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 Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
-GAL	front	intro	i6u9			0		# Introduction to Galatians<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Galatians<br><br>1. Paul declares his authority as an apostle of Jesus Christ; he says that he is surprised by the false teachings that the Christians in Galatia have accepted from other people (1:1-10).<br>1. Paul says that people are saved by trusting in Christ alone, not by keeping the law (1:11-2:21).<br>1. God puts people right with himself only when they trust in Christ; the example of Abraham; the curse which the law brings (and not a means of salvation); slavery and freedom compared and illustrated by Hagar and Sarah (3:1-4:31).<br>1. When people are joined to Christ, they become free from having to keep the law of Moses. They are also free to live as the Holy Spirit guides them. They are free to refuse the demands of sin. They are free to bear each other’s burdens (5:1-6:10).<br>1. Paul warns the Christians not to trust in being circumcised and in keeping the law of Moses. Instead, they must trust in Christ (6:11-18).<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Galatians?<br><br>Paul from the city of Tarsus was the author. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he began to trust in Jesus Christ, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>It is uncertain when Paul wrote this letter and where he was when he wrote it. Some scholars think Paul was in the city of Ephesus and wrote this letter after the second time he traveled to tell people about Jesus. Other scholars think Paul was in the city of Antioch in Syria and wrote the letter soon after the first time he traveled.<br><br>### What is the Book of Galatians about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to both Jewish and non-Jewish Christians in the region of Galatia. He wanted to write against the false teachers who said that Christians need to follow the law of Moses. Paul defended the gospel by explaining that a person is saved by believing in Jesus Christ. People are saved as result of God being kind and not as a result of people doing good works. No person can perfectly obey the law. Any attempt to please God by obeying the law of Moses will only result in God condemning them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Galatians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Galatia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What does it mean to “live like Jews” (2:14)?<br><br>To “live like Jews” means to obey the law of Moses, even though one trusts in Christ. The people among the early Christians who taught that this was necessary were called “Judaizers.”<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How did Paul use the terms “law” and “grace” in the Book of Galatians?<br><br>These terms are used in a unique way in Galatians. There is an important teaching in Galatians about Christian living. Under the law of Moses, righteous or holy living required a person to obey a set of rules and regulations. As Christians, holy living is now motivated by grace. This means that Christians have freedom in Christ and are not required to obey a specific set of rules. Instead, Christians are to live a holy life because they are thankful that God has been so kind to them. This is called “the law of Christ.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### What did Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?<br><br>This kind of expression occurs in 1:22; 2:4, 17; 3:14, 26, 28; 5:6, 10. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. At the same time, he often intended other meanings as well. See, for example, “when we seek for God to justify us in Christ” (2:17), where Paul spoke of being justified by means of Christ.<br><br>Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Galatians?<br>* “Foolish Galatians, whose evil eye has harmed you? Was not Jesus Christ depicted as crucified before your eyes” (3:1)? The ULT, UST, and the other modern versions have this reading. However, older versions of the Bible add, “[so] that ye should not obey the truth.” Translators are advised not to include this expression. However, if in the translators’ region there are older Bible versions that have the passage, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
-GAL	1	intro	f3n5			0		# Galatians 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul started this letter differently than his other letters. He adds that he was “not an apostle from men nor by human agency, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead ones.” Paul probably included these words because false teachers were opposing him and trying to undermine his authority.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Heresy<br><br>God eternally saves people only through the true, biblical gospel. God condemns any other version of the gospel. Paul asks God to curse those who teach a false gospel. They might not be saved. They should be treated as non-Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])<br><br>### Paul’s qualifications<br><br>Some people in the early church were teaching that Gentiles needed to obey the law of Moses. To refute this teaching, in verses 13-16 Paul explains how he was formerly a zealous Jew. But God still needed to save him and show him the true gospel. As a Jew, and the apostle to Gentile people, Paul was uniquely qualified to address this issue. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “You are turning so quickly to a different gospel”<br><br>The Book of Galatians is one of Paul’s earliest letters in Scripture. It shows that heresies troubled even the early church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GAL	front	intro	i6u9			0		# Introduction to Galatians<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Galatians<br><br>1. Paul declares his authority as an apostle of Jesus Christ; he says that he is surprised by the false teachings that the Christians in Galatia have accepted from other people (1:1-10).<br>1. Paul says that people are saved by trusting in Christ alone, not by keeping the law (1:11-2:21).<br>1. God puts people right with himself only when they trust in Christ; the example of Abraham; the curse which the law brings (and not a means of salvation); slavery and freedom compared and illustrated by Hagar and Sarah (3:1-4:31).<br>1. When people are joined to Christ, they become free from having to keep the law of Moses. They are also free to live as the Holy Spirit guides them. They are free to refuse the demands of sin. They are free to bear each other’s burdens (5:1-6:10).<br>1. Paul warns the Christians not to trust in being circumcised and in keeping the law of Moses. Instead, they must trust in Christ (6:11-18).<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Galatians?<br><br>Paul from the city of Tarsus was the author. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he began to trust in Jesus Christ, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>It is uncertain when Paul wrote this letter and where he was when he wrote it. Some scholars think Paul was in the city of Ephesus and wrote this letter after the second time he traveled to tell people about Jesus. Other scholars think Paul was in the city of Antioch in Syria and wrote the letter soon after the first time he traveled.<br><br>### What is the Book of Galatians about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to both Jewish and non-Jewish Christians in the region of Galatia. He wanted to write against the false teachers who said that Christians need to follow the law of Moses. Paul defended the gospel by explaining that a person is saved by believing in Jesus Christ. People are saved as result of God being kind and not as a result of people doing good works. No person can perfectly obey the law. Any attempt to please God by obeying the law of Moses will only result in God condemning them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Galatians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Galatia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What does it mean to “live like Jews” (2:14)?<br><br>To “live like Jews” means to obey the law of Moses, even though one trusts in Christ. The people among the early Christians who taught that this was necessary were called “Judaizers.”<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How did Paul use the terms “law” and “grace” in the Book of Galatians?<br><br>These terms are used in a unique way in Galatians. There is an important teaching in Galatians about Christian living. Under the law of Moses, righteous or holy living required a person to obey a set of rules and regulations. As Christians, holy living is now motivated by grace. This means that Christians have freedom in Christ and are not required to obey a specific set of rules. Instead, Christians are to live a holy life because they are thankful that God has been so kind to them. This is called “the law of Christ.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### What did Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?<br><br>This kind of expression occurs in 1:22; 2:4, 17; 3:14, 26, 28; 5:6, 10. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. At the same time, he often intended other meanings as well. See, for example, “when we seek for God to justify us in Christ” (2:17), where Paul spoke of being justified by means of Christ.<br><br>Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Galatians?<br><br>* “Foolish Galatians, whose evil eye has harmed you? Was not Jesus Christ depicted as crucified before your eyes” (3:1)? The ULT, UST, and the other modern versions have this reading. However, older versions of the Bible add, “[so] that ye should not obey the truth.” Translators are advised not to include this expression. However, if in the translators’ region there are older Bible versions that have the passage, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
+GAL	1	intro	f3n5			0		# Galatians 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul started this letter differently than his other letters. He adds that he was “not an apostle from men nor by human agency, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead ones.” Paul probably included these words because false teachers were opposing him and trying to undermine his authority.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Heresy<br>God eternally saves people only through the true, biblical gospel. God condemns any other version of the gospel. Paul asks God to curse those who teach a false gospel. They might not be saved. They should be treated as non-Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])<br><br>### Paul’s qualifications<br><br>Some people in the early church were teaching that Gentiles needed to obey the law of Moses. To refute this teaching, in verses 13-16 Paul explains how he was formerly a zealous Jew. But God still needed to save him and show him the true gospel. As a Jew, and the apostle to Gentile people, Paul was uniquely qualified to address this issue. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “You are turning so quickly to a different gospel”<br>The Book of Galatians is one of Paul’s earliest letters in Scripture. It shows that heresies troubled even the early church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 GAL	1	1	m4ss	figs-you		0	General Information:	Paul, an apostle, writes this letter to the churches in the area of Galatia. Unless noted otherwise, all instances of “you” and “your” in this letter refer to the Galatians and are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
-GAL	1	1	d1kd		τοῦ ἐγείραντος αὐτὸν	1	the one who raised him	“the one who caused him to live again”
-GAL	1	2	d737	figs-gendernotations	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Here this means fellow Christians, including both men and women, since all believers in Christ are members of one spiritual family, with God as their heavenly Father. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
-GAL	1	4	yk9g	figs-metonymy	περὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν	1	for our sins	Here, **sins** is a metonym the punishment for sin. Alternate translation: “to take the punishment we deserved because of our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-GAL	1	4	f6d5	figs-metonymy	ὅπως ἐξέληται ἡμᾶς ἐκ τοῦ αἰῶνος τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος πονηροῦ	1	so that he might deliver us from this present evil age	Here, ** this present evil age** represents the powers at work in the age. Alternate translation: “so that he might bring us to a place of safety from the evil powers at work in the world today” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-GAL	1	4	lbb2		τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν	1	of our God and Father	This refers to God our Father. He is our God and our Father.
-GAL	1	6	lf1w			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul gives his reason for writing this letter: he reminds them to continue to understand the gospel.
-GAL	1	6	f74p		θαυμάζω	1	I am amazed	“I am surprised” or “I am shocked.” Paul was disappointed that they were doing this.
-GAL	1	6	v438	figs-metaphor	οὕτως ταχέως, μετατίθεσθε ἀπὸ τοῦ καλέσαντος…εἰς ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον	1	you are turning away so quickly to a different gospel from the one who called	Here, **turning away …from the one** is a metaphor for started to doubt or no longer trust God. Alternate translation: “you are so quickly believing a different gospel and starting to doubt the one who called” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	1	6	n1rd	figs-metaphor	οὕτως ταχέως, μετατίθεσθε ἀπὸ…εἰς ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον	1	you are turning away so quickly to a different gospel from	Here, **turning to** is a metaphor that means to start to believe something. Alternate translation: “you are starting to believe a different gospel and leaving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	1	6	x7we		τοῦ καλέσαντος ὑμᾶς	1	the one who called you	“God, who called you”
-GAL	1	6	fd7a		τοῦ καλέσαντος	1	the one who called	Here this means God has appointed or chosen people to be his children, to serve him, and to proclaim his message of salvation through Jesus.
-GAL	1	6	cfr2		ἐν χάριτι Χριστοῦ	1	by the grace of Christ	“because of Christ’s grace” or “because of Christ’s gracious sacrifice”
-GAL	1	7	gy1i		τινές	1	certain ones	“some people”
-GAL	1	8	i82d	figs-hypo	εὐαγγελίζηται ὑμῖν	1	might proclaim to you a gospel	This is describing something that has not happened and should not happen. Alternate translation: “would proclaim a gospel to you” or “were to proclaim to you a gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
-GAL	1	8	s5uq		παρ’ ὃ εὐηγγελισάμεθα	1	other than the one we proclaimed	“different from the gospel we proclaimed” or “different from the message taught”
-GAL	1	8	xb2c		ἀνάθεμα ἔστω	1	let him be cursed	“God should punish that person forever.” If your language has a common way of calling a curse down on someone, you should use that.
-GAL	1	10	b2vc	figs-rquestion	ἄρτι γὰρ ἀνθρώπους πείθω ἢ τὸν Θεόν? ἢ ζητῶ ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσκειν?	1	For am I now persuading men or God? Am I seeking to please men?	These rhetorical questions expect the answer “no.” Alternate translation: “I do not persuade men, but instead I seek the approval of God. I am not seeking to please men.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-GAL	1	10	fl3c		εἰ ἔτι ἀνθρώποις ἤρεσκον, Χριστοῦ δοῦλος οὐκ ἂν ἤμην	1	If I am still trying to please men, I would not be a servant of Christ	Both the **If** phrase and the following phrase are contrary to fact. “I am not still trying to please men; I am a servant of Christ” or “If I were still trying to please men, then I would not be a servant of Christ”
-GAL	1	11	llg6			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul explains that he did not learn the gospel from others; he learned it from Jesus Christ.
-GAL	1	11	g1qg		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
-GAL	1	11	k33s		ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν κατὰ ἄνθρωπον	1	is not according to man	By using this phrase, Paul was not trying to say that Jesus Christ is not himself human. Because Christ is both man and God, however, he is not a sinful human being. Paul is writing about where the gospel came from; that it did not come from other sinful human beings, but it came from Jesus Christ.
-GAL	1	12	wed1		δι’ ἀποκαλύψεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	it was by revelation of Jesus Christ	This could mean: (1) Jesus Christ himself revealed the gospel to Paul. (2) God made Paul know the gospel when he showed Paul who Jesus Christ was.
-GAL	1	13	f3gl		ἀναστροφήν ποτε	1	former life	“behavior at one time” or “prior life” or “earlier life”
-GAL	1	14	r44z		προέκοπτον	1	I was advancing	This metaphor pictures Paul as being ahead of other Jews his age in their goal to be perfect Jews.
-GAL	1	14	s81t		συνηλικιώτας	1	of my own age	“of the Jewish people who are the same age as I am”
-GAL	1	14	f1z8		τῶν πατρικῶν μου	1	of my fathers	“of my ancestors”
-GAL	1	15	wd26		καλέσας διὰ τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ	1	called me through his grace	This could mean: (1) This may mean God called Paul to serve him because he is gracious. (2) This may mean God called Paul by means of his grace.
-GAL	1	16	l97h		ἀποκαλύψαι τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ	1	to reveal his Son in me	This could mean: (1) God allowed Paul to know his Son. (2) God showed the world through Paul that Jesus is God’s Son.
-GAL	1	16	l5bb	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τὸν Υἱὸν	1	Son	This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
-GAL	1	16	xx4c		εὐαγγελίζωμαι αὐτὸν	1	I might preach him	“I would proclaim that he is God’s Son” or “I might preach the good news about God’s Son”
-GAL	1	16	qme5	figs-idiom	προσανεθέμην σαρκὶ καὶ αἵματι	1	I did … consult with flesh and blood	This is an expression that means talking with other people. Alternate translation: “I did … ask people to help me understand the message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-GAL	1	17	qh88		οὐδὲ ἀνῆλθον εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα	1	I did not go up to Jerusalem	Jerusalem was in a region of high hills, making it necessary to climb many hills in order to get there, and so it was common to describe travel to Jerusalem as **go up to Jerusalem**.
-GAL	1	19	av43	figs-doublenegatives	ἕτερον…τῶν ἀποστόλων οὐκ εἶδον, εἰ μὴ Ἰάκωβον	1	I did not see another of the apostles except James	This double negative emphasizes that James was the only apostle whom Paul saw. Alternate translation: “the only other apostle I saw was James” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
-GAL	1	20	lh36		ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	before God	Paul wants the Galatians to understand that Paul is completely serious and that he knows that God hears what he says and will judge him if he does not tell the truth.
-GAL	1	20	h3cb	figs-litotes	ἃ δὲ γράφω ὑμῖν, ἰδοὺ, ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ ὅτι οὐ ψεύδομαι	1	But what I write to you, behold, before God, I am not lying	Paul uses litotes to emphasize that he is telling the truth. Alternate translation: “But I am not lying to you in the messages I write to you” or “But in the things I write to you, I am telling you the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
-GAL	1	21	m25a		κλίματα τῆς Συρίας	1	regions of Syria	“part of the world called Syria”
-GAL	1	22	y6l4		ἤμην δὲ ἀγνοούμενος τῷ προσώπῳ ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τῆς Ἰουδαίας, ταῖς ἐν Χριστῷ	1	But I was unknown by face to the churches of Judea that are in Christ	“None of the people in the churches of Judea that are in Christ had ever met me”
-GAL	1	23	z8qt		μόνον δὲ ἀκούοντες ἦσαν	1	But they were only hearing	“But they only knew what they heard others saying about me”
-GAL	2	intro	xe28			0		# Galatians 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul continues to defend the true gospel. This began in [Galatians 1:11](../../gal/01/11.md).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Freedom and slavery<br><br>Throughout this letter, Paul contrasts freedom and slavery. The Christian is free in Christ to do many different things. But the Christian who attempts to follow the law of Moses needs to follow the whole law. Paul describes trying to follow the law as a type of slavery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “I do not negate the grace of God”<br><br>Paul teaches that, if a Christian attempts to follow the law of Moses, they do not understand the grace God has shown to them. This is a fundamental error. But Paul uses the words “I do not negate the grace of God” as a type of hypothetical situation. The purpose of this statement could be seen as, “If you could be saved by following the law, then it would negate the grace of God.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
+GAL	1	1	d1kd		τοῦ ἐγείραντος αὐτὸν	1	who raised him	Alternate translation: “who caused him to live again”
+GAL	1	2	d737	figs-gendernotations	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Here, **brothers** means fellow Christians, including both men and women, since all believers in Christ are members of one spiritual family, with God as their heavenly Father. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
+GAL	1	4	yk9g	figs-metonymy	περὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν	1	for our sins	Here, **sins** is a metonym for the punishment for sin. Alternate translation: “to take the punishment we deserved because of our sins” or "to take the punishment for our sins"  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+GAL	1	4	f6d5	figs-metonymy	ἐκ τοῦ αἰῶνος τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος πονηροῦ	1	that he might deliver us from this present evil age	Here, **this present evil age**  does not refer to a time period, but to the present attitudes and activities of mankind in contrast to God. Alternate translation: “that he might bring us to a place of safety from the evil powers at work in the world today” or "that he might free us from the evil powers at work in the world today"(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+GAL	1	6	f74p		θαυμάζω	1	I am amazed	Alternate translation: “I am surprised” or “I am shocked.” Paul was very saddened that the people in Galatia were not living a life that showed they were trusting in the Messiah. 
+GAL	1	6	v438	figs-metaphor	οὕτως ταχέως, μετατίθεσθε ἀπὸ τοῦ καλέσαντος	1	you are turning away so quickly from him	Here, **you are turning away** is a metaphor for doubting or no longer trusting in God. Alternate translation: “you are so quickly starting to doubt him” or "you are so quickly turning your backs on God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	1	7	gy1i		οἱ ταράσσοντες	1	some men	Alternate translation: "stiring up", "causing great distress", or "confusing you"
+GAL	1	8	s5uq		παρ’ ὃ εὐηγγελισάμεθα	1	other than the one	Alternate translation: “different from the gospel” or “different from the message”
+GAL	1	8	xb2c		ἀνάθεμα ἔστω	1	let him be cursed	If your language has a common way of calling a curse down on someone, you should use that.
+GAL	1	10	b2vc	figs-rquestion	ἄρτι γὰρ ἀνθρώπους πείθω ἢ τὸν Θεόν? ἢ ζητῶ ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσκειν	1	For am I now seeking the approval of men or God? Am I seeking to please men?	These rhetorical questions expect the answer “no.” Alternate translation: “I do not seek the approval of men, but instead I seek the approval of God. I am not seeking to please men.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+GAL	1	10	fl3c		εἰ ἔτι ἀνθρώποις ἤρεσκον, Χριστοῦ δοῦλος οὐκ ἂν ἤμην	1	If I am still trying to please men, I am not a servant of Christ	This phrase contrary to fact. Alternate translation: “I am not still trying to please men; I am a servant of Christ”
+GAL	1	11<br><br><br><br>	hew1		ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν κατὰ ἄνθρωπον	1		Alternate translation: "did not come from a human" or "is not from the thoughts of a person"
+GAL	1	12	wed1		δι’ ἀποκαλύψεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	it was by revelation of Jesus Christ to me	This could mean: (1) “Jesus Christ revealed the gospel to me” or (2) “God made me know the gospel when he showed Jesus Christ to me."
