@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ RUT 3 1 r7ar חֲמוֹתָ֑הּ 1 her mother-in-law Naomi is the mother of
RUT 3 1 f1uc בִּתִּ֞י 1 My daughter Ruth became Naomi’s daughter by marrying her son and further by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem.
RUT 3 1 nxr8 figs-rquestion הֲלֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־ לָ֛ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִֽיטַב־ לָֽךְ 1 should I not seek rest for you, so that it may be well with you? Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: “I must look for a place for you to rest, so that you will be taken care of.” or “I must find a husband to care for you, so that you can live without worry.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 3 1 uw2p figs-metaphor לָ֛ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ 1 rest for you Possible meanings are 1) literally in finding a house for her to live in or 2) figuratively in finding a husband to care for her. Naomi probably had both senses in mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 3 2 jdr4 grammar-connect-logic-result וְעַתָּ֗ה 1 Connecting Statement: This phrase indicates that Naomi advises Ruth because she desires to find a resting place for Ruth [Ruth 3:1]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
RUT 3 2 jdr4 grammar-connect-logic-result וְעַתָּ֗ה 1 Connecting Statement: This phrase indicates that Naomi advises Ruth because she desires to find a resting place for Ruth (3:1). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
RUT 3 2 j31t figs-explicit הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑יו 1 young female workers you were with The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: “female workers you have been with in the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 3 2 b4h8 figs-rquestion הֲלֹ֥א בֹ֨עַז֙ מֹֽדַעְתָּ֔נוּ 1 is Boaz not our kinsman? Naomi probably used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her. Alternate translation: “Boaz is our relative.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 3 2 nd8v figs-informremind הִנֵּה 1 Look The word **Look** indicates that the following statement is very important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-informremind]])
@ -153,15 +153,15 @@ RUT 3 8 c23j figs-idiom וַיִּלָּפֵ֑ת 1 He turned over He looked t
RUT 3 8 e7ui אִשָּׁ֔ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽיו 1 a woman was lying at his feet The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness.
RUT 3 9 wj9e אֲמָתֶ֔ךָ -1 your female servant Ruth spoke with humility to Boaz.
RUT 3 9 xp1b figs-idiom וּפָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֨ךָ֙ עַל־אֲמָ֣תְךָ֔ 1 Spread your cloak over your female servant This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: “Marry me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 9 l5g4 גֹאֵ֖ל 1 a kinsman-redeemer See how you translated this term in [Ruth 2:20](../02/20.md).
RUT 3 9 l5g4 גֹאֵ֖ל 1 a kinsman-redeemer See how you translated this term in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f).
RUT 3 10 bjw9 הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥ךְ הָאַחֲר֖וֹן מִן־הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 for you have showed more kindness at the end than from the beginning ***even more kindness now than before***
RUT 3 10 e7ka הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥ךְ הָאַחֲר֖וֹן 1 you have showed more kindness at the end This refers to Ruth asking Boaz to marry her. By marrying Naomi’s relative, Ruth would provide for Naomi and demonstrate great kindness to Naomi.
RUT 3 10 cbd3 הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 from the beginning This refers to the way Ruth had earlier provided for her mother-in-law by staying with her and gleaning grain for food for them.
RUT 3 10 n84d figs-idiom לְבִלְתִּי־לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙ 1 because you have not gone after ***you have not pursued marriage with***. Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 11 jdr6 grammar-connect-logic-result וְעַתָּ֗ה 1 Connecting Statement: This phrase indicates that Boaz is motivated to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer because he has seen how much kindness Ruth has shown to Naomi [Ruth 1:10]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
RUT 3 11 jdr6 grammar-connect-logic-result וְעַתָּ֗ה 1 Connecting Statement: This phrase indicates that Boaz is motivated to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer because he has seen how much kindness Ruth has shown to Naomi (1:10). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
RUT 3 11 ei93 בִּתִּי֙ 1 my daughter Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman.
