From 6f1815ea8598e05e02ecdde4372dfb0e4e597c76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Larry Sallee Date: Wed, 22 Dec 2021 18:58:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Fixed bad links and other validation errors in Colossians (#2201) Co-authored-by: lrsallee Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/2201 Co-authored-by: Larry Sallee Co-committed-by: Larry Sallee --- en_tn_52-COL.tsv | 72 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-) diff --git a/en_tn_52-COL.tsv b/en_tn_52-COL.tsv index 00a2f3615b..96e7e80a9b 100644 --- a/en_tn_52-COL.tsv +++ b/en_tn_52-COL.tsv @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote -COL front intro d9hy 0 # Introduction to Colossians

## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Colossians

1\. Letter Opening (1:1–12)

* Greeting (1:1–2)
* Prayer of Thanksgiving (1:3–8)
* Prayer of Petition (1:9–12)

2\. Teaching Section (1:13–2:23)

* Christ and His Work (1:13–20)
* Christ’s Work Applied to the Colossians (1:21–23)
* Paul's Ministry (1:24–2:5)
* Effects of Christ’s Work (2:6–15)
* Freedom in Christ (2:16–23)

3\. Exhortation Section

* Seek the Things Above (3:1–4)
* Take off Vices, Put on Virtues (3:5–17)
* Commands for the Household (3:18–4:1)
* Prayer Request and Behavior towards Outsiders (4:2–6)

4\. Letter Closing (4:7–18)

* The Messengers (4:7–9)
* Greetings from Friends (4:10–14)
* Greetings and Instructions from Paul (4:15–17)
* Greeting in Paul’s Own Hand (4:18)

### Who wrote the Book of Colossians?

The author identifies himself as Paul the Apostle. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee, and he persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. However, he had never met the Colossians in person (see [2:1](../02/01.md)).

Paul wrote this letter while in prison ([4:3](../04/03.md); [4:18](../04/18.md)). Paul was imprisoned many times, and he does not say where he is. Many scholars think he is in Rome.

### What is the Book of Colossians about?

Paul wrote this letter to the believers in city of Colossae, which is in Asia Minor (modern Turkey). When he heard from Epaphras about the believers in Colossae, he wrote to encourage them and to warn them against false teachers. These false teachers were telling people that they had to obey certain rules and know certain things to receive new life, and they boasted about their own power and experiences. Paul attacks this false teaching by showing the Colossians that Christ’s work accomplishes everything that they need and gives them new life. When they are united to Christ, they do not need anything else, including this false teaching.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Colossians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Colossae” or “A Letter to the Christians in Colossae.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### Who were the false teachers that Paul warns the Colossians against?

Most likely, these false teachers were not part of one specific group or belief system. They probably believed and practiced things from several different belief systems. Because of this, it is hard to describe exactly what they believed and taught. Based on what Paul says about them, they had certain rules about food and drink, the calendar, and behavior; they had what Paul calls a “philosophy,” or a system of thinking about the word that they found sophisticated and that probably included the idea of “fullness”; and they based at least some of these beliefs and rules on visions and marvelous experiences that probably included encounters with angels. Paul argues that the people who hold to these views are not remaining faithful to Christ, and he wants the Colossians to focus on the work of Christ for them, which has accomplished everything this false teaching claims to do and more.

### What does Paul mean when he uses language for “heaven”?

Paul speaks of heaven as “above,” and he further defines it as the place where Christ is seated at God’s right hand and where blessings are stored up for believers. Most likely, the spiritual powers are also in heaven. When Paul tells the Colossians to focus on what is “above” ([3:1](../03/01.md)), that is not because heaven is good and earth is bad. Instead, it is because heaven is where Christ is, as he states in the same verse. The Colossians are supposed to focus on Christ and where he is.

### What are the spiritual powers that Paul speaks about?

Paul speaks of thrones, dominions, governments, and authorities in [1:16](../01/16.md), and he uses some of these words again in [2:10](../02/10.md); [2:15](../02/15.md). These words refer to people or things that have power and authority, and in Colossians they probably refer more specifically to powerful spiritual beings. The “elemental principles” in [2:8](../02/08.md); [2:20](../02/20.md) probably refer to the same kind of beings in a generic way. Paul never specifically says that these spiritual powers are evil, but he does say that Christ’s work frees the Colossians from them. Obeying these powers and focusing on them is thus opposed to the new life that Christ has given.

### Who are all the people that Paul mentions in the letter?

Most of the people who are mentioned at the end of the letter are either with Paul or are people that Paul knows in or near the city of Colossae. Epaphras is mentioned several times, since he is the one who first preached the good news to the Colossians and the one who told Paul about them. Tychicus and Onesimus are the ones who traveled from Paul to Colossae with the letter, and they are able to give more updates about Paul and the people with him.

### Why does Paul mention other towns in this letter?

Paul mentions Laodicea and Hierapolis because they are towns nearby in the same valley. If a person stood in Colossae, he or she could see Laodicea at the edge of the valley. Paul mentions these three towns (Colossae, Laodicea, and Hierapolis) because they were towns where Epaphras preached the good news, and Paul had never met any Christians in these places. Perhaps it is because of these similarities and because they were so close together that Paul wanted the Colossians and the Laodiceans to share their letters.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### How does Paul identify Jesus as God?

Paul calls Jesus the “image” of God and the “firstborn” of all creation ([1:15](../01/15.md)). Neither of these descriptions are meant to describe Jesus as the first or best thing God created; instead, they put him outside the creation. This is clear from the next verse, which identifies him as creator ([1:16](../01/16.md)). If Jesus is not created, he is God. Being “before all things” and having “all things hold together” in him are statements that make the same affirmation ([1:17](../01/17.md)).

Paul twice describes Jesus as having the “fullness” of God ([1:19](../01/19.md); [2:9](../02/09.md)). This does not mean that Jesus was particularly close with God or had God living inside him. Instead, it means that Jesus is everything that God is (the “fullness” of God).

Finally, Jesus is seated at God’s right hand in heaven (3:1](../03/01.md)). This does not mean he is a powerful figure who obeys God. Instead, it means that he sits on the divine throne and is God.

### How does Paul identify Jesus as human?

Paul says that Jesus died in “the body of his flesh” ([1:22](../01/22.md)). Additionally, when he states that Jesus is the “fullness” of God, this is true of him “bodily” ([2:9](../02/09.md)). When Paul says that Jesus has a “body,” this does not mean that Jesus simply used a body to look human. Instead, he means that Jesus is an embodied human like us.

### What does Paul mean when he tells the Colossians they have died and come back to life?

Multiple times throughout the letter, Paul tells the Colossians that they have died and risen with Christ. This does not mean that the Colossians have physically died and then returned from the dead. This language also is not just a figure of speech that Paul does not really mean. Rather, he means that God included believers with Christ when he died and resurrected. While the Colossians had not yet physically died and been resurrected, they could already experience death to the world and its powers and new life with its blessings because of their union with Christ in his death and resurrection.

### What does Paul mean when he talks about knowledge?

Paul uses knowledge language throughout his letter, including words such as “knowing,” “knowledge,” and “understanding.” Perhaps the false teachers promised “knowledge” of God and his will to those who listened to them, and Paul intended to show the Colossians that all the knowledge they needed could be found in Christ and his work. Whether this is true or not, Paul does clearly intend to tell the Colossians that growing in their knowledge of God is important, and that this knowledge can be found in Christ. “Knowledge” refers to learning more about God, his will, and his work in the world, and “knowing” these things leads to new life and changed behavior.

### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Colossians?

For the following verses, there are differences between some of the ancient manuscripts. The ULT text follows the reading that most scholars consider to be original and puts the other reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the language of wider communication in the region, translators may want to consider using the reading found in that version. If not, translators are advised to follow the reading in the ULT.

* “Grace to you, and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ” ([1:2](../01/02.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “Grace to you, and peace from God our Father.”
* “Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, who is a faithful servant of Christ on our behalf” ([1:7](../01/07.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, who is a faithful servant of Christ on your behalf.”
* “the Father, who has made you able to share the inheritance of the saints in the light” ([1:12](../01/12.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “the Father, who has made us able to share the inheritance of the saints in the light.”
* “in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins” ([1:14](../01/14.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “in whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins.”
* “having forgiven us all of our trespasses” ([2:13](../02/13.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “having forgiven you all of your trespasses.”
* “When Christ, your life, is revealed” ([3:4](../03/04.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “When Christ, our life, is revealed.”
* “the wrath of God is coming” ([3:6](../03/06.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “the wrath of God is coming on the sons of disobedience.”
* “so that you might know the things concerning us” ([4:8](../04/08.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “so that he might know the things concerning you.”

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) -COL 1 intro gtm3 0 # Colossians 1 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

1\. Letter Opening (1:1–12)

* Greeting (1:1–2)
* Prayer of Thanksgiving (1:3–8)
* Prayer of Petition (1:9–12)

2\. Teaching Section (1:13–2:23)

* Christ and His Work (1:13–20)
* Christ’s Work Applied to the Colossians (1:21–23)
* Paul's Ministry (1:24–2:5)

Paul begins this letter in [1:1–2](../01/01–02.md) by giving his and Timothy’s names, identifying the people to whom he is writing, and offering a greeting. This is the way people typically began letters at this time.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Mystery

Paul refers to a “mystery” for the first time in this chapter ([1:26–27](../01/26–27.md)). This does not refer to some secret truth that is hard to understand and that only a few privileged individuals can learn about. Instead, it refers to God’s plans that once were unknown but are now known to all his people. What is the content of this mystery? It is Christ himself, his work, and his union with believers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

### Fullness

Paul refers to “filling” or “fullness” four times in this chapter. First, Paul prays that the Colossians are “filled” with the knowledge of God’s will ([1:9](../01/09.md)). Second, Jesus has all the “fullness” of God ([1:19](../01/19.md)). Third, Paul “fills up” in his flesh what is lacking in the afflictions of Christ ([1:24](../01/24.md)). Fourth, Paul makes the word of God “fully” known ([1:25](../01/25.md)). It is possible that Paul uses “filling” and “fullness” so often because it was something that the false teachers promised. Paul wishes to show instead how “fullness” comes through the work of Christ and through his own work on their behalf. Christ has God’s fullness, and Paul works for Christ by “filling” the Colossians, who then are “filled” with the knowledge of God’s will.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Images for Christian living

Paul uses many different images to describe Christian living. In this chapter, he uses the images of “walking” and “bearing fruit” ([1:10](../01/10.md)). These images show that Paul wants the Colossians to think about the Christian life as a directed towards a goal (either a destination, if one is walking, or fruit, if one is growing). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])

### Light versus Dark

Paul contrasts the “inheritance of the saints in the light” ([1:12](../01/12.md)) with the “authority of the darkness” ([1:12](../01/12.md)). The “light” describes what is good, desirable, and related to God’s favor. The “darkness” is describes what is distant from God, opposed to him, and evil.

### Head and Body

In this chapter, Paul introduces an image that he will develop more fully in chapter 2: that of Christ as the head of the body, which is his church. This image identifies Christ as the source of life and direction for his church, just like the head is the source of life and direction for the body.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### The Lack of the Afflictions of Christ

In [1:24](../01/24.md), Paul speaks of “the lack of the afflictions of Christ,” a lack that he fills up by his sufferings. This does not mean that Christ somehow failed in his mission and work, and Paul has to fill in the missing pieces. Instead, “lack” refers to something that Christ intentionally left for this followers to complete. He has called them to suffer, just as he himself did, to continue the mission of the church.

### The "Christ-Hymn"

Many scholars think that [1:15–20](../01/15–20.md) is an early Christian hymn that Paul has quoted to remind the Colossians of what they believe in common with other Christians. If this is true, it does not mean that this section says something different than what Paul thinks. Instead, Paul chose to quote it because he fully affirmed it. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could format these verses in a way that shows that they are from a hymn or poem. +COL front intro d9hy 0 # Introduction to Colossians

## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Colossians

1. Letter Opening (1:1–12)

* Greeting (1:1–2)
* Prayer of Thanksgiving (1:3–8)
* Prayer of Petition (1:9–12)

2. Teaching Section (1:13–2:23)

* Christ and His Work (1:13–20)
* Christ’s Work Applied to the Colossians (1:21–23)
* Paul's Ministry (1:24–2:5)
* Effects of Christ’s Work (2:6–15)
* Freedom in Christ (2:16–23)

3. Exhortation Section

* Seek the Things Above (3:1–4)
* Take off Vices, Put on Virtues (3:5–17)
* Commands for the Household (3:18–4:1)
* Prayer Request and Behavior towards Outsiders (4:2–6)

4. Letter Closing (4:7–18)

* The Messengers (4:7–9)
* Greetings from Friends (4:10–14)
* Greetings and Instructions from Paul (4:15–17)
* Greeting in Paul’s Own Hand (4:18)

### Who wrote the Book of Colossians?

The author identifies himself as Paul the Apostle. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee, and he persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. However, he had never met the Colossians in person (see [2:1](../02/01.md)).