+GAL	1	13	f3gl		ἀναστροφήν ποτε	1	former life	Alternate translation: “my behavior at one time,” or “my prior life,” or “my earlier life,”
+GAL	1	15	wd26		καλέσας διὰ τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ	1	who called me through his grace	This could mean: (1) “God called me to serve him because he is gracious” or (2) “He called me by means of his grace.”
+GAL	1	16	l97h		ἀποκαλύψαι τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ	1	to reveal his Son in me	This could mean: (1) “to allow me to know his Son” or (2) “to to reveal his Son to others through me."<br>
+GAL	1	16	l5bb	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τὸν Υἱὸν	1	Son	This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
+GAL	1	16	xx4c		εὐαγγελίζωμαι αὐτὸν	1	preach him	Alternate translation: “proclaim that Jesus is God’s Son” or “preach the good news about God’s Son”
+GAL	1	16	qme5	figs-idiom	προσανεθέμην σαρκὶ καὶ αἵματι	1	consult with flesh and blood	Here, **Consult with flesh and blood** is an idiom that means talking with other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+GAL	1	17	qh88		ἀνῆλθον εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα	1	go up to Jerusalem	Jerusalem was in a region of high hills, making it necessary to climb many hills in order to get there, and so it was common to describe travel to Jerusalem as “to **go up to Jerusalem**
+GAL	1	17	zqih		ἀπῆλθον εἰς Ἀραβίαν	1		The region of Arabia was located south of Damascus and Jerusalem. 
+GAL	1	19	av43	figs-doublenegatives	ἕτερον δὲ τῶν ἀποστόλων οὐκ εἶδον, εἰ μὴ Ἰάκωβον	1	I saw none of the other apostles except James	This double negative emphasizes that James was the only other apostle besides Peter whom Paul saw. Alternate translation: “the only other apostle I saw was James” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
+GAL	1	20	h3cb	figs-litotes	ἃ δὲ γράφω ὑμῖν, ἰδοὺ, ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ ὅτι οὐ ψεύδομαι	1	In what I write to you, I assure you before God, that I am not lying	Paul uses litotes to emphasize that he is telling the truth. Alternate translation: “I am not lying to you in the messages I write to you” or “in the things I write to you, I am telling you the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
+GAL	1	22	y6l4		ἤμην δὲ ἀγνοούμενος τῷ προσώπῳ ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τῆς Ἰουδαίας, ταῖς ἐν Χριστῷ	1	I was still not personally known to the churches of Judea that are in Christ	Alternate translation: “None of the people in the churches of Judea that are in Christ had ever met me”
+GAL	2	intro	xe28			0		# Galatians 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul continues to defend the true gospel. This began in [Galatians 1:11](../../gal/01/11.md).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Freedom and slavery<br><br>Throughout this letter, Paul contrasts freedom and slavery. The Christian is free in Christ to do many different things. But the Christian who attempts to follow the law of Moses needs to follow the whole law. Paul describes trying to follow the law as a type of slavery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “I do not negate the grace of God”<br><br>Paul teaches that, if a Christian attempts to follow the law of Moses, they do not understand the grace God has shown to them. This is a fundamental error. But Paul uses the words “I do not negate the grace of God” as a type of hypothetical situation. The purpose of this statement could be seen as, “If you could be saved by following the law, then it would negate the grace of God.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
 GAL	2	1	zt61			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues to give the history of how he learned the gospel from God, not the apostles.
-GAL	2	1	zth5		ἀνέβην	1	I went up	“I traveled.” Jerusalem is located in hilly country. The Jews also viewed Jerusalem as the place on earth that is closest to heaven, so Paul may have been speaking figuratively, or it may be that it was reflecting the difficult, uphill, journey to get to Jerusalem.
-GAL	2	2	msv4		τοῖς δοκοῦσιν	1	to those who seemed to be important	“to the most important leaders among the believers”
-GAL	2	2	ejb8	figs-metaphor	μή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον	1	lest I might be running—or had run—in vain	Paul uses running as a metaphor for work. Alternate translation: “unless perhaps I was doing, or had done, profitable work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	2	2	s6tw	figs-doublenegatives	μή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον	1	lest I might be running—or had run—in vain	Paul uses a double negative to emphasize that the work he had done was profitable. Alternate translation: “to be sure that I was doing, or had done, profitable work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
-GAL	2	2	t6we		εἰς κενὸν	1	in vain	“for no benefit” or “for nothing”
-GAL	2	3	xs8k	figs-activepassive	περιτμηθῆναι	1	to be circumcised	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “to have someone circumcise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-GAL	2	4	j5ka		τοὺς παρεισάκτους ψευδαδέλφους	1	the false brothers who came in secretly	“people who pretended to be Christians came into the church,” or “people who pretended to be Christians came among us”
-GAL	2	4	x1mx		κατασκοπῆσαι τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἡμῶν	1	to spy on our freedom	secretly watch us to see how we live in freedom
-GAL	2	4	l7n7	figs-explicit	ἵνα ἡμᾶς καταδουλώσουσιν	1	so that they would enslave us	Paul is speaking about being forced to follow the Jewish rituals that the law commanded. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-GAL	2	4	rix6	figs-metaphor	ἵνα ἡμᾶς καταδουλώσουσιν	1	so that they would enslave us	“to make us slaves to the law.” Paul is speaking about following the Jewish law as if it were slavery. Alternate translation: “to force us to obey the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	2	5	bba7		οὐδὲ…εἴξαμεν τῇ ὑποταγῇ	1	we did not even yield in submission	“we did not even submit” or “we did not even listen”
-GAL	2	6	afy6	figs-metonymy	ἐμοὶ…οὐδὲν προσανέθεντο	1	added nothing to me	The word **me** here represents what Paul was teaching. Alternate translation: “added nothing to what I teach” or “did not tell me to add anything to what I teach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-GAL	2	7	cps6		ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον	1	But on the contrary	“Instead” or “Rather”
-GAL	2	7	spa9	figs-activepassive	πεπίστευμαι	1	I have been entrusted with	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God trusted me with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-GAL	2	9	he6q	figs-metaphor	δοκοῦντες στῦλοι εἶναι	1	who were recognized to be pillars	They were men who taught people about Jesus and convinced people to believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	2	9	ie72	figs-abstractnouns	γνόντες τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι	1	when they had understood the grace that had been given to me	The abstract noun **grace** can be translated as the verb “be kind.” Alternate translation: “when they had understood that God had been kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-GAL	2	9	kz2m	figs-activepassive	τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι	1	the grace that had been given to me	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the grace that God had given to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-GAL	2	9	e5rm	translate-symaction	δεξιὰς ἔδωκαν ἐμοὶ καὶ Βαρναβᾷ κοινωνίας	1	gave the right hand of fellowship to Barnabas and me	Grasping and shaking the right hand was a symbol of fellowship. Alternate translation: “welcomed Barnabas and me as fellow workers” or “welcomed Barnabas and me with honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
-GAL	2	9	gi7g		δεξιὰς	1	the right hand	“their right hands”
-GAL	2	10	kqq6	figs-explicit	τῶν πτωχῶν…μνημονεύωμεν	1	we remember the poor	You may need to make explicit what about the poor he was to remember. Alternate translation: “we remember to take care of the needs of the poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-GAL	2	11	c9h4	figs-metonymy	κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην	1	I opposed him to his face	The words **to his face** are a metonym for “where he could see and hear me.” Alternate translation: “I confronted him in person” or “I challenged his actions in person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-GAL	2	12	xym6		πρὸ	1	before	This is in relation to time.
-GAL	2	12	s18y		ὑπέστελλεν	1	he withdrew	“he stopped eating with them”
-GAL	2	12	z1kg	figs-explicit	φοβούμενος τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς	1	being afraid of those from the circumcision	You can state clearly the reason Cephas was afraid. Alternate translation: “being afraid that these men who required circumcision would judge that he was doing something wrong” or “being afraid that these men who required circumcision would blame him for doing something wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-GAL	2	12	fy79		τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς	1	those from the circumcision	Jews who had become Christians, but who demanded that those who believe in Christ live according to Jewish customs
-GAL	2	12	a6gv		ἀφώριζεν ἑαυτόν	1	separated himself	“stayed away from them” or “avoided them”
-GAL	2	14	sg53		οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσιν πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1	they were not walking correctly according to the truth of the gospel	“they were not living like people who believe the gospel” or “they were living as though they did not believe the gospel”
-GAL	2	14	z4fp	figs-rquestion	πῶς τὰ ἔθνη ἀναγκάζεις Ἰουδαΐζειν	1	how can you force the Gentiles to live like Jews?	This rhetorical question is a rebuke and can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you are wrong to force the Gentiles to live like Jews.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-GAL	2	14	xhbp	figs-you	ἀναγκάζεις	1	can you force	The word **you** is singular and refers to Peter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
-GAL	2	14	y1zw		ἀναγκάζεις	1	can you force	This could mean: (1) This refers to force by using words. (2) This refers to persuasion.
-GAL	2	15	p3x8			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul tells the believers that Jews who know the law, as well as Gentiles who do not know the law, are saved only by faith in Christ and not by keeping the law.
-GAL	2	15	tz45		οὐκ ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἁμαρτωλοί	1	not Gentile sinners from the Gentiles	“not those whom the Jews call Gentile sinners”
-GAL	2	16	j7g5	figs-synecdoche	οὐ…σάρξ	2	no flesh	The word **flesh** is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “no person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
-GAL	2	17	vnp6		ζητοῦντες δικαιωθῆναι ἐν Χριστῷ	1	while seeking to be justified in Christ	The phrase **justified in Christ** means justified because we are united with Christ and justified by means of Christ.
-GAL	2	17	sge2	figs-idiom	εὑρέθημεν καὶ αὐτοὶ ἁμαρτωλοί	1	we ourselves, were also found to be sinners	The words **were also found to be** are an idiom that emphasizes that “we are” certainly sinners. Alternate translation: “we see that we also certainly are sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-GAL	2	17	yy9s	figs-rquestion	μὴ γένοιτο	1	May it never be!	“Of course, that is not true!” This expression gives the strongest possible negative answer to the preceding rhetorical question “is Christ then a minister of sin?” You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-GAL	2	20	bb2x	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	of the Son of God	This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
-GAL	2	21	tj6l	figs-litotes	οὐκ ἀθετῶ	1	I do not set aside	Paul states a negative to emphasize the positive. Alternate translation: “I confirm the value of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
-GAL	2	21	yl3c	figs-hypo	εἰ…διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη, ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν	1	if righteousness is through the law, then Christ died for nothing	Paul is describing a situation that never existed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
-GAL	2	21	k6bg		εἰ…διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη	1	if righteousness is through the law	“if people could become righteous by obeying the law”
-GAL	2	21	rku5		ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν	1	then Christ died for nothing	“then Christ would have accomplished nothing by dying”
-GAL	3	intro	xd92			0		# Galatians 3 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Equality in Christ<br><br>All Christians are equally united to Christ. Ancestry, gender, and status do not matter. All are equal with each other. All are equal in the eyes of God.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br><br>Paul uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to convince the Galatians of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br><br>This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. “Flesh” is used in this chapter to contrast with that which is spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])<br><br>### “Those of faith are children of Abraham”<br><br>Scholars are divided on what this means. Some believe Christians inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham, so Christians replace the physical descendants of Israel. Others believe Christians spiritually follow Abraham, but they do not inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham. In light of Paul’s other teachings and the context here, Paul is probably writing about the Jewish and Gentile Christians sharing the same faith as Abraham did. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	2	1	zth5		ἀνέβην	1	went up	Here, **went up** is used because Jerusalem is located in hilly country. The Jews also viewed Jerusalem as the place on earth that is closest to heaven, so Paul may have been speaking figuratively, or it may be that it was reflecting the difficult, uphill, journey to get to Jerusalem.
+GAL	2	2	msv4		τοῖς δοκοῦσιν	1	those who seemed to be important	Alternate translation: "to those who were recognized as the important overseers of the believers" or "with those who were considered leaders of the church."
+GAL	2	2	ejb8	figs-doublenegatives	τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον	1	I was not running—or had not run—in vain	"I might run—or had run—" Paul uses running as a metaphor to compare his work of preaching the gospel to a person running a race. Paul worked hard to preach the gospel. He wanted the gospel that he preached to have lasting effects. Alternate translation: "I did not want to work hard for God uselessly" or "I did not want my hard work to be wasted" <br>
+GAL	2	2	t6we		μή πως εἰς κενὸν	1	in vain	Paul feared that if he did not explain the gospel privately to the leaders, they could misunderstand the gospel, or others would misrepresent him. The double negative can be represented positively: “I was doing profitable work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Alternate translation: “for no benefit” or “for nothing”
+GAL	2	3	xs8k	figs-activepassive	περιτμηθῆναι	1	to be circumcised	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to have someone circumcise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+GAL	2	4	j5ka		τοὺς παρεισάκτους ψευδαδέλφους	1	The false brothers came in secretly	Alternate translation: “People who pretended to be Christians came into the church,” or “People who said they were Christians but were not came  into our group”
+GAL	2	4	mzx0		διὰ δὲ 	1		**But is was because of** could be connected to (1) v. 1, which gives the reason for why Paul explained the gospel privately to the leaders in Jerusalem, (2) to v. 3, which explains why people wanted to circumcise Titus, or (3) it is unconnected and begins an unfinished sentence. 
+GAL	2	4	l7n7	figs-explicit	ἵνα ἡμᾶς καταδουλώσουσιν	1	to make us slaves	Paul is speaking about how these people wanted to force the Galatian believers to follow the Jewish rituals that the law commanded. He is speaking about following the law as if it were slavery. Alternate translation: “to force us to obey the law”or "in order to make us slaves to the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	2	5	bba7		εἴξαμεν τῇ ὑποταγῇ	1	yield in submission	Alternate translation: “submit,” or “listen,” or "accept what they were saying," or "agreed with that they wanted to do" 
+GAL	2	6	afy6	figs-metonymy	ἐμοὶ…οὐδὲν προσανέθεντο	1	added nothing to me	Here, **me** represents what Paul was teaching. Alternate translation: “added nothing to what I teach” or “did not add anything to my message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+GAL	2	9	he6q	figs-metaphor	δοκοῦντες στῦλοι εἶναι	1	built up the church	Here, **pillars** refers to men who were leaders of the believers in Jerusalem and taught people the word of God. Alternate translation: "who were like pillars of the church" or "who were recognized as important leaders" or  "who were considered to have authority" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	2	9	ie72	figs-abstractnouns	γνόντες τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι	1	understood the grace that had been given to me	The abstract noun *grace** refers to how God gave Paul the task to proclaim the gospel to the non-Jews. Alternate translation: “understood that God had been kind to me and gave me this work” or "understood the work God was kind to give me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+GAL	2	9	e5rm	translate-symaction	δεξιὰς ἔδωκαν…κοινωνίας	1	gave…the right hand of fellowship	Here, **gave the right hand of fellowship** is an action that symbolizes a pledge of friendship or agreement. Alternate translation: “welcomed…as fellow workers” or “welcomed…with honor” or "shook hands...as a sign that they agreed with us" or "agreed that were partners in this work"(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
+GAL	2	10	kqq6	figs-explicit	τῶν πτωχῶν…μνημονεύωμεν	1	remember the poor	You may need to make explicit how they were to **remember the poor**. Alternate translation: “remember to take care of the needs of the poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GAL	2	11	c9h4	figs-metonymy	κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην	1	I opposed him to his face	The phrase **to his face** is a metonym. Alternate translation: “I confronted him in person” or “I challenged his actions in person” or "I opposed him in front of everyone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+GAL	2	12	z1kg	figs-explicit	φοβούμενος τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς	1	He was afraid of those who were demanding circumcision	The reason Peter was **afraid** can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “He was afraid that these men who required circumcision would judge that he was doing something wrong”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GAL	2	12	fy79		τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς	1	those who were demanding circumcision	Here, **those from the circumcision** represents Jews who had become Christians, but who demanded that those who believe in Christ live according to Jewish customs like circumcision. 
+GAL	2	12	a6gv		ἀφώριζεν ἑαυτόν	1	kept away from	Alternate translation: “stayed away from” or “avoided”
+GAL	2	14	sg53		οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσιν πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1	not following the truth of the gospel	Alternate translation: “they were not living like people who believe the true gospel” or “they were not obeying the true gospel”
+GAL	2	14	z4fp	figs-rquestion	πῶς τὰ ἔθνη ἀναγκάζεις Ἰουδαΐζειν	1	how can you force the Gentiles to live like Jews?	This rhetorical question is a rebuke and can be translated as a statement. The word **you** is singular and refers to Peter. Alternate translation: “you are wrong to force the Gentiles to live like Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
+GAL	2	15	tz45		οὐκ ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἁμαρτωλοί	1	not Gentile sinners	The term **sinners** was used by Jews as a synonym for non-Jews. Alternate translation: "We are not Gentiles, those people who do not know God" or "We are not people who do not follow the law"
+GAL	2	16	j6l1	figs-exclusive	εἰδότες	1	we	The word **knowing** could mean (1) Paul and others, but not the Galatians (exclusive), who were primarily Gentiles, or (2) Paul and including the Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
+GAL	2	16	j7g5	figs-synecdoche	οὐ…σάρξ	1	no flesh	The word **flesh** is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “no person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+GAL	2	17	vnp6		ζητοῦντες δικαιωθῆναι ἐν Χριστῷ	1	while we seek to be justified in Christ	The phrase **to be justified in Christ** means justified because we are united with Christ and justified by means of what Christ has done.
+GAL	2	17	sge2		εὑρέθημεν καὶ αὐτοὶ ἁμαρτωλοί	1	we too, were found to be sinners	The phrase **were also found to be sinner** could mean: (1) they admit they are sinners or (2) they are no longer following the law or (3) others view them as sinners for not following the law or eating with non-Jews. 
+GAL	2	17	yy9s	figs-rquestion	μὴ γένοιτο	1	Absolutely not!	Alternate translation: “Of course, that is not true!” or "no, never!" This expression gives the strongest possible negative answer to the preceding rhetorical question **is Christ a minister of sin?** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+GAL	2	18<br><br><br><br>	r52x		παραβάτην ἐμαυτὸν συνιστάνω	1		**I prove myself to be a transgressor** could mean (1) Paul sinned by trying to obey the law again or (2) Paul sinned by leaving the law for a time when he believed in the Messiah, or (3) the law proves Paul is a sinner when he tries to follow it. 
+GAL	2	18<br><br><br><br>	p6he	figs-metaphor	εἰ γὰρ ἃ κατέλυσα, ταῦτα πάλιν οἰκοδομῶ	1		**For if I again rebuild those things which I destroyed** is a metaphor for someone who returns to trying to obey the law after they trusted in the Messiah. He compares trying to follow the law with someone trying to build a building. He compares someone who trusts in the Messiah with someone who destroys the building they are trying to build. He compares someone who returns to trying to follow the law after trusting the Messiah with someone who wants to rebuild the building they destroyed. Alternate translation: "If I believe believe in Christ to be justified before God instead of following the law, and then I change my mind and start following the law again for justification."<br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	2	19<br><br><br><br>	xe23		διὰ νόμου	1		The phrase **through the law** could mean (1) Paul's experience in trying to obey the law or (2) how Christ paid the requirements of the law. Alternate translation: "When the Messiah completed the law"
+GAL	2	19<br><br><br><br>	r55d	figs-rquestion	ἐγὼ...νόμῳ ἀπέθανον	1		The phrase, **I...died to the law** means that the law no longer has any power or authority over Paul. Alternate translation: "I am separated from the law."