RUT 3 12 jdr7 grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְעַתָּה֙ 1 Connecting Statement: This phrase indicates a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth and the possibility of another man marrying her instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
RUT 3 12 fvq5 גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽנִּי 1 a kinsman-redeemer…nearer than I It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [Ruth 2:20](../02/20.md).
RUT 3 12 fvq5 גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽנִּי 1 a kinsman-redeemer…nearer than I It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f).
RUT 3 13 gcl8 figs-explicit אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥ךְ 1 if he will redeem you Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and help carry on his family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 3 13 tkz9 חַי־יְהוָ֑ה 1 as Yahweh lives ***as surely as Yahweh lives***. This was a common Hebrew vow.
RUT 3 14 vn8p וַתִּשְׁכַּ֤ב מרגלתו 1 So she lay at his feet Ruth slept at Boaz’ feet. They did not have sex.
@ -173,13 +173,13 @@ RUT 3 15 aj7u וַיָּבֹ֖א הָעִֽיר 1 Then he went into the c
RUT 3 16 s7dr figs-idiom מִי־אַ֣תְּ בִּתִּ֑י 1 How did it go, my daughter? The meaning of this question is not clear. The literal Hebrew idiom is **Who are you?** It may mean 1) ***What happened, my daughter?*** or 2) ***Did Boaz agree to marry you?*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 16 w9p9 אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָֽשָׂה־לָ֖הּ הָאִֽישׁ 1 all that the man had done for her ***all that Boaz had done for her***
RUT 3 17 e9xx אַל־תָּב֥וֹאִי רֵיקָ֖ם 1 Do not go empty-handed ***Do not go empty-handed*** or ***Do not go with nothing*** or ***Be sure to take something***
RUT 3 17 abca שֵׁשׁ־ הַשְּׂעֹרִ֥ים 1 six measures of barley See how you translated this in [Ruth 3:15](../03/15.md).
RUT 3 17 abca שֵׁשׁ־ הַשְּׂעֹרִ֥ים 1 six measures of barley See how you translated this in [3:15](../03/15/f5zg).
RUT 3 18 u5rn אִם־כִּלָּ֥ה הַדָּבָ֖ר 1 he has finished this thing This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth.
RUT 4 intro pz6m 0 # Ruth 04 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### King David<br><br>Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel’s greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### **You must also acquire Ruth the Moabite woman**<br><br>Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.<br><br>### **This was the custom in former times**<br><br>This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down.
RUT 4 1 jdr8 writing-newevent וּבֹ֨עַז עָלָ֣ה הַשַּׁעַר֮ 1 Now Boaz went up to the gate This clause introduces the next part of the story, in which Boaz performs the role of kinsman-redeemer and marries Ruth. (See: [[rc:en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
RUT 4 1 m4by הַשַּׁעַר֮ 1 to the gate ***to the gate of the city*** or ***to the gate of Bethlehem***. This was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. There was an open area by the gate that was used as a meeting place to discuss community matters.
RUT 4 1 jdr9 figs-informremind וְהִנֵּ֨ה 1 Behold, The word **Behold** alerts us to the important event of Boaz sitting down at the gate and seeing the exact person he wanted to see walking by. Your language may also have a specific way of alerting someone to pay careful attention to what happens next in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-informremind]])
RUT 4 1 kz1g הַגֹּאֵ֤ל 1 the kinsman-redeemer This was the closest living relative to Elimelek. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [Ruth 2:20](../02/20.md).
RUT 4 1 kz1g הַגֹּאֵ֤ל 1 the kinsman-redeemer This was the closest living relative to Elimelek. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f).
RUT 4 2 bf74 מִזִּקְנֵ֥י הָעִ֖יר 1 from the elders of the city ***from the leaders of the city***
RUT 4 3 es9g חֶלְקַת֙ הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה…מָכְרָ֣ה נָעֳמִ֔י 1 Naomi…is selling the parcel of land It was the responsibility of the kinsman to buy back his relative’s land and to care for his family. In this case, it meant the man must buy Naomi’s land, marry Ruth, and care for Naomi.