Paul wrote this letter while in prison ([4:3](../04/03.md); [4:18](../04/18.md)). Paul was imprisoned many times, and he does not say where he is. Many scholars think he is in Rome.

### What is the Book of Colossians about?

Paul wrote this letter to the believers in city of Colossae, which is in Asia Minor (modern Turkey). When he heard from Epaphras about the believers in Colossae, he wrote to encourage them and to warn them against false teachers. These false teachers were telling people that they had to obey certain rules and know certain things to receive new life, and they boasted about their own power and experiences. Paul attacks this false teaching by showing the Colossians that Christ’s work accomplishes everything that they need and gives them new life. When they are united to Christ, they do not need anything else, including this false teaching.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Colossians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Colossae” or “A Letter to the Christians in Colossae.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### Who were the false teachers that Paul warns the Colossians against?

Most likely, these false teachers were not part of one specific group or belief system. They probably believed and practiced things from several different belief systems. Because of this, it is hard to describe exactly what they believed and taught. Based on what Paul says about them, they had certain rules about food and drink, the calendar, and behavior; they had what Paul calls a “philosophy,” or a system of thinking about the word that they found sophisticated and that probably included the idea of “fullness”; and they based at least some of these beliefs and rules on visions and marvelous experiences that probably included encounters with angels. Paul argues that the people who hold to these views are not remaining faithful to Christ, and he wants the Colossians to focus on the work of Christ for them, which has accomplished everything this false teaching claims to do and more.

### What does Paul mean when he uses language for “heaven”?

Paul speaks of heaven as “above,” and he further defines it as the place where Christ is seated at God’s right hand and where blessings are stored up for believers. Most likely, the spiritual powers are also in heaven. When Paul tells the Colossians to focus on what is “above” ([3:1](../03/01.md)), that is not because heaven is good and earth is bad. Instead, it is because heaven is where Christ is, as he states in the same verse. The Colossians are supposed to focus on Christ and where he is.

### What are the spiritual powers that Paul speaks about?

Paul speaks of thrones, dominions, governments, and authorities in [1:16](../01/16.md), and he uses some of these words again in [2:10](../02/10.md); [2:15](../02/15.md). These words refer to people or things that have power and authority, and in Colossians they probably refer more specifically to powerful spiritual beings. The “elemental principles” in [2:8](../02/08.md); [2:20](../02/20.md) probably refer to the same kind of beings in a generic way. Paul never specifically says that these spiritual powers are evil, but he does say that Christ’s work frees the Colossians from them. Obeying these powers and focusing on them is thus opposed to the new life that Christ has given.

### Who are all the people that Paul mentions in the letter?

Most of the people who are mentioned at the end of the letter are either with Paul or are people that Paul knows in or near the city of Colossae. Epaphras is mentioned several times, since he is the one who first preached the good news to the Colossians and the one who told Paul about them. Tychicus and Onesimus are the ones who traveled from Paul to Colossae with the letter, and they are able to give more updates about Paul and the people with him.

### Why does Paul mention other towns in this letter?

Paul mentions Laodicea and Hierapolis because they are towns nearby in the same valley. If a person stood in Colossae, he or she could see Laodicea at the edge of the valley. Paul mentions these three towns (Colossae, Laodicea, and Hierapolis) because they were towns where Epaphras preached the good news, and Paul had never met any Christians in these places. Perhaps it is because of these similarities and because they were so close together that Paul wanted the Colossians and the Laodiceans to share their letters.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### How does Paul identify Jesus as God?

Paul calls Jesus the “image” of God and the “firstborn” of all creation ([1:15](../01/15.md)). Neither of these descriptions are meant to describe Jesus as the first or best thing God created; instead, they put him outside the creation. This is clear from the next verse, which identifies him as creator ([1:16](../01/16.md)). If Jesus is not created, he is God. Being “before all things” and having “all things hold together” in him are statements that make the same affirmation ([1:17](../01/17.md)).

Paul twice describes Jesus as having the “fullness” of God ([1:19](../01/19.md); [2:9](../02/09.md)). This does not mean that Jesus was particularly close with God or had God living inside him. Instead, it means that Jesus is everything that God is (the “fullness” of God).

Finally, Jesus is seated at God’s right hand in heaven (3:1](../03/01.md)). This does not mean he is a powerful figure who obeys God. Instead, it means that he sits on the divine throne and is God.

### How does Paul identify Jesus as human?

Paul says that Jesus died in “the body of his flesh” ([1:22](../01/22.md)). Additionally, when he states that Jesus is the “fullness” of God, this is true of him “bodily” ([2:9](../02/09.md)). When Paul says that Jesus has a “body,” this does not mean that Jesus simply used a body to look human. Instead, he means that Jesus is an embodied human like us.

### What does Paul mean when he tells the Colossians they have died and come back to life?

Multiple times throughout the letter, Paul tells the Colossians that they have died and risen with Christ. This does not mean that the Colossians have physically died and then returned from the dead. This language also is not just a figure of speech that Paul does not really mean. Rather, he means that God included believers with Christ when he died and resurrected. While the Colossians had not yet physically died and been resurrected, they could already experience death to the world and its powers and new life with its blessings because of their union with Christ in his death and resurrection.

### What does Paul mean when he talks about knowledge?

Paul uses knowledge language throughout his letter, including words such as “knowing,” “knowledge,” and “understanding.” Perhaps the false teachers promised “knowledge” of God and his will to those who listened to them, and Paul intended to show the Colossians that all the knowledge they needed could be found in Christ and his work. Whether this is true or not, Paul does clearly intend to tell the Colossians that growing in their knowledge of God is important, and that this knowledge can be found in Christ. “Knowledge” refers to learning more about God, his will, and his work in the world, and “knowing” these things leads to new life and changed behavior.

### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Colossians?

For the following verses, there are differences between some of the ancient manuscripts. The ULT text follows the reading that most scholars consider to be original and puts the other reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the language of wider communication in the region, translators may want to consider using the reading found in that version. If not, translators are advised to follow the reading in the ULT.

* “Grace to you, and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ” ([1:2](../01/02.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “Grace to you, and peace from God our Father.”
* “Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, who is a faithful servant of Christ on our behalf” ([1:7](../01/07.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, who is a faithful servant of Christ on your behalf.”
* “the Father, who has made you able to share the inheritance of the saints in the light” ([1:12](../01/12.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “the Father, who has made us able to share the inheritance of the saints in the light.”
* “in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins” ([1:14](../01/14.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “in whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins.”
* “having forgiven us all of our trespasses” ([2:13](../02/13.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “having forgiven you all of your trespasses.”
* “When Christ, your life, is revealed” ([3:4](../03/04.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “When Christ, our life, is revealed.”
* “the wrath of God is coming” ([3:6](../03/06.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “the wrath of God is coming on the sons of disobedience.”
* “so that you might know the things concerning us” ([4:8](../04/08.md)). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “so that he might know the things concerning you.”

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) +COL 1 intro gtm3 0 # Colossians 1 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

1. Letter Opening (1:1–12)

* Greeting (1:1–2)
* Prayer of Thanksgiving (1:3–8)
* Prayer of Petition (1:9–12)

2. Teaching Section (1:13–2:23)

* Christ and His Work (1:13–20)
* Christ’s Work Applied to the Colossians (1:21–23)
* Paul's Ministry (1:24–2:5)

Paul begins this letter in [1:1–2](../01/01.md) by giving his and Timothy’s names, identifying the people to whom he is writing, and offering a greeting. This is the way people typically began letters at this time.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Mystery

Paul refers to a “mystery” for the first time in this chapter ([1:26–27](../01/26.md)). This does not refer to some secret truth that is hard to understand and that only a few privileged individuals can learn about. Instead, it refers to God’s plans that once were unknown but are now known to all his people. What is the content of this mystery? It is Christ himself, his work, and his union with believers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

### Fullness

Paul refers to “filling” or “fullness” four times in this chapter. First, Paul prays that the Colossians are “filled” with the knowledge of God’s will ([1:9](../01/09.md)). Second, Jesus has all the “fullness” of God ([1:19](../01/19.md)). Third, Paul “fills up” in his flesh what is lacking in the afflictions of Christ ([1:24](../01/24.md)). Fourth, Paul makes the word of God “fully” known ([1:25](../01/25.md)). It is possible that Paul uses “filling” and “fullness” so often because it was something that the false teachers promised. Paul wishes to show instead how “fullness” comes through the work of Christ and through his own work on their behalf. Christ has God’s fullness, and Paul works for Christ by “filling” the Colossians, who then are “filled” with the knowledge of God’s will.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Images for Christian living

Paul uses many different images to describe Christian living. In this chapter, he uses the images of “walking” and “bearing fruit” ([1:10](../01/10.md)). These images show that Paul wants the Colossians to think about the Christian life as a directed towards a goal (either a destination, if one is walking, or fruit, if one is growing). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])

### Light versus Dark

Paul contrasts the “inheritance of the saints in the light” ([1:12](../01/12.md)) with the “authority of the darkness” ([1:12](../01/12.md)). The “light” describes what is good, desirable, and related to God’s favor. The “darkness” is describes what is distant from God, opposed to him, and evil.

### Head and Body

In this chapter, Paul introduces an image that he will develop more fully in chapter 2: that of Christ as the head of the body, which is his church. This image identifies Christ as the source of life and direction for his church, just like the head is the source of life and direction for the body.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### The Lack of the Afflictions of Christ

In [1:24](../01/24.md), Paul speaks of “the lack of the afflictions of Christ,” a lack that he fills up by his sufferings. This does not mean that Christ somehow failed in his mission and work, and Paul has to fill in the missing pieces. Instead, “lack” refers to something that Christ intentionally left for this followers to complete. He has called them to suffer, just as he himself did, to continue the mission of the church.