+GAL	2	19<br><br><br><br>	xg5q	figs-rquestion	Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι;	1		**I have been crucified with Christ** could mean (1) By the Messiah's death, Paul was now separated from the law or (2) Paul died spiritually and escaped the dominion of sin and the law. 
+GAL	2	20	bb2x	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Son of God	This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
+GAL	2	21	tj6l	figs-litotes	οὐκ ἀθετῶ	1	I do not set aside	Paul states a negative to emphasize the positive. <br>Paul is defending a charge others made against him. He does not reject God's grace when he rejects following the law.<br> This phrase can be translated positively. <br>Alternate translation:<br> “I confirm the value of” or "I do not reject God's kindness" or "I do not ignore God's kindness." <br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
+GAL	2	21	yl3c	figs-hypo	εἰ…διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη, ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν	1	if righteousness could be gained through the law, then Christ died for nothing	Paul is describing a situation that never existed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
+GAL	2	21	k6bg		εἰ…διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη	1	if righteousness could be gained through the law	Alternate translation: “if people could become righteous by obeying the law” or "if it were possible for a person to become righteous in God's sight by obeying the law". 
+GAL	2	21	rku5		ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν	1	then Christ died for nothing	Alternate translation: “then Christ would have accomplished nothing by dying” or "then it was pointless for Christ to die."
+GAL	3	intro	xd92			0		# Galatians 03 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Equality in Christ<br>All Christians are equally united to Christ. Ancestry, gender, and status do not matter. All are equal with each other. All are equal in the eyes of God.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>Paul uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to convince the Galatians of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br>This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. “Flesh” is used in this chapter to contrast with that which is spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])<br><br>### “Those of faith are children of Abraham”<br>Scholars are divided on what this means. Some believe Christians inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham, so Christians replace the physical descendants of Israel. Others believe Christians spiritually follow Abraham, but they do not inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham. In light of Paul’s other teachings and the context here, Paul is probably writing about the Jewish and Gentile Christians sharing the same faith as Abraham did. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 GAL	3	1	p7uw			0	General Information:	Paul is rebuking the Galatians by asking rhetorical questions.
-GAL	3	1	x4gd			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds the believers in Galatia that God gave them God’s Spirit when they believed the gospel by faith, not by their doing God’s law.
-GAL	3	1	ryu7	figs-irony	τίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν, οἷς κατ’ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος?	1	Who bewitched you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucified?	Paul is using irony. He does not really believe that someone has put a spell on the Galatians. Alternate translation: “Why are you behaving as if someone has put a spell on you, even though it was clearly described to you how Jesus Christ was crucified?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
-GAL	3	1	vmr9	figs-rquestion	τίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν, οἷς κατ’ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος	1	Who bewitched you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucified	Paul is using a rhetorical question to say that the Galatians are acting as though someone has put a spell on them. Alternate translation: “You behave as if someone has put a spell on you, even though it was clearly described to you how Jesus Christ was crucified!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-GAL	3	1	dc2j		ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν	1	bewitched you	“done magic on you” or “done witchcraft on you”
-GAL	3	1	gwv2	figs-metaphor	οἷς κατ’ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος	1	before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly displayed as crucified	Paul speaks of his clear teaching of Jesus being crucified as if he had put on public display a picture of Jesus being crucified. And he speaks of the Galatians having heard his teaching as if they had seen the picture. Alternate translation: “for you yourselves heard the clear teaching about Jesus being crucified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	3	2	m1zd	figs-irony	τοῦτο μόνον θέλω μαθεῖν ἀφ’ ὑμῶν	1	I want to learn only this from you	This continues the irony from verse 1. Paul knows the answers to the rhetorical questions he is about to ask. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
-GAL	3	2	wq9g	figs-rquestion	ἐξ ἔργων νόμου τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐλάβετε, ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως	1	Did you receive the Spirit by the works of the law or by the hearing of faith?	Translate this rhetorical question as a question if you can, because the reader will be expecting a question here. Also, be sure that the reader knows that the answer to the question is “by believing what you heard,” not “by doing what the law says.” Alternate translation: “You received the Spirit, not by doing what the law says, but by believing what you heard.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-GAL	3	3	f96u	figs-rquestion	οὕτως ἀνόητοί ἐστε	1	Are you so foolish?	This rhetorical question shows that Paul is surprised and even angry that the Galatians are foolish. Alternate translation: “You are very foolish!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-GAL	3	3	xu4d	figs-metonymy	σαρκὶ	1	by the flesh	The word **flesh** is a metonym for effort. Alternate translation: “by your own effort” or “by your own work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-GAL	3	4	iyj1	figs-rquestion	τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ— εἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ?	1	Have you suffered so many things for nothing—if indeed it was really for nothing?	Paul uses this question to remind the Galatians that when they were suffering, they believed that they would receive some benefit. Alternate translation: “Surely you did not think that you were suffering so many things for nothing—and indeed it was not in vain!” or “Surely you knew that there was some good purpose for suffering so many things, and that is was not for nothing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-GAL	3	4	qn1a	figs-explicit	τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ	1	Have you suffered so many things for nothing	You can state this clearly that they had suffered these things because of people who opposed them for their faith in Christ. Alternate translation: “Have you suffered so many things by those who opposed you for your faith in Christ for nothing” or “You believed in Christ, and you suffered many things by those who oppose Christ. Were your belief and suffering for nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-GAL	3	4	nq68		εἰκῇ	1	for nothing	“uselessly” or “without the hope of receiving something good”
-GAL	3	4	xl9l	figs-rquestion	εἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ?	1	if indeed it was really for nothing?	This could mean: (1) Paul uses this rhetorical question to warn them not to let their experiences be for nothing. Alternate translation: “Do not let it be for nothing!” or “Do not stop believing in Jesus Christ and let your suffering be for nothing.” (2) Paul uses this question to assure them that their suffering was not for nothing. Alternate translation: “It was certainly not for nothing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-GAL	3	5	s3bc	figs-rquestion	ἐξ ἔργων νόμου ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως	1	is it by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith?	Paul asks another rhetorical question to remind the Galatians how people receive the Spirit. Alternate translation: “he does not do it by the works of the law; he does it by hearing with faith.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-GAL	3	5	j4vz		ἐξ ἔργων νόμου	1	is it by the works of the law	This represents people doing the works that the law requires. Alternate translation: “is it because you do what the law tells us to do”
-GAL	3	5	e17q	figs-explicit	ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως	1	by the hearing of faith	Your language may require you to state clearly what the people heard and whom they trusted. Alternate translation: “because you heard the message and had faith in Jesus” or “because you listened to the message and trusted in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GAL	3	1	ryu7	figs-irony	τίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν	1	Who has put a spell on you?	Paul is using irony and a rhetorical question to say that the Galatians are acting as though someone has put a spell on them. He does not really believe that someone has put a spell on them. Alternate translation: “You behave as if someone has put a spell on you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+GAL	3	1	4vji		ἀνόητοι	1		Alternate translation: "without understanding" or "stupid"
+GAL	3	1	dc2j		ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν	1	put a spell on you	Alternate translation: “done magic on you” or “done witchcraft on you”
+GAL	3	1	gwv2	figs-metaphor	οἷς κατ’ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος	1	It was before your eyes that Jesus Christ was publicly displayed as crucified	This metaphor describes how the Galatian believers heard the gospel message preached so clearly that it was if Jesus was crucified before their own eyes. Alternate translation: “You yourselves heard the clear teaching about Jesus being crucified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	3	2	m1zd	figs-irony	τοῦτο μόνον θέλω μαθεῖν ἀφ’ ὑμῶν	1	This is the only thing I want to learn from you	This continues the irony from verse 1. Paul knows the answers to the rhetorical questions he is about to ask. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
+GAL	3	2	wq9g	figs-rquestion	ἐξ ἔργων νόμου τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐλάβετε, ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως	1	Did you receive the Spirit by the works of the law or by believing what you heard?	Alternate translation: “You received the Spirit, not by doing what the law says, but by believing what you heard.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+GAL	3	3	f96u	figs-rquestion	οὕτως ἀνόητοί ἐστε	1	Are you so foolish?	Alternate translation: “You are very foolish!” or "Don't be so foolish!" or "are you crazy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+GAL	3	3	xu4d	figs-metonymy	σαρκὶ	1	by the flesh	The word **flesh** is a metonym and refers to an independent reliance on one's own effort through outward deeds . Alternate translation: “by your own effort” or “by your own work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+GAL	3	4	iyj1	figs-rquestion	τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ	1	Have you suffered so many things for nothing…?	Paul uses this rhetorical question to remind the Galatians that when they were suffering, they believed that they would receive some benefit. Alternate translation: “Surely you did not think that you were suffering so many things for nothing…!” or “Surely you knew that there was some good purpose for suffering so many things…!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+GAL	3	4	0ujz		ἐπάθετε	1		This could mean: (1) suffering from persecution or (2) the spiritual benefits they have experienced. 
+GAL	3	4	qn1a	figs-explicit	τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ	1	Have you suffered so many things for nothing	It can be stated clearly that they had suffered these things because of people who opposed them for their faith in Christ. Alternate translation: “Have you suffered so many things by those who opposed you for your faith in Christ for nothing” or “You believed in Christ, and you suffered many things by those who oppose Christ. Were your belief and suffering for nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GAL	3	4	nq68		εἰκῇ	1	for nothing	Alternate translation: “uselessly” or “in vain”
+GAL	3	4	xl9l	figs-rquestion	εἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ	1	if indeed it was for nothing?	This could mean: (1) Paul warns them not to let their experiences be for nothing. Alternate translation: “Do not let it be for nothing!” or “Do not stop believing in Jesus Christ and let your suffering be for nothing.” or (2) it assumes their suffering was already in vain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+GAL	3	5	s3bc	figs-rquestion	ἐξ ἔργων νόμου ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως	1	Does he…do so by the works of the law, or by hearing with faith?	Paul asks another rhetorical question to remind the Galatians how people receive the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+GAL	3	5	j4vz		ἐξ ἔργων νόμου	1	by the works of the law	This represents people doing the works that the law requires. Alternate translation: “because you do what the law tells us to do”
+GAL	3	5	e17q	figs-explicit	ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως	1	by hearing with faith	Your language may require that what the people heard and whom they trusted be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “because you heard the message and had faith in Jesus” or “because you listened to the message and trusted in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 GAL	3	6	ahy9			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds the Galatian believers that even Abraham received righteousness by faith and not by the law.
 GAL	3	6	f7sv		ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην	1	it was credited to him as righteousness	God saw Abraham’s faith in God, so then God considered Abraham righteous.
-GAL	3	7	i9x4	figs-abstractnouns	οἱ ἐκ πίστεως	1	those by faith	“those who have faith.” The meaning of the noun **faith** can be expressed with the verb “believe.” Alternate translation: “those who believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-GAL	3	7	kq1h	figs-metaphor	υἱοί…Ἀβραὰμ	1	sons of Abraham	This represents people whom God views as he viewed Abraham. Alternate translation: “righteous in the same way as Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	3	8	vs1m	figs-personification	προϊδοῦσα	1	having forseen	Because God made the promise to Abraham and they wrote it down before the promise came through Christ, the scripture is like someone who knows the future before it happens. Alternate translation: “having predicted” or “having seen before it happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
-GAL	3	8	k9tp	figs-you	ἐν σοὶ	1	In you	“Because of what you have done” or “Because I have blessed you.” The word **you** refers to Abraham and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
-GAL	3	8	j83j		πάντα τὰ ἔθνη	1	all the nations	“all the people-groups in the world.” God was emphasizing that he was not favoring only the Jewish people, his chosen group. His plan of salvation was for both Jews and non-Jews.
-GAL	3	10	jhr2	figs-metonymy	ὅσοι γὰρ ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἰσὶν ὑπὸ κατάραν εἰσίν	1	For as many as are of the works of the law are under a curse	Being under a curse represents being cursed. Alternate translation: “Those who rely on doing what the law says are cursed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-GAL	3	10	pwff	figs-metaphor	ὅσοι γὰρ ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἰσὶν ὑπὸ κατάραν εἰσίν	1	For as many as are of the works of the law are under a curse	Being under a curse refers to being eternally punished. Alternate translation: “God will eternally punish those who rely on obeying the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	3	10	mxe7		ἔργων νόμου	1	the works of the law	“what the law says we must do”
-GAL	3	11	sn9h	figs-explicit	ὅτι δὲ ἐν νόμῳ, οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ δῆλον	1	But, that no one is justified before God by the law is clear	You can state explicitly why this is clear. Alternate translation: “But the scriptures are clear that no one is justified before God by the law” or “But the scriptures teach clearly that the law is not able to justify anyone before God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-GAL	3	11	k6k5		ἐν νόμῳ, οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ	1	no one is justified before God by the law	You can state this with an active verb. Alternate translation: “God justifies no one by the law” or “God does not justify anyone by the law”
-GAL	3	11	k1pq	figs-explicit	ἐν νόμῳ, οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ	1	no one is justified before God by the law	Paul is correcting their believe that if they obeyed the law, God would justify them. Alternate translation: “no one is justified before God by obeying the law” or “God does not justify anyone for their obedience to the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-GAL	3	11	i537	figs-nominaladj	ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται	1	The righteous will live by faith	The nominal adjective **righteous** refers to righteous people. Alternate translation: “righteous people will live by faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
-GAL	3	12	rep5		ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς	1	will live in them	This could mean: (1) A person who keeps the Law must obey them all. (2) A person who keeps the Law will be judged by his ability to do what the Law demands.
-GAL	3	13	x2lc			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds these believers again that keeping the law could not save a person and that the law did not add a new condition to the promise by faith given to Abraham.
-GAL	3	13	ml63		ἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου	1	from the curse of the law	The noun **curse** can be expressed with the verb “curse.” Alternate translation: “from being cursed because of the law” or “from being cursed for not obeying the law”
-GAL	3	13	mp4p	figs-metonymy	ἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου, γενόμενος ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν κατάρα…ἐπικατάρατος πᾶς	1	from the curse of the law … becoming a curse for us … Cursed is everyone	The word **curse** here is a metonym for God condemning the person whom he has cursed. Alternate translation: “from us having God condemn us because we broke the law … having God condemn him instead of us … God condemns everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-GAL	3	13	mt6z		ὁ κρεμάμενος ἐπὶ ξύλου	1	who hangs on a tree	Paul expected his audience to understand that he was referring to Jesus hanging on the cross.
-GAL	3	14	brf7		ἵνα…ἡ εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ γένηται	1	so that the blessing of Abraham might come	“because Christ became a curse for us, the blessing of Abraham will come”
-GAL	3	14	fa98		ἵνα…λάβωμεν διὰ τῆς πίστεως	2	so that through faith we might receive	“because Christ became a curse for us, by faith we will receive”
-GAL	3	14	h46q	figs-exclusive	λάβωμεν	1	we might receive	The word **we** includes the people who would read the letter and so is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
+GAL	3	7	i9x4	figs-abstractnouns	οἱ ἐκ πίστεως	1	those of faith	Alternate translation: “those who believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+GAL	3	7	kq1h	figs-metaphor	οὗτοι υἱοί εἰσιν Ἀβραὰμ	1	children of Abraham	Since Abraham was saved by faith, Abraham's true children are those who are also saved by faith as he was.This phrase goes against the opponents who claimed that the Galatian believers mustbe circumcised and obey the law in order to be a genuine son of Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	3	8	vs1m	figs-personification	προϊδοῦσα δὲ ἡ Γραφὴ	1	foreseeing	Here, **the scripture** is a personification and is equivalent to saying "the Lord" or "God". Alternate translation: “God predicted” or “the Lord saw ahead of time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+GAL	3	8	k9tp	figs-you	ἐν σοὶ	1	In you	The word **you** refers to Abraham and is singular. Alternate translation: <br>"Because of you" or “Because of what you have done” or “Because I have blessed you.” <br> (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
+GAL	3	8	j83j		πάντα τὰ ἔθνη	1	all the nations	God was emphasizing that he was not favoring only the Jewish people, his chosen group. His plan of salvation was for both Jews and non-Jews.
+GAL	3	10	mxe7		ὅσοι γὰρ ἐξ ἔργων νόμου 	1	the works of the law	Alternate translation: "All people who follow the law" or "Everyone who tries to be justified through obeying the law"
+GAL	3	10	jhr2	figs-metaphor	ὅσοι γὰρ ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἰσὶν ὑπὸ κατάραν εἰσίν	1	All who rely on…the law are under a curse	Here, **under a curse** represents being cursed by God. Here it refers to eternal punishment. Alternate translation: “are cursed” or “God will eternally punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+GAL	3	11	sn9h		δῆλον	1	Now it is clear	Alternate translation: “it is obvious that” or “it is evident that”
+GAL	3	11	k6k5		ἐν νόμῳ, οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ	1	no one is justified before God by the law	Alternate translation: “God justifies no one by the law”
+GAL	3	11	i537	figs-nominaladj	ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται	1	the righteous will live by faith	The nominal adjective **righteous**” refers to people who righteous. Alternate translation: “Righteous people will live by faith” or "The person who is righteous because he believes will live" "It is through believing that a person becomes righteous and obtains eternal life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
+GAL	3	12	rep5		ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς	1	must live by them	Alternate translation: "will live because of them" or "will because he obeyed them"
+GAL	3	13	ml63		ἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου	1	from the curse of the law	The word **curse**  is a metonym for God condemning the person whom he has cursed. Alternate translation: “from God condemn us because we broke the law" <br>or “from being cursed because of the law” or “from being cursed for not obeying the law"<br> (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])<br>
+GAL	3	13	mt6z		ὁ κρεμάμενος ἐπὶ ξύλου	1	hangs on a tree	Paul expected his audience to understand that he was referring to Jesus hanging on the cross.
+GAL	3	14	brf7		ἵνα…ἡ εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ γένηται	1	so that the blessing of Abraham might come	Alternate translation: “Because Christ became a curse for us, the blessing of Abraham will come”
+GAL	3	14	h46q	figs-exclusive	λάβωμεν	1	we	The word **we** includes the people who would read the letter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
 GAL	3	15	al9b		ἀδελφοί	1	Brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
-GAL	3	15	c3gs		κατὰ ἄνθρωπον	1	according to man	“as a person” or “of things most people understand”
+GAL	3	15	c3gs		κατὰ ἄνθρωπον	1	in human terms	Alternate translation: “from a human standpoint" or "with a human analogy"
 GAL	3	16	f1xu		δὲ	1	Now	This word shows that Paul has stated a general principle and is now beginning to introduce a specific case.