RUT 4 4 c6xi נֶ֥גֶד 1 in front of ***in the presence of***. This would make the transaction legal and binding.
@ -193,13 +193,13 @@ RUT 4 5 b3sy לְהָקִ֥ים שֵׁם־הַמֵּ֖ת 1 to raise up th
RUT 4 5 figs-nominaladj הַמֵּ֖ת 1 the dead Ruth's husband was the **dead**. This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective **the dead**. Alternate translation: “the man who died” of “her husband who died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
RUT 4 6 sx9k אַשְׁחִ֖ית אֶת־נַחֲלָתִ֑י 1 damaging my own inheritance If he married Ruth, he would have to give some of his own wealth to the children that Ruth might bear.
RUT 4 6 sa7h גְּאַל־לְךָ֤ אַתָּה֙ אֶת־גְּאֻלָּתִ֔י 1 You redeem for yourself my right of redemption ***You yourself redeem it instead of me***
RUT 4 7 wga9 writing-background וְזֹאת֩ 1 Now it was thus ***Now this was the custom***. The writer of the book explains of the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 4 7 wga9 writing-background וְזֹאת֩ 1 Now it was thus ***Now this was the custom***. The writer of the book explains of the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 4 7 lgf5 writing-background לְפָנִ֨ים 1 in former times ***in earlier times***. This implies that the customs had changed from when the story took place until when the book was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 4 7 d46w לְרֵעֵ֑הוּ 1 to the other This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his sandal.
RUT 4 9 zz42 figs-hyperbole לַזְּקֵנִ֜ים וְכָל־הָעָ֗ם 1 to the elders and to all the people This is a generalization. It refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
RUT 4 9 img5 כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֶֽאֱלִימֶ֔לֶךְ וְאֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְכִלְי֖וֹן וּמַחְל֑וֹן 1 all that was Elimelek’s and all that was Kilion’s and Mahlon’s This refers to all the land and possessions of Naomi’s dead husband and sons.
RUT 4 9 lwx9 figs-synecdoche מִיַּ֖ד נָעֳמִֽי 1 from the hand of Naomi The hand of Naomi represents Naomi. She was responsible for the money exchange. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
RUT 4 10 jdr0 Grammar-connect-words-phrases 1 Connecting Statement: This statement indicates that the people sitting at the gate are witnesses both to the fact that Boaz is claiming Ruth to be his wife and to the fact that he is buying back Elimilech’s family land for Naomi [Ruth 1:9].
RUT 4 10 jdr0 Grammar-connect-words-phrases 1 Connecting Statement: This statement indicates that the people sitting at the gate are witnesses both to the fact that Boaz is claiming Ruth to be his wife and to the fact that he is buying back Elimilech’s family land for Naomi (1:9).
RUT 4 10 nm32 לְהָקִ֤ים שֵׁם־הַמֵּת֙ עַל־נַ֣חֲלָת֔וֹ 1 to raise up the name of the dead man through his inheritance The first son that Ruth bore would be legally considered Mahlon’s son and would inherit the land that Boaz bought from Naomi. Alternate translation: “so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man’s property”
RUT 4 10 gg1m figs-metaphor וְלֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַמֵּ֛ת מֵעִ֥ם אֶחָ֖יו 1 so that his name will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place Being forgotten is spoken of as if one’s name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: “so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers’ descendants and the people of this town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 4 10 xpu5 וּמִשַּׁ֣עַר מְקוֹמ֑וֹ 1 and from the gate of his place The gate of the town is where important legal decisions were made, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land.