### The "Christ-Hymn"

Many scholars think that [1:15–20](../01/15.md) is an early Christian hymn that Paul has quoted to remind the Colossians of what they believe in common with other Christians. If this is true, it does not mean that this section says something different than what Paul thinks. Instead, Paul chose to quote it because he fully affirmed it. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could format these verses in a way that shows that they are from a hymn or poem. COL 1 1 nlf1 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Throughout this letter the words “we,” “us,” “our,” and “ours” include the Colossian believers unless noted otherwise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -COL 1 1 bqvt figs-you 0 General Information: The words “you,” “your,” and “yours” refer to the Colossian believers and so are plural unless noted otherwise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) +COL 1 1 bqvt figs-yousingular 0 General Information: The words “you,” “your,” and “yours” refer to the Colossian believers and so are plural unless noted otherwise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) COL 1 1 xnhq figs-123person Παῦλος
1 In this culture, letter writers would give their own names first, referring to themselves in the third person. If that is confusing in your language, you can use the first person here. Or if your language has a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, and if it would be helpful to your readers, you can use it here. Alternate translation: “From Paul. I write this letter to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) COL 1 1 v9jr translate-names Παῦλος 1 Here and throughout the letter, this is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) COL 1 1 yzlo figs-explicit καὶ Τιμόθεος ὁ ἀδελφὸς 1 This phrase does not mean that Timothy was the scribe who wrote the letter down. It is also does not mean that Timothy dictated the letter with Paul, since Paul often uses the first person singular in the letter. What it does mean is that Timothy is with Paul, and Paul writes the letter for both of them. If there is a way in your language to indicate that Paul writes in behalf of Timothy, you can use it here. Alternate translation: “and I write in behalf of Timothy, our fellow believer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ COL 1 13 z8b5 figs-possession τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ σκότους 1 COL 1 13 kgvf figs-metaphor μετέστησεν 1 Here, Paul speaks about a change in who rules over believers as if they were moving from one location to another. If this is not clear in your language, you could express this idea in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “made us subject instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 1 13 l2ex figs-abstractnouns εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ Υἱοῦ τῆς ἀγάπης αὐτοῦ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **kingdom** with a verb such as “rule” or “reign.” Alternate translation: “so that his beloved Son reigns over us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) COL 1 13 o1pl figs-possession τοῦ Υἱοῦ τῆς ἀγάπης αὐτοῦ 1 Paul uses the possessive form to characterize the **Son** as **his beloved**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the the idea behind **his beloved** with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “of the Son he loves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -COL 1 13 zav6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Υἱοῦ τῆς ἀγάπης αὐτοῦ 1 of his beloved Son **Son** is an important title that describes the relationship between God the Father (who is mentioned in the previous verse [[1:12](../01/12.md)]) and Jesus. Alternate translation: “of Jesus, God the Father’s beloved Son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) -COL 1 14 wh6q translate-unknowns ἔχομεν τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν 1 in whom Here, the word **redemption** does not refer to a payment or to the act of redeeming. Instead, it refers to the result of the act of redeeming. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a word such as “freedom” to express this idea. Alternate translation: “we have freedom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +COL 1 13 zav6 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Υἱοῦ τῆς ἀγάπης αὐτοῦ 1 of his beloved Son **Son** is an important title that describes the relationship between God the Father (who is mentioned in the previous verse ([1:12](../01/12.md)) and Jesus. Alternate translation: “of Jesus, God the Father’s beloved Son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +COL 1 14 wh6q translate-unknown ἔχομεν τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν 1 in whom Here, the word **redemption** does not refer to a payment or to the act of redeeming. Instead, it refers to the result of the act of redeeming. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a word such as “freedom” to express this idea. Alternate translation: “we have freedom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 1 14 v5d8 figs-abstractnouns ἔχομεν τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν, τὴν ἄφεσιν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν 1 we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins If it would be clearer in your language, the abstract nouns **redemption** and **forgiveness** can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “God has redeemed us; that is, he has forgiven our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) COL 1 14 pbmh figs-possession τὴν ἄφεσιν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν 1 Here, Paul uses the possessive form to indicate that the **forgiveness** concerns **sins**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a verb for **forgiveness** and make **sins** its object or complement. Alternate translation: “; that is, God has forgiven us for our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) COL 1 15 j5u9 figs-metaphor ὅς ἐστιν εἰκὼν τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ἀοράτου 1 He is the image of the invisible God Here, **image** does not mean a representation of something that is visible, like a photo or a reflection. Instead, **image** refers to how the Son perfectly reveals the Father. If this is not clear in your language, you could replace **image** with an expression that emphasizes how the Son reveals the Father. Alternate translation: “The Son shows exactly what the God the Father, whom no one can see, is like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ COL 1 19 wmdw figs-metonymy πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα 1 In the context, **fu COL 1 20 as3p figs-possession τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ σταυροῦ αὐτοῦ 1 through the blood of his cross Paul uses the possessive form to describe **blood** characterized by **his cross**, which is the location where the blood was shed. If this is not clear in your language, you could make the relationship between the two words clearer with a short phrase such as “shed on.” Alternate translation: “the blood shed on his cross.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) COL 1 20 x5av figs-metonymy τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ σταυροῦ αὐτοῦ 1 the blood of his cross Here, **blood** stands for the death of Christ on the cross. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a comparable word that stands for death or express the idea in non-figurative language. Alternate translation: “his death on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) COL 1 20 mbra figs-infostructure τὰ πάντα εἰς αὐτόν…εἴτε τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, εἴτε τὰ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς 1 The last part of this verse (**whether the things on the earth or the things in the heavens**) describes **all things** from near the beginning of the verse. If it would be clearer in your language, you could move the description next to **all things**. Alternate translation: “all things, whether the things on the earth or the things in the heavens, to himself” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure) -COL 1 20 quxc figs-merisms εἴτε τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, εἴτε τὰ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς 1 Paul refers to the **things on the earth** and **the things in the heavens** to include them and everything in between, that is, everything in all of creation. If this is not clear in your language, you could express this idea in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “everything in the whole creation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) +COL 1 20 quxc figs-merism εἴτε τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, εἴτε τὰ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς 1 Paul refers to the **things on the earth** and **the things in the heavens** to include them and everything in between, that is, everything in all of creation. If this is not clear in your language, you could express this idea in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “everything in the whole creation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) COL 1 21 kv5u grammar-connect-time-sequential ποτε 1 Connecting Statement: The phrase **At one time** does not refer to one specific instance in time when the Colossians were alienated from God. Instead, it refers to all the time before they believed in Jesus. Alternate translation: “During the time before you believed” [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) COL 1 21 wp3t figs-activepassive ὄντας ἀπηλλοτριωμένους 1 alienated If it would be clearer in your language, you could describe the Colossians’ state with an active form. Alternate translation: “were people who did not want to be near God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) COL 1 21 rn6l figs-explicit ἀπηλλοτριωμένους, καὶ ἐχθροὺς 1 Paul assumes that the Colossians will know from whom they were **alienated** and with whom they were **enemies**: God. If this is not clear in your translation, you could specify this with a short phrase. Alternate translation: “alienated from God and his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ COL 1 22 t8ls grammar-connect-logic-result παραστῆσαι ὑμᾶς 1 H COL 1 22 ejt4 figs-metaphor παραστῆσαι ὑμᾶς ἁγίους, καὶ ἀμώμους, καὶ ἀνεγκλήτους, κατενώπιον αὐτοῦ 1 to present you holy and blameless and above reproach before him Here, Paul is describing the Colossians as though Jesus had brought them to stand before God the Father, by which he means that Jesus has made them acceptable to God. If this is not clear in your language, you could express this idea in non-figurative language. Alternate translation: “to make you acceptable before him, holy and blameless and above reproach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 1 22 u94j translate-unknown ἁγίους, καὶ ἀμώμους, καὶ ἀνεγκλήτους 1 blameless and above reproach The words translated **blameless** and **above reproach** are adjectives that describe a person or thing that is free from blemishes and that cannot be blamed for doing anything wrong. If this is not clear or possible in your language, you could use relative clauses instead. Alternate translation: “as people who are holy and who have no faults and who cannot be blamed for doing anything wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 1 23 s069 grammar-connect-condition-fact εἴ γε ἐπιμένετε 1 Here, Paul explains that the Colossians need to continue in their faith if what he said in the previous verse about reconciliation and being blameless and without reproach is going to be true about them. He uses a conditional **if**, but he does not think that this is a hypothetical situation or something that is likely not true. Instead, Paul thinks that they are continuing in their faith, and he uses the **if** to encourage them to keep doing so. If this is not clear in your language, you could rephrase the condition into a circumstance or an assumption. Alternate translation: “presuming that you continue” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) -COL 1 23 x600 figs-metaphor τεθεμελιωμένοι καὶ ἑδραῖοι καὶ μὴ μετακινούμενοι ἀπὸ 1 Here, Paul speaks of the Colossians as if they were a building that was **founded** and sits on a **firm** foundation so that it cannot be **moved** from its place, which means that they have good basis for their faith and will keep believing in all situations. If this is not clear in your language, you could express this idea with an equivalent metaphor in your culture or express it in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “holding onto it and grasping it tightly and not letting go of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 1 23 x600 figs-metaphor τεθεμελιωμένοι καὶ ἑδραῖοι, καὶ μὴ μετακινούμενοι ἀπὸ 1 Here, Paul speaks of the Colossians as if they were a building that was **founded** and sits on a **firm** foundation so that it cannot be **moved** from its place, which means that they have good basis for their faith and will keep believing in all situations. If this is not clear in your language, you could express this idea with an equivalent metaphor in your culture or express it in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “holding onto it and grasping it tightly and not letting go of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 1 23 kgp1 figs-possession τῆς ἐλπίδος τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 Here, Paul explains that **hope** comes from the **gospel**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express this idea by using a phrase such as “that comes from” or “gained from.” Alternate translation: “the hope that comes from the gospel” or “how you hope, which you gained from the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) COL 1 23 d9kg figs-activepassive τοῦ κηρυχθέντος ἐν πάσῃ κτίσει τῇ ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν 1 which was proclaimed If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. You could (1) change **proclaimed** to “heard” and make **every creature** the subject. Alternate translation: “which every creature that is under heaven has heard” (2) specify that “fellow believers” is the subject of **proclaimed**. Alternate translation: “which fellow believers have proclaimed to every creature that is under heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) COL 1 23 q21b figs-hyperbole ἐν πάσῃ κτίσει τῇ ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν 1 to every creature that is under heaven Here, Paul uses an exaggeration to show how far the good news has spread. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or qualify the claim. Alternate translation: “to people in many different places” or “to people in every place we know about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) @@ -128,22 +128,22 @@ COL 1 27 hm8q ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν 1 This could refer to (1) how th COL 1 27 c7ln figs-metaphor Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν 1 Christ in you Paul speaks of the believers as if they were containers in which **Christ** is present. The expression means basically the same thing as “you in Christ.” If this is not clear in your language, you could use the same translation you have used for being “in Christ.” Alternate translation: “your union with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 1 27 mr83 figs-possession ἡ ἐλπὶς τῆς δόξης 1 the hope of glory Here, Paul speaks of a **hope** that relates to **glory**. This could refer to (1) hoping for, or expecting, glory. Alternate translation: “the expectation of becoming glorious” (2) a hope that is glorious. Alternate translation: “the glorious hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) COL 1 28 va1x figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς καταγγέλλομεν…παραστήσωμεν 1 We proclaim … we may present The word **we** in this verse does not include the Colossians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -COL 1 28 lyz1 figs-genericnoun πάντα ἄνθρωπον -1 so that we may present every man The words translated **every man** refer generically to every person to whom Paul has proclaimed Jesus. If this is not clear in your language, use an expression that refers to people in general. Alternate translation: “everyone” or “people” (See: rc://en/ta/man/[[translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +COL 1 28 lyz1 figs-genericnoun πάντα ἄνθρωπον -1 so that we may present every man The words translated **every man** refer generically to every person to whom Paul has proclaimed Jesus. If this is not clear in your language, use an expression that refers to people in general. Alternate translation: “everyone” or “people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) COL 1 28 pwff figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπον -1 The word translated **man** does not refer to only male people but rather to any human being. If this is not clear in your language, use a term that refers to humans in general. Alternate translation: “human” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) COL 1 28 p1la grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα παραστήσωμεν 1 Paul here explains the goal or purpose for which he and those with him “admonish” and “teach” people. In your translation, use a phrase that designates goal or purpose. Alternate translation: “in order that we may present” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) COL 1 28 rrvr figs-explicit παραστήσωμεν πάντα ἄνθρωπον τέλειον ἐν Χριστῷ 1 In this context, when Paul says that he intends to **present** people, he does not say to whom or where he will **present** them. If it would be clearer in your translation, you could explain what the situation is. Paul could be referring to (1) when people appear before God on the judgment day. Alternate translation: “we may present every man complete in Christ to God the Father on the judgment day” (2) when people worship God. Alternate translation: “we may present every man complete in Christ when they come before God in worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) COL 1 28 uk2i translate-unknown τέλειον 1 complete The word translated **complete** in this context means that a person is what he or she is supposed to be and is able to do what he or she is called to do. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a word that has this meaning, such as “perfect” or “excellent,” or translate **complete** with a short phrase. Alternate translation: “fit for what God has called him to be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 1 29 ejqu figs-metaphor κοπιῶ, ἀγωνιζόμενος 1 Here, Paul uses two words to describe how hard he works. The first, **labor**, means to “work hard” or “strive.” The second, **striving**, is usually used for attempting to win a contest, whether that is athletic, military, or legal. While Paul is not actually participating in an athletic or military contest, he uses the metaphor to explain how hard he works towards his goal. If it is clearer in your language, you could (1) express the ideas behind these two words with one phrase. Alternate translation: “I exert myself” (2) express the ideas with two comparable words. Alternate translation: “I work hard, exerting myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 1 29 n1h2 figs-abstractnouns κατὰ τὴν ἐνέργειαν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἐνεργουμένην 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **working** with a verb. Alternate translation: “according to how God works, who works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +COL 1 29 n1h2 figs-abstractnouns κατὰ τὴν ἐνέργειαν αὐτοῦ, τὴν ἐνεργουμένην 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **working** with a verb. Alternate translation: “according to how God works, who works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) COL 1 29 f397 ἐν δυνάμει 1 Alternate translation: “with power” or “powerfully” -COL 2 intro p3uc 0 # Colossians 2 General Notes

## Structure and Formatting

2\. Teaching Section (1:13–2:23)

* Paul's Ministry (1:24–2:5)
* Effects of Christ’s Work (2:6–15)
* Freedom in Christ (2:16–23)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Philosophy

Paul speaks of “philosophy” in [2:8](../02/08.md). He is not referring to all attempts by humans to understand the world around them. Instead, he makes it clear that he is referring to thinking that is “empty” and full of “deceit,” that comes from traditions of humans and the “elemental principles.” All this “philosophy” is bad because it is not “according to Christ.” The “philosophy” that Paul attacks, then, is any attempt to make sense of the world that does not do so in line with Christ and his work.

### Fullness

Just as in the last chapter, “fullness” is an important idea that Paul refers to [2:9–10](../02/9–10.md). Again, Christ has the divine “fullness,” and he “fills” the Colossians. No other source of “fullness” is needed.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Head and Body

As in the last chapter, Christ is called the “head,” both of powerful rulers ([2:10](../02/10.md)) and of his church [2:19](../02/19.md). Paul uses this language to identify Christ as the supreme ruler, just as the head rules over the body, and the source of life for the church, just as a body is dead without its head. Paul also identifies the church as the body of Christ in [2:19](../02/19.md). Here, his point is that the church cannot survive and grow without being connected to Christ, just as a body does not live or grow without a head. Finally, Paul refers to a “body” in [2:17](../02/17.md), but here the metaphor is different. The word “body” refers to any object that can cast a shadow (not primarily to an organic, human body) and here the “body” (the object) is Christ, who casts a shadow, which is identified as old covenant regulations.

