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰς λοιπὰς ἐκκλησίας 1 Here Paul refers to the other **churches** that he works with. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers to other churches that Paul knows and helps. Alternate translation: “the other churches that I serve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:13 d426 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὐ κατενάρκησα ὑμῶν 1 Here Paul speaks of asking for money as if it were a heavy **burden** that he would have asked the Corinthians to carry for him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. See how you translated the similar phrase in [11:9](../11/09.md). Alternate translation: “I myself did not trouble you” or “I myself did not ask for money and so harass you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -12:13 k7a2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns αὐτὸς ἐγὼ 1 Here, the word translated **myself** emphasizes **I**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **I** in your language. Alternate translation: “I for one” or “I indeed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +12:13 k7a2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns αὐτὸς ἐγὼ 1 Here, the word translated **myself** emphasizes **I**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **I** in your language. Alternate translation: “I, for one,” or “I indeed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 12:13 u1w9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἀδικίαν ταύτην 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **injustice**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for acting unjustly” or “for doing what is unjust” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -12:14 g8mz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ἰδοὺ 1 Here, the word **Behold** draws the attention of the audience and asks them to listen carefully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea with a word or phrase that asks the audience to listen, or you could use another form that draws the audience’s attention to the statement that follows. Alternate translation: “Listen to this” or “Listen up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -12:14 ngzf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ καταναρκήσω 1 Here Paul speaks of asking for money as if it were a heavy **burden** that he would have asked the Corinthians to carry for him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. See how you translated the similar phrase in [12:13](../12/13.md). Alternate translation: “I will not trouble you” or “I will not ask for money and so harass you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -12:14 vqbg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Paul **will not burden** the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason for a previous claim. Alternate translation: “I will not burden you because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -12:14 qchp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ ὑμῶν, ἀλλὰ ὑμᾶς 1 Here Paul contrasts **the things** that the Corinthians have, or their possessions, with the Corinthians themselves. What he means is that he does not want the money and possessions that the Corinthians have. Instead, he wants the Corinthians themselves, that is, he wants them to trust him and Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the ideas more explicit. Alternate translation: “the things you own, but your loyalty” or “your possessions, but your trust in me and the Messiah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -12:14 ugk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ ὑμᾶς 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but I seek you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -12:14 pzkf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 2 Here, the word **For** introduces an example that illustrates why Paul acts as he does. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an example. Alternate translation: “As an illustration of this,” or “It is just like how” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) +12:14 g8mz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ἰδοὺ 1 Here, the word **Behold** draws the attention of the audience and asks them to listen carefully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea with a word or phrase that asks the audience to listen, or you could use another form that draws the audience’s attention to the statement that follows. Alternate translation: “Listen to this” or “Hear this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) +12:14 ngzf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ καταναρκήσω 1 Here Paul speaks of asking for money as if it were a heavy **burden** that he could have asked the Corinthians to carry for him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. See how you translated the similar phrase in [12:13](../12/13.md). Alternate translation: “I will not trouble you” or “I will not ask for money and so harass you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +12:14 vqbg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Paul **will not burden** the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason for a previous claim. Alternate translation: “I will not burden you, because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +12:14 qchp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ ὑμῶν, ἀλλὰ ὑμᾶς 1 Here Paul contrasts **the things** that the Corinthians have, or their possessions, with the Corinthians themselves. What he means is that he does not want the money and possessions that the Corinthians have. Instead, he wants the Corinthians themselves; that is, he wants them to trust him and Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the ideas more explicit. Alternate translation: “the things you own, but your loyalty” or “your possessions, but your trust in the Messiah and in me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +12:14 ugk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ ὑμᾶς 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but I seek you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +12:14 pzkf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 2 Here, the word **For** introduces an example that illustrates why Paul acts as he does. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an example. Alternate translation: “As an illustration of this,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 12:14 zsq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐ γὰρ ὀφείλει τὰ τέκνα τοῖς γονεῦσιν θησαυρίζειν, ἀλλὰ οἱ γονεῖς τοῖς τέκνοις 1 If your language would not naturally put the negative statement before the positive statement, you could reverse the two clauses here. Alternate translation: “For the parents should store up for the children, not the children for the parents” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) 12:14 ne5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ γὰρ ὀφείλει τὰ τέκνα τοῖς γονεῦσιν θησαυρίζειν, ἀλλὰ οἱ γονεῖς τοῖς τέκνοις 1 Here Paul speaks of himself as a parent and the Corinthians as his **children**. In Paul’s culture, **parents** generally saved money for their **children** to use. Paul uses this custom to illustrate how he, as a parent, should be giving to the Corinthians instead of the Corinthians, as children, giving to him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that indicates that Paul is speaking of himself as a parent and the Corinthians as children. Alternate translation: “For children, like you, should not store up for your parents, like me. Rather, the parents, like me, should store up for the children, like you.” or “For I am like your parent, and you are like my children. Children should not store up for the parent, but the parent for the children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 12:14 wd97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οἱ γονεῖς τοῖς τέκνοις 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “the parents should store up for the children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 12:15 s237 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a development of the ideas from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a development, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -12:15 vj2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐγὼ & ἥδιστα δαπανήσω καὶ ἐκδαπανηθήσομαι 1 Here Paul speaks as if his energy, time, and even himself were money that he or someone else could **spend**. He means that he is willing to use all his energy and time and even to experience hardships and difficulties to help the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. Alternate translation: “I will most gladly exhaust everything I have and be completely exhausted” or “I will most gladly use all my resources and be completely worn out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +12:15 vj2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐγὼ & ἥδιστα δαπανήσω καὶ ἐκδαπανηθήσομαι 1 Here Paul speaks as if his energy, time, and even he himself were money that he or someone else could **spend**. He means that he is willing to use all his energy and time and even to experience hardships and difficulties to help the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. Alternate translation: “I will most gladly exhaust everything I have and be completely exhausted” or “I will most gladly use all my resources and be completely worn out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 12:15 kqgk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐκδαπανηθήσομαι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, Paul could be implying that: (1) experiences and other people do it to him. Alternate translation: “allow other people to completely spend me” or “let external things completely spend me” (2) he does it to himself. Alternate translation: “completely wear myself out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 12:15 nk8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὑπὲρ τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν 1 Here, the phrase **your souls** represents the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for your sake” or “for the sake of your lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 12:15 t3na rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion εἰ περισσοτέρως ὑμᾶς ἀγαπῶν, ἧσσον ἀγαπῶμαι? 1 Paul is using the question form to rebuke the Corinthians for loving him **less** when he loves them **more abundantly**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a rebuke or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Since I love you more abundantly, I should not be loved less.” or “Given that I love you more abundantly, I should not be loved less!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -12:15 e16a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ & ἀγαπῶν 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that it is true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you could translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Since I love” or “given that I love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) +12:15 e16a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ & ἀγαπῶν 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that it is true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you could translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Since I love” or “Given that I love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) 12:15 gjbk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ἀγαπῶν 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **loving**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “I love.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])\n 12:15 j887 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit περισσοτέρως & ἧσσον 1 Here Paul uses two comparison words without indicating exactly what he is comparing. He could mean that: (1) his love is increasing in comparison to the Corinthians’ love, which is decreasing. Alternate translation: “more than ever … less than ever” (2) he has much love, while the Corinthians have little love. Alternate translation: “greatly … only a little” (3) his love for them is greater than his love for other churches, while the Corinthians love him less than other churches do. Alternate translation: “more abundantly than I love other churches … less than they love me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:15 u9y0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἧσσον ἀγαπῶμαι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, it is clear from the context that it is the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “am I to receive less love” or “are you going to love me less” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -12:16 gvv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔστω δέ, ἐγὼ οὐ κατεβάρησα ὑμᾶς; ἀλλὰ 1 Here, the phrase **But let it be {so}** indicates that something is agreed upon or certainly true. Paul could be referring to: (1) what he is about to say about not being a **burden** to the Corinthians. He means that he and the Corinthians can agree about that. Alternate translation: “But here is what we can agree on: I myself did not burden you. However” (2) what he said in the previous verse about loving the Corinthians, although he may be loved less. He means that even if that is true, he will still not **burden** the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “Besides all that, I myself did not burden. However,” or “Even if that has happened, I myself did not burden you. However,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +12:16 gvv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔστω δέ, ἐγὼ οὐ κατεβάρησα ὑμᾶς; ἀλλὰ 1 Here, the phrase **But let it be {so}** indicates that something is agreed upon or certainly true. Paul