-GAL	3	16	w3wl		ὡς ἐπὶ πολλῶν	1	as to many	“referring to many descendants”
-GAL	3	16	t25e	figs-you	σπέρματί σου	1	to your seed	The word **your** is singular and refers to a specific person, who is a particular descendant of Abraham (and that descendant is identified as “Christ”). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
-GAL	3	17	h36m	translate-numbers	τετρακόσια καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτη	1	430 years	“four hundred and thirty years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
-GAL	3	18	ujg2	figs-hypo	εἰ γὰρ ἐκ νόμου ἡ κληρονομία, οὐκέτι ἐξ ἐπαγγελίας	1	For if the inheritance is from the law, it is no longer from promise	Paul is speaking of a situation that did not exist to emphasize that the inheritance came only by means of the promise. Alternate translation: “the inheritance comes to us by means of the promise, because we could not keep the demands of God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
-GAL	3	18	c8fu	figs-metaphor	ἡ κληρονομία	1	the inheritance	Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were an **inheritance** of property and wealth from a family member, and eternal blessings and redemption. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	3	19	fr5t			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul tells the believers in Galatia why God gave the law.
-GAL	3	19	kx2e	figs-rquestion	τί οὖν ὁ νόμος	1	What, then, is the law?	Paul uses a rhetorical question to introduce the next topic he wants to discuss. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will tell you what the purpose of the law is.” or “Let me tell you why God gave the law.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-GAL	3	19	uk9m	figs-activepassive	προσετέθη	1	added	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God added it” or “God added the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-GAL	3	19	cf66	figs-activepassive	διαταγεὶς δι’ ἀγγέλων ἐν χειρὶ μεσίτου	1	It was put into effect through angels by the hand of a mediator	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God issued the law with the help of angels, and a mediator put it into force” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-GAL	3	19	bgi6	figs-metonymy	ἐν χειρὶ μεσίτου	1	by the hand of a mediator	Here, **hand** represents the personal involvement of the mediator. Alternate translation: “through the actions of a representative” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-GAL	3	20	x9l1		ὁ δὲ μεσίτης ἑνὸς οὐκ ἔστιν, ὁ δὲ Θεὸς εἷς ἐστιν	1	Now a mediator is not for one, but God is one	God gave his promise to Abraham without a mediator, but he gave the law to Moses with a mediator. As a result, Paul’s readers may have thought that the law somehow made the promise to no effect. Paul is stating what his readers might have thought here, and he will respond to them in the verses that follow.
-GAL	3	21	wes3	figs-exclusive		0	General Information:	The word **us** in this section refers to all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
-GAL	3	21	e43u		κατὰ τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν	1	against the promises	“opposed to the promises” or “in conflict with the promises”
-GAL	3	21	b8xx	figs-activepassive	εἰ…ἐδόθη νόμος ὁ δυνάμενος ζῳοποιῆσαι	1	if a law had been given that was able to make alive	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “if God had given a law that enabled those who kept it to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-GAL	3	21	iyg9		ἐν νόμου ἂν ἦν ἡ δικαιοσύνη	1	righteousness would have come by the law	“we could have become righteous by obeying that law”
-GAL	3	22	n5js		συνέκλεισεν ἡ Γραφὴ τὰ πάντα ὑπὸ ἁμαρτίαν, ἵνα ἡ ἐπαγγελία ἐκ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ δοθῇ τοῖς πιστεύουσιν	1	the scripture imprisoned all things under sin so that the promise by faith in Jesus Christ might be given to those who believe	This could mean: (1) Because everyone sins, God put all things under the control of the law, like putting them in prison, so that what he has promised to those who have faith in Christ Jesus he might give to those who believe. (2) Because we sin, God put all things under the control of the law, like putting them in prison. He did this because what he has promised to those who have faith in Christ Jesus he wants to give to those who believe.
-GAL	3	22	jbn7	figs-personification	Γραφὴ	1	scripture	Paul is treating scripture as though it were a person and is speaking of God, who wrote scripture. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
-GAL	3	23	rch2			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds those in Galatia that believers are free in God’s family, not slaves under the law.
-GAL	3	23	su16	figs-activepassive	ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα, συνκλειόμενοι	1	we were held captive under the law, imprisoned	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the law held us captive and we were in prison” or “the law held us captive in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-GAL	3	23	bs6i	figs-metaphor	ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα, συνκλειόμενοι	1	we were held captive under the law, imprisoned	The way the law controlled us is spoken of as if the law were a prison guard holding us as captives. Alternate translation: “the law controlled us like a prison guard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	3	23	t32j	figs-activepassive	εἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι	1	to the faith about to be revealed	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “until God would reveal that he justifies those who have faith in Christ” or “until God would reveal that he justifies those who trust in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-GAL	3	24	ln1s		παιδαγωγὸς	1	guardian	More than simply “one who gives oversight to a child,” this was usually a slave who was responsible for enforcing rules and behaviors given by the parent and would report to the parent on the child’s actions.
-GAL	3	24	m7jy		εἰς Χριστόν	1	until Christ	“until the time when Christ came”
-GAL	3	24	s8g5	figs-activepassive	ἵνα…δικαιωθῶμεν	1	so that we might be justified	Before Christ came, God had planned to justify us. When Christ came, he carried out his plan to justify us. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “so that God would declare us to be righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-GAL	3	27	v6n1		ὅσοι γὰρ εἰς Χριστὸν ἐβαπτίσθητε	1	For as many as were baptized into Christ	“For everyone who was baptized into Christ”
-GAL	3	27	di9v	figs-metaphor	Χριστὸν ἐνεδύσασθε	1	have put on Christ	This could mean: (1) This is a metaphor meaning that they have been united to Christ. Alternate translation: “have become united with Christ” or “belong to Christ” (2) This is a metaphor meaning that they have become like Christ. Alternate translation: “have become like Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	3	28	tyb8		οὐκ ἔνι Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην, οὐκ ἔνι δοῦλος οὐδὲ ἐλεύθερος, οὐκ ἔνι ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ	1	There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female	“God sees no difference between Jew and Greek, slave and free, male and female”
+GAL	3	16	w3wl		ὡς ἐπὶ πολλῶν	1	referring to many	Alternate translation: “referring to many descendants”
+GAL	3	16	t25e	figs-you	τῷ σπέρματί σου	1	to your descendant	The word **your** is singular and refers to a specific person who is a  descendant of Abraham (and that descendant is identified as “Christ”). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
+GAL	3	17	h36m	translate-numbers	ὁ μετὰ τετρακόσια καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτη	1	430 years	Alternate translation: “four hundred and thirty years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
+GAL	3	18	ujg2	figs-hypo	εἰ γὰρ ἐκ νόμου ἡ κληρονομία, οὐκέτι ἐξ ἐπαγγελίας	1	For if the inheritance comes by the law, then it no longer comes by promise	Paul is speaking of a situation that did not exist to emphasize that the inheritance came only by means of the promise. Alternate translation: “the inheritance comes to us by means of the promise, because we could not keep the demands of God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
+GAL	3	18	c8fu	figs-metaphor	κληρονομία	1	inheritance	Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were an **inheritance** of property. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	3	19	kx2e		τί οὖν ὁ νόμος	1	What, then, was the purpose of the law?	This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will tell you what the purpose of the law is.” or “Let me tell you why God gave the law.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+GAL	3	19	uk9m	figs-activepassive	προσετέθη	1	It was added	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God added it” or “God added the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+GAL	3	19	cf66	figs-activepassive	διαταγεὶς δι’ ἀγγέλων ἐν χειρὶ μεσίτου	1	The law was put into force through angels by a mediator	God used angels to give the law to Moses. Moses is referred here as a **mediator** between God and the people of Israel. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God issued the law with the help of angels, and a mediator put it into force” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+GAL	3	19	bgi6		χειρὶ μεσίτου	1	a mediator	Alternate translation: “given through a middleman” 
+GAL	3	20	x9l1		ὁ δὲ μεσίτης ἑνὸς οὐκ ἔστιν, ὁ δὲ Θεὸς εἷς ἐστιν	1	Now a mediator implies more than one person, but God is one	God gave his promise to Abraham without a mediator, but he gave the law to Moses, who was a mediator between God and the people of Israel. 
+GAL	3	21	wes3	figs-exclusive		0	General Information:	The word **us** in this section is inclusive and refers to all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
+GAL	3	21	e43u		κατὰ τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν	1	against the promises	Alternate translation: “opposed to the promises” or “in conflict with the promises”
+GAL	3	21	iyg9		ἐν νόμου ἂν ἦν ἡ δικαιοσύνη	1	righteousness would certainly have come by the law	Alternate translation: “we could have become righteous by obeying that law”
+GAL	3	22	jbn7	figs-personification	ἡ Γραφὴ	1	scripture	This could mean: (1) a particular passage of Scripture, (2) all of scripture, or (3) a metonymy for God himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and <br>[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+GAL	3	23	su16	figs-activepassive	ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα, συνκλειόμενοι	1	we were held captive under the law, imprisoned	The way the law controlled us is spoken of as if the law were a prison guard holding us as captives. <br>This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the law held us captive in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and <br>[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	3	23	t32j	figs-activepassive	εἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι	1	until faith should be revealed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until God would reveal that he justifies those who have faith in Christ” or “until God would reveal that he justifies those who trust in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GAL	3	24	ln1s	figs-personification	παιδαγωγὸς	1	guardian	A **guardian**  was usually a slave who was responsible for enforcing rules and behaviors given by the parent and would report to the parent on the child’s actions. <br> (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+GAL	3	24	s8g5	figs-activepassive	ἵνα…δικαιωθῶμεν	1	so that we might be justified	Before Christ came, God had planned to justify us. When Christ came, he carried out his plan to justify us. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that God would declare us to be righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+GAL	3	27	v6n1		ὅσοι γὰρ εἰς Χριστὸν ἐβαπτίσθητε	1	For as many of you who were baptized into Christ	Alternate translation: “For all of you who were baptized into Christ”
+GAL	3	27	di9v	figs-metaphor	Χριστὸν ἐνεδύσασθε	1	have clothed yourselves with Christ	This is a metaphor that means they have been united to Christ and have put on his character of righteousness and virtue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 GAL	3	29	qp4z	figs-metaphor	κληρονόμοι	1	heirs	The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	4	intro	h6gw			0		# Galatians 4 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 27, which is quoted from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sonship<br><br>Sonship is a complex issue. Scholars have many views on Israel’s sonship. Paul uses sonship to teach how being under the law differs from being free in Christ. Not all of Abraham’s physical descendants inherited God’s promises to him. Only his descendants through Isaac and Jacob inherited the promises. And God only adopts into his family those who follow Abraham spiritually through faith. They are children of God with an inheritance. Paul calls them “children of promise.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Abba, Father<br><br>“Abba” is an Aramaic word. In ancient Israel, people used it to informally refer to their fathers. Paul “transliterates” its sounds by writing them with Greek letters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
-GAL	4	1	fr5u			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues to remind the Galatian believers that Christ came to redeem those who were under the law, and that he made them no more slaves but sons.
-GAL	4	1	n5yb		οὐδὲν διαφέρει	1	he is no different from	“he is the same as”
-GAL	4	2	bd5a		ἐπιτρόπους	1	guardians	people with legal responsibility for children
-GAL	4	2	v5g9		οἰκονόμους	1	stewards	people whom others trust to keep valuable items safe
-GAL	4	3	d6v9	figs-exclusive		0	General Information:	The word **we** here refers to all Christians, including Paul’s readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
-GAL	4	3	n21q	figs-metaphor	ὅτε ἦμεν νήπιοι	1	when we were children	Here, **children** is a metaphor for being spiritually immature. Alternate translation: “when we were like children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	4	3	cd2w	figs-activepassive	ἡμεῖς…ὑπὸ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου ἤμεθα δεδουλωμένοι	1	we were enslaved to the elemental principles of the world	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the elemental principles of the world controlled us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-GAL	4	3	gl4w	figs-metaphor	ἡμεῖς…ὑπὸ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου ἤμεθα δεδουλωμένοι	1	we were enslaved by the elemental principles of the world	Here, **enslaved** is a metaphor being unable to stop one’s self from doing something. Alternate translation: “we had to obey the elemental principles of the world as if we were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	4	3	u462		τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου	1	the elemental principles of the world	This could mean: (1) This refers to the laws or moral principles of the world. (2) This refers to spiritual powers, which some people thought control what happens on earth.
+GAL	4	intro	h6gw			0		# Galatians 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 27, which is quoted from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sonship<br>Sonship is a complex issue. Scholars have many views on Israel’s sonship. Paul uses sonship to teach how being under the law differs from being free in Christ. Not all of Abraham’s physical descendants inherited God’s promises to him. Only his descendants through Isaac and Jacob inherited the promises. And God only adopts into his family those who follow Abraham spiritually through faith. They are children of God with an inheritance. Paul calls them “children of promise.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Abba, Father<br>“Abba” is an Aramaic word. In ancient Israel, people used it to informally refer to their fathers. Paul “transliterates” its sounds by writing them with Greek letters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
+GAL	4	1	fr5u			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues to remind the Galatian believers that Christ came to redeem those who were under the law, and that he rescued them from their enslavement to the law and to sin and has made them God's children. 
+GAL	4	2	bd5a		ἐπιτρόπους	1	guardians	The word **guardians** refers to people with legal responsibility for the personal life of a child. Alternate translation: "people supervise the child".
+GAL	4	2	v5g9		οἰκονόμους	1	trustees	The word **stewards** refers to people who watch over the property and finances of the child. Alternate translation: "people manage the child's possessions". 
+GAL	4	3	d6v9	figs-inclusive	ἦμεν	0	General Information:	The word “we” here refers to all Christians, including Paul’s readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
+GAL	4	3	n21q	figs-metaphor	ὅτε ἦμεν νήπιοι	1	when we were children	Here **children** is a metaphor for the time before someone trusts in the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	4	3	u462		τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου	1	the elemental principles of the world	Possible meanings are (1) the laws, knowledge, or moral principles of the world, or (2) the spiritual beings, which some people thought control what happens on earth, or (3) the Jewish religion.<br>
+GAL	4	3	cd2w	figs-metaphor	ἡμεῖἤμεθα δεδουλωμένοι	1	we were enslaved to the elemental principles of the world	Here, **we were being enslaved** is a metaphor for being unable to stop one’s self from doing something. This can be stated in active form.<br>Alternate translation: “the spirits that ruled the world had made us their slaves,” or "the spirits that ruled the world had caused us to serve them like slaves."<br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 GAL	4	4	l5tf	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τὸν Υἱὸν	1	Son	This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
+GAL	4	4	ujfp		 τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου,	1		Here, **the fullness of time** shows that God was working his purposes throughout history. It emphasizes a time designated by God to deliver people from their helplessness and enslavement to the Law and to those forces that are opposed to God. Alternate translation: "at the proper time" or "at the designated time"<br><br>
 GAL	4	5	v5cb	figs-metaphor	ἐξαγοράσῃ	1	redeem	Paul uses the metaphor of a person buying back lost property or buying the freedom of a slave as a picture of Jesus paying for his people’s sins by dying on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 GAL	4	6	a274		ἐστε υἱοί	1	you are sons	Paul uses the word for male child here because the subject is inheritance. In his culture and that of his readers, inheritance passed most commonly, but not always, to male children. He was neither specifying nor excluding female children here.
-GAL	4	6	eqx5		ἐξαπέστειλεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ Πνεῦμα τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ εἰς τὰς καρδίας ἡμῶν κρᾶζον, Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ	1	God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying out, “Abba, Father.”	By calling out “Abba, Father” the Spirit assures us that we are God’s children and he loves us.
-GAL	4	6	nei3	figs-metonymy	ἐξαπέστειλεν…τὸ Πνεῦμα τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ εἰς τὰς καρδίας ἡμῶν	1	has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts	Here, **hearts** is metonym for the part of a person that thinks and feels. Alternate translation: “sent his Son’s Spirit to show us how to think and act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-GAL	4	6	xhe6	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ	1	of his Son	This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
-GAL	4	6	s54r		κρᾶζον	1	crying out	The Spirit is the one who calls.
-GAL	4	6	mlg1		Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ	1	Abba, Father	This is the way a young child would address his father in Paul’s home language, but not in the language of the Galatian readers. To keep the sense of a foreign language, translate this as a word that sounds as much like **Abba** as your language allows.
-GAL	4	7	e7tc		οὐκέτι εἶ δοῦλος, ἀλλὰ υἱός	1	you are no longer a slave, but a son	Paul uses the word for male child here because the subject is inheritance. In his culture and that of his readers, inheritance passed most commonly, but not always, to male children. He was neither specifying nor excluding female children here.
-GAL	4	7	akb8	figs-you	οὐκέτι εἶ δοῦλος…καὶ κληρονόμος	1	you are no longer a slave … also an heir	Paul is addressing his readers as though they are one person, so **you** here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
-GAL	4	7	d5hu	figs-metaphor	κληρονόμος	1	an heir	The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	4	8	s4ic			0	General Information:	He continues to rebuke the Galatians by asking rhetorical questions.
+GAL	4	6	xhe6	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ	1	his Son	This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) The Holy Spirit is intimately linked to God's Son. The Spirit was the promise of the Son (Jn. 14) as well as of the Father. It is by the Spirit that Christ lives in our hearts.<br><br><br><br>
+GAL	4	6	nei3	figs-metonymy	εἰς τὰς καρδίας ἡμῶν	1	sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts	The heart is metonym for the center and source of the whole inner life of a person. It is the source of thinking, feeling, and volition. Alternate translation: “to live in us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+GAL	4	6	s54r		κρᾶζον	1	who calls	The Spirit is the subject of the one "crying out." Yet this also expresses the believer's attitude as well. it is important to avoid translating this verb in a way that would suggest either shouting or weeping. 
+GAL	4	6	eqx5		Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ	1	God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, who calls out, “Abba, Father.”	By calling out **Abba, Father** the Spirit assures us that we are God’s children and he loves us.<br>**Abba** is an Aramaic word that was used by a child to address their father. 
+GAL	4	7	e7tc		υἱός	1	you are no longer a slave, but a son	Paul uses **son** here because the subject is inheritance. In his culture and that of his readers, inheritance passed most commonly, but not always, to male children. He was neither specifying nor excluding female children here.
+GAL	4	7	akb8	figs-you	εἶ 	1	you are no longer a slave…you are also an heir	Paul is addressing his readers as though they are one person, so **you** here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
+GAL	4	7	d5hu	figs-metaphor	κληρονόμος	1	heir	The word **heir** refers to how believers inherit the promises God made to Abraham like a person inherits property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 GAL	4	8	ukf5			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds the Galatian believers that they are again trying to live under God’s laws rather than living by faith.
-GAL	4	8	cj5i		τοῖς φύσει μὴ οὖσι θεοῖς	1	those who are, by nature, not gods	“those things that are not really gods” or “those spirits who are no the same as gods”
-GAL	4	9	ghx1	figs-activepassive	γνωσθέντες ὑπὸ Θεοῦ	1	having come to be known by God	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “since God knows you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-GAL	4	9	b8ue	figs-metaphor	πῶς ἐπιστρέφετε πάλιν ἐπὶ τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα	1	how are you turning again to the weak and worthless elemental principles	Here, **turning back to** is a metaphor for starting to pay attention to something again. Alternate translation: “why are you paying attention to the weak and worthless elemental principles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	4	9	vska	figs-rquestion	πῶς ἐπιστρέφετε πάλιν ἐπὶ τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα, οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε?	1	how are you turning again to the weak and worthless elemental principles, to which once more you want to be enslaved again?	This is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “you should not start paying attention to the weak and worthless elemental principles because you do not want to be enslaved by them again.” or “you should not be concerned with the weak and worthless elemental principles or allow them to take you captive again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-GAL	4	9	n5ie		τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα	1	the weak and worthless elemental principles	See how you translated this phrase in [Galatians 4:3](../04/03.md).