### Circumcision and baptism

In [2:11–13](../02/11–13.md), Paul uses the old covenant sign of circumcision to refer to removing the “the body of flesh” and the new covenant sign of baptism to refer to “being buried” with Christ. He uses these two signs to show how Christians are united with Christ, freed from sin, and given new life.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Flesh

In Colossians, Paul uses “flesh” to refer to human existence in the world before resurrection and the new heavens and earth. He uses “flesh” neutrally to refer to physical presence in [2:1](../02/01.md); [2:5](../02/05.md). In many other places, however, he uses “flesh” to refer to the weakness and sinfulness of humans as they live in ways that fit with this broken world ([2:11](../02/11.md), [13](../02/13.md), [18](../02/18.md), [23](../02/23.md)). Often, “flesh” in these situations is translated with something like “sinful nature.” However, it is perhaps better to emphasize both weakness and sinfulness, and the term “nature” can be confusing. For examples of some ways to translate “flesh,” see the UST and notes in this chapter.

### The false teaching

In this chapter, Paul gives some information about what the false teachers are saying and doing. However, it is not enough to give us a full picture of who they were and what they taught. What is clear is that they spoke about extraordinary experiences, were interested in spiritual beings, and gave commands about behavior that at least sometimes were related to Old Testament law. If possible, keep your translation as vague as Paul’s own description of the false teachers. +COL 2 intro p3uc 0 # Colossians 2 General Notes

## Structure and Formatting

2. Teaching Section (1:13–2:23)

* Paul's Ministry (1:24–2:5)
* Effects of Christ’s Work (2:6–15)
* Freedom in Christ (2:16–23)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Philosophy

Paul speaks of “philosophy” in [2:8](../02/08.md). He is not referring to all attempts by humans to understand the world around them. Instead, he makes it clear that he is referring to thinking that is “empty” and full of “deceit,” that comes from traditions of humans and the “elemental principles.” All this “philosophy” is bad because it is not “according to Christ.” The “philosophy” that Paul attacks, then, is any attempt to make sense of the world that does not do so in line with Christ and his work.

### Fullness

Just as in the last chapter, “fullness” is an important idea that Paul refers to [2:9–10](../02/9–10.md). Again, Christ has the divine “fullness,” and he “fills” the Colossians. No other source of “fullness” is needed.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Head and Body

As in the last chapter, Christ is called the “head,” both of powerful rulers ([2:10](../02/10.md)) and of his church [2:19](../02/19.md). Paul uses this language to identify Christ as the supreme ruler, just as the head rules over the body, and the source of life for the church, just as a body is dead without its head. Paul also identifies the church as the body of Christ in [2:19](../02/19.md). Here, his point is that the church cannot survive and grow without being connected to Christ, just as a body does not live or grow without a head. Finally, Paul refers to a “body” in [2:17](../02/17.md), but here the metaphor is different. The word “body” refers to any object that can cast a shadow (not primarily to an organic, human body) and here the “body” (the object) is Christ, who casts a shadow, which is identified as old covenant regulations.

### Circumcision and baptism

In [2:11–13](../02/11.md), Paul uses the old covenant sign of circumcision to refer to removing the “the body of flesh” and the new covenant sign of baptism to refer to “being buried” with Christ. He uses these two signs to show how Christians are united with Christ, freed from sin, and given new life.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Flesh

In Colossians, Paul uses “flesh” to refer to human existence in the world before resurrection and the new heavens and earth. He uses “flesh” neutrally to refer to physical presence in [2:1](../02/01.md); [2:5](../02/05.md). In many other places, however, he uses “flesh” to refer to the weakness and sinfulness of humans as they live in ways that fit with this broken world ([2:11](../02/11.md), [13](../02/13.md), [18](../02/18.md), [23](../02/23.md)). Often, “flesh” in these situations is translated with something like “sinful nature.” However, it is perhaps better to emphasize both weakness and sinfulness, and the term “nature” can be confusing. For examples of some ways to translate “flesh,” see the UST and notes in this chapter.