could be referring to: (1) what he is about to say about not being a **burden** to the Corinthians. He means that he and the Corinthians can agree about that. Alternate translation: “But here is what we can agree on: I myself did not burden you. However” (2) what he said in the previous verse about loving the Corinthians, although he may be loved less. He means that even if that is true, he will still not **burden** the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “Besides all that, I myself did not burden you. However,” or “Even if that has happened, I myself did not burden you. However,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:16 binl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἐγὼ οὐ κατεβάρησα 1 Here, the word translated **myself** emphasizes **I**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **I** in your language. Alternate translation: “I indeed did not burden” or “as for me, I did not burden” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 12:16 mnvm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐγὼ οὐ κατεβάρησα ὑμᾶς 1 Here Paul speaks of asking for money as if it were a heavy **burden** that he would have asked the Corinthians to carry for him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or plain language. See how you translated the similar phrase in [12:14](../12/14.md). Alternate translation: “I myself did not trouble you” or “I myself did not ask for money and so harass you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -12:16 jl3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony ἀλλὰ ὑπάρχων πανοῦργος δόλῳ, ὑμᾶς ἔλαβον 1 Here Paul speaks from the perspective of either the Corinthians of the opponents. They may think or say that Paul was **crafty** and **caught** them **deceit**. He speaks from their perspective so that he can respond to this claim in the following verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that clearly expresses that Paul is speaking from another person’s perspective. Alternate translation: “but someone may say that I, being crafty, caught you by deceit” or “but you may think that I caught you by deceit, being crafty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) +12:16 jl3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony ἀλλὰ ὑπάρχων πανοῦργος δόλῳ, ὑμᾶς ἔλαβον 1 Here Paul speaks from the perspective of either the Corinthians of the opponents. They may think or say that Paul was **crafty** and **caught** them **by deceit**. He speaks from their perspective so that he can respond to this claim in the following verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that clearly expresses that Paul is speaking from another person’s perspective. Alternate translation: “but someone may say that I, being crafty, caught you by deceit” or “but you may think that I caught you by deceit, being crafty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) 12:16 ur5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑμᾶς ἔλαβον 1 Here Paul speaks of deceiving or tricking the Corinthians as if he were physically grabbing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See the similar phrase “takes advantage” in [11:20](../11/20.md). Alternate translation: “I took advantage of you” or “I cheated you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 12:16 so24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δόλῳ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **deceit**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by being deceitful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -12:17 vb7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μή τινα ὧν ἀπέσταλκα πρὸς ὑμᾶς, δι’ αὐτοῦ ἐπλεονέκτησα ὑμᾶς? 1 Paul is using the question form to deny that any person he has sent to the Corinthians has cheated them. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a negation or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I have not taken advantage of you through anyone whom I have sent to you!” or “There is no one whom i have sent to you through whom I took advantage of you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -12:17 nex4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations αὐτοῦ 1 Although the term **him** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Most likely any person whom **sent** would be a man, but Paul is not making this claim. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “him or her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -12:18 psbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρεκάλεσα Τίτον καὶ συναπέστειλα τὸν ἀδελφόν 1 Here Paul refers to a trip Titus took previously to visit the Corinthians. He is probably referring to the visit he mentions in [8:6](../08/06.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers to a trip that has already been completed. Alternate translation: “I urged Titus to go to you previously and sent the other brother with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +12:17 vb7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μή τινα ὧν ἀπέσταλκα πρὸς ὑμᾶς, δι’ αὐτοῦ ἐπλεονέκτησα ὑμᾶς? 1 Paul is using the question form to deny that any person he has sent to the Corinthians has cheated them. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a negation or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I have not taken advantage of you through anyone whom I have sent to you!” or “There is no one whom I have sent to you through whom I took advantage of you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +12:17 nex4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations αὐτοῦ 1 Although the term **him** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Most likely any person whom Paul **sent** would be a man, but Paul is not making this claim. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “him or her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) +12:18 psbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit παρεκάλεσα Τίτον καὶ συναπέστειλα τὸν ἀδελφόν 1 Here Paul refers to a trip Titus took previously to visit the Corinthians. He is probably referring to the visit he mentions in [8:6](../08/06.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers to a trip that has already been completed. Alternate translation: “I urged Titus to go to you previously, and I sent the other brother with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:18 urtj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo τὸν ἀδελφόν 1 Here Paul assumes that the Corinthians know who this **brother** is, so he does not name him. Since we do not know who this person was, you should not make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “a brother” or “the brother you know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) 12:18 kmt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸν ἀδελφόν 1 Paul is using the term **brother** to mean a person who shares the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the other believer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 12:18 pjl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion μήτι ἐπλεονέκτησεν ὑμᾶς Τίτος? 