@ -226,4 +226,4 @@ RUT 4 17 fkf2 יֻלַּד־בֵּ֖ן לְנָעֳמִ֑י 1 A son has been
RUT 4 17 f9ha figs-explicit אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד 1 the father of David ***father of King David***. Though ***King*** is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that David was King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 4 18 mzm1 תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ 1 the generations of Perez ***the successive descendants***. Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez.
should I not seek rest for you, so that it may be well with you?
Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: “I must look for a place for you to rest, so that you will be taken care of.” or “I must find a husband to care for you, so that you can live without worry.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
133
RUT
3
1
uw2p
figs-metaphor
לָ֛ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ
1
rest for you
Possible meanings are 1) literally in finding a house for her to live in or 2) figuratively in finding a husband to care for her. Naomi probably had both senses in mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
134
RUT
3
2
jdr4
grammar-connect-logic-result
וְעַתָּ֗ה
1
Connecting Statement:
This phrase indicates that Naomi advises Ruth because she desires to find a resting place for Ruth [Ruth 3:1]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])This phrase indicates that Naomi advises Ruth because she desires to find a resting place for Ruth (3:1). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
135
RUT
3
2
j31t
figs-explicit
הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑יו
1
young female workers you were with
The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: “female workers you have been with in the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
136
RUT
3
2
b4h8
figs-rquestion
הֲלֹ֥א בֹ֨עַז֙ מֹֽדַעְתָּ֔נוּ
1
is Boaz not our kinsman?
Naomi probably used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her. Alternate translation: “Boaz is our relative.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
137
RUT
3
2
nd8v
figs-informremind
הִנֵּה
1
Look
The word **Look** indicates that the following statement is very important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-informremind]])
153
RUT
3
8
e7ui
אִשָּׁ֔ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽיו
1
a woman was lying at his feet
The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness.
154
RUT
3
9
wj9e
אֲמָתֶ֔ךָ
-1
your female servant
Ruth spoke with humility to Boaz.
155
RUT
3
9
xp1b
figs-idiom
וּפָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֨ךָ֙ עַל־אֲמָ֣תְךָ֔
1
Spread your cloak over your female servant
This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: “Marry me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
156
RUT
3
9
l5g4
גֹאֵ֖ל
1
a kinsman-redeemer
See how you translated this term in [Ruth 2:20](../02/20.md).See how you translated this term in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f).
for you have showed more kindness at the end than from the beginning
***even more kindness now than before***
158
RUT
3
10
e7ka
הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥ךְ הָאַחֲר֖וֹן
1
you have showed more kindness at the end
This refers to Ruth asking Boaz to marry her. By marrying Naomi’s relative, Ruth would provide for Naomi and demonstrate great kindness to Naomi.
159
RUT
3
10
cbd3
הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן
1
from the beginning
This refers to the way Ruth had earlier provided for her mother-in-law by staying with her and gleaning grain for food for them.
160
RUT
3
10
n84d
figs-idiom
לְבִלְתִּי־לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙
1
because you have not gone after
***you have not pursued marriage with***. Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
161
RUT
3
11
jdr6
grammar-connect-logic-result
וְעַתָּ֗ה
1
Connecting Statement:
This phrase indicates that Boaz is motivated to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer because he has seen how much kindness Ruth has shown to Naomi [Ruth 1:10]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])This phrase indicates that Boaz is motivated to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer because he has seen how much kindness Ruth has shown to Naomi (1:10). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
162
RUT
3
11
ei93
בִּתִּי֙
1
my daughter
Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman.
163
RUT
3
12
jdr7
grammar-connect-logic-contrast
וְעַתָּה֙
1
Connecting Statement:
This phrase indicates a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth and the possibility of another man marrying her instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
164
RUT
3
12
fvq5
גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽנִּי
1
a kinsman-redeemer…nearer than I
It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [Ruth 2:20](../02/20.md).It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f).