### The false teaching

In this chapter, Paul gives some information about what the false teachers are saying and doing. However, it is not enough to give us a full picture of who they were and what they taught. What is clear is that they spoke about extraordinary experiences, were interested in spiritual beings, and gave commands about behavior that at least sometimes were related to Old Testament law. If possible, keep your translation as vague as Paul’s own description of the false teachers. COL 2 1 tt6v figs-explicit γὰρ 1 Connecting Statement: The word translated **for** introduces the reason why Paul told them about how hard he works in [1:29](../01/29.md). If this is not clear in your language, you could make the transition more explicit. Alternate translation: “I tell you about my hard work because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) COL 2 1 dqg5 figs-metaphor ἡλίκον ἀγῶνα ἔχω 1 how great a struggle I have for you Here, the word translated **struggle** is directly related to the word translated “striving” in [1:29](../01/29.md). Just as in that verse, it is usually used for striving to win a contest, whether athletic, legal, or military, and Paul uses the word here to indicate how much he cares for the Colossians and how hard he works for them. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “how much care I have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 1 xoih figs-abstractnouns ἡλίκον ἀγῶνα ἔχω 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the abstract noun **struggle** by combining it with the verb **have**. Alternate translation: “how much I struggle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) COL 2 1 fn4z figs-explicit ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, καὶ τῶν ἐν Λαοδικίᾳ, καὶ ὅσοι οὐχ ἑόρακαν τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἐν σαρκί 1 those at Laodicea This list includes the Colossians and the Laodiceans among those who have not seen Paul’s “face in the flesh.” If this is not clear in your language, you could reverse the order of the list. Alternate translation: “for as many as have not seen my face in the flesh, including you and those at Laodicea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) COL 2 1 rj7d figs-idiom οὐχ ἑόρακαν τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἐν σαρκί 1 as many as have not seen my face in the flesh Seeing a **face in the flesh** is an idiom for meeting someone in person. If this is not clear in your translation, you could use a comparable expression or express the idea in non-figurative language. Alternate translation: “have not personally made my acquaintance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -COL 2 2 ge1w figs-123person αὐτῶν 1 so that their hearts Paul here switches from the second person to the third person because he wishes to include everyone he has not met in person, including the Colossians. If this is not clear in your language, you could (1) retain the second person from the previous verse but make it clear that this includes everyone Paul has not met in person. Alternate translation “your and their” (2) retain the third person here and reverse the list in the previous verse as suggested by the note there (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/[[figs-123person]]) -COL 2 2 oyih figs-activepassive παρακληθῶσιν αἱ καρδίαι αὐτῶν συμβιβασθέντες 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express these verbs in their active forms, with Paul as the subject of the “encouraging” and God as the subject of the “bringing together.” Alternate translation: “I might encourage their hearts, with God bringing them together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +COL 2 2 ge1w figs-123person αὐτῶν 1 so that their hearts Paul here switches from the second person to the third person because he wishes to include everyone he has not met in person, including the Colossians. If this is not clear in your language, you could (1) retain the second person from the previous verse but make it clear that this includes everyone Paul has not met in person. Alternate translation “your and their” (2) retain the third person here and reverse the list in the previous verse as suggested by the note there (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) +COL 2 2 oyih figs-activepassive παρακληθῶσιν αἱ καρδίαι αὐτῶν, συμβιβασθέντες 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express these verbs in their active forms, with Paul as the subject of the “encouraging” and God as the subject of the “bringing together.” Alternate translation: “I might encourage their hearts, with God bringing them together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) COL 2 2 a4px figs-metaphor πᾶν πλοῦτος τῆς πληροφορίας 1 having been brought together Paul here speaks as if **full assurance** could be characterized as having **all the riches**. He uses this metaphor to describe **the full assurance** as complete and total and as something valuable. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “the complete and valuable full assurance” or “all the blessings of the full assurance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 2 kdg8 figs-possession τῆς πληροφορίας τῆς συνέσεως 1 all the riches of the full assurance of understanding Here, Paul uses the possessive form to speak of **full assurance** that is gained from **understanding**. From the rest of the verse, it is clear that what is “understood” is “the mystery of God.” If this is not clear in your language could use a relative clause to translate **of understanding**. Alternate translation: “of the full assurance that comes from understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) COL 2 2 qgi2 figs-abstractnouns εἰς πᾶν πλοῦτος τῆς πληροφορίας τῆς συνέσεως; εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν τοῦ μυστηρίου τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 of the mystery of God If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **full assurance**, **understanding**, and **knowledge** with verbs. Alternate translation: “having all the riches that come when they completely trust because they understand the truth, which is knowing the mystery of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ COL 2 3 w74d figs-activepassive εἰσιν πάντες οἱ θησαυροὶ COL 2 3 vhsr figs-metaphor ἐν ᾧ εἰσιν πάντες οἱ θησαυροὶ…ἀπόκρυφοι 1 Paul here speaks of the Messiah as if he were a container that could “hide” **treasures**. He speaks this way to emphasize the value of what Christians receive from God. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “from whom all the blessings … can be received” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 3 w4mr figs-possession οἱ θησαυροὶ τῆς σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως 1 the treasures of wisdom and knowledge Paul here uses the possessive form to explain what the **treasures** are: **wisdom** and **knowledge**. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify that **wisdom** and **knowledge** are the **treasures**. Alternate translation: “the treasures, which are wisdom and knowledge,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) COL 2 3 vd98 figs-abstractnouns τῆς σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως 1 of wisdom and knowledge If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind these abstract nouns with adjectives such as “wise” and “knowledgeable.” Alternate translation: “of wise and knowledgeable thinking and acting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -COL 2 4 j8di figs-explicit τοῦτο 1 might deceive The word translated **this** refers to what Paul has said in [2:1–3](../02/1–3.md): he works hard for them so that they can be united together and fully know the mystery, which is the Messiah. If this is not clear in your language, you could summarize what Paul has said instead of using **this**. Alternate translation: “these things about my work for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +COL 2 4 j8di figs-explicit τοῦτο 1 might deceive The word translated **this** refers to what Paul has said in [2:1–3](../02/1.md): he works hard for them so that they can be united together and fully know the mystery, which is the Messiah. If this is not clear in your language, you could summarize what Paul has said instead of using **this**. Alternate translation: “these things about my work for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) COL 2 4 m3lr grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The word translated **so that** introduces Paul’s goal or purpose in saying what he has just said. Use a word or phrase that indicates goal or purpose in your language. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) COL 2 4 ksh8 μηδεὶς ὑμᾶς παραλογίζηται 1 Alternate translation: “people cannot deceive you” COL 2 4 y4r3 translate-unknown πιθανολογίᾳ 1 persuasive speech The word translated **persuasive speech** refers to arguments that appear plausible. The word itself does not suggest that the arguments are true or false, but the context here suggests that the arguments are false, even though they sound believable. If would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable expression or a short phrase that expresses this idea. Alternate translation: “plausible arguments” or “words that sound true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) @@ -163,11 +163,11 @@ COL 2 5 ubd9 grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ…καὶ 1 Paul speaks as if COL 2 5 g1rp figs-idiom τῇ σαρκὶ ἄπειμι 1 I am absent in the flesh Being **absent in the flesh** is an idiom for not being present in person. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a comparable expression or translate the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “I am not there with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) COL 2 5 fz3t grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 The word translated **yet** introduces a contrast with “absent in the flesh.” While the Colossians might expect that, since Paul is “absent in the flesh,” he is also absent “in the spirit,” Paul says the opposite: he is with them “in the spirit.” Use a word that indicates contrast or contraexpectation in your language. Alternate translation: “despite this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) COL 2 5 bz56 figs-idiom τῷ πνεύματι σὺν ὑμῖν εἰμι 1 I am with you in the spirit Being with someone **in the spirit** is a metaphor for thinking and caring about that person. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea with a comparable metaphor in your language or non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “I am still connected to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -COL 2 5 w0ye grammar-connect-time-simultaneous χαίρων καὶ βλέπων 1 **rejoicing and seeing** is what Paul does while he is with them “in the spirit.” If this is not clear in your language, you could make the relationship between the ideas more explicit. Alternate translation: (adding a period after “spirit”) “When I think about you, I rejoice and see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]]) +COL 2 5 w0ye grammar-connect-time-simultaneous χαίρων καὶ βλέπων 1 Here, **rejoicing and seeing** is what Paul does while he is with them “in the spirit.” If this is not clear in your language, you could make the relationship between the ideas more explicit. Alternate translation: (adding a period after “spirit”) “When I think about you, I rejoice and see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]]) COL 2 5 t8mc figs-hendiadys χαίρων καὶ βλέπων 1 Paul here expresses a single idea with the two words **rejoicing** and **seeing**. He means that he “rejoices” when he “sees.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea by translating **rejoicing** as an adverb or prepositional phrase. Alternate translation: “joyfully seeing” or “seeing with joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) COL 2 5 ev9p translate-unknown τὴν τάξιν 1 good order The word translated **good order** refers to behavior that properly fits into a larger pattern or arrangement. In the context, that larger pattern is what God expects of his people. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a comparable term or translate the idea with a phrase. Alternate translation: “behavior that is according to God’s standards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 2 5 hth1 figs-possession τὸ στερέωμα…πίστεως ὑμῶν 1 the strength of your faith Paul uses the possessive form to describe the Colossians’ **faith** as something that has **strength**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea by translating **strength** with an adjective such as “strong.” Alternate translation: “your strong faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -COL 2 6 a6cr grammar-connect-words-phrases οὖν 1 The word translated **therefore** draws an inference or conclusion from what Paul has said in [2:1–5](../05/01–05.md), which primarily dealt with the truth about Paul and the benefits that flow from knowing the Messiah. If it would be clearer in your language, you could specify what Paul draws his inference from. Alternate translation: “Because of what I have told you about myself and about the Messiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) +COL 2 6 a6cr grammar-connect-words-phrases οὖν 1 The word translated **therefore** draws an inference or conclusion from what Paul has said in [2:1–5](../05/01.md), which primarily dealt with the truth about Paul and the benefits that flow from knowing the Messiah. If it would be clearer in your language, you could specify what Paul draws his inference from. Alternate translation: “Because of what I have told you about myself and about the Messiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) COL 2 6 wqwi figs-infostructure ὡς…παρελάβετε τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν τὸν Κύριον, ἐν αὐτῷ περιπατεῖτε, 1 Paul here draws a comparison between the way in which the Colossians received the Messiah and the way in which he wishes them to behave now. If it would be clearer in your language to put the comparison second, you could reverse the two clauses. Alternate translation: “walk in Christ Jesus the Lord just as you received him” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure) COL 2 6 s99k figs-metaphor παρελάβετε τὸν Χριστὸν 1 Paul says that the Colossians **received Christ** as if they had welcomed him into their homes or received him as a gift. What this means is that they believed in Jesus and the teachings about him. If it would be clearer, you could use a phrase from your language that refers to coming to believe in Jesus or you could express this idea in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “you first believed in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 6 m3f1 figs-metaphor ἐν αὐτῷ περιπατεῖτε 1 walk in him This command does not require the Colossians to walk around inside Jesus. Rather, to **walk** is a common metaphor for how people live their lives, and the words **in him** refer to being in close relationship with Christ. If it would be clearer in your language, use a verb that refers to behavior in life and connect it with how you have translated “in Christ” elsewhere. Alternate translation: “live your life united to the Messiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ COL 2 13 emdw figs-metaphor νεκροὺς ὄντας ἐν τοῖς παρα COL 2 13 pphm translate-unknown τῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν 1 This **uncircumcision** could refer (1) to how the Colossians were not circumcised Jews and thus not part of God’s people. Alternate translation: “among the non-Jews without God’s promises” (2) to the metaphor about circumcision in [2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “apart from God’s saving work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 2 13 f9ms figs-metaphor συνεζωοποίησεν ὑμᾶς σὺν αὐτῷ 1 you, being dead … he made you alive together Here, Paul speaks of God’s work in restoring people to himself as if he brought these people back to life physically. If it would be clearer in your language, you could clarify that Paul speaks of spiritual life or express the idea with a simile or non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “he did something like making you alive together with him” or “he restored you to proper relationship with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 13 upyk writing-pronouns συνεζωοποίησεν ὑμᾶς σὺν αὐτῷ 1 The word translated **he** refers to God the Father, while the word translated **him** refers to God the Son. If it would be clearer in your language, you could clarify the antecedent of one or both of these pronouns. Alternate translation: “he made you alive together with the Messiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) -COL 2 14 w22z figs-metaphor ἐξαλείψας τὸ καθ’ ἡμῶν χειρόγραφον τοῖς δόγμασιν, ὃ ἦν ὑπεναντίον ἡμῖν καὶ αὐτὸ ἦρκεν ἐκ τοῦ μέσου, προσηλώσας αὐτὸ τῷ σταυρῷ 1 having canceled the written record of the decrees against us, which were opposed to us Paul speaks of the way God forgives our sins as if God **canceled** debts that we owed him. In the metaphor, God has crossed out or erased the **written record** of those debts and thus removed any impact these debts have on our relationship to him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or express the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “having taken away the guilt from our sins, he has kept them from impacting our relationship with him, having nailed them to the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +COL 2 14 w22z figs-metaphor ἐξαλείψας τὸ καθ’ ἡμῶν χειρόγραφον τοῖς δόγμασιν, ὃ ἦν ὑπεναντίον ἡμῖν, καὶ αὐτὸ ἦρκεν ἐκ τοῦ μέσου, προσηλώσας αὐτὸ τῷ σταυρῷ 1 having canceled the written record of the decrees against us, which were opposed to us Paul speaks of the way God forgives our sins as if God **canceled** debts that we owed him. In the metaphor, God has crossed out or erased the **written record** of those debts and thus removed any impact these debts have on our relationship to him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or express the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “having taken away the guilt from our sins, he has kept them from impacting our relationship with him, having nailed them to the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 14 k0fg figs-explicitinfo καθ’ ἡμῶν…ὃ ἦν ὑπεναντίον ἡμῖν 1 The phrases translated **against us** and **opposed to us** might be considered redundant in your language. If this is the case, you could combine the two phrases into one. Alternate translation: “which were opposed to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo]]) COL 2 14 phgg figs-metaphor αὐτὸ ἦρκεν ἐκ τοῦ μέσου 1 Paul speaks as if the “written record” was within the community of believers, and God takes it away. What he means by this is that the “written record” of our sins no longer affects our relationship with God and each other. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “he has kept it from affecting our relationship with him and others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 14 o5mx figs-metaphor προσηλώσας αὐτὸ τῷ σταυρῷ 1 Here, Paul speaks as if God had nailed the “written record” to the cross. He means that Christ’s death on the cross “canceled” the “written record” as surely as if it had been nailed to the cross and died with him. If it would be clearly in your language, you could express this idea using a simile or non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “destroying it through the Messiah’s death on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -216,18 +216,18 @@ COL 2 15 gh24 figs-metaphor ἀπεκδυσάμενος…ἐδειγμάτισ COL 2 15 pbkm translate-unknown τὰς ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς ἐξουσίας 1 Just as in [1:16](../01/16.md) and [2:10](../02/10.md), the **rulers** and **authorities** could refer to (1) powerful spiritual beings that rule this world. Alternate translation: “the spiritual powers” (2) anybody or anything that rules and has authority. Alternate translation: “those who rule with authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 2 15 h7kx ἐν αὐτῷ 1 Alternate translation: “by the cross” or “through the cross” COL 2 15 cg37 figs-metonymy αὐτῷ 1 in the cross Here, **the cross** stands for Christ’s death on the cross. Alternate translation: “the Messiah’s death on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 2 16 bvs7 grammar-connect-words-phrases οὖν 1 The word translated **therefore** draws an inference or conclusion from what Paul has already said, which can be found in [2:9–15](../02/09–15.md): in the work of Christ, the Colossians have received new life and the powers that rule this world have been defeated. Because of these truths, the Colossians should not allow others to judge them in how they behave, a command from Paul that continues his warning against false teachers in [2:8](../02/08.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could refer to these ideas more explicitly or use a comparable transition word or phrase. Alternate translation: “In light of all these things” or “Given the Messiah’s sufficient work on your behalf” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) +COL 2 16 bvs7 grammar-connect-words-phrases οὖν 1 The word translated **therefore** draws an inference or conclusion from what Paul has already said, which can be found in [2:9–15](../02/09.md): in the work of Christ, the Colossians have received new life and the powers that rule this world have been defeated. Because of these truths, the Colossians should not allow others to judge them in how they behave, a command from Paul that continues his warning against false teachers in [2:8](../02/08.