-GAL	4	9	s77e	figs-metaphor	οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε	1	to which once more you want to be enslaved again	Here being **enslaved** is a metaphor for being obligated to obey certain rules or customs. Alternate translation: “Do you want to have to obey rules again like a slave has to obey his master?” or “It seems that you want to be controlled all over again!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	4	10	w7d5		ἡμέρας παρατηρεῖσθε, καὶ μῆνας, καὶ καιροὺς, καὶ ἐνιαυτούς	1	You are observing days and months and seasons and years	Paul is speaking of their being careful to celebrate certain times, thinking that doing that will make them right with God. Alternate translation: “You carefully celebrate days and months and seasons and years”
-GAL	4	11	bsv1		εἰκῇ	1	for nothing	“with no effect” or “without result”
+GAL	4	8	cj5i		τοῖς φύσει μὴ οὖσι θεοῖς	1	those who are	The phrase, **those, by nature, not being gods** refers to the beings which the Galatians served when they were pagans and were considered by them to be gods, but they were not really gods<br>
+GAL	4	9	b8ue	figs-metaphor	ἐπιστρέφετε πάλιν	1	how is it that you are turning back to…principles?	Here, **turning again** is a metaphor for starting to follow and obey their former false religion practices. This is the first of two rhetorical questions Paul gives. Alternate translation: “you should not start obeying again.” or “you should not follow again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+GAL	4	9	n5ie		τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα	1	elemental principles	See how you translated this phrase in [Galatians 4:3](../04/03.md).
+GAL	4	9	w28k	figs-rquestion	οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε	1	Do you want to be enslaved all over again?	Paul uses this rhetorical  question to rebuke the Galatian believers for behaving in a way that would make them like slaves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+GAL	4	9	s77e	figs-metaphor	οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε	1	Do you want to be enslaved all over again?	Here, **to be enslaved again** is a metaphor for being obligated to obey certain rules or customs. Alternate translation: “Do you want to have to obey rules again like a slave must obey his master?” or “It seems that you want to be controlled by these rules all over again!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	4	10	w7d5		ἡμέρας παρατηρεῖσθε, καὶ μῆνας, καὶ καιροὺς, καὶ ἐνιαυτούς	1	You observe days and new moons and seasons and years	Paul is speaking of their being careful to celebrate certain times, thinking that doing that will make them right with God. Alternate translation: “You carefully celebrate days and new moons and seasons and years”
+GAL	4	11	bsv1		εἰκῇ	1	may have been for nothing	Alternate translation: “may have been useless” or “has not had any effect”
 GAL	4	12	ql14			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds the Galatian believers how kindly they treated him when he was with them, and he encourages them to continue to trust him while he is not there with them.
-GAL	4	12	sx9v		δέομαι	1	I beg	Here this means to ask or urge strongly. This is not the word used to ask for money or food or physical objects.
-GAL	4	12	p9gn		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
-GAL	4	12	n3wf		οὐδέν με ἠδικήσατε	1	You did me no harm	You can state this in positive form. Alternate translation: “You treated me well” or “You treated me as you should have”
-GAL	4	14	tk1l		τὸν πειρασμὸν ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου	1	my trial in your flesh	“my physical illness, although it was difficult for you”
-GAL	4	17	t1ft		ζηλοῦσιν ὑμᾶς	1	They are zealous for you	“They are eager to convince you to join them”
-GAL	4	17	s9kn		ἐκκλεῖσαι ὑμᾶς	1	to shut you out	“to shut you out from us” or “to make you stop being loyal to us”
-GAL	4	17	iv1d		αὐτοὺς ζηλοῦτε	1	you would be zealous for them	“you would be zealous to do what they tell you to do”
-GAL	4	19	zhv9			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul tells believers that grace and law cannot work together.
-GAL	4	19	u3eb	figs-metaphor	τέκνα μου	1	My little children	This is a metaphor for disciples or followers. Alternate translation: “You who are disciples because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	4	19	yf9e	figs-metaphor	οὓς πάλιν ὠδίνω, μέχρις οὗ μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν	1	with whom I am in labor again until Christ has been formed in you	Paul uses childbirth as a metaphor for his concern about the Galatians. Alternate translation: “with whom I am in pain as though I were a woman having to give birth to you, and I will continue to be in pain until Christ truly controls you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	4	21	z1um		λέγετέ μοι	1	Tell me	“I want to ask a question” or “I want to tell you something”
-GAL	4	21	u6fs	figs-rquestion	τὸν νόμον οὐκ ἀκούετε?	1	do you not listen to the law?	Paul is introducing what he will say next. Alternate translation: “you need to learn what the law really says.” or “let me tell you what the law really says.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-GAL	4	24	iit5			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul begins a story to illustrate a truth—that law and grace cannot exist together.
-GAL	4	24	bu23		ἅτινά ἐστιν ἀλληγορούμενα	1	These are spoken as an allegory	“This story of the two sons is like a picture of what I will tell you now”
-GAL	4	24	k5qu		ἀλληγορούμενα	1	spoken as an allegory	An **allegory** is a story in which the people and things in it represent other things. In Paul’s allegory, the two women referred to in [Galatians 4:22](../04/22.md) represent two covenants.
-GAL	4	24	ruw4		αὗται γάρ εἰσιν	1	for they are	“for these women are a picture of”
-GAL	4	24	u4hr	figs-synecdoche	Ὄρους Σινά	1	Mount Sinai	**Mount Sinai** here is a synecdoche for the law that Moses gave to the Israelites there. Alternate translation: “Mount Sinai, where Moses gave the law to Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
-GAL	4	24	u3u9	figs-personification	εἰς δουλείαν γεννῶσα	1	giving birth to slavery	Paul treats the law as if it were a woman who could give birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
-GAL	4	24	sxtj	figs-metaphor	εἰς δουλείαν γεννῶσα	1	giving birth to slavery	A person becoming a slave to the law is spoken of as if they were born into that slavery. Alternate translation: “causing people under this covenant to be like slaves who have to obey the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	4	25	u1cc		συνστοιχεῖ	1	corresponding to	“she is a picture of” or “she represents”
+GAL	4	12	p9gn		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2] and [Galatians 3:15] (../01/02.md).
+GAL	4	12	n3wf		οὐδέν με ἠδικήσατε	1	You did me no wrong	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “You treated me well” or “You treated me as you should have.”
+GAL	4	14	tk1l		καὶ τὸν πειρασμὸν ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου	1	Though my physical condition put you to the test	This could mean: (1) they endured the difficulty of welcoming Paul when he was sick, or (2) they resisted the temptation to reject Paul when he was sick.
+GAL	4	14	v9xa		οὐκ ἐξουθενήσατε	1	despise	Alternate translation: "you did not scorn" or "you did not hate"
+GAL	4	17	s9kn		ἀλλὰ ἐκκλεῖσαι ὑμᾶς	1	to shut you out	Alternate translation: “to shut you out from us” or “to make you stop being loyal to us”
+GAL	4	17	iv1d		αὐτοὺς ζηλοῦτε	1	zealous for them	Alternate translation: "you would be devoted to them" or "you would be attached to them".
+GAL	4	19	u3eb	figs-metaphor	τέκνα μου	1	My little children	This is a metaphor and points to the fact that it was through Paul that the Galatians had become Christians. Alternate translation: “You who are disciples because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	4	19	yf9e	figs-metaphor	οὓς…ὠδίνω, μέχρις οὗ μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν	1	I am in the pains of childbirth for you until Christ is formed in you	Paul uses childbirth as a metaphor for his concern about the Galatians. Alternate translation: “I am in pain as though I were a woman giving birth to you, and I will continue to be in pain until Christ truly controls you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	4	21	z1um		λέγετέ μοι	1	Tell me	Alternate translation: “I want to ask a question” or “I want to tell you something”.
+GAL	4	21	u6fs	figs-rquestion	τὸν νόμον οὐκ ἀκούετε	1	do you not listen to the law?	Paul is introducing what he will say next. Alternate translation: “you need to learn what the law really says.” or “let me tell you what the law really says.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+GAL	4	24	k5qu		ἀλληγορούμενα	1	as an allegory	An **allegory** is a historical event that represents something else. In Paul’s allegory, the two women referred to in [Galatians 4:22](../04/22.md) represent two different covenants.
+GAL	4	24	u4hr	figs-synecdoche	Ὄρους Σινά	1	Mount Sinai	**Mount Sinai** is a synecdoche for the law that Moses gave to the Israelites there. Alternate translation: “Mount Sinai, where Moses gave the law to Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+GAL	4	24	u3u9	figs-metaphor	δουλείαν γεννῶσα	1	she gives birth to children who are slaves	Paul treats the law as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “The people under this covenant are like slaves who have to obey the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+GAL	4	25	u1cc		συνστοιχεῖ	1	she represents	Alternate translation: “represents” or "is similar".
 GAL	4	25	ck7v	figs-metaphor	δουλεύει…μετὰ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς	1	she is in slavery with her children	Hagar is a slave and her children are slaves with her. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem, like Hagar, is a slave, and her children are slaves with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	4	26	wa1u		ἐλευθέρα ἐστίν	1	is free	“is not bound” or “is not a slave”
-GAL	4	27	ih2f	figs-you	στεῖρα…ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα	1	you barren one … you who are not suffering the pains of childbirth	Here, **you** refers to the barren woman and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
-GAL	4	28	ad75		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
-GAL	4	28	ct63		ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα	1	children of promise	This could mean: (1) The Galatians have become God’s **children** by believing God’s promise. (2) The Galatians have become God’s **children** because God worked miracles to fulfill his promises to Abraham, first by giving Abraham a son and then by making the Galatians children of Abraham and thus sons of God.
-GAL	4	29	c9lf	figs-metaphor	κατὰ σάρκα	1	according to the flesh	This refers to Abraham’s becoming Ishmael’s father by taking Hagar as a wife. Alternate translation: “by means of human action” or “because of what people did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	4	29	gt1e		κατὰ Πνεῦμα	1	according to the Spirit	“because of something the Spirit did”
+GAL	4	27	jql2		εὐφράνθητι	1	Rejoice	Alternate translation: "Be happy".
+GAL	4	28	ad75		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated this word in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
+GAL	4	28	ct63		ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα	1	children of promise	Possible meanings of **children of promise** are that the Galatians have become (1) Abraham's children or (2) God's children. 
+GAL	4	29	c9lf	figs-metaphor	κατὰ σάρκα	1	according to the flesh	This refers to how Abraham became Ishmael’s father by taking Hagar as a wife. Alternate translation: “by means of human action” or “the natural way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	4	29	gt1e		κατὰ Πνεῦμα	1	according to the Spirit	Here, **according to Spirit** means Isaac was born in a supernatural way, through the power of the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: "because of the Spirit" or "because of the work of the Spirit."
 GAL	4	31	sy8u		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
-GAL	4	31	y3c2	figs-ellipsis	ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐλευθέρας	1	but of the free woman	The words “we are children” are understood from the previous phrase. You can translate this as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “rather, we are children of the free woman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
-GAL	5	intro	bcg3			0		# Galatians 5 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul continues writing about the law of Moses as something that traps or enslaves a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fruit of the Spirit<br><br>The phrase “the fruit of the Spirit” is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. Translators should keep the singular form if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Illustrations<br><br>Paul uses several metaphors in this chapter to illustrate his points and help explain complicated issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “You are cut off from Christ, you who would be justified by the law; you no longer experience grace.”<br><br>Some scholars think Paul teaches that being circumcised causes a person to lose their salvation. Other scholars think Paul means that obeying the law to try to get right with God will keep a person from being saved by grace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])
-GAL	5	1	up16			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul applies the allegory by reminding the believers to use their liberty in Christ because all the law is fulfilled in loving neighbors as ourselves.
-GAL	5	1	kuu9	figs-explicit	τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ, ἡμᾶς Χριστὸς ἠλευθέρωσεν	1	For freedom Christ has set us free	“It is so that we can be free that Christ has set us free.” It is implied that **Christ** sets believers **free** from the old covenant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-GAL	5	1	xd2m	figs-metaphor	τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ, ἡμᾶς Χριστὸς ἠλευθέρωσεν	1	For freedom Christ has set us free	Here, **freedom** from the old covenant is a metaphor for not being obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: “Christ has set us free from the old covenant so that we might be free” or “Christ has set us free so that we might live as free people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	5	1	j679	figs-metaphor	στήκετε	1	Stand firm	To **stand firm** here represents being determined not to change. Alternate translation: “Do not give in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	5	1	qhdv	figs-explicit	στήκετε	1	Stand firm	You can state clearly how they are not to change. Alternate translation: “Do not give in to the arguments of people who teach something else” or “Be determined to stay free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-GAL	5	1	usl9	figs-metaphor	μὴ πάλιν ζυγῷ δουλείας ἐνέχεσθε	1	do not again be subjected to a yoke of slavery	Here being under control of a yoke of slavery represents being obligated to obey the law. Alternate translation: “do not live like one who is under the control of a yoke of slavery to the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	5	2	bg6b	figs-metonymy	ἐὰν περιτέμνησθε	1	if you let yourselves be circumcised	Paul is using circumcision as a metonym for Judaism. Alternate translation: “if you turn to the Jewish religion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-GAL	5	3	h4q5		μαρτύρομαι	1	I testify	“I declare” or “I serve as a witness”
-GAL	5	3	s1af	figs-metonymy	παντὶ ἀνθρώπῳ περιτεμνομένῳ	1	to every man who lets himself be circumcised	Paul is using circumcision as a metonym for being Jewish. Alternate translation: “to every person who has become a Jew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-GAL	5	3	j88p		ὀφειλέτης ἐστὶν…ποιῆσαι	1	he is obligated to do	“he must obey”
-GAL	5	4	h4yu	figs-metaphor	κατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ	1	You were cut off from Christ	Here, **cut off** is a metaphor for separation from Christ. Alternate translation: “You have ended your relationship with Christ” or “You are no longer united with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	5	4	ipf7	figs-irony	οἵτινες ἐν νόμῳ δικαιοῦσθε	1	whoever is being justified by the law	Paul is speaking ironically here. He actually teaches that no one can be **justified** by trying to do the deeds required by the **law**. Alternate translation: “all you who think you can be justified by doing the deeds required by the law” or “you who want to be justified by the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
-GAL	5	4	k6xe	figs-explicit	τῆς χάριτος ἐξεπέσατε	1	you have fallen from grace	You can state clearly who that **grace** comes from. Alternate translation: “God will not be gracious to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-GAL	5	5	pdm1	figs-exclusive		0	General Information:	Here the word **we** refers to Paul and those who oppose the circumcision of Christians. He is probably including the Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
-GAL	5	5	vvk6		γὰρ Πνεύματι	1	For through the Spirit	“This is because through the Spirit”
-GAL	5	5	qg9m		ἡμεῖς…ἐκ πίστεως ἐλπίδα δικαιοσύνης ἀπεκδεχόμεθα	1	by faith, we eagerly wait for the hope of righteousness	This could mean: (1) This may mean that we are waiting by faith for the hope of righteousness. (2) This may mean we are waiting for the hope of righteousness that comes by faith.
-GAL	5	5	z3ga		ἡμεῖς…ἐλπίδα δικαιοσύνης ἀπεκδεχόμεθα	1	we eagerly wait for the hope of righteousness	“we are waiting patiently and with excitement for God to put us right with himself forever, and we expect him to do it”
-GAL	5	6	y2ww	figs-metonymy	οὔτε περιτομή…οὔτε ἀκροβυστία	1	neither circumcision nor uncircumcision	These are metonymy for being a Jew or a non-Jew. Alternate translation: “neither being a Jew nor not being a Jew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-GAL	5	6	n1hc		ἀλλὰ πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη	1	but only faith working through love	“rather, God is concerned with our faith in him, which we show by loving others”
-GAL	5	6	qp6b		τι ἰσχύει	1	is capable of anything	is worthwhile
-GAL	5	7	jj48		ἐτρέχετε	1	You were running	“You were practicing what Jesus taught”
-GAL	5	8	ct7g		ἡ πεισμονὴ οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ καλοῦντος ὑμᾶς	1	This persuasion is not from the one who calls you	“The one who persuades you to do that is not God, the one who calls you”
-GAL	5	8	j7f8	figs-explicit	τοῦ καλοῦντος ὑμᾶς	1	the one who calls you	You can state clearly what he calls them to. Alternate translation: “the one who calls you to be his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-GAL	5	8	sx6u		πεισμονὴ	1	persuasion	To persuade someone is to get that person to change what he believes and so to act differently.
-GAL	5	10	enp1		οὐδὲν ἄλλο φρονήσετε	1	you will think nothing otherwise	“you will not believe anything different from what I am telling you”
-GAL	5	10	rb76		ὁ δὲ ταράσσων ὑμᾶς, βαστάσει τὸ κρίμα	1	But the one who is troubling you will bear the judgment	“But God will punish the one who is troubling you”
-GAL	5	10	jc72		ταράσσων ὑμᾶς	1	who is troubling you	“who is causing you to be uncertain about what is truth” or “who stirs up trouble among you”
-GAL	5	10	llh5		ὅστις ἐὰν ᾖ	1	whoever he may be	This could mean: (1) Paul does not know the names of the people who are telling the Galatians that they need to obey the law of Moses. (2) Paul does not want the Galatians to care about whether those who “confuse” them are rich or poor or great or small or religious or not religious.
-GAL	5	11	d4mm	figs-hypo	ἐγὼ δέ, ἀδελφοί, εἰ περιτομὴν ἔτι κηρύσσω, τί ἔτι διώκομαι?	1	But brothers, if I still proclaim circumcision, why am I still being persecuted?	Paul is describing a situation that does not exist to emphasize that people are persecuting him because he is not preaching that people need to become Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
-GAL	5	11	vcz5	figs-rquestion	ἐγὼ δέ, ἀδελφοί, εἰ περιτομὴν ἔτι κηρύσσω, τί ἔτι διώκομαι?	1	But brothers, if I still proclaim circumcision, why am I still being persecuted?	This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “But brothers, you can see that I am not still proclaiming circumcision because the Jews are persecuting me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-GAL	5	11	nv5x		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
-GAL	5	11	znh3	figs-hypo	ἄρα κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ	1	In that case the stumbling block of the cross has been removed	Paul is describing a situation that does not exist to emphasize that people persecute him because he is preaching that God forgives people because of Jesus’ work on the **cross**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
-GAL	5	11	dtv9		ἄρα	1	In that case	“If I were still saying that people need to become Jews”
-GAL	5	11	y3ug	figs-activepassive	κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ	1	the stumbling block of the cross has been removed	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the teaching about the cross would not be a stumbling block” or “there is nothing in the teaching of the cross that would cause people to stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-GAL	5	11	arj5	figs-explicit	κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ	1	the stumbling block of the cross has been removed	Stumbling represents sinning, and the sin is to reject the truth of the teaching that in order to be made right with God, people only need to believe that Jesus died on the cross for us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-GAL	5	11	xa9m	figs-metaphor	κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ	1	the stumbling block of the cross has been removed	Stumbling represents sinning, and a **stumbling block** represents something that causes people to sin. Alternate translation: “the teaching about the cross that causes people to reject the truth has been removed” or “there is nothing in the teaching about Jesus dying on the cross that would lead people to reject the teaching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	5	12	sfl2	figs-metaphor	καὶ ἀποκόψονται	1	would even castrate themselves	This could mean: (1) This is literal, and means they cut off their male organs so as to become eunuchs. (2) This is metaphorical, meaning they completely withdraw from the Christian community. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	5	intro	bcg3			0		# Galatians 05 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul continues writing about the law of Moses as something that traps or enslaves a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fruit of the Spirit<br>The phrase “the fruit of the Spirit” is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. Translators should keep the singular form if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Illustrations<br>Paul uses several metaphors in this chapter to illustrate his points and help explain complicated issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “You are cut off from Christ, you who would be justified by the law; you no longer experience grace.”<br>Some scholars think Paul teaches that being circumcised causes a person to lose their salvation. Other scholars think Paul means that obeying the law to try to get right with God will keep a person from being saved by grace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])
+GAL	5	1	up16			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul applies the allegory of the two women to remind believers that the are free from having to obey the law.