165
RUT
3
13
gcl8
figs-explicit
אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥ךְ
1
if he will redeem you
Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and help carry on his family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
166
RUT
3
13
tkz9
חַי־יְהוָ֑ה
1
as Yahweh lives
***as surely as Yahweh lives***. This was a common Hebrew vow.
167
RUT
3
14
vn8p
וַתִּשְׁכַּ֤ב מרגלתו
1
So she lay at his feet
Ruth slept at Boaz’ feet. They did not have sex.
173
RUT
3
16
s7dr
figs-idiom
מִי־אַ֣תְּ בִּתִּ֑י
1
How did it go, my daughter?
The meaning of this question is not clear. The literal Hebrew idiom is **Who are you?** It may mean 1) ***What happened, my daughter?*** or 2) ***Did Boaz agree to marry you?*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
174
RUT
3
16
w9p9
אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָֽשָׂה־לָ֖הּ הָאִֽישׁ
1
all that the man had done for her
***all that Boaz had done for her***
175
RUT
3
17
e9xx
אַל־תָּב֥וֹאִי רֵיקָ֖ם
1
Do not go empty-handed
***Do not go empty-handed*** or ***Do not go with nothing*** or ***Be sure to take something***
176
RUT
3
17
abca
שֵׁשׁ־ הַשְּׂעֹרִ֥ים
1
six measures of barley
See how you translated this in [Ruth 3:15](../03/15.md).See how you translated this in [3:15](../03/15/f5zg).
177
RUT
3
18
u5rn
אִם־כִּלָּ֥ה הַדָּבָ֖ר
1
he has finished this thing
This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth.
178
RUT
4
intro
pz6m
0
# Ruth 04 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### King David<br><br>Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel’s greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### **You must also acquire Ruth the Moabite woman**<br><br>Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.<br><br>### **This was the custom in former times**<br><br>This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down.
179
RUT
4
1
jdr8
writing-newevent
וּבֹ֨עַז עָלָ֣ה הַשַּׁעַר֮
1
Now Boaz went up to the gate
This clause introduces the next part of the story, in which Boaz performs the role of kinsman-redeemer and marries Ruth. (See: [[rc:en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
180
RUT
4
1
m4by
הַשַּׁעַר֮
1
to the gate
***to the gate of the city*** or ***to the gate of Bethlehem***. This was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. There was an open area by the gate that was used as a meeting place to discuss community matters.
181
RUT
4
1
jdr9
figs-informremind
וְהִנֵּ֨ה
1
Behold,
The word **Behold** alerts us to the important event of Boaz sitting down at the gate and seeing the exact person he wanted to see walking by. Your language may also have a specific way of alerting someone to pay careful attention to what happens next in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-informremind]])
182
RUT
4
1
kz1g
הַגֹּאֵ֤ל
1
the kinsman-redeemer
This was the closest living relative to Elimelek. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [Ruth 2:20](../02/20.md).This was the closest living relative to Elimelek. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f).
183
RUT
4
2
bf74
מִזִּקְנֵ֥י הָעִ֖יר
1
from the elders of the city
***from the leaders of the city***
184
RUT
4
3
es9g
חֶלְקַת֙ הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה…מָכְרָ֣ה נָעֳמִ֔י
1
Naomi…is selling the parcel of land
It was the responsibility of the kinsman to buy back his relative’s land and to care for his family. In this case, it meant the man must buy Naomi’s land, marry Ruth, and care for Naomi.
185
RUT
4
4
c6xi
נֶ֥גֶד
1
in front of
***in the presence of***. This would make the transaction legal and binding.
193
RUT
4
5
figs-nominaladj
הַמֵּ֖ת
1
the dead
Ruth's husband was the **dead**. This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective **the dead**. Alternate translation: “the man who died” of “her husband who died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
194
RUT
4
6
sx9k
אַשְׁחִ֖ית אֶת־נַחֲלָתִ֑י
1
damaging my own inheritance
If he married Ruth, he would have to give some of his own wealth to the children that Ruth might bear.