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could refer to these ideas more explicitly or use a comparable transition word or phrase. Alternate translation: “In light of all these things” or “Given the Messiah’s sufficient work on your behalf” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) COL 2 16 e1rp figs-imperative μὴ…τις ὑμᾶς κρινέτω 1 This phrase translates a third-person imperative. If your language has third-person imperatives, you can use one here. If your language does not, you could use a comparable phrase or express the idea with a second-person imperative. Alternate translation: “let no one judge you” or “do not permit anyone to judge you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) -COL 2 16 cii9 figs-explicit ἐν βρώσει, καὶ ἐν πόσει ἢ ἐν μέρει ἑορτῆς, ἢ νουμηνίας, ἢ Σαββάτων, 1 in food or in drink This list of areas in which someone might judge the Colossians refers to parts of the law of Moses. Some of these areas were also important for Greco-Roman religions. If it would be clearer in your translation, you could clarify that these areas are covered by the law of Moses and sometimes by the traditions of other religions as well. Alternate translation: “for you how behave in relationship to the law of Moses and other religious traditions, including in the areas of food and drink and festivals, new moons, or Sabbaths.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +COL 2 16 cii9 figs-explicit ἐν βρώσει, καὶ ἐν πόσει, ἢ ἐν μέρει ἑορτῆς, ἢ νουμηνίας, ἢ Σαββάτων 1 in food or in drink This list of areas in which someone might judge the Colossians refers to parts of the law of Moses. Some of these areas were also important for Greco-Roman religions. If it would be clearer in your translation, you could clarify that these areas are covered by the law of Moses and sometimes by the traditions of other religions as well. Alternate translation: “for you how behave in relationship to the law of Moses and other religious traditions, including in the areas of food and drink and festivals, new moons, or Sabbaths.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) COL 2 16 b4kd translate-unknown νουμηνίας 1 in regard to a festival, or a new moon, or Sabbaths The word translated **new moon** refers to a festival or celebration that would take place when it was the time of the new moon. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a comparable expression or translate the idea with a longer phrase. Alternate translation: “a new moon celebration” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 2 17 ip3a figs-metaphor ἅ ἐστιν σκιὰ τῶν μελλόντων, τὸ δὲ σῶμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 which are a shadow of the things coming, but the body is of Christ A **shadow** shows the shape and outline of a **body**, but it is not the **body** itself. In a similar way, the things listed in the previous verse show the shape and outline of the **things coming**, but the **body** that casts this **shadow** is **Christ**. He is the substance of the **things coming**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or express the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “which are a foretaste of the things coming, but the full experience is of Christ” or “which hint at the things coming, but what is coming is Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 17 sev8 figs-possession σκιὰ τῶν μελλόντων 1 Paul here uses the possession form to show that the **shadow** is cast by the **things coming**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could make this explicit. Alternate translation: “a shadow cast by the things coming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) COL 2 17 liqe translate-unknown τῶν μελλόντων 1 The **things coming** primarily refers to “things that will happen or be experienced in the future.” They can be connected with the second coming of Christ, which is why the “body” is of Christ in this verse. If it would be clearer in your language, you could clarify that **coming** refers to something future. Alternate translation: “of the things to come in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -COL 2 17 ykh9 figs-possession τὸ…σῶμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, Paul uses the possessive form to identify **Christ** as the **body** that casts the “shadow.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a simple being verb. Alternate translation: “the body is Christ” +COL 2 17 ykh9 figs-possession τὸ…σῶμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, Paul uses the possessive form to identify **Christ** as the **body** that casts the “shadow.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a simple being verb. Alternate translation: “the body is Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) COL 2 18 aa4v figs-gendernotations μηδεὶς…ἑόρακεν…αὐτοῦ 1 The words translated **no one**, **he**, and **his** do not refer to one male person. Instead, they refer in a generic way to anyone who acts in these ways. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate these words with a comparable generic phrase in your language or make them plural. Alternate translation: “no one … they have seen … their” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) COL 2 18 ontu figs-imperative μηδεὶς ὑμᾶς καταβραβευέτω 1 This phrase translates a third-person imperative. If your language has third-person imperatives, you can use one here. If your language does not, you could use a comparable phrase or express the idea with a second-person imperative. Alternate translation: “Do not allow anyone … deprive you of your prize” or “Be on your guard against anyone … so that he does not deprive you of your prize” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) COL 2 18 zv2t figs-metaphor μηδεὶς ὑμᾶς καταβραβευέτω 1 Let no one … deprive you of your prize Here, Paul refers to the false teachers as if they were judges or umpires at a contest who could decide against the Colossians, thus keeping them from receiving the prize for winning the contest. This metaphor fits with the “judging” language in [2:16](../02/16.md). These two verses together suggest that the Colossians are tempted to choose the false teachers as their judges instead of Christ. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or express the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “Let no one … act instead of Christ as your judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 2 18 b5ce θέλων ἐν ταπεινοφροσύνῃ καὶ θρησκείᾳ τῶν ἀγγέλων 1 delighting in false humility Alternate translation: “valuing false humility and worship of the angels” +COL 2 18 b5ce θέλων ἐν ταπεινοφροσύνῃ, καὶ θρησκείᾳ τῶν ἀγγέλων 1 delighting in false humility Alternate translation: “valuing false humility and worship of the angels” COL 2 18 pmcn figs-possession θρησκείᾳ τῶν ἀγγέλων 1 Paul uses the possessive form to describe the act of worshiping angels, not the worship that angels present to God. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify with a phrase such as “presented to.” Alternate translation: “worship presented to the angels” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) COL 2 18 kn5d figs-metaphor ἐμβατεύων 1 standing on things he has seen Here Paul speaks as if the false teachers were **standing** on “things they have seen.” This metaphor means that they talk about what they have seen and base teachings on it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate **standing** with a verb that expresses this idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “constantly talking about” or “basing his teaching on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 2 18 p67q figs-explicit ἃ ἑόρακεν 1 In the context of angel worship, **things he has seen** refers to visions and dreams that reveal powerful beings, heaven, the future, or other secrets. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a word or phrase that reveals to these kinds of visions or dreams or use a phrase to express the idea. Alternate translation: “things he has seen in visions” or “secrets revealed to him in visions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -254,11 +254,11 @@ COL 2 21 v9e7 0 Connecting Statement: This verse gives three commands that are COL 2 21 pzj1 figs-yousingular ἅψῃ…γεύσῃ…θίγῃς 1 Connecting Statement: These commands are addressed to **You** in the singular. Most likely, Paul refers to specific commands given to one person in a specific situation. However, he does intend these to be taken as examples of commands that might be given to any person among the Colossians. If your language can use a command in the singular as a generic example, you can do so here. If this does not make sense in your language, you could use plural commands here. Alternate translation: “You all may … handle … taste … touch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) COL 2 21 b392 figs-ellipsis μὴ ἅψῃ! μηδὲ γεύσῃ! μηδὲ θίγῃς! 1 You may not handle, nor taste, nor touch! Paul does not express what these commands say not to **handle**, **taste**, or **touch**, but it is clear that only certain things would be included. If it would be clearer in your language to make this information explicit, you could add a generic phrase such as “certain things” or use words that match each command. Alternate translation: “You may not handle certain objects, nor taste certain foods and drinks, nor touch certain people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) COL 2 22 a25u figs-pronouns ἅ 1 This pronoun refers to the commands in the previous verse, especially focusing on the implied objects of the rules. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a noun or a short phrase. Alternate translation: “The things these commands regulate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -COL 2 22 ogj7 translate-unkown εἰς φθορὰν τῇ ἀποχρήσει 1 This phrase means that everything that the commands in the previous verse are about ends up being destroyed when it is used. In other words, food and drink are destroyed when they are eaten, and tools eventually break when they are used. By describing these things in this way, Paul shows that they are not very important. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate **destruction** and **use** with verbs. Alternate translation: “destroyed when they are used” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +COL 2 22 ogj7 translate-unknown εἰς φθορὰν τῇ ἀποχρήσει 1 This phrase means that everything that the commands in the previous verse are about ends up being destroyed when it is used. In other words, food and drink are destroyed when they are eaten, and tools eventually break when they are used. By describing these things in this way, Paul shows that they are not very important. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate **destruction** and **use** with verbs. Alternate translation: “destroyed when they are used” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 2 22 klsg figs-possession τὰ ἐντάλματα καὶ διδασκαλίας τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 Paul here uses the possessive form to describe **commands and teachings** that come from **men**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea by translating **commands and teachings** with verbs, or you could clarify that these teachings “come from” **men**. Alternate translation: “how men command and teach” or “the commands and teachings that come from men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) COL 2 22 oqmf figs-gendernotations τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 The word translated **men** does not refer to only male people but rather to all humans. Alternate translation: “of humans” or “of people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) COL 2 23 r2m8 figs-idiom λόγον μὲν ἔχοντα σοφίας 1 Commands that have **a word of wisdom** are commands that come from wise thinking or require wise behavior. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this idiom with a comparable expression or non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “are indeed characterized by wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -COL 2 23 y2dc grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical ἅτινά…λόγον μὲν ἔχοντα σοφίας ἐν ἐθελοθρησκείᾳ καὶ ταπεινοφροσύνῃ, ἀφειδίᾳ σώματος 1 These, having indeed a word of wisdom in self-made religion and false humility and severity of the body While there is no grammatical marker for a condition here, the word **in** functionally introduces a condition: these commands have a **word of wisdom** if one values **self-made religion and false humility and severity of the body**. It is only if one values these things that the commands have wisdom. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this idea with a conditional or use the word “seem.” Alternate translation: “which, having indeed a word of wisdom if one values self-made religion and false humility and severity of the body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +COL 2 23 y2dc grammar-connect-condition-hypo ἅτινά…λόγον μὲν ἔχοντα σοφίας ἐν ἐθελοθρησκείᾳ καὶ ταπεινοφροσύνῃ, ἀφειδίᾳ σώματος 1 These, having indeed a word of wisdom in self-made religion and false humility and severity of the body While there is no grammatical marker for a condition here, the word **in** functionally introduces a condition: these commands have a **word of wisdom** if one values **self-made religion and false humility and severity of the body**. It is only if one values these things that the commands have wisdom. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this idea with a conditional or use the word “seem.” Alternate translation: “which, having indeed a word of wisdom if one values self-made religion and false humility and severity of the body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) COL 2 23 vr8p translate-unknown ἐθελοθρησκείᾳ 1 The word translated **self-made religion** could describe (1) people who worship God however they want to. Alternate translation: “invented religion” (2) people who pretend to worship God but do not. Alternate translation: “mock worship” or “false worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 2 23 g9i8 translate-unknown ἀφειδίᾳ σώματος 1 The phrase **severity of the body** refers to treating one’s body harshly as part of one's religious practice. This could include beating oneself, not eating enough, or other ascetic practices. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use an expression that has this meaning or translate the idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “and wounding one’s body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 2 23 e7p5 figs-abstractnouns ἐστιν…οὐκ ἐν τιμῇ τινι 1 are not of any value against the indulgence of the flesh If it would be clearer, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **value** by combining it with the verbal phrase **are not** to create a phrase such as “do nothing” or “are ineffective.” Alternate translation: “do nothing” or “are ineffective” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) @@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ COL 3 1 upi9 figs-explicit ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ Θεοῦ καθήμενο COL 3 2 vpat φρονεῖτε 1 The word translated **think about** refers not just to mental activity but also to focus and desire. Alternate translation: “Focus on” COL 3 2 f181 translate-unknown τὰ ἄνω 1 Just as in [3:1](../03/01.md) the **things above** is another term for heavenly things. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could clarify that **things above** refers specifically to things in heaven. Alternate translation: “the heavenly things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 3 2 ow7x figs-idiom τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς 1 The **things on the earth** describes those things in this world that are not connected to Christ, that are not “the things above.” This phrase does not mean that the Colossians are supposed to abandon all care for earthly things. Instead, Paul is urging them to focus on Christ and what he has promised for them, not on whatever they could gain on earth. If it would be clearer in your language, you could a clarify this contrast by further describing **the things on the earth**. Alternate translation: “the things this world promises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -COL 3 3 oa5x grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 The word translated **for** introduces the reason why the Colossians should think about the things above ([3:1–2](../03/01–02.md)): it is because they have died. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could express the transition more explicitly. Alternate translation: “You should think about the things above because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +COL 3 3 oa5x grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 The word translated **for** introduces the reason why the Colossians should think about the things above ([3:1–2](../03/01.md)): it is because they have died. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could express the transition more explicitly. Alternate translation: “You should think about the things above because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) COL 3 3 l9yk figs-metaphor ἀπεθάνετε 1 For you died Here, Paul expresses in slightly different form the idea he already stated in [2:20](../02/20.md): the Colossians have been united to Christ in his death. As Christ actually died, so God counts the Colossian believers as having **died** with Christ. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this idea as you did in [2:20](../02/20.md) or non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “you died in union with the Messiah” or “you participated in the Messiah's death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 3 3 gkz6 figs-metaphor ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν κέκρυπται σὺν τῷ Χριστῷ ἐν τῷ Θεῷ 1 your life has been hidden with Christ in God Here, Paul speaks as if the Colossians’ lives were objects that could be **hidden** where Christ is, and as if the place they were hidden was God. By using this metaphor, Paul wants the Colossians to know that they are safe (**with Christ in God**) but also that their new life is not yet fully revealed (**hidden**). If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “God is protecting your new life with Christ and will reveal it when the time comes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 3 3 xetc figs-activepassive ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν κέκρυπται σὺν τῷ Χριστῷ ἐν τῷ Θεῷ 1 your life has been hidden with Christ in God You can translate this clause in active form. Alternate translation: “God has hidden your life with Christ in himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) @@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ COL 3 11 vt4t translate-unknown βάρβαρος 1 barbarian The word translated COL 3 11 n7by translate-unknown Σκύθης 1 Scythian The word translated **Scythian** was used to describe a nomadic group of people who were fierce warriors. It was also used to describe those who behaved in similar ways, often considered rough or rude. If it would be clearer in your language, you could add an adjective before **Scythian** to clarify its connotation. Alternate translation: “uncivilized Scythian” or “rough Scythian” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
COL 3 11 i964 figs-metaphor πάντα καὶ…Χριστός 1 but Christ is all, and in all Here, Paul speaks **Christ** as if he himself were **all** things. By this, he means that none of the categories he just listed matter because Christ is the only thing that matters. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a verb such as “matters” or noun such as of “importance.” Alternate translation: “Christ is all that matters, and he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