+GAL	5	1	kuu9	figs-explicit	τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ, ἡμᾶς Χριστὸς ἠλευθέρωσεν	1	For freedom Christ has set us free	**For freedom Christ  set us free** implies that Christ sets believers free from the law and that they are not obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: “Christ has set us free from the old covenant so that we might be free” or “Christ has set us free so that we might live as free people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	5	1	j679	figs-metaphor	στήκετε	1	Stand firm	**Stand firm** is a metaphor for being strongly resolute. Here, it is implied that the Galatian believers are continue to be determined to live a life free from the law. Alternate translation: “Do not give in {to the arguments of people who teach something else}” or “Be determined {to stay free}” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GAL	5	1	ovu1	figs-metaphor	μὴ πάλιν ζυγῷ δουλείας ἐνέχεσθε	1		Here, **do not again be subjected to a yoke of slavery** represents being obligated to obey the law. Alternate translation: “do not live like one who is controlled like being under a yoke of slavery to the law” or "do not go back again to being a slave of the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	5	2<br><br><br><br>	lrsx		ἐὰν περιτέμνησθε	1		Alternate translation: "if you let someone circumcise you" or "if you receive circumcision"
+GAL	5	2<br><br><br><br>	vk9o		Χριστὸς ὑμᾶς οὐδὲν ὠφελήσει.	1		Paul means that if a person is circumcised in order to receive salvation, then all that Christ has done for them is for nothing. No one can be justified by faith in Christ and at the same time by their own efforts.<br><br>
+GAL	5	3	h4q5		μαρτύρομαι δὲ	1	I testify	Alternate translation: “I declare” or “I serve as a witness” or "I tell you" or "I warn you"
+GAL	5	4	h4yu	figs-metaphor	κατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ	1	You are cut off from Christ	Here **cut off** is a metaphor for separation from Christ. Alternate translation: “You have ended your relationship with Christ” or “You are no longer united with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	5	4	ipf7		οἵτινες ἐν νόμῳ δικαιοῦσθε	1	you who would be justified by the law	The phrase **being justified by the law** describes the attempt or pursuit to be justified by the law. Alternate translation: “all of you who think you can be justified by doing the deeds required by the law” or “you who want to be justified by the law” 
+GAL	5	4	k6xe	figs-explicit	τῆς χάριτος ἐξεπέσατε	1	you no longer experience grace	Alternate translation: "you have turned your back on the grace of God" or “God will not be gracious to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GAL	5	5	pdm1	figs-exclusive		0	General Information:	Here, **we** refers to Paul and those who do not trust in the law, but in the Messiah. And exclusive form of "we" fits the context better in this case. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
+GAL	5	5	vvk6		 Πνεύματι	1	For through the Spirit	Alternate translation: "by the power of the Spirit” or "by the help of the Spirit"
+GAL	5	5	qg9m		ἡμεῖς…ἐκ πίστεως ἐλπίδα δικαιοσύνης ἀπεκδεχόμεθα	1	by faith, we eagerly wait for the hope of righteousness	Possible meanings are (1) “we are waiting by faith for the hope of righteousness” or (2) “we are waiting for the hope of righteousness that comes by faith.”
+GAL	5	6	y2ww	figs-metonymy	οὔτε περιτομή…οὔτε ἀκροβυστία	1	neither circumcision nor uncircumcision	The words **circumcision** and **uncircumcision** refer to being a Jew or a non-Jew. Alternate translation: “neither being a Jew nor not being a Jew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+GAL	5	6	qp6b		τι ἰσχύει	1	means anything	Alternate translation: "makes no difference" or "is meaningless"
+GAL	5	7	jj48	figs-metaphor	ἐτρέχετε	1	You were running	Paul uses the metaphor of **running** to describe the spiritual progress the Galatian believers were making. Alternate translation: “You were making excellent progress" or "you were doing so well"<br> (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	5	8	sx6u		πεισμονὴ	1	persuasion	Here, **persuasion** refers to the idea of getting a person to change what they believe and act differently. Alternate translation: "This teaching which persuaded you to stop trusting in the Messiah" or "This way of thinking"
+GAL	5	9<br><br>	q926		 μικρὰ ζύμη 	1		**A little leaven** describes the  teaching of circumcision, which threaten to ruin the entire lives of the Galatian believers.<br><br>
+GAL	5	10	enp1		οὐδὲν ἄλλο φρονήσετε	1	you will take no other view	Alternate translation: “you will not believe anything different from what I am telling you” or "you will not think differently than what I believe"
+GAL	5	10	jc72		ταράσσων ὑμᾶς	1	is troubling you	Alternate translation: “is causing you to be uncertain about the truth” or “stirs up trouble among you”
+GAL	5	10	llh5		ὅστις ἐὰν ᾖ	1	whoever he is	This could mean (1) Paul does not know the names of the people who are telling the Galatians that they need to obey the law of Moses or (2) Paul does not want the Galatians to care about whether they are important or influential. 
+GAL	5	11	d4mm	figs-hypo	ἐγὼ δέ, ἀδελφοί, εἰ περιτομὴν ἔτι κηρύσσω, τί ἔτι διώκομαι	1	Brothers, if I still proclaim circumcision, why am I still being persecuted?	Paul is describing a situation that does not exist to emphasize the fact that people are persecuting him. This can be stated in active form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
+GAL	5	11	nv5x		ἀδελφοί	1	Brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2], [Galatians 3:15], [Galatians 4:12] (../01/02.md).
+GAL	5	11	y3ug	figs-activepassive	κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ	1	the stumbling block of the cross has been removed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the teaching about the cross has no stumbling block” or “there is nothing in the teaching of the cross that would cause people to stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+GAL	5	11	arj5	figs-metaphor	κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ	1	the stumbling block of the cross has been removed	Stumbling represents sinning, and a stumbling block represents something that causes people to sin. In this case the sin is to reject the truth of the teaching that in order to be made right with God, people only need to believe that Jesus died on the cross for us. Alternate translation: “the teaching about the cross that causes people to reject the truth has been removed” or “there is nothing in the teaching about Jesus dying on the cross that would lead people to reject the teaching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GAL	5	12	sfl2	figs-metaphor	ἀποκόψονται	1	castrate themselves	Possible meanings are (1) literal, to cut off their male organs so as to become eunuchs or (2) metaphorical, completely withdraw from the Christian community. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 GAL	5	13	y1g7		γὰρ	1	For	Paul is giving the reason for his words in [Galatians 5:12](../05/12.md).
-GAL	5	13	v6vs	figs-activepassive	ὑμεῖς…ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἐκλήθητε	1	you have been called to freedom	This can be expressed in an active form. Alternate translation: “Christ has called you to freedom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-GAL	5	13	ekb2	figs-explicit	ὑμεῖς…ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἐκλήθητε	1	you have been called to freedom	It is implied that Christ has set believers free from the old covenant. Alternate translation: “You were called to freedom from the old covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-GAL	5	13	xwg8	figs-metaphor	ὑμεῖς…ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἐκλήθητε	1	you have been called to freedom	Here, **freedom** from the old covenant is a metaphor for not being obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: “Christ has chosen you to not be obligated to the old covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	5	13	ekb2	figs-metaphor	ὑμεῖς…ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἐκλήθητε	1	you were called to freedom	It is implied that Christ has set believers free from the old covenant. Here freedom from the old covenant is a metaphor for not being obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: “You were called to freedom from the old covenant” or “Christ has chosen you to not be obligated to the old covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 GAL	5	13	yp6r		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
-GAL	5	13	viv6	figs-explicit	ἀφορμὴν τῇ σαρκί	1	an opportunity for the flesh	You can state more clearly the relationship between the opportunity and the sinful nature. Alternate translation: “an opportunity for you to behave according to your sinful nature” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-GAL	5	14	ct8i		ὁ…πᾶς νόμος ἐν ἑνὶ λόγῳ πεπλήρωται	1	all the law has been fulfilled in one command	This could mean: (1) This may mean is is possible to state the whole law in just this one commandment. (2) This may mean that by obeying one commandment, it is possible to obey all the commandments, and that one commandment is this.
-GAL	5	14	qt9c	figs-you	ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν	1	Love your neighbor as yourself	The words **your** and **yourself** are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
-GAL	5	16	q8wk			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul explains how the Spirit gives control over sin.
-GAL	5	16	yb58	figs-metaphor	Πνεύματι περιπατεῖτε	1	walk by the Spirit	Here, to **walk** is a metaphor for living. Alternate translation: “conduct your life in the power of the Holy Spirit” or “live your life in dependence on the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	5	16	dyj7	figs-idiom	ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς οὐ μὴ τελέσητε	1	you would certainly not fulfill the desires of the flesh	The phrase **fulfill the desires of the flesh** is an idiom meaning “do what someone desires.” Alternate translation: “you will not do what your sinful nature desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-GAL	5	16	rl5s	figs-personification	ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς	1	the desires of the flesh	The **flesh** is spoken of as if it were a person and wanted to sin. Alternate translation: “what you want to do because of your sinful nature” or “the things you want to do because you are sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
-GAL	5	18	san8		οὐκ…ὑπὸ νόμον	1	not under the law	“not obligated to obey the law of Moses”
-GAL	5	19	yf2a		τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός	1	the works of the flesh	The abstract noun **works** can be translated with the verb “does.” Alternate translation: “what the sinful nature does”
-GAL	5	19	u2pu	figs-personification	τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός	1	the works of the flesh	The **flesh** is spoken of as if it were a person who does things. Alternate translation: “what people do because of their sinful nature” or “the things people do because they are sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
-GAL	5	21	rs9b	figs-metaphor	κληρονομήσουσιν	1	will inherit	Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	5	22	hez3	figs-metaphor	ὁ…καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματός ἐστιν	1	the fruit of the Spirit is	Here, **fruit** is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “what the Spirit produces is” or “the Spirit produces in God’s people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	5	23	ss5k		πραΰτης, ἐνκράτεια	1	gentleness, and self-control	The list of “the fruit of the Spirit” that begins with the words “love, joy, peace” ends here.
-GAL	5	24	l6ux	figs-metaphor	τὴν σάρκα ἐσταύρωσαν σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις	1	have crucified the flesh with the passions and the desires	Paul speaks of Christians who refuse to live according to their **flesh** as if they have killed it on a cross. Alternate translation: “refuse to live according the sinful nature with its passions and desires, as if they killed it on a cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	5	24	zv86	figs-personification	τὴν σάρκα ἐσταύρωσαν σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις	1	have crucified the flesh with the passions and the desires	Paul speaks of the **flesh** as if it were a person who has been killed on a cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
-GAL	5	24	m3nm	figs-personification	τὴν σάρκα…σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις	1	the flesh with the passions and the desires	The sinful nature is spoken of as if it were a person that had passions and desires. Alternate translation: “their sinful nature, and the things they strongly want to do because of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
-GAL	5	25	h9hd		εἰ ζῶμεν Πνεύματι	1	If we live by the Spirit	“Since God’s Spirit has caused us to be alive”
-GAL	5	25	sq7b	figs-metaphor	Πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν	1	let us also walk by the Spirit	Here, **walk** is a metaphor for living every day. Alternate translation: “let us allow the Holy Spirit to guide us so we do things that please and honor God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	5	26	a9x9		μὴ γινώμεθα	1	Let us not become	“We should not be”
-GAL	6	intro	bv8h			0		# Galatians 6 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter concludes Paul’s letter. His final words address some issues that do not seem to be connected to the rest of his letter.<br><br>### Brothers<br><br>Paul writes the words in this chapter to Christians. He calls them “brothers.” This refers to Paul’s Christian brothers and not his Jewish brothers.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### New Creation<br><br>People who are born again are a new creation in Christ. Christians have been given new life in Christ. They have a new nature in them after they come to faith in Christ. To Paul, this is more significant than a person’s ancestry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bornagain]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br><br>This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is contrasted with “spirit.” In this chapter, flesh is also used to refer to the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])
-GAL	6	1	x8zg			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul teaches believers how they should treat other believers and how God rewards.
-GAL	6	1	ss7l		ἀδελφοί	1	Brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
-GAL	6	1	vm8f		ἐὰν…ἄνθρωπος	1	if a man	“if anyone among you”
-GAL	6	1	vts8		ἐὰν καὶ προλημφθῇ ἄνθρωπος ἔν τινι παραπτώματι	1	even if a man is caught in any trespass	This could mean: (1) Someone else found that person in the act. Alternate translation: “if someone is discovered in an act of sin” (2) That person committed the sin without intending to do evil. Alternate translation: “if someone gave in and sinned”
-GAL	6	1	t4rm		ὑμεῖς, οἱ πνευματικοὶ	1	you who are spiritual	“those of you who are guided by the Spirit” or “you who are living in the guidance of the Spirit”
-GAL	6	1	hdj8		καταρτίζετε τὸν τοιοῦτον	1	let … restore such a one	“let him … correct the person who sinned” or “let him … exhort the person who sinned to return to a correct relationship with God”
-GAL	6	1	tr5r		ἐν πνεύματι πραΰτητος	1	in a spirit of gentleness	This could mean: (1) The Spirit is directing the one who is offering correction. (2) We should have an attitude of gentleness, or speak to them in a kind way.
-GAL	6	1	rrg9	figs-you	σκοπῶν σεαυτόν	1	considering yourself	These words treat the Galatians as though they are all one person to emphasize that he is talking to each of them. Alternate translation: “being concerned about yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
-GAL	6	1	ljx6	figs-activepassive	μὴ καὶ σὺ πειρασθῇς	1	lest you also be tempted	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “so that nothing will tempt you also to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-GAL	6	3	v6ts		εἰ γὰρ	1	For if	“Because if” The words that follow tell why: (1) The Galatians should carry one other’s burdens ([Galatians 6:2](../06/02.md)). (2) The Galatians should be careful that they themselves are not tempted ([Galatians 6:1](../06/01.md)). (3) The Galatians should not become conceited ([Galatians 5:26](../05/26.md)).
-GAL	6	3	m4wk		δοκεῖ…εἶναί τι	1	thinks himself to be something	“thinks he is someone important” or “thinks he is better than others”
-GAL	6	3	zz1g		μηδὲν ὤν	1	when he is nothing	“when he is not important” or “although he is not better than others”
-GAL	6	4	ra85		δοκιμαζέτω ἕκαστος	1	let each one examine	“each person must examine”
-GAL	6	5	ee8v		ἕκαστος…τὸ ἴδιον φορτίον βαστάσει	1	each one will carry his own burden	“each person will be judged by his own work only” or “each person will be responsible for his own work only”
-GAL	6	5	vej6		ἕκαστος…βαστάσει	1	each one will carry	“each person will carry”
-GAL	6	6	l4vp		τὸν λόγον	1	the word	“the message,” everything God has said or commanded
-GAL	6	7	x5pi	figs-metaphor	ὃ γὰρ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει	1	for whatever a man may sow, that he will also reap	To **sow** represents doing things that end in some kind of result, and to **reap** represents experiencing the results of what one has done. Alternate translation: “for just as a farmer gathers in the fruit of whatever kind of seeds he plants, so everyone experiences the results of whatever he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	6	7	gii9	figs-gendernotations	ὃ γὰρ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος	1	for whatever a man may sow	Paul is not specifying males here. Alternate translation: “for whatever a person plants” or “for whatever someone plants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
-GAL	6	8	lzz8	figs-metaphor	ὁ σπείρων εἰς τὴν σάρκα ἑαυτοῦ	1	the one sowing to his own flesh	Here, **sowing** seeds is a metaphor for doing deeds that will have consequences later. In this case, the person is doing sinful actions because of his sinful nature. Alternate translation: “the person who plants seed according to what he wants because of his sinful nature” or “the person who does the things he wants to do because of his sinful nature” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	6	8	dge9	figs-metaphor	θερίσει φθοράν	1	will reap destruction	God punishing the person is spoken of as if the person were harvesting a crop. Alternate translation: “will receive punishment for what he did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	6	8	aqz2	figs-metaphor	σπείρων εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα	1	sowing to the Spirit	Here, **sowing** seeds is a metaphor for doing deeds that will have consequences later. In this case, the person is doing good actions because he is listening to God’s Spirit. Alternate translation: “doing the things God’s Spirit loves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-GAL	6	8	k1p7		ἐκ τοῦ Πνεύματος θερίσει ζωὴν αἰώνιον	1	from the Spirit will reap eternal life	“will receive eternal life as a reward from God’s Spirit”
-GAL	6	9	pnq1		τὸ δὲ καλὸν ποιοῦντες, μὴ ἐνκακῶμεν	1	But we should not become discouraged in doing good	“We should continue to do good”
-GAL	6	9	a4n4		τὸ δὲ καλὸν ποιοῦντες	1	in doing good	in doing good to others for their well-being
-GAL	6	9	u77c		καιρῷ γὰρ ἰδίῳ	1	for in due time	“for at the right time” or “because at the time God has chosen”
-GAL	6	10	ax66		ἄρα οὖν	1	So then	“As a result of this” or “Because of this”
-GAL	6	10	ud5u		μάλιστα δὲ πρὸς τοὺς	1	but especially to those	“but most of all to those” or “but in particular to those”
-GAL	6	10	jz9i		τοὺς οἰκείους τῆς πίστεως	1	those of the household of faith	“those who are members of God’s family through faith in Christ”
+GAL	5	13	viv6	figs-explicit	ἀφορμὴν τῇ σαρκί	1	an opportunity for the sinful nature	The word *flesh** refers to the part of human nature that does not submit to God. This word sums up the impelling motive of the natural man, and is the moral bias of the man who is not ruled by the Holy Spirit. The relationship between  **opportunity** and **the flesh** can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “an opportunity for you to behave according to your sinful nature” or "an opportunity to follow the evil desires of your hearts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+GAL	5	14	ct8i		ὁ…πᾶς νόμος ἐν ἑνὶ λόγῳ πεπλήρωται	1	the whole law is fulfilled in one command	This could mean: (1) “you can state the whole law in just one commandment” or (2) “by obeying one commandment, you obey all the commandments.”
+GAL	5	14	qt9c	figs-yousingular	ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν	1	You must love your neighbor as yourself	The words **your** and **yourself** are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
+GAL	5	16	yb58	figs-metaphor	Πνεύματι περιπατεῖτε	1	walk by the Spirit	Here, **walk** is a metaphor for living. Alternate translation: “conduct your life in the power of the Holy Spirit” or “live your life in dependence on the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	5	16	dyj7	figs-idiom	ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς οὐ μὴ τελέσητε	1	you will not carry out the desires of the sinful nature	The phrase **you would certainly not fulfill the desires of the flesh**” is an idiom that means "to do what someone desires.” Alternate translation: “You will not do what your sinful nature desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+GAL	5	16	rl5s	figs-personification	ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς	1	the desires of the sinful nature	The sinful nature is spoken of as if it were a person and wanted to sin. Alternate translation: “what you want to do because of your sinful nature” or “the things you want to do because you are sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]). See how you translated this **flesh** in [Galatians 5:13]. 