1 Paul is using the question form to remind the Corinthians that **Titus** did not take advantage of them. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You remember that Titus did not take advantage of you.” or “Titus did not take advantage of you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -1447,7 +1447,7 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 12:18 f4e0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ αὐτῷ πνεύματι 1 Here, the word **spirit** could refer to: (1) the **spirit** of a person, which refers to the inner life of a person, that is, how that person thinks, feels, and makes decisions. Alternate translation: “in the same mind” or “in the same heart” (2) the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “in the same Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:18 oket rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἴχνεσιν? 1 Here Paul speaks as if he and Titus walked on the same path so closely together that the person walking behind stepped in the **footsteps** of the person in front. He means that they did and said very similar things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Did we not act in the same ways” or “Did we not behave in very similar ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 12:19 g1iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πάλαι δοκεῖτε ὅτι ὑμῖν ἀπολογούμεθα? 1 Paul is using the question form to deny that what he has said is primarily for the purpose of **defending ourselves**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Do not think that all of this time we have been defending ourselves to you!” or “I want you to realize that all of this time we have not been defending ourselves to you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -12:19 m3vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάλαι 1 Here, the phrase **all this time** refers to everything that Paul has written so far in this letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “throughout this letter” or “while you listened to what we have said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +12:19 m3vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάλαι 1 Here, the phrase **all of this time** refers to everything that Paul has written so far in this letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “throughout this letter” or “while you listened to what we have said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:19 ih3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κατέναντι Θεοῦ 1 Here, just as with the phrase “in the presence of God” in [2:17](../02/17.md), the phrase **Before God** could indicate that: (1) Paul and his fellow workers speak as they do because they know that God sees or knows what they do. So, they speak in a way that pleases God. Alternate translation: “As God desires” or “With God watching” (2) Paul and his fellow workers speak with God as a witness guaranteeing what they say. Alternate translation: “With God as witness” or “With God guaranteeing it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:19 hcor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Here Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in Christ** to describe the union of believers with **Christ**. In this case, being **in Christ**, or united to Christ, explains that Paul and his fellow workers speak from their perspective as those united to Christ. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that indicates this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and in union with Christ” or “and because of being united to Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 12:19 y0fs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ & πάντα 1 Here, the phrase **all these things** refers primarily to what Paul has written in this letter so far. However, it also includes everything that Paul and his fellow workers say and do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “all the things we say and do, including in this letter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1456,42 +1456,42 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 12:20 fqdk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** could introduce: (1) a reason why Paul has written what he has in this letter. Alternate translation: “I have written these things because” (2) a reason why Paul wants to build them up. Alternate translation: “I want to build you up because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 12:20 cu6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐχ οἵους θέλω & οἷον οὐ θέλετε 1 Here Paul refers to how both he and the Corinthians have ideas about how they think the other person should be behaving. He fears that these ideas will not be accurate. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “not such as I expect … not such as you expect” or “not what I want you to be like … not what you want me to be like“ (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:20 zy6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis θέλετε; μή πως 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “you wish; I fear that somehow there may be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -12:20 aw5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μή πως ἔρις 1 Here Paul implies that they are doing all these wrong things within their own group. He does not mean that they are doing these things to people outside their group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “that somehow there may be within your group quarreling” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +12:20 aw5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μή πως ἔρις 1 Here Paul implies that they are doing all these wrong things within their own group. He does not mean that they are doing these things to people outside their group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “that, within your group, somehow there may be quarreling” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:20 rh1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μή πως ἔρις, ζῆλος, θυμοί, ἐριθεῖαι, καταλαλιαί, ψιθυρισμοί, φυσιώσεις, ἀκαταστασίαι 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for any of the ideas in this list, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “that somehow you may be quarrelsome, jealous, angry, competitive, slanderous, gossiping, proud, and disruptive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 12:21 ddw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis μὴ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the previous verse if it would be clearer in your language (see [12:20](../12/20.md)). Alternate translation: “and I fear that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 12:21 blba rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure πάλιν ἐλθόντος μου, ταπεινώσῃ με ὁ Θεός μου 1 Here the word **again** could go with: (1) **I come**. In this case, Paul is speaking about how he plans to visit the Corinthians a third time. Alternate translation: “when I come yet again, my God might humble me” (2) **God might humble me**. In this case, Paul means that God may **humble** him again, just as he did when Paul visited the Corinthians previously (see [2:1](../02/01.md)). Alternate translation: “when I come, my God might humble me again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) -12:21 ozce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ταπεινώσῃ με ὁ Θεός μου πρὸς ὑμᾶς, καὶ 1 Here Paul could be implying that God will **humble** him: (1) because he would feel ashamed about how the Corinthians were acting. Alternate translation: “my God might humble me by making me feel shame about you, and” (2) because he would have to use his authority for tearing down instead of building up. Alternate translation: “my God might humble me before you by making me punish you, and” (3) because he would **mourn** publicly. Alternate translation: “my God might humble me before because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +12:21 ozce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ταπεινώσῃ με ὁ Θεός μου πρὸς ὑμᾶς, καὶ 1 Here Paul could be implying that God will **humble** him: (1) because he would feel ashamed about how the Corinthians were acting. Alternate translation: “my God might humble me by making me feel shame about you, and” (2) because he would have to use his authority for tearing down instead of building up. Alternate translation: “my God might humble me before you by making me punish you, and” (3) because he would **mourn** publicly. Alternate translation: “my God might humble me before you because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:21 knmg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish ὁ Θεός μου 1 When Paul speaks of **my God**, he does not mean that this is a different **God** than the one the Corinthians believe in. Rather, he simply wishes to state that this **God** is his God. If the phrase **my God** sounds like it makes a distinction between Paul’s God and the Corinthians’ God, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the God I serve” or “our God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 12:21 hq1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, καὶ πορνείᾳ, καὶ ἀσελγείᾳ 1 The terms **impurity**, **sexual immorality**, and **debauchery** mean similar things. Paul is using the three terms together to include all types of sexual sin. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with two words or a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the debauchery and sexual immorality” or “the many kinds of sexual immorality” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 12:21 rh22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐπὶ τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, καὶ πορνείᾳ, καὶ ἀσελγείᾳ, ᾗ ἔπραξαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **impurity**, **immorality**, and **debauchery**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “from acting in impure ways and doing sexually immoral things and enjoying indecent actions” or “from acting in impure and sexually immoral and indecent ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -13:intro abcg 0 # 2 Corinthians 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n7. Paul defends his apostolic authority (10:1–13:10)\n * Paul warns the Corinthians about his third visit (12:19–13:10)\n8. Closing (13:11–13)\n\nIn this chapter, Paul finishes defending his authority. He then concludes the letter with a final greeting and blessing.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Preparation\n\nPaul instructs the Corinthians as he prepares to visit them. He is hoping to avoid needing to discipline anyone in the church so he can visit them joyfully. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Power and weakness\n\nPaul repeatedly uses the contrasting concepts “power” and “weakness” in this chapter. The translator should use words that are understood to be opposites of each other. It seems that people had been criticizing Paul for speaking powerfully in his letters, but being weak when in person (see 10:1). Paul explains that although he is weak, Christ works powerfully through him (13:3-4). God gave Paul power and authority to discipline believers who are living sinfully, but Paul prefers to use this power to encourage the believers to trust in God rather than to discipline them for not living in the right way (13:10). This is why he did not visit them again, so that he could persuade them in a letter rather than discipline them harshly in person (1:23;10:2;13:2,10).\n\n### Examine yourselves\n\nScholars are divided about the examination that Paul has in mind in verse 5. Some scholars say that believers are to test themselves to see whether their actions align with their Christian faith. The context favors this understanding. Others say that this test is to determine if the person actually belongs to God or not. Paul may have both ideas in mind. If a person examines his actions, finds them to be sinful but refuses to change them, then he has rejected God.\n\n### Approved and unapproved\n\nIn 13:5-7, Paul uses the concepts “approved” and “unapproved.” The words he uses for these are forms of the word translated "examine" in 13:5. The idea then, is that someone who is "approved" has been examined and has passed the examination. Paul begins in verse 5 by asking the Corinthian believers to examine themselves, to see if they are living as God wants them to live. Then in verse 6 he challenges them to evaluate Paul and his companions in that same way, because they are living in the right way. Finally, in verse 7 he says that he does not care about this kind of approval from them or from any humans, but he only wants the Corinthian believers to pass this test to show that God approves of them. -13:1 slj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων καὶ τριῶν σταθήσεται πᾶν ῥῆμα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Only if two or three people have said the same thing about another person should God's people believe that it is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +13:intro abcg 0 # 2 Corinthians 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n7. Paul defends his apostolic authority (10:1–13:10)\n * Paul warns the Corinthians about his third visit (12:19–13:10)\n8. Closing (13:11–13)\n\nIn this chapter, Paul finishes defending his authority. He then concludes the letter with a final greeting and blessing.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Preparation\n\nPaul instructs the Corinthians as he prepares to visit them. He is hoping to avoid needing to discipline anyone in the church, so he can visit them joyfully. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Power and weakness\n\nPaul repeatedly uses the contrasting concepts “power” and “weakness” in this chapter. The translator should use words that are understood to be opposites of each other. It seems that people had been criticizing Paul for speaking powerfully in his letters, but being weak when in person (see 10:1). Paul explains that although he is weak, Christ works powerfully through him (13:3-4). God gave Paul power and authority to discipline believers who are living sinfully, but Paul prefers to use this power to encourage the believers to trust in God rather than to discipline them for not living in the right way (13:10). This is why he did not visit them again. It was so that he could persuade them in a letter rather than discipline them harshly in person (1:23;10:2;13:2,10).\n\n### Examine yourselves\n\nScholars are divided about the examination that Paul has in mind in verse 5. Some scholars say that believers are to test themselves to see whether their actions align with their Christian faith. The context favors this understanding. Others say that this test is to determine if the person actually belongs to God or not. Paul may have both ideas in mind. If a person examines his actions, finds them to be sinful but refuses to change them, then he has rejected God.\n\n### Approved and unapproved\n\nIn 13:5-7, Paul uses the concepts “approved” and “unapproved.” The words he uses for these are forms of the word translated "examine" in 13:5. The idea then, is that someone who is "approved" has been examined and has passed the examination. Paul begins in verse 5 by asking the Corinthian believers to examine themselves, to see if they are living as God wants them to live. Then in verse 6 he challenges them to evaluate Paul and his companions in that same way, because they are living in the right way. Finally, in verse 7 he says that he does not care about this kind of approval from them or from any humans, but he only wants the Corinthian believers to pass this test to show that God approves of them. +13:1 slj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων καὶ τριῶν σταθήσεται πᾶν ῥῆμα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Only if two or three people have said the same thing about another person should God's people believe that it is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 13:1 xfhc ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων καὶ τριῶν σταθήσεται πᾶν ῥῆμα 1 Paul is quoting here from Deuteronomy 19:15. He has been accusing the Corinthian believers of doing wrong, and so he compares the number of his visits, during which he has observed and will observe this wrong behavior, with the number of witnesses that the Old Testament required for convicting someone of doing wrong. You may want to include some of this information in a footnote. 13:1 gs3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐπὶ στόματος 1 Paul is using the term **mouth** to mean the words that people say by using their mouths. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression from your language or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by the word” or “on the testimony” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 13:2 fxl6 τοῖς λοιποῖς πᾶσιν 1 Alternate translation: “to all of you other believers” 13:2 ijip rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact ἐὰν ἔλθω 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that he does intend to come again to Corinth. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “when I come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) -13:2 kfzf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ φείσομαι 1 The implication is that, when Paul comes, he will punish any believer there who is continuing to live sinfully. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I will not withhold punishment from anyone who is sinning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +13:2 kfzf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐ φείσομαι 1 The implication is that, when Paul comes, he will punish any believer there who is continuing to live sinfully. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I will not withhold punishment from anyone who is sinning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 13:2 da34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐ φείσομαι 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative verb **spare**. Alternate translation: “I will certainly punish everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 13:3 svtr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δοκιμὴν ζητεῖτε τοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ λαλοῦντος Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **proof**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “you want me to prove that Christ speaks through me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 13:3 kiw2 ἐν ἐμοὶ λαλοῦντος 1 Alternate translation: “speaking through me” 13:3 ffwe rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὃς 1 The pronoun **who** refers to **Christ**. If this is not clear for your readers, you could say this here. If you do this, you may want to start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) -13:3 vd3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀλλὰ δυνατεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 The implication is that Christ will be powerful among the Corinthian believers when Paul comes and disciplines them using Christ's power. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “but will punish you powerfully when I come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -13:4 a1bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καὶ & ἐσταυρώθη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they crucified him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +13:3 vd3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀλλὰ δυνατεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν 1 The implication is that Christ will be powerful among the Corinthian believers when Paul comes and disciplines them using Christ's power. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “but will punish you powerfully when I come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +13:4 a1bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καὶ & ἐσταυρώθη 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they crucified him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 13:4 rha6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐξ ἀσθενείας -1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **weakness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when he was weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 13:4 kh0y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ δυνάμεως Θεοῦ -1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **power**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because God works powerfully … because God works powerfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 13:4 ezsm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀσθενοῦμεν ἐν αὐτῷ -1 Here, Paul is speaking of his relationship to Christ as if he were inside of Christ. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are weak as we imitate him” or “are weak, just as he was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 13:5 ybkc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ἑαυτοὺς πειράζετε & ἑαυτοὺς δοκιμάζετε 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If your language does not have two ways to say this, you could repeat the same phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Test yourselves … Indeed, you must test yourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 13:5 z2oq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἑαυτοὺς -1 The word translated **yourselves** is plural, referring to all of the Corinthian believers. However, the meaning is that each believer is to examine himself, not that they should examine each other. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this as singular, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -13:5 q28n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐστὲ ἐν τῇ πίστει 1 Here, Paul is speaking of **faith** as if it were a substance of which the Corinthians could be inside. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you truly believe in the Messiah” or “you are being faithful to the Messiah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +13:5 q28n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐστὲ ἐν τῇ πίστει 1 Here, Paul is speaking of **faith** as if it were something which the Corinthians could be inside. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you truly believe in the Messiah” or “you are being faithful to the Messiah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 13:5 qvxm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ἢ οὐκ ἐπιγινώσκετε ἑαυτοὺς, ὅτι Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν, εἰ μήτι ἀδόκιμοί ἐστε 1 Paul is using the question form here to emphasize to the Corinthian believers something that is true: that Jesus Christ does live in them. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You know that it is Jesus Christ himself who lives within you—unless you are not in the faith.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 13:5 sbx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν ὑμῖν 1 Here, **in you** could mean: (1) Jesus is intimately connected to each believing individual, as if Jesus were living inside each person. Alternate translation: “part of who you are” (2) Jesus is living among them, part of and the most important member of the group. Alternate translation: “among you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 13:6 xk7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact ἐλπίζω 1 Paul speaks as if he were uncertain about whether or not the Corinthian believers would understand that he is a true follower or apostle of Christ. He does this in order to convey modesty, but he is actually sure of this. If your language does not state something as uncertain if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying here is uncertain, then you could translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “I am sure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) 13:6 f8o8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἡμεῖς & ἐσμὲν 1 Here the word **ourselves** emphasizes that Paul is talking about his apostolic team, who introduced the Corinthian believers to Jesus Christ. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “we, yes, we, are” or “we, who serve Jesus, are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -13:6 fqbe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡμεῖς & ἐσμὲν 1 Paul is referring here to himself and his apostolic team, who introduced the Corinthian believers to Jesus Christ. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “we, the very ones who brought you to Christ, are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +13:6 fqbe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡμεῖς & ἐσμὲν 1 Paul is referring here to himself and his apostolic team, who introduced the Corinthian believers to Jesus Christ. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “we, the very ones who brought you to Christ, are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 13:6 zhkw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives ἡμεῖς οὐκ ἐσμὲν ἀδόκιμοι 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative word **unapproved**. Alternate translation: “we ourselves are approved” or “we ourselves live as one with the Messiah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 13:6 i34s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡμεῖς οὐκ ἐσμὲν ἀδόκιμοι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the testing or approving, it is clear from the context that it was God. Alternate translation: “we ourselves have passed this test” or “God has accepted us ourselves as his own” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 13:7 pu5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent δὲ 1 Paul is using the word translated **Now** to introduce a slightly new topic. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for this, or it may be more natural to leave it out. Alternate translation: “Also,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -13:7 u75e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives μὴ ποιῆσαι ὑμᾶς κακὸν μηδέν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative word **wrong**. Alternate translation: “you will do everything right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +13:7 u75e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives μὴ ποιῆσαι ὑμᾶς κακὸν μηδέν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative word **wrong**. Alternate translation: “you may do everything right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 13:7 kmld rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἡμεῖς δόκιμοι φανῶμεν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in these ways, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the actions, it is people in general who do the seeing and either God or people who do the approving. Alternate translation: “people see that God approves of us ourselves” or “people see our work with you and approve of us ourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 13:7 gt2e δόκιμοι 1 Alternate translation: “great teachers” 13:7 wcrp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἡμεῖς & ὑμεῖς & ἡμεῖς 1 Paul uses the words **ourselves** and **yourselves** to emphasize the difference between his thinking and the thinking of the Corinthian believers. He wants only good for them, while they suspect that he wants only good for himself. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. If you use the following suggestion, it will need a comma before each phrase. Alternate translation: “on our part, … on your part, … on our part,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) @@ -1500,7 +1500,7 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 13:8 jvke rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ἀληθείας -1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God's true message … God's true message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 13:9 vt7b τὴν ὑμῶν κατάρτισιν 1 Alternate translation: “that you may become spiritually mature” 13:9 kr1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 The word translated as **For** here indicates that what follows continues to give another reason, along with verse 8, for the statement of verse 7. Use a connector that indicates that this is another reason, if that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You see,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -13:9 h8h6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἡμεῖς & ὑμεῖς 1 Here, as in verse 7, the words **ourselves** and **yourselves** emphasize the difference between Paul and the Corinthian believers. He wants them to be strong in the Lord and it doesn't matter if people think that he is weak. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. If you use the following suggestion, it will need a comma before each phrase. Alternate translation: “on our part, … on your part,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +13:9 h8h6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ἡμεῖς & ὑμεῖς 1 Here, as in verse 7, the words **ourselves** and **yourselves** emphasize the difference between Paul and the Corinthian believers. He wants them to be strong in the Lord, and it doesn't matter if people think that he is weak. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. If you use the following suggestion, it will need a comma before each phrase. Alternate translation: “on our part, … on your part,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 13:9 ep5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τοῦτο καὶ εὐχόμεθα 1 The pronoun **this** here refers to what Paul desires for the Corinthian believers, which he states in two ways. First, that they be **powerful** in serving God, and then for their **restoration** to a right relationship with God. Those are both the same thing. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use a clearer expression. Alternate translation: “In fact, we pray for this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) 13:10 kbpp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns διὰ τοῦτο 1 The pronoun **this** refers to what Paul has just written in verse 9, that he wants the Corinthian believers to be restored to a right relationship with God. If this is not clear for your readers, you could repeat that information here. Alternate translation: “Because I want you to be restored to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) 13:10 dqu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ταῦτα 1 The words **these things** refer to what Paul has written in the entire letter, but especially to the warnings and exhortations in chapters 10-13. If this is not clear for your readers, you could include that information here. Alternate translation: “the things in this letter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) @@ -1514,7 +1514,7 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr 13:11 axul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰρηνεύετε 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “be peaceful with each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 13:11 vrfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁ Θεὸς τῆς ἀγάπης καὶ εἰρήνης 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **God** as being characterized by **love and peace**. This probably means both that God is the source of love and peace and also that he enables his people to have love and peace. Try to include both meanings, if possible. Alternate translation: “God, who gives love and peace,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) 13:11 t9io rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὁ Θεὸς τῆς ἀγάπης καὶ εἰρήνης 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **love and peace**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “God, who empowers you to love and to be peaceful,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -13:12 p1nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction ἐν ἁγίῳ φιλήματι 1 A **holy kiss** was a symbolic action to show familial love between believers. In some cultures, a kiss as a greeting is appropriate, but in other cultures it is not. The idea of a **holy kiss** is that it be a greeting that is appropriate in the culture, whether it be a kiss, a hug, a handshake, or something else, and also that it be **holy**, that is, appropriate between God's people. If this would not be clear to your readers, you can explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “warmly as fellow believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) +13:12 p1nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction ἐν ἁγίῳ φιλήματι 1 A **holy kiss** was a symbolic action to show familial love between believers. In some cultures, a kiss as a greeting is appropriate, but in other cultures it is not appropriate. The idea of a **holy kiss** is that it be a greeting that is appropriate in the culture, whether it be a kiss, a hug, a handshake, or something else, and also that it be **holy**, that is, appropriate between God's people. If this would not be clear to your readers, you can explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “warmly, as fellow believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 13:12 x2qd οἱ ἅγιοι 1 These **saints** are the fellow believers who are there with Paul. Alternate translation: “those whom God has set apart for himself” 13:13 qodb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ ἡ κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος, μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν 1 Paul ends his letter with this blessing. You can express this as either a blessing or a prayer, in whichever way is more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I pray for all of you that the Lord Jesus Christ will give you his grace, that God will give you his love, and that the Holy Spirit will give you his fellowship.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) 13:13 st07 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ ἡ κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος, μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **grace**, **love**, and **fellowship**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “May the Lord Jesus Christ continue to be gracious to you, may God continue to love you, and may the Holy Spirit unite you all closely together as believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])