COL 3 11 iqmw figs-metaphor ἐν πᾶσιν 1 Again, Paul speaks of those who have died and risen with Christ. Here, instead of speaking of the Colossians being “in Christ,” he reverses the form, just as he did in [1:27](../01/27.md): Christ is **in all** of those who believe in him. If possible, translate this expression the same way you translated “Christ in you” in [1:27](../01/27.md). Alternate translation: “is united to all of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 3 12 hu90 grammar-connect-words-phrases οὖν 1 The word translated **Therefore** introduces an inference or, as here, an exhortation based on what has already been said. Paul bases his exhortation on what he has already told the Colossians about putting off the old man, putting on the new man, and the effects of this in [3:9–11](../03/09–11.md). Use a customary word or phrase in your language for introducing an exhortation based on what has already been said. If it would be clearer, you could refer back to what Paul has already said. Alternate translation: “Because you have put off the old man and put on the new man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) +COL 3 12 hu90 grammar-connect-words-phrases οὖν 1 The word translated **Therefore** introduces an inference or, as here, an exhortation based on what has already been said. Paul bases his exhortation on what he has already told the Colossians about putting off the old man, putting on the new man, and the effects of this in [3:9–11](../03/09.md). Use a customary word or phrase in your language for introducing an exhortation based on what has already been said. If it would be clearer, you could refer back to what Paul has already said. Alternate translation: “Because you have put off the old man and put on the new man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) COL 3 12 yyfe figs-metaphor ἐνδύσασθε 1 The word translated **put on** is the same word Paul used in [3:10](../03/10.md) for “having put on” the new man. Here, he uses the same clothing metaphor to show the Colossians that “putting on” the new man means that they also must **put on** the character traits he lists here. If possible, translate **put on** as you did in [3:10](../03/10.md). Alternate translation: “step into new virtues:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 3 12 vcc5 grammar-connect-logic-result ὡς 1 Paul uses the word translated **as** to describe who the Colossians are. He describes them in ways that will give them a reason to “put on” the virtues he lists. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea by using language that gives a reason or basis for a command. Alternate translation: “because you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) COL 3 12 b5ti figs-possession ἐκλεκτοὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 as chosen ones of God, holy and beloved Paul here uses the possessive form indicate that the Colossians are **chosen ones** because **God** chose them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea by translating **chosen** with a verb such as “chose,” with God as the subject. Alternate translation: “ones whom God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) @@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ COL 3 12 dzuj translate-unknown πραΰτητα 1 put on inward parts of mercy, COL 3 12 yn05 translate-unknown μακροθυμίαν 1 put on inward parts of mercy, kindness, humility, gentleness, and patience In this context, the word translated **patience** refers to the ability to remain calm and even-tempered even when others do things that provoke one to anger. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable word or express the idea with a short phrase. Alternate translation: “and forbearance” or “and the ability to remain calm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 3 13 m1d9 figs-infostructure ἀνεχόμενοι ἀλλήλων καὶ χαριζόμενοι ἑαυτοῖς, ἐάν τις πρός τινα ἔχῃ μομφήν 1 bearing with one another If it would be clearer in your language to have the conditional statement first, you could move the **if** clause to the beginning, starting a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If someone may have a complaint against someone else, bear with one another and be gracious to each other” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure) COL 3 13 r8iy figs-idiom ἀνεχόμενοι ἀλλήλων 1 bearing with one another The phrase translated **bearing with one another** was used by Greek speakers to refer to being patient with others, even when they do things that are annoying or strange. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable idiom or express the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “putting up with one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -COL 3 13 rts1 grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical ἐάν 1 being gracious to each other Paul uses **if** to introduce a hypothetical situation that he thinks will happen to the Colossians at many times. It is in this kind of situation that he wants them to “bear with one another and be gracious to each other.” If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express this idea by using a word or phrase that refers to any time something happens. Alternate translation: “whenever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) +COL 3 13 rts1 grammar-connect-condition-hypo ἐάν 1 being gracious to each other Paul uses **if** to introduce a hypothetical situation that he thinks will happen to the Colossians at many times. It is in this kind of situation that he wants them to “bear with one another and be gracious to each other.” If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express this idea by using a word or phrase that refers to any time something happens. Alternate translation: “whenever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) COL 3 13 f5f9 figs-idiom τις πρός τινα ἔχῃ μομφήν 1 being gracious to each other This phrase indicates a situation in which one person feels offended or hurt by another person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable idiom or an expression that indicates that one party has been offended or hurt by another. Alternate translation: “a person has been offended by another person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) COL 3 13 p474 figs-abstractnouns πρός…ἔχῃ μομφήν 1 may have a complaint against If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **complaint** by combining it with the verb **have** into a verb such as “complain.” Alternate translation: “may complain against” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) COL 3 13 lp1o figs-infostructure καθὼς καὶ ὁ Κύριος ἐχαρίσατο ὑμῖν, οὕτως καὶ ὑμεῖς 1 may have a complaint against If it would be clearer in your language to have the comparison after the command, you could switch them in your translation, including “forgive” in the new first clause. Alternate translation: “you should forgive others, just as the Lord forgave you” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure) @@ -355,14 +355,14 @@ COL 3 15 gtz3 figs-imperative ἡ εἰρήνη τοῦ Χριστοῦ βραβ COL 3 15 hdg5 figs-metaphor ἡ εἰρήνη τοῦ Χριστοῦ βραβευέτω ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν 1 let the peace of Christ rule in your hearts Paul speaks of the **peace of Christ** as if it should be the “ruler” in the Colossians’ hearts. The word translated **rule** is closely related to the word translated **deprive of your prize** Paul uses in [2:18](../02/18.md): both are used of a judge or an umpire making a decision, although in [2:18](../02/18.md), the judge or umpire decides against the Colossians. Here, the idea is that the **peace of Christ** acts as the judge or umpire in the **hearts** of the Colossians, which means that this **peace** helps them decide what to feel and do. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or express the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “let the peace of Christ make your decisions in your hearts (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 3 15 okpr writing-pronouns ἣν 1 in your hearts The pronoun translated **which** refers to “the peace of Christ.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “which peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) COL 3 15 nj4e figs-activepassive καὶ ἐκλήθητε 1 in your hearts If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this in active form with God as the subject. Alternate translation: “God also called you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -COL 3 15 pod6 figs-metaphor ἐν ἑνὶ σώματι 1 in your hearts Paul speaks of the Colossians as if they were **in**, or part of, **one body**. With this metaphor, he clarifies the situation in which they have been called to peace: in the **one body**, which is the church. Just as the parts of a body are at “peace” with each other (when the body is working properly), so also the Colossians are to be at peace with each other in the church. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or express the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “as you together make up the church” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +COL 3 15 pod6 figs-metaphor ἐν ἑνὶ σώματι 1 in your hearts Paul speaks of the Colossians as if they were **in**, or part of, **one body**. With this metaphor, he clarifies the situation in which they have been called to peace: in the **one body**, which is the church. Just as the parts of a body are at “peace” with each other (when the body is working properly), so also the Colossians are to be at peace with each other in the church. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or express the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “as you together make up the church” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 3 15 bfnp εὐχάριστοι γίνεσθε 1 in your hearts Alternate translation: “become thankful people” or “be thankful” COL 3 16 agax figs-imperative ὁ λόγος τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐνοικείτω ἐν ὑμῖν πλουσίως 1 Let the word of Christ dwell in you Here, Paul uses a third person imperative. If you have third person imperatives in your language, you can use one here. If you do not have third person imperatives, you could express Paul's command in the second person with the Colossians as the subject of a verb such as “welcome.” Alternate translation: “Welcome the word of Christ richly into your lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) COL 3 16 w9dv figs-metaphor ὁ λόγος τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐνοικείτω ἐν ὑμῖν 1 Let the word of Christ dwell in you Here, Paul speaks as if the **word of Christ** was a person who could **dwell** or live in a location, here the Colossians. This metaphor emphasizes how the **word** should be a consistent and constant part of the Colossians’ lives as surely as if it was somebody permanently residing among them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a comparable metaphor or non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “Let the word of Christ be a part of your lives consistently and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 3 16 g0h5 figs-possession ὁ λόγος τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Let the word of Christ dwell in you Here, Paul uses the possessive form to relate **the word** to **Christ**. This could mean (1) that **the word** is about **Christ**. Alternate translation: “the word concerning the Messiah” (2) that **the word** is spoken by **Christ**. Alternate translation: “the word from Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) COL 3 16 frn8 figs-metaphor πλουσίως 1 Let the word of Christ dwell in you Here, Paul speaks as if the “word” was wealthy and could do something **richly**. He uses this metaphor to characterize the way the word should dwell in the Colossians: completely and with all the blessings that come from it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a comparable metaphor or non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “in every way and with every blessing” or “fully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 3 16 aqx3 ἐν πάσῃ σοφίᾳ 1 Let the word of Christ dwell in you Alternate translation: “with great wisdom” -COL 3 16 e44g figs-ellipsis ἐν πάσῃ σοφίᾳ διδάσκοντες καὶ νουθετοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς…ᾄδοντες 1 Let the word of Christ dwell in you Paul uses the words translated **teaching**, **admonishing**, and **singing** to show the Colossians some ways in which they can “let the word of Christ dwell” in them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could directly state this. Alternate translation: (start a new sentence) “You can do this by teaching and admonishing one another in all wisdom … and by singing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +COL 3 16 e44g figs-ellipsis ἐν πάσῃ σοφίᾳ, διδάσκοντες καὶ νουθετοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς…ᾄδοντες 1 Let the word of Christ dwell in you Paul uses the words translated **teaching**, **admonishing**, and **singing** to show the Colossians some ways in which they can “let the word of Christ dwell” in them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could directly state this. Alternate translation: (start a new sentence) “You can do this by teaching and admonishing one another in all wisdom … and by singing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) COL 3 16 h5k9 figs-doublet διδάσκοντες καὶ νουθετοῦντες 1 admonishing one another These two verbs have slightly different meanings: **teaching** refers positively to giving someone information, skills, or concepts; **admonishing** refers negatively to warning someone against something. If you have words that fit these two ideas, you can use them here. If you do not have words that make these distinctions, you could translate both of them with a single verb such as “instruct.” Alternate translation: “instructing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) COL 3 16 ubi5 translate-unknown ψαλμοῖς, ὕμνοις, ᾠδαῖς πνευματικαῖς 1 with psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs These three items name different kinds of songs: **psalms** refers to songs from the book of Psalms in the Bible; **hymns** refers to songs sung in praise, usually to a deity; and **songs** refers to songs that celebrate someone or something, usually in poem form. If you have words that roughly match these categories in your language, you could use them here. If you do not have words that match these categories, you could express the idea with only one or two words or use adjectives to describe the different types of songs. Alternate translation: “psalms and spiritual songs” or “biblical songs, praise songs, and celebratory spiritual songs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 3 16 eapz translate-unknown ᾠδαῖς πνευματικαῖς 1 with psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs The word translated **spiritual** could refer to (1) the Holy Spirit as the origin or inspiration of the **songs**. Alternate translation: “and songs from the Spirit” (2) **songs** that are sung by or in the power of the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “and songs empowered by the Spirit” (3) **songs** that are sung in one’s own spirit, not out loud. Alternate translation: “and songs sung in your spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) @@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ COL 3 17 bv84 figs-explicit δι’ αὐτοῦ 1 through him The phrase **thro COL 3 18 tt9u αἱ γυναῖκες 1 Wives, submit to your husbands Here, Paul directly addresses the **wives** in the audience. Use a form in your language that indicates that the speaker is singling out a specific group of people as the intended audience of the following words. Alternate translation: “You wives” COL 3 18 gtft figs-activepassive ὑποτάσσεσθε τοῖς ἀνδράσιν 1 is fitting If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this in active form with a verb such as “obey” or “submit.” Alternate translation: “obey your husbands” or “submit to your husbands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) COL 3 18 juqx grammar-connect-logic-result ὡς 1 is fitting The word translated **as** functions here to introduce the reason why “wives” should “be subject to” their “husbands.” If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea using a causal word such as “since” or “because.” Alternate translation: “because this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -COL 3 18 b2y3 translate-unknown ἀνῆκεν 1 is fitting The word translated **is fitting** refers to what or to whom something properly belongs. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this idea by using a word that speaks of proper behavior in specific circumstances. Alternate translation: “is suitable” or “suits your position” +COL 3 18 b2y3 translate-unknown ἀνῆκεν 1 is fitting The word translated **is fitting** refers to what or to whom something properly belongs. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this idea by using a word that speaks of proper behavior in specific circumstances. Alternate translation: “is suitable” or “suits your position” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 3 19 apyy οἱ ἄνδρες 1 do not be embittered against Here, Paul directly addresses the **husbands** in the audience. Use a form in your language that indicates that the speaker is singling out a specific group of people as the intended audience of the following words. Alternate translation: “You husbands” COL 3 19 lc4a translate-unknown μὴ πικραίνεσθε πρὸς 1 do not be embittered against The word translated **be embittered** could refer to (1) the husband doing or saying things that cause his wife to be bitter or upset with him. Alternate translation: “do not do what makes them bitter against you” (2) the husband becoming bitter or upside with his wife for doing or saying certain things. Alternate translation: “do not become bitter against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 3 20 mlu2 τὰ τέκνα 1 do not be embittered against Here, Paul directly addresses the **Children** in the audience. Use a form in your language that indicates that the speaker is singling out a specific group of people as the intended audience of the following words. Alternate translation: “You children” @@ -397,11 +397,11 @@ COL 3 23 olwu figs-idiom ὃ ἐὰν ποιῆτε 1 as to the Lord For a Greek COL 3 23 itn9 figs-idiom ἐκ ψυχῆς 1 as to the Lord Working **from the soul** is comparable to the English idiom working “with all one’s heart,” which refers to doing something with diligence, without holding anything back. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea with a comparable idiom or non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “with all your heart” or “diligently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) COL 3 23 arw4 figs-idiom ὡς τῷ Κυρίῳ καὶ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις 1 as to the Lord This idiom indicates that, even though they serve **men**, they should consider their work to be directed to or in service of **the Lord**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a contrary-to-fact condition or a concessive construction such as “even though.” Alternate translation: “to serve the Lord, even though you are serving men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) COL 3 23 ckiz figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώποις 1 as to the Lord The word translated **men** does not refer to only male people but rather to humans in general. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a word that refers to people or humans in general. Alternate translation: “to humans” or “to people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -COL 3 24 p5qy grammar-connect-logic-result εἰδότες 1 the reward of the inheritance The word translated **knowing** introduces a reason why the slaves should obey as Paul commands them to in [3:22–23](../03/22–23.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could clarify that **knowing** introduces a reason by using a word such as “because.” Alternate translation: “since you know” or “for you know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +COL 3 24 p5qy grammar-connect-logic-result εἰδότες 1 the reward of the inheritance The word translated **knowing** introduces a reason why the slaves should obey as Paul commands them to in [3:22–23](../03/22.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could clarify that **knowing** introduces a reason by using a word such as “because.” Alternate translation: “since you know” or “for you know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) COL 3 24 f3ed figs-possession τὴν ἀνταπόδοσιν τῆς κληρονομίας 1 the reward of the inheritance Here, Paul uses the possessive form to identify the **reward** as **the inheritance**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could clarify that these two words name the same thing by using a phrase such as “that is.” Alternate translation: “the reward, that is, the inheritance” or “the reward, which is your inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) COL 3 24 oyo4 figs-declarative τῷ Κυρίῳ Χριστῷ δουλεύετε 1 the reward of the inheritance Here, Paul uses a simple statement as (1) a reminder about for whom they actually work. Alternate translation: “Keep in mind that you are serving the Lord Christ” (2) a command about whom they should serve. Alternate translation: “Serve the Lord Christ” or “You should serve the Lord Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) COL 3 25 fvw0 grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 the reward of the inheritance The word translated **for** introduces support for what has already been said. Here, Paul uses it to introduce a negative reason for obedience (he already gave a positive reason in [3:24](../03/24.md)). If it would be clearer in your language, you could clarify that **for** introduces another reason for obedience. Alternate translation: “Do these things because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -COL 3 25 u5lx figs-genericnoun ὁ…ἀδικῶν…ἠδίκησεν 1 the one who does unrighteousness will receive what he did unrighteously Here, Paul speaks in general of anyone who does **unrighteousness**. However, he directs this general statement to the slaves he has been addressing (not the masters, since he does not address them until [4:1](../04/01.md)). If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a customary form for generic statements or include the slaves as the ones being addressed. Alternate translation: “any of you who do unrighteousness … you did unrighteously” (See: rc://en/ta/man/[[translate/figs-genericnoun]]) +COL 3 25 u5lx figs-genericnoun ὁ…ἀδικῶν…ἠδίκησεν 1 the one who does unrighteousness will receive what he did unrighteously Here, Paul speaks in general of anyone who does **unrighteousness**. However, he directs this general statement to the slaves he has been addressing (not the masters, since he does not address them until [4:1](../04/01.md)). If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a customary form for generic statements or include the slaves as the ones being addressed. Alternate translation: “any of you who do unrighteousness … you did unrighteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) COL 3 25 ak8j figs-metaphor κομιεῖται ὃ ἠδίκησεν 1 doing unrighteousness In this context, the word translated **will receive** refers to getting something in payment or in return for something else. Paul, then, speaks as if “the one doing unrighteousness” will **receive** as payment or recompense exactly **what he did unrighteously**. By this, Paul means that God will punish those who do “unrighteousness” in a way that fits with what they did. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or express the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “will receive a punishment that fits the crime” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) COL 3 25 c9fx figs-abstractnouns οὐκ ἔστιν προσωπολημψία 1 there is no favoritism If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **favoritism** with a verb such as “favor” or a short phrase. Alternate translation: “God does not favor anyone” or “God judges everyone by the same standard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) COL 4 intro nm3y 0 # Colossians 4 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