+GAL	5	18	san8		οὐκ ἐστὲ ὑπὸ νόμον	1	not under the law	Alternate translation: “you are not obligated to obey the law of Moses”
+GAL	5	19	yf2a	figs-personification	τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός	1	the works of the sinful nature	The word **flesh** is used as if it were a person. The abstract noun **works** can be translated with the verb “does.” Alternate translation: “what the sinful nature does” or "the deeds if we follow the sinful desires of our hearts" or<br>"what people do because of their sinful nature." <br>See how you translated **flesh** in [Galatians 5:13] and [Galatians 5:16]. 
+GAL	5	21	rs9b	figs-metaphor	κληρονομήσουσιν	1	inherit	The word **inherit** is used as a metaphor to refer to how believers will receive what God has promised believers like someone who inherits property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	5	22	hez3	figs-metaphor	ὁ δὲ καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματός	1	the fruit of the Spirit is love…faith	Here, **fruit** is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “But what the Spirit produces” or “But the Spirit makes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	5	24	l6ux	figs-personification	τὴν σάρκα ἐσταύρωσαν σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις	1	have crucified the sinful nature with its passions and desires	Paul speaks of Christians who refuse to live according to their sinful nature as if it were a person and they have killed it on a cross. Alternate translation: “refuse to live according the sinful nature with its passions and desires, as if they killed it on a cross." See how you translated **flesh** in [Galatians 5:13], [Galatians 5:16], and [Galatians 5:19]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	5	25	h9hd		εἰ ζῶμεν Πνεύματι	1	If we live by the Spirit	Alternate translation: “Since God’s Spirit has caused us to be alive”
+GAL	5	25	sq7b	figs-metaphor	Πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν	1	walk by the Spirit	Here, **walk** is a metaphor for how a person lives. Alternate translation: “then we should allow the Holy Spirit to guide how we live” or "let us follow the Holy Spirit in every part of our lives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	6	intro	bv8h			0		# Galatians 06 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter concludes Paul’s letter. His final words address some issues that do not seem to be connected to the rest of his letter.<br><br>### Brothers<br>Paul writes the words in this chapter to Christians. He calls them “brothers.” This refers to Paul’s Christian brothers and not his Jewish brothers.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### New Creation<br><br>People who are born again are a new creation in Christ. Christians have been given new life in Christ. They have a new nature in them after they come to faith in Christ. To Paul, this is more significant than a person’s ancestry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bornagain]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br><br>This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is contrasted with “spirit.” In this chapter, flesh is also used to refer to the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])
+GAL	6	1	x8zg			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul teaches believers how they should treat other believers and how God rewards someone who is faithful.
+GAL	6	1	ss7l		ἀδελφοί	1	Brothers	See how you translated **brothers** in [Galatians 1:2], [Galatians 3:15], [Galatians 4:12], and [Galatians 5:11] (../01/02.md).
+GAL	6	1	vm8f		ἐὰν…ἄνθρωπος	1	if someone	Alternate translation: “if anyone among you” or "if one of you"
+GAL	6	1	vts8		ἐὰν καὶ προλημφθῇ ἄνθρωπος ἔν τινι παραπτώματι	1	if someone is caught in any trespass	This could mean: (1) a fellow believers catches the person committing a sin. Alternate translation: “if someone is discovered in an act of sin” or (2) a sin overcomes a person so that they sin. Alternate translation: “if someone among you sins” or "if someone is led astray to sin"
+GAL	6	1	t4rm		ὑμεῖς, οἱ πνευματικοὶ	1	you who are spiritual	Alternate translation: “those of you who are guided by the Spirit” or “you who submit to the Spirit"
+GAL	6	1	hdj8		καταρτίζετε τὸν τοιοῦτον	1	restore him	Alternate translation: “exhort the person who sinned to return to a correct relationship with God” or "you should humbly help bring that person to the right path"
+GAL	6	1	tr5r		ἐν πνεύματι πραΰτητος	1	in a spirit of gentleness	This could mean: (1) the person's attitude and disposition. Alternate translation: “with an attitude of gentleness” or “in a kind way"<br> (2) the Holy Spirit who is characterized by gentleness is directing the one offering correction or (2) Alternate translation: "through the Holy Spirit of gentleness" or "by following the Holy Spirit who is gentle"
+GAL	6	1	rrg9	figs-yousingular	σκοπῶν σεαυτόν	1	Be concerned about yourself	These words treat the Galatians as though they are all one person to emphasize that he is talking to each of them. Alternate translation: “Be concerned about yourselves” or “I say to each one of you, ‘Be careful for yourself’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
+GAL	6	1	ljx6	figs-activepassive	μὴ καὶ σὺ πειρασθῇς	1	so you also may not be tempted	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that you  are tempted and also sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+GAL	6	2<br><br><br><br>	m6jz		ἀναπληρώσετε τὸν νόμον τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1		Here, **the law of Christ** does not refer to a set of rules, but most likely to the Messiah's command to love one another in <br>[John 13:34]. It involves submission to the person of Jesus and not to a code or list of commandments. This is similar to Paul's statement that the law can be summarized by loving one another in [Galatians 5:14]. 
+GAL	6	3	v6ts		εἰ γὰρ	1	For if	**For** could be connected to (1) **carry one another’s burdens** ([Galatians 6:2](../06/02.md)) or (2)  **lest you also might be tempted** ([Galatians 6:1](../06/01.md)) or (3) *Let us not become conceited** ([Galatians 5:26](../05/26.md)).
+GAL	6	3	m4wk		εἶναί τι	1	he is something	Alternate translation: “he is better than others”
+GAL	6	3	zz1g		μηδὲν ὤν	1	he is nothing	Alternate translation: “he is not better than others”
+GAL	6	5	ee8v		τὸ ἴδιον φορτίον βαστάσει	1	each one will carry his own load	The could mean: (1) each person has their own responsibilities and tasks. Alternate translation: “each person must do the work that God has given him” or “each person is responsible for only his  work” (2) each person is responsible for their own weaknesses and sins. Alternate translation: "each person is responsible for their own weaknesses"
+GAL	6	7	x5pi	figs-metaphor	ὃ γὰρ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει	1	for whatever a man plants, that he will also gather in	Here, **sow** represents doing things that end in some kind of result, and **reap** represents experiencing the results of what one has done. Alternate translation: “for just as a farmer gathers in the fruit of whatever kind of seeds he plants, so everyone experiences the results of whatever he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	6	7	gii9	figs-gendernotations	ὃ γὰρ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος	1	whatever a man plants	Alternate translation: “whatever a person plants” or “whatever someone plants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
+GAL	6	8	lzz8	figs-metaphor	ὁ σπείρων εἰς τὴν σάρκα ἑαυτοῦ	1	plants seed to his own sinful nature	Here, **sowing** is a metaphor for doing deeds that will have consequences later. In this case, **sowing to his own flesh** refers to a person doing sinful actions because of his sinful nature. Alternate translation: “the person who continually does deeds following the evil desires of their heart” or “the person who does the things he wants to do because of his sinful nature” or "the person who does what pleases his sinful self" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	6	8	dge9	figs-metaphor	θερίσει φθοράν	1	will gather in destruction	Here, **destruction** refers to God punishing the person as if the person were harvesting a crop. Alternate translation: “will receive punishment for what he did” or "he will harvest death" or "he will harvest punishment that is forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	6	8	aqz2	figs-metaphor	ὁ δὲ σπείρων εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα	1	plants seed to the Spirit	Here, **sowing** is a metaphor for doing deeds that will have consequences later. In this case, **sowing to the Spirit** refers to a person who does good actions because he is obeying and following God’s Spirit. Alternate translation: “the person who does the things God’s Spirit loves” or "the person who lives to please the Spirit" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+GAL	6	8	k1p7		ἐκ τοῦ Πνεύματος θερίσει ζωὴν αἰώνιον	1	will gather in eternal life from the Spirit	Here, **eternal life**<br> refers to God rewarding the person as if the person were harvesting a crop. <br>Alternate translation: “will receive eternal life as a reward from God’s Spirit” or "he will harvest eternal life from the Holy Spirit"
+GAL	6	9	u77c		καιρῷ γὰρ ἰδίῳ	1	for at the right time	Alternate translation: "for at the proper time" or "when the right time arrives"
+GAL	6	10	ax66		ἄρα οὖν	1	So then	Alternate translation: “As a result of this” or “Because of this”
+GAL	6	10	jz9i		τοὺς οἰκείους τῆς πίστεως	1	those who belong to the household of faith	Alternate translation: “those who are members of God’s family through faith in Christ”
 GAL	6	11	i7ap			0	Connecting Statement:	As Paul closes this letter, he gives one more reminder that the law does not save and that they should remember the cross of Christ.
-GAL	6	11	wti2		πηλίκοις…γράμμασιν	1	what large letters	This could mean: (1) Paul is writing with large letters because he wants to emphasize the statements that follow. (2) Paul is writing with large letters because he wants to emphasize that this letter came from him.
-GAL	6	11	d6rk		τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί	1	with my own hand	This could mean: (1) Paul probably had a helper who wrote most of this letter as Paul told him what to write, but Paul himself wrote this last part of the letter. (2) Paul wrote the whole letter himself.
-GAL	6	12	kmd7		εὐπροσωπῆσαι	1	to make a good impression	“to cause others to think well of them” or “to cause others to think that they are good people”
-GAL	6	12	r5p1		ἐν σαρκί	1	in the flesh	“with visible evidence” or “by their own efforts”
-GAL	6	12	jk57		οὗτοι ἀναγκάζουσιν	1	they are compelling	“they are forcing” or “they are strongly influencing”
-GAL	6	12	hl1r		μόνον ἵνα τῷ σταυρῷ τοῦ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ μὴ διώκωνται	1	only so that they might not be persecuted for the cross of Christ Jesus	“only so that the Jews will not persecute them for claiming that the cross of Christ alone is what saves people”
-GAL	6	12	jd4x	figs-metonymy	τῷ σταυρῷ	1	for the cross	The **cross** here represents what Christ did for us when he died on the cross. Alternate translation: “for the work Jesus did on the cross” or “because of the death and resurrection of Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-GAL	6	13	zqf5		θέλουσιν	1	they want	“those people who are urging you to be circumcised want”
-GAL	6	13	bb5a		ἵνα ἐν τῇ ὑμετέρᾳ σαρκὶ καυχήσωνται	1	so that they may boast in your flesh	“so that they may be proud that they have added you to the people who try to keep the law”
-GAL	6	14	g7hh		ἐμοὶ δὲ, μὴ γένοιτο καυχᾶσθαι, εἰ μὴ ἐν τῷ σταυρῷ	1	But may it never be to me to boast except in the cross	“But I do not ever want to boast in anything other than the cross” or “But may I boast only in the cross”
-GAL	6	14	s6ic	figs-activepassive	ἐμοὶ κόσμος ἐσταύρωται	1	the world has been crucified to me	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “I think of the world as already dead” or “I treat the world like a criminal God has killed on a cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-GAL	6	14	v2qs	figs-ellipsis	κἀγὼ κόσμῳ	1	and I to the world	The words “have been crucified” are understood from the phrase before this. Alternate translation: “and I have been crucified to the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
-GAL	6	14	m45b		κἀγὼ κόσμῳ	1	and I to the world	This could mean: (1) The world thinks of Paul as already dead. (2) The world treats Paul like a criminal that God has killed on the cross.
-GAL	6	14	s9lx		κόσμος	1	the world	This could mean: (1) This refers to the people of the world, those who care nothing for God. (2) This refers to the things that those who care nothing for God think are important.
-GAL	6	15	exj8		τὶ ἐστιν	1	is anything	“is important to God”
-GAL	6	15	n6n7		καινὴ κτίσις	1	a new creation	This could mean: (1) This refers to a new believer in Jesus Christ. (2) This refers to the new life of a believer.
-GAL	6	16	b4al		εἰρήνη ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς, καὶ ἔλεος, καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	peace and mercy upon them, and upon the Israel of God	This could mean: (1) Believers in general are the Israel of God. (2) Paul is requesting peace and mercy upon Gentile believers and upon the Israel of God. or (3) Paul is requesting peace upon those who follow the rule, and mercy be upon even the Israel of God.
-GAL	6	17	v963		τοῦ λοιποῦ	1	From now on	This can also mean “Lastly” or “As I end this letter.”
-GAL	6	17	dm22		κόπους μοι μηδεὶς παρεχέτω	1	let no one cause me trouble	This could mean: (1) Paul is commanding the Galatians not to **trouble** him. Alternate translation: “I am commanding you this: do not trouble me” (2) Paul is telling the Galatians that he is commanding all people not to trouble him. Alternate translation: “I am commanding everyone this: do not trouble me” (3) Paul is expressing a desire. Alternate translation: “I do not want anyone to trouble me”
-GAL	6	17	j729		ἐγὼ γὰρ τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματί μου βαστάζω	1	for I carry in my body the marks of Jesus	These **marks** were scars from people who beat and whipped Paul because they did not like him teaching about **Jesus**. Alternate translation: “for the scars on my body show that I serve Jesus”
-GAL	6	18	b64i		ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν	1	The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit	“I pray that the Lord Jesus will be kind to your spirit”
+GAL	6	11	d6rk		τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί	1	with my own hand	This could mean: (1) Paul probably had someone write most of this letter as Paul told him what to write, but Paul himself wrote this last part of the letter or (2) Paul wrote the whole letter himself.
+GAL	6	12	kmd7		εὐπροσωπῆσαι ἐν σαρκί	1	make a good impression	Alternate translation: “others will think well of them” or “others will think that they are good people”
+GAL	6	12	r5p1		ἐν σαρκί	1	in the flesh	Here, **in the flesh** refers to their desire to circumcise the Galatian believers. Alternate translation: "outwardly" or "by the way their bodies appear"
+GAL	6	12	jd4x	figs-metonymy	τῷ σταυρῷ	1	the cross	Here, **for the cross** represents what Christ did for us when he died on the cross. Alternate translation: “the work Jesus did on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+GAL	6	14	v2qs	figs-ellipsis	κἀγὼ κόσμῳ	1	I to the world	The words **has been crucified** are understood from the previous phrase. This means  that the natural world has stopped having any claims or influence on Paul. Alternate translation: “and I have been crucified to the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
+GAL	6	15	n6n7		καινὴ κτίσις	1	a new creation	Here, **a new creation** refers to the whole process of conversion when someone trusts in the Messiah and the Holy Spirit gives that person new life. 
+GAL	6	16	b4al		τὸν Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	peace and mercy be upon them, even upon the Israel of God	This could mean: (1) believers in general are the Israel of God or (2) Jewish believers are the Israel of God or (3) the Jews in general are the Israel of God
+GAL	6	17	cz8a		κόπους μοι	1	trouble me	This means Paul does not want the Galatian believers to doubt his authority or continue to cause him trouble by following teachers who demand them to become circumcised. 
+GAL	6	17	j729		ἐγὼ γὰρ τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματί μου βαστάζω	1	for I carry on my body the marks of Jesus	Here, **the marks** were scars from people who beat and whipped Paul because they did not like him teaching about Jesus. Alternate translation: “for the scars on my body show that I serve Jesus”
 GAL	6	18	pk25		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/en_tn_58-PHM.tsv b/en_tn_58-PHM.tsv
index c7f4caff10..a377b9335f 100644
--- a/en_tn_58-PHM.tsv
+++ b/en_tn_58-PHM.tsv
@@ -1,67 +1,50 @@
 Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
-PHM	front	intro	sz2w			0		# Introduction to Philemon<br><br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Philemon<br><br>1. Paul greets Philemon (1:1-3)<br>2. Paul makes requests of Philemon about Onesimus (1:4-21)<br>3. Conclusion (1:22-25)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Philemon?<br><br>Paul wrote Philemon. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>Paul was in a prison when he wrote this letter.<br><br>### What is the Book of Philemon about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to a man named Philemon. Philemon was a Christian who lived in the city of Colossae. He owned a slave named Onesimus. Onesimus had run away from Philemon and possibly stole something from him as well. Onesimus went to Rome and visited Paul in prison.<br><br>Paul told Philemon that he was sending Onesimus back to him. Philemon had the right to execute Onesimus according to Roman law. But Paul said that Philemon should accept Onesimus back as a Christian brother. He even suggested that Philemon should allow Onesimus to come back to Paul and help him in prison.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Philemon.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to Philemon” or “The Letter Paul wrote to Philemon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Does this letter approve of the practice of slavery?<br><br>Paul sent Onesimus back to his former master. But that did not mean Paul thought slavery was an acceptable practice. Instead, Paul was more concerned with people serving God in whatever situation they were in.<br><br>### What does Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?<br><br>Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Paul. The word “you” is almost always singular and refers to Philemon. The two exceptions to this are 1:22 and 1:25. There “you” refers to Philemon and the believers that met at his house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
-PHM	1	1	sg4f	figs-you		0	General Information:	Three times Paul identifies himself as the author of this letter. Evidently Timothy was with him and probably wrote the words down as Paul said them. Paul greets others who meet for church at Philemon’s house. All instances of “I,” “me,” and “my” refer to Paul. Philemon is the main person to whom this letter is written. All instances of “you” and “your” refer to him and are singular unless otherwise noted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
-PHM	1	1	niq3	figs-exclusive	Παῦλος, δέσμιος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ, καὶ Τιμόθεος, ὁ ἀδελφὸς; Φιλήμονι	1	Paul, a prisoner of Christ Jesus, and the brother Timothy to Philemon	Your language may have a particular way of introducing the authors of a letter. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, a prisoner of Christ Jesus, and Timothy, our brother, are writing this letter to Philemon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
-PHM	1	1	cgs4		δέσμιος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ	1	a prisoner of Christ Jesus	“a prisoner for the sake of Christ Jesus.” People who opposed Paul’s preaching had punished him by putting him into prison.
-PHM	1	1	sv3p		ὁ ἀδελφὸς	1	our brother	Here, **brother** means a fellow Christian.
+PHM	front	intro	sz2w			0		# Introduction to Philemon<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Philemon<br><br>1. Paul greets Philemon (1:1-3)<br>2. Paul makes requests of Philemon about Onesimus (1:4-21)<br>3. Conclusion (1:22-25)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Philemon?<br><br>Paul wrote Philemon. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>Paul was in a prison when he wrote this letter.<br><br>### What is the Book of Philemon about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to a man named Philemon. Philemon was a Christian who lived in the city of Colossae. He owned a slave named Onesimus. Onesimus had run away from Philemon and possibly stole something from him as well. Onesimus went to Rome and visited Paul in prison.<br><br>Paul told Philemon that he was sending Onesimus back to him. Philemon had the right to execute Onesimus according to Roman law. But Paul said that Philemon should accept Onesimus back as a Christian brother. He even suggested that Philemon should allow Onesimus to come back to Paul and help him in prison.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Philemon.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to Philemon” or “The Letter Paul wrote to Philemon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Does this letter approve  the practice of slavery?<br><br>Paul sent Onesimus back to his former master. But that did not mean Paul thought slavery was an acceptable practice. Instead, Paul was more concerned with people serving God in whatever situation they were in.<br><br>### What does Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?<br><br>Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Paul. The word “you” is almost always singular and refers to Philemon. The two exceptions to this are 1:22 and 1:25. There “you” refers to Philemon and the believers that met at his house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
+PHM	1	1	sg4f	figs-you		0	General Information:	Three times Paul identifies himself as the author of this letter. Evidently Timothy was with him and probably wrote the words down as Paul said them. Paul greets others who meet for church at Philemon’s house. All instances of “I,” “me,” and “my” refer to Paul. Philemon is the main person to whom this letter is written. All instances of singular “you” and “your” refer to Philemon unless otherwise noted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
+PHM	1	1	ne8k	figs-exclusive	Παῦλος, 	1		Your language may have a particular way of introducing the authors of a letter. Alternate translations: “I am Paul," or "Paul," (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
+PHM	1	1	cgs4		δέσμιος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ	1	a prisoner of Christ Jesus	People who opposed Paul’s preaching had punished him by putting him in prison.