195
RUT
4
6
sa7h
גְּאַל־לְךָ֤ אַתָּה֙ אֶת־גְּאֻלָּתִ֔י
1
You redeem for yourself my right of redemption
***You yourself redeem it instead of me***
196
RUT
4
7
wga9
writing-background
וְזֹאת֩
1
Now it was thus
***Now this was the custom ***. The writer of the book explains of the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])***Now this was the custom***. The writer of the book explains of the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
197
RUT
4
7
lgf5
writing-background
לְפָנִ֨ים
1
in former times
***in earlier times***. This implies that the customs had changed from when the story took place until when the book was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
198
RUT
4
7
d46w
לְרֵעֵ֑הוּ
1
to the other
This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his sandal.
199
RUT
4
9
zz42
figs-hyperbole
לַזְּקֵנִ֜ים וְכָל־הָעָ֗ם
1
to the elders and to all the people
This is a generalization. It refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
all that was Elimelek’s and all that was Kilion’s and Mahlon’s
This refers to all the land and possessions of Naomi’s dead husband and sons.
201
RUT
4
9
lwx9
figs-synecdoche
מִיַּ֖ד נָעֳמִֽי
1
from the hand of Naomi
The hand of Naomi represents Naomi. She was responsible for the money exchange. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
202
RUT
4
10
jdr0
Grammar-connect-words-phrases
1
Connecting Statement:
This statement indicates that the people sitting at the gate are witnesses both to the fact that Boaz is claiming Ruth to be his wife and to the fact that he is buying back Elimilech’s family land for Naomi [Ruth 1:9].This statement indicates that the people sitting at the gate are witnesses both to the fact that Boaz is claiming Ruth to be his wife and to the fact that he is buying back Elimilech’s family land for Naomi (1:9).
203
RUT
4
10
nm32
לְהָקִ֤ים שֵׁם־הַמֵּת֙ עַל־נַ֣חֲלָת֔וֹ
1
to raise up the name of the dead man through his inheritance
The first son that Ruth bore would be legally considered Mahlon’s son and would inherit the land that Boaz bought from Naomi. Alternate translation: “so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man’s property”
204
RUT
4
10
gg1m
figs-metaphor
וְלֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַמֵּ֛ת מֵעִ֥ם אֶחָ֖יו
1
so that his name will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place
Being forgotten is spoken of as if one’s name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: “so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers’ descendants and the people of this town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
205
RUT
4
10
xpu5
וּמִשַּׁ֣עַר מְקוֹמ֑וֹ
1
and from the gate of his place
The gate of the town is where important legal decisions were made, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land.
226
RUT
4
17
f9ha
figs-explicit
אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד
1
the father of David
***father of King David***. Though ***King*** is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that David was King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