[Colossians 4:1](../../col/04/01.md) appears to belong with the topics of Chapter 3 instead of Chapter 4.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### “In my own hand”

It was common in the ancient Near East for the author to speak and someone else to write down the words. Many of the New Testament letters were written this way. Paul wrote the final greeting himself.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Secret truth

Paul refers to a “secret truth” in this chapter. The role of the church in the plans of God was once unknown. But God has now revealed it. Part of this involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) @@ -449,11 +449,11 @@ COL 4 8 eei1 figs-explicitinfo εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο, ἵνα 1 the thi COL 4 8 fr1z grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα…καὶ 1 he might encourage your hearts The words translated **so that** and **and that** introduce two of Paul's purposes in sending Tychicus to the Colossians. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a customary way to introduce a goal or purpose. Alternate translation: “in order that … and in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) COL 4 8 cty1 figs-idiom τὰ περὶ ἡμῶν 1 the things concerning us Just like the phrase “all the things concerning me” in [4:7](../04/07.md), the phrase translated **the things concerning us** refers to details about life such as where people are living, their health, how their work is progressing, and other similar details. If your language has a customary way to refer to this kind of information, you could use it here, or you could express the idea with a descriptive phrase. Alternate translation: “the news about us” or “the details about how we are doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) COL 4 8 vyq5 figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 the things concerning us The word translated **us** does not include the Colossians. Instead, Paul is referring to himself and those who are with him, including Timothy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -COL 4 9 f18w figs-explicit σὺν Ὀνησίμῳ 1 the faithful and beloved brother Paul uses this phrase to tell the Colossians that he is sending Onesimus along with Tychicus to the city of Colossae. If it would be clearer in your language, you could make this explicit by adding a verb such as “sending.” Alternate translation: “With him I send Onesimus” (start a new sentence with “they will make”) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]]) +COL 4 9 f18w figs-explicit σὺν Ὀνησίμῳ 1 the faithful and beloved brother Paul uses this phrase to tell the Colossians that he is sending Onesimus along with Tychicus to the city of Colossae. If it would be clearer in your language, you could make this explicit by adding a verb such as “sending.” Alternate translation: “With him I send Onesimus” (start a new sentence with “they will make”) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) COL 4 9 yqh9 translate-names Ὀνησίμῳ 1 the faithful and beloved brother This is the name of a man. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names) COL 4 9 aqe3 figs-idiom ἐστιν ἐξ ὑμῶν 1 the faithful and beloved brother The phrase translated **from among you** means that Onesimus used to live with the Colossians and was part of the group to whom Paul is writing the letter. To express this idea, you could use a word or phrase that indicates in your language that a person belongs to a specific group of people. Alternate translation: “is from your town” or “used to live with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) COL 4 9 n15d writing-pronouns γνωρίσουσιν 1 they will make known to you The word translated **they** refers back to Onesimus and Tychicus. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could make this explicit by using their names or referring to “two” of them. Alternate translation: “the two of them will make known” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) -COL 4 9 vb7j πάντα…τὰ ὧδε 1 all the things here Just like the phrases “all the things concerning me” in [4:7](../04/07.md) and “the things concerning us” in [4:8](../04/08.md), the phrase translated **all the things here** refers to details about life such as where people are living, their health, how their work is progressing, and other similar details. If your language has a customary way to refer to this kind of information, you could use it here, or you could express the idea with a descriptive phrase. Alternate translation: “all the news about us” or “all the details about what is happening here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) +COL 4 9 vb7j figs-idiom πάντα…τὰ ὧδε 1 all the things here Just like the phrases “all the things concerning me” in [4:7](../04/07.md) and “the things concerning us” in [4:8](../04/08.md), the phrase translated **all the things here** refers to details about life such as where people are living, their health, how their work is progressing, and other similar details. If your language has a customary way to refer to this kind of information, you could use it here, or you could express the idea with a descriptive phrase. Alternate translation: “all the news about us” or “all the details about what is happening here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) COL 4 10 wmf4 translate-names Ἀρίσταρχος…Μᾶρκος…Βαρναβᾶ 1 Aristarchus These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) COL 4 10 lcxt ἀσπάζεται 1 Aristarchus As was customary in this culture, Paul concludes the letter by extending greetings from people who are with him and who know the people to whom he is writing. Your language may have a particular way of sharing greetings in a letter. If so, you can use that form here. Alternate translation: “asks to be remembered to” or “says hello to” COL 4 10 v0le translate-unknown ὁ συναιχμάλωτός μου 1 Aristarchus The words translated **my fellow prisoner** identify Aristarchus as someone who is in prison along with Paul. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this with a short phrase instead. Alternate translation: “who has been imprisoned with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) @@ -477,8 +477,8 @@ COL 4 12 ek51 figs-hyperbole πάντοτε 1 a servant of Christ Jesus Here, ** COL 4 12 p8ff figs-metaphor ἀγωνιζόμενος ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐν ταῖς προσευχαῖς 1 always striving on behalf of you in prayers The word translated **striving** is usually used for attempting to win a contest, whether that is athletic, military, or legal. While Epaphras is not actually participating in an athletic or military contest, Paul uses the metaphor to explain how earnestly Epaphras prays for the Colossians. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or express the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “praying zealously for you” or “spending much effort on his prayers for you” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor) COL 4 12 sn23 grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 you may stand complete and fully assured The word translated **so that** could introduce (1) the purpose or goal of Epaphras’s prayers. Alternate translation: “in order that” (2) the content of Epaphras’s prayers. Alternate translation: “asking that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) COL 4 12 nuh9 figs-metaphor σταθῆτε τέλειοι καὶ πεπληροφορημένοι ἐν παντὶ θελήματι τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 you may stand complete and fully assured Here, Paul speaks as if the Colossians can **stand … in all the will of God**. By this, he means that they should consistently do God’s will, just as if God’s will was something that they kept their feet on without moving. The words translated **complete and fully assured** explain the way in which they are supposed to **stand**, or continue to obey. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or express the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “you may be complete and fully assured as you consistently do all the will of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -COL 4 12 t6o3 figs-metaphor τέλειοι 1 you may stand complete and fully assured The word translated **complete** in this context means that a person is what he or she is supposed to be and is able to do what he or she is called to do. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a word that has this meaning, such as “perfect” or “excellent,” or translate **complete** with a short phrase. Alternate translation: “fit for what God has called you to be” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown) -COL 4 12 ojtu translate-unkown πεπληροφορημένοι 1 you may stand complete and fully assured The word translated **fully assured** describes people who are confident or sure of what they believe and do. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a short phrase. Alternate translation: “convinced about what you know” or “without doubts” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown) +COL 4 12 t6o3 translate-unknown τέλειοι 1 you may stand complete and fully assured The word translated **complete** in this context means that a person is what he or she is supposed to be and is able to do what he or she is called to do. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a word that has this meaning, such as “perfect” or “excellent,” or translate **complete** with a short phrase. Alternate translation: “fit for what God has called you to be” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown) +COL 4 12 ojtu translate-unkown πεπληροφορημένοι 1 you may stand complete and fully assured The word translated **fully assured** describes people who are confident or sure of what they believe and do. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a short phrase. Alternate translation: “convinced about what you know” or “without doubts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) COL 4 13 sg4h grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 I testify for him, that he has much hard labor on behalf of you The word translated **For** introduces further support for Paul’s statements about Epaphras in the previous verse. In [4:12](../04/12.md), Paul says that Epaphras is “always striving” for them, and he supports that here by giving his own testimony about how hard Epaphras has worked for the Colossians and other believers who live near them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces support for a previous statement or refer back to what Paul is supporting. Alternate translation: “You can be sure that he does this because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) COL 4 13 k8vv figs-abstractnouns ἔχει πολὺν πόνον 1 I testify for him, that he has much hard labor on behalf of you If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **labor** by combining it with **has** to create one verb such as “labor.” Alternate translation: “he labors diligently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) COL 4 13 zzc8 figs-ellipsis τῶν ἐν Λαοδικίᾳ, καὶ τῶν ἐν Ἱεραπόλει 1 I testify for him, that he has much hard labor on behalf of you Here, Paul leaves out who **those** refers to, since in his language it was clear that **those** refers to people who live in the cities he mentions. If it would be clearer in your language, you could clarify that **those** refers to believers who live in these two towns. Alternate translation: “of believers who live in Laodicea, and of believers who live in Hierapolis” or “of believers who live in Laodicea and Hierapolis” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) @@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ COL 4 13 d0et figs-explicit Λαοδικίᾳ…Ἱεραπόλει 1 I testify COL 4 14 v0ho ἀσπάζεται 1 I testify for him, that he has much hard labor on behalf of you As was customary in this culture, Paul concludes the letter by extending greetings from people who are with him and who know the people to whom he is writing. Your language may have a particular way of sharing greetings in a letter. If so, you can use that form here. Alternate translation: “asks to be remembered to” or “says hello to” COL 4 14 hq1k translate-names Λουκᾶς…Δημᾶς 1 Demas These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) COL 4 14 bv7b figs-ellipsis ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς Λουκᾶς, ὁ ἰατρὸς ὁ ἀγαπητὸς, καὶ Δημᾶς. 1 Demas Paul has not included the verb “greet” with **and also Demas** because it was unnecessary in his language. If it would be clearer in your language, you could (1) include it with the phrase **and also Demas**. Alternate translation: “Luke the beloved physician greets you, and also Demas greets you” (2) move **and also Demas** before **greets you**. Alternate translation: “Luke the beloved physician and also Demas greet you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -COL 4 15 xi2b ἀσπάσασθε 1 the brothers As was customary in this culture, Paul not only extends greetings from people who are with him and who know the people to whom he is writing (as he has done in [4:10–14](../04/10–14.md)). He also asks the Colossians to extend greetings for him to other people that both he and the Colossians know. Your language may have a particular way of sharing greetings in a letter. If so, you can use that form here. Alternate translation: “Remember me to” or “Say hello for me to” +COL 4 15 xi2b ἀσπάσασθε 1 the brothers As was customary in this culture, Paul not only extends greetings from people who are with him and who know the people to whom he is writing (as he has done in [4:10–14](../04/10.md)). He also asks the Colossians to extend greetings for him to other people that both he and the Colossians know. Your language may have a particular way of sharing greetings in a letter. If so, you can use that form here. Alternate translation: “Remember me to” or “Say hello for me to” COL 4 15 sc5g figs-gendernotations τοὺς…ἀδελφοὺς 1 the brothers The word translated **brothers** does not refer to only male people. Instead, it refers to both men and women who are part of the group of believers. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this idea with a word that does not refer to natural gender or you could use both male and female genders. Alternate translation: “the brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) COL 4 15 zkp3 translate-names Νύμφαν 1 in Laodicea This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) COL 4 15 wyk3 figs-idiom κατ’ οἶκον αὐτῆς 1 Nympha, and the church that is in her house The phrase **in her house** is a way to indicate that the church used Nympha’s house as their meeting place. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could use a comparable expression or state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that gathers in her house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) @@ -505,4 +505,4 @@ COL 4 18 t5js ὁ ἀσπασμὸς τῇ ἐμῇ χειρὶ 1 Remember my c COL 4 18 fqek figs-explicit τῇ ἐμῇ χειρὶ 1 Remember my chains In this culture, it was normal for a scribe to write down what the author of the letter was saying. Paul here indicates that he himself is writing these last words. The phrase **by my own hand** means that it was his own hand that took up the pen and wrote. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this with a comparable expression or include any extra information needed to make it clear. Alternate translation: “is in my handwriting” or “I write myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) COL 4 18 sz0k figs-123person Παύλου 1 Remember my chains Here, Paul speaks of himself in the third person. He does this to sign his name to the letter, which shows that the letter is from Paul himself and carries his authority. If your language has a specific form for signing letters or documents, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “I am Paul” or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) COL 4 18 h3kx figs-metonymy μου τῶν δεσμῶν 1 Remember my chains Paul speaks of his **chains**, by which he means his imprisonment. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a comparable expression or state the idea non-figuratively. Alternate translation: “that I am in jail” or “remember my imprisonment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -COL 4 18 w2vm translate-blessing ἡ χάρις μεθ’ ὑμῶν 1 Grace be with you As was customary in his culture, Paul closes his letter with a blessing for the Colossians. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness within you” or “I pray that you will have grace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) \ No newline at end of file +COL 4 18 w2vm translate-blessing ἡ χάρις μεθ’ ὑμῶν 1 Grace be with you As was customary in his culture, Paul closes his letter with a blessing for the Colossians. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness within you” or “I pray that you will have grace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])