+PHM	1	1	sv3p		ὁ ἀδελφὸς	1	our brother	Here **brother** means a fellow Christian.
 PHM	1	1	r3l9	figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν	1	our	The word **our** here refers to Paul and those with him but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
-PHM	1	1	ww3l		καὶ συνεργῷ ἡμῶν	1	and our fellow worker	“who, like us, works to spread the gospel”
+PHM	1	1	ww3l		καὶ συνεργῷ ἡμῶν	1	and our fellow worker	alternate translation: “who, like us, works to spread the gospel”
 PHM	1	2	e8su	figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν	1	our	The word **our** here refers to Paul and those with him but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
-PHM	1	2	zh5c	translate-names	Ἀπφίᾳ, τῇ ἀδελφῇ	1	to Apphia our sister	Here, **sister** means she was a believer, and not a relative. Alternate translation: “to Apphia our fellow believer” or “to Apphia our spiritual sister” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
+PHM	1	2	kyzo			1		The letter is predominantly addressed to Philemon. It could be misleading to suggest Paul is writing to Apphia, Archippus, and the church in Philemon’s house,on the same level as Philemon. Alternate translation: "Please greet" or "we greet".
+PHM	1	2	zh5c	translate-names	Ἀπφίᾳ, τῇ ἀδελφῇ	1	to Apphia our sister	Here **sister** means she was a believer, and not a relative. Alternate translation: “to Apphia our fellow believer” or “to Apphia our spiritual sister” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
 PHM	1	2	sq44	translate-names	Ἀρχίππῳ	1	Archippus	This is the name of a man in the church with Philemon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
 PHM	1	2	mnn5	figs-metaphor	τῷ συνστρατιώτῃ ἡμῶν	1	our fellow soldier	Paul speaks here of Archippus as if they were both soldiers in an army. He means that Archippus works hard, as Paul himself works hard, to spread the gospel. Alternate translation: “our fellow spiritual warrior” or “who also fights the spiritual battle with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHM	1	3	r4nq		χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη, ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	Grace to you and peace from God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ	“May God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ give you grace and peace.” This is a blessing.
-PHM	1	3	e5z8	figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν	1	our	The word **our** here refers to Paul, those with him, and the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
+PHM	1	3	r4nq		χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη, ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	Grace to you and peace from God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ	Alternate translation: “May God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ give you grace and peace.” This is a blessing.
+PHM	1	3	e5z8	figs-inclusive	ἡμῶν	1	our	The word **our** here refers to Paul, those with him, and the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
 PHM	1	3	lh8a	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	Πατρὸς	1	Father	This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
-PHM	1	4	kh5l	figs-exclusive		0	General Information:	The word “us” is plural and refers to Paul, those with him, and all Christians, including the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
-PHM	1	6	t54l		ἡ κοινωνία τῆς πίστεώς σου	1	the fellowship of your faith	“your working together with us”
-PHM	1	6	pxw1		ἐνεργὴς γένηται ἐν ἐπιγνώσει παντὸς ἀγαθοῦ	1	may be effective for the knowledge of everything good	“may result in knowing what is good”
-PHM	1	6	n25e		εἰς Χριστόν	1	in Christ	“because of Christ”
+PHM	1	6	t54l		ἡ κοινωνία τῆς πίστεώς σου	1	the fellowship of your faith	This could mean: (1) "you share your faith with others" (2) "you share the same faith of those who believe in the Messiah" (3) "you share your possessions with others."
+PHM	1	6	pxw1		ἐνεργὴς γένηται ἐν ἐπιγνώσει παντὸς ἀγαθοῦ	1	may be effective for the knowledge of everything good	This could mean: (1) "will result in you knowing every good thing" (2) "those you share your faith with will know every good thing"
+PHM	1	6	n25e		εἰς Χριστόν	1	in Christ	Alternate translation: “because of Christ” or "what the Messiah has done for us"
 PHM	1	7	shpv	figs-activepassive	τὰ σπλάγχνα τῶν ἁγίων ἀναπέπαυται διὰ σοῦ	1	the inward parts of the saints are being refreshed by you	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you have encouraged believers” or “you have helped the believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-PHM	1	7	aq4g	figs-metonymy	τὰ σπλάγχνα τῶν ἁγίων	1	the inward parts of the saints	Here, ****inward parts**** is a metonym for a person’s emotions or inner being. Alternate translation: “the thoughts and feelings of the saints” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-PHM	1	7	m5ip		σοῦ, ἀδελφέ	1	you, brother	“you, dear brother” or “you, dear friend.” Paul called Philemon **brother** because they were both believers and he emphasizing their friendship.
+PHM	1	7	aq4g	figs-metonymy	τὰ σπλάγχνα τῶν ἁγίων	1	the inward parts of the saints	Here **inward parts** is a metonym for a person’s emotions or inner being. Alternate translation: “the thoughts and feelings of God's people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+PHM	1	7	m5ip		σοῦ, ἀδελφέ	1	you, brother	Paul called Philemon **brother** because they were both believers and he is emphasizing their spiritual friendship. Alternate translation: "you, dear brother” or “you, dear friend.”
 PHM	1	8	ayy1			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul begins his plea and the reason for his letter.
-PHM	1	8	fd84		πολλὴν ἐν Χριστῷ παρρησίαν	1	all boldness in Christ	This could mean: (1) “all authority because of Christ” or (2) “all courage because of Christ.” Alternate translation: “all courage because Christ has given me authority”
-PHM	1	9	l9fh		διὰ τὴν ἀγάπην	1	because of love	Possible meanings: (1) “because I know that you love God’s people” (2) “because you love me” or (3) “because I love you”
-PHM	1	10	lsr6			0	General Information:	Onesimus is the name of a man. He was apparently Philemon’s slave and had stolen something and ran away.
-PHM	1	10	m6fw	figs-metaphor	τοῦ ἐμοῦ τέκνου…Ὀνήσιμον	1	my child Onesimus	Paul speaks of the way he is friends with **Onesimus** as if it were the way a father and his son love each other. Onesimus was not Paul’s actual son, but he received spiritual life when Paul taught him about Jesus, and Paul loved him. Alternate translation: “my spiritual son Onesimus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHM	1	10	dj9h	translate-names	Ὀνήσιμον	1	Onesimus	The name **Onesimus** means “profitable” or “useful.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
-PHM	1	10	mui3	figs-metaphor	ὃν ἐγέννησα ἐν τοῖς δεσμοῖς	1	whom I have fathered in my chains	Here, **fathered** is a metaphor that means Paul converted Onesimus to Christ. Alternate translation: “who became my spiritual son when I taught him about Christ and he received new life while I was in my chains” or “who became like a son to me while I was in my chains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+PHM	1	8	fd84		πολλὴν ἐν Χριστῷ παρρησίαν	1	all boldness in Christ	This could mean: (1) “all authority because of Christ” or (2) “all courage because of Christ.” 
+PHM	1	9	l9fh		διὰ τὴν ἀγάπην	1	because of love	This could mean: (1) “because I know that you love God’s people”, (2) “because you love me”, or (3) “because I love you”
+PHM	1	10	lsr6	translate-names	Ὀνήσιμον	0	General Information:	Onesimus is the name of a man. He was apparently Philemon’s slave and had stolen something and ran away.<br>The name **Onesimus** means “profitable” or “useful.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
+PHM	1	10	mui3	figs-metaphor	ὃν ἐγέννησα ἐν τοῖς δεσμοῖς	1	whom I have fathered in my chains	Here **fathered** is a metaphor that means Paul told Onesimus about Christ and Onesimus became a believer. Alternate translation: “who became my spiritual son when I taught him about Christ and he received new life while I was in my chains” or “who became like a son to me while I was in my chains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHM	1	10	nx1p	figs-metonymy	ἐν τοῖς δεσμοῖς	1	in my chains	Prisoners were often bound in **chains**. Paul was in prison when he taught Onesimus and was still in prison when he wrote this letter. Alternate translation: “while I was in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 PHM	1	12	t1kp		ὃν ἀνέπεμψά σοι	1	I sent him back to you	Paul was probably sending Onesimus with another believer who carried this letter.
-PHM	1	12	h9qv	figs-metaphor	τοῦτ’ ἔστιν τὰ ἐμὰ σπλάγχνα	1	he who is my inward parts	The phrase **who is my inward parts** is a metaphor for deep feelings about someone. Paul was saying this about Onesimus. Alternate translation: “whom I love dearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHM	1	12	fdwn	figs-metonymy	τὰ ἐμὰ σπλάγχνα	1	my inward parts	Here, ** inward parts** is a metonym for a person’s emotions.Alternate translation: “good thoughts and feelings to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-PHM	1	13	t4xl		ἵνα ὑπὲρ σοῦ μοι διακονῇ	1	so that he might serve me on behalf of you	“so that, since you cannot be here, he might help me” or “so that he could help me in your place”
-PHM	1	13	bb3t	figs-metonymy	ἐν τοῖς δεσμοῖς	1	in the chains	Prisoners were often bound in **chains**. Paul was in prison when he taught Onesimus and was still in prison when he wrote this letter. Alternate translation: “while I am in prison because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-PHM	1	13	iwa8	figs-explicit	τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1	for the sake of the gospel	Paul was in prison because he preached **the gospel** publicly. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “because I preach the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHM	1	14	g9wp	figs-doublenegatives	χωρὶς δὲ τῆς σῆς γνώμης, οὐδὲν ἠθέλησα ποιῆσαι	1	But I did not want to do anything without your consent	Paul states a double negative to mean the opposite. Alternate translation: “But I wanted to keep him with me only if you approved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
-PHM	1	14	jxi7		ἵνα μὴ ὡς κατὰ ἀνάγκην τὸ ἀγαθόν σου ᾖ, ἀλλὰ κατὰ ἑκούσιον	1	so that your good deed might not be as according to compulsion but according to good will	“for I did not want you to do this good deed because I commanded you to do it, but because you wanted to do it”
-PHM	1	14	ngg8		ἀλλὰ κατὰ ἑκούσιον	1	but according to good will	“but because you freely chose to do the right thing”
-PHM	1	15	q1dr	figs-activepassive	τάχα γὰρ διὰ τοῦτο, ἐχωρίσθη πρὸς ὥραν, ἵνα	1	For perhaps for this reason he was separated from you for an hour, so that	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For perhaps the reason God took Onesimus away from you for a time was so that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-PHM	1	15	fp5v		πρὸς ὥραν	1	for an hour	“for this short time”
-PHM	1	16	l3e4		ὑπὲρ δοῦλον	1	better than a slave	“more valuable than a slave”
-PHM	1	16	f8tz		ἀδελφὸν ἀγαπητόν	1	a beloved brother	“a dear brother” or “a precious brother in Christ”
-PHM	1	16	f38v		πόσῳ δὲ μᾶλλον σοὶ	1	but much more so to you	“but he means even more to you”
-PHM	1	16	yub9	figs-metaphor	καὶ ἐν σαρκὶ	1	in both the flesh	“both as a man.” Paul is referring to Onesimus’ being a trustworthy servant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHM	1	16	scj1		ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	in the Lord	“as a brother in the Lord” or “because he belongs to the Lord”
+PHM	1	12	fdwn	figs-metonymy	τὰ ἐμὰ σπλάγχνα	1	my inward parts	Here ** inward parts** is a metonym for a person’s emotions and expresses his deep feelings for Onesimus. Alternate translation: “very precious to me" or "very special to me" or "whom I dearly love" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+PHM	1	13	t4xl		ἵνα ὑπὲρ σοῦ μοι διακονῇ	1	so that he might serve me on behalf of you	Alternate translation: “so that, since you cannot be here, he might help me” or “so that he could help me while you are away”
+PHM	1	13	bb3t	figs-metonymy	ἐν τοῖς δεσμοῖς	1	in the chains	Prisoners were often bound in **chains**. Paul was in prison when he told Onesimus about the Messiah, and he was still in prison when he wrote this letter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+PHM	1	14	ngg8		ἀλλὰ κατὰ ἑκούσιον	1	but according to good will	Alternate translation: “but because you freely chose to do the right thing” or "because you wanted to do this"
+PHM	1	16	l3e4		ὑπὲρ δοῦλον	1	better than a slave	Alternate translation: “more valuable than a slave” or "more dear than a slave"
+PHM	1	16	f8tz		ἀδελφὸν ἀγαπητόν	1	a beloved brother	Alternate translation: “a dear brother” or “a precious brother in Christ”
+PHM	1	16	scj1		ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	in the Lord	Alternate translation: “because he is a brother in the Lord” or “because he is a fellow believer in the Lord”
 PHM	1	17	e1j2		εἰ…με ἔχεις κοινωνόν	1	if you have me as a partner	“if you think of me as a fellow worker for Christ”
-PHM	1	18	u5m1		τοῦτο ἐμοὶ ἐλλόγα	1	charge that to me	“say that I am the one who owes you”
-PHM	1	19	wb53		ἐγὼ Παῦλος ἔγραψα τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί	1	I, Paul, write this with my own hand	“I, Paul, write this myself.” Paul wrote this part with his **own hand** so that Philemon would know that the words were really from Paul. Paul really would pay him.
-PHM	1	19	gn6c	figs-irony	ἵνα μὴ λέγω σοι	1	in order not to say to you	“I do not need to remind you” or “You already know.” Paul says he does not need to tell Philemon this, but then continues to tell him anyway. This emphasizes the truth of what Paul is telling him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
-PHM	1	19	st7e	figs-explicit	καὶ σεαυτόν μοι προσοφείλεις	1	you also owe me your own self	“you even owe me your own life.” Paul was implying that Philemon should not say that Onesimus or Paul owed him anything because Philemon owed Paul even more. The reason Philemon owed Paul his life can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “you owe me much because I saved your life” or “you owe me your own life because what I told you saved your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHM	1	20	xp0b	figs-explicit	ἀνάπαυσόν μου τὰ σπλάγχνα ἐν Χριστῷ	1	refresh my inward parts in Christ	How Paul wanted Philemon refresh him can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “refresh my inward parts in Christ by accepting Onesimus kindly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHM	1	20	j8lh	figs-metaphor	ἀνάπαυσόν μου τὰ σπλάγχνα	1	refresh my inward parts	Here, **refresh** is a metaphor for comfort or encourage. Alternate translation: “encourage me” or “comfort me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+PHM	1	19	wb53		ἐγὼ Παῦλος ἔγραψα τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί	1	I, Paul, write this with my own hand	Alternate translation: “I, Paul, write this myself.” Paul wrote this part of the letter with his **own hand** so that Philemon would know that the words were really from Paul. Paul really would pay him. This also implies that for most of the letter, Paul dictated what he said and it was written down by someone else. 
+PHM	1	19	gn6c	figs-irony	ἵνα μὴ λέγω σοι	1	in order not to say to you	Alternate translation: “I do not need to remind you” or “You already know.” Paul says he does not need to tell Philemon this, but then he continues to tell him anyway. This emphasizes the truth of what Paul is telling him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
+PHM	1	19	st7e	figs-explicit	καὶ σεαυτόν μοι προσοφείλεις	1	you also owe me your own self	Alternate translation: “you owe me much because I saved your life by telling you about the Messiah” or “you owe me your own life because what I told you about the Messiah saved your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHM	1	20	xp0b	figs-explicit	ἀνάπαυσόν μου τὰ σπλάγχνα ἐν Χριστῷ	1	refresh my inward parts in Christ	How Paul wanted Philemon to refresh him can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “refresh my inward parts in Christ by accepting Onesimus kindly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHM	1	20	j8lh	figs-metaphor	ἀνάπαυσόν μου τὰ σπλάγχνα	1	refresh my inward parts	Here **refresh** is a metaphor for comfort or encourage. Alternate translation: “encourage me” or “comfort me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHM	1	20	kmpp	figs-metonymy	ἀνάπαυσόν μου τὰ σπλάγχνα	1	refresh my inward parts	Here “inward parts” is a metonym for a person’s feelings, thoughts, or inner being. Alternate translation: “encourage me” or “comfort me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-PHM	1	21	am1e	figs-you		0	General Information:	Here the words “your” and “you” are plural and refer to Philemon and the believers that met at his house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
 PHM	1	21	xpn6			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul closes his letter and gives a blessing on Philemon and the believers that met for church in Philemon’s house.
-PHM	1	21	g6fx		πεποιθὼς τῇ ὑπακοῇ σου	1	Having confidence in your obedience	“Because I am sure that you will do what I ask”
-PHM	1	22	bx62		ἅμα	1	at the same time	“while you are doing this”
-PHM	1	22	akw1		καὶ ἑτοίμαζέ μοι ξενίαν	1	also prepare a guest room for me	“also make a room in your house ready for me.” Paul asked Philemon to do this for him.
-PHM	1	22	ctr4		χαρισθήσομαι ὑμῖν	1	I will be given back to you	“those who are keeping me in prison will set me free so that I can go to you.”
+PHM	1	22	bx62		ἅμα	1	at the same time	Alternate translation: “While you are doing this”
+PHM	1	22	ctr4		χαρισθήσομαι ὑμῖν	1	I will be given back to you	Alternate translation: “those who are keeping me in prison will set me free so that I can go to you.”
 PHM	1	23	x2d8	translate-names	Ἐπαφρᾶς	1	Epaphras	This is a fellow believer and prisoner with Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
-PHM	1	23	khx1		ὁ συναιχμάλωτός μου ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ	1	my fellow prisoner in Christ Jesus	“who is in prison with me because he serves Christ Jesus”
-PHM	1	24	si6p		Μᾶρκος, Ἀρίσταρχος, Δημᾶς, Λουκᾶς, οἱ συνεργοί μου	1	as do Mark, Aristarchus, Demas, and Luke, my fellow workers	“and Mark, Aristarchus, Demas, and Luke, my fellow workers, also greet you”
 PHM	1	24	i5gc	translate-names	Μᾶρκος, Ἀρίσταρχος, Δημᾶς, Λουκᾶς	1	Mark…Aristarchus…Demas…Luke	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
-PHM	1	24	gf6e		οἱ συνεργοί μου	1	my fellow workers	“the men who work with me” or “who all work with me.”
-PHM	1	25	gq7p	figs-you	τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν	1	your spirit	The word **your** here refers to Philemon and all who met in his house. Alternate translation: “your spirits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
-PHM	1	25	apvl	figs-synecdoche	μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν	1	be with your spirit	The words **your spirit** are a synecdoche and represent the people themselves. Alternate translation: “be kind to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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+PHM	1	24	gf6e		οἱ συνεργοί μου	1	my fellow workers	Alternate translation: “the men who work with me” or “who all work with me.”
+PHM	1	25	apvl	figs-synecdoche	μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν	1	be with your spirit	The words **your spirit** are a synecdoche and represent the people themselves. Paul is referring to Philemon and all who met in his house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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