227
RUT
4
18
mzm1
תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ
1
the generations of Perez
***the successive descendants***. Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez.
***father of King David***. See the note about **David** on [Ruth 4:17](../04/17.md).***father of King David***. See the note about **David** on [4:17](../04/17/f9ha)
Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
JON front intro hk4p 0 # Introduction to Jonah<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Jonah<br><br>1. Jonah tries to run away from Yahweh (1:1-2:10)<br> - Jonah disobeys Yahweh’s first call to go to Nineveh (1:1–3)<br> - Jonah and the Gentile sailors (1:4–16)<br> - Yahweh provides a large fish to swallow Jonah, and he prays and is rescued (1:17–2:10)<br>1. Jonah in Nineveh (3:1-4:11)<br> - Yahweh again calls Jonah to go to Nineveh, and Jonah proclaims Yahweh’s message (3:1–4)<br> - Nineveh repents (3:5-9)<br> - Yahweh decides not to destroy Nineveh (3:10)<br> - Jonah is very angry with Yahweh (4:1–3)<br> - Yahweh teaches Jonah about grace and mercy (4:4–11)<br><br>### What is the Book of Jonah about?<br><br>Jonah, son of Amittai, was a prophet from Gath Hepher (2 Kings 14:25). This book tells about what happened to Jonah. It tells how Yahweh shows mercy and grace to Gentiles. It also tells how the Ninevites repented and called out to Yahweh for mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br><br>Yahweh sent Jonah to warn the people of Nineveh that he was ready to punish them. Yahweh said that if they would repent he would not harm them. However, Jonah was an Israelite and he did not want the Ninevites to repent. So Jonah tried to sail away in the opposite direction instead of doing what Yahweh told him to do. But Yahweh stopped him by sending a storm and a large fish to swallow him.<br><br>Jonah repented and warned the Ninevites. As a result, Yahweh taught him that he is concerned about all people, not just the Israelites.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book is traditionally titled ***The Book of Jonah*** or just ***Jonah***. Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as ***The Book about Jonah***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Jonah?<br><br>Jonah was probably involved in the writing of this book. However, scholars do not know who actually wrote it.<br><br>Jonah lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He prophesied sometime between 800 and 750 B.C. during the reign of King Jeroboam II.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the nation of Assyria?<br><br>During the time of Jonah, Assyria was the most powerful kingdom in the ancient Near East. Nineveh was the capital city of Assyria.<br><br>Assyria was cruel to its enemies. Eventually, Yahweh punished the Assyrians for the wicked things they did.<br><br>### Did Assyria convert to Judaism?<br><br>Some scholars think that the Assyrians started worshiping Yahweh alone. However, most scholars think they continued to worship other false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br>
JON 1 intro xvp2 0 # Jonah 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The narrative of this chapter starts abruptly. This could cause difficulty for the translator. The translator should not attempt to smooth this introduction unless absolutely necessary.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Miracle<br><br>In verse [Jonah 17](./17.md), there is the mention of **a great fish**. It may be difficult to imagine a sea creature big enough to swallow a man whole and who then survives for three days and nights inside. Translators should not try to explain miraculous events in an attempt to make it easier to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Situational irony<br><br>There is an ironic situation in this chapter. Jonah is a prophet of God and should endeavor to do God’s will. Instead, he is running away from God. Although the Gentile sailors are not Israelites, they act out of faith and fear of Yahweh when sending Jonah to a certain death by throwing him overboard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>### Sea<br><br>People in the ancient Near East also saw the sea as chaotic and did not trust it. Some of the gods they worshiped were gods of the sea. Jonah’s people, the Hebrews, feared the sea greatly. However, Jonah’s fear of Yahweh was not enough to keep him from going into a ship and sailing to get away from Yahweh. His actions are contrasted by the actions of the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Implicit information<br><br>Even though no one knows for sure where Tarshish was, the writer assumes that the reader knows that Jonah had to face away from Nineveh to go there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
JON 1 1 jdr1 writing-newevent וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Now the word of Yahweh came This phrase introduces the first half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the second half of the story [Jonah 3:1]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
JON 1 1 jdr1 writing-newevent וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Now the word of Yahweh came This phrase introduces the first half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the second half of the story (3:1). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
JON 1 1 ll6c figs-idiom וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Now the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 1 1 qa3z דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 the word of Yahweh ***the message of Yahweh***
JON 1 1 s6av יְהוָ֔ה 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
JON 2 9 r4j4 figs-abstractnouns יְשׁוּעָ֖תָה לַיהוָֽה 1 Salvation is from Yahweh This can be reworded so that the abstract noun **salvation** is expressed as the verb ***save***. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who saves people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JON 2 10 dz3j אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָֽׁה 1 upon the dry land ***upon the ground*** or ***onto the shore***
JON 3 intro z3ut 0 # Jonah 03 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter returns to a narrative of Jonah’s life.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Animals<br><br>According to the king’s proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast he ordered. This most likely reflects their pagan mindset. There was nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have the animals participate in any religious acts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Size of Nineveh<br><br>When the author talks about the size of Nineveh, the measurements he gives are confusing. The phrase ***three days’ journey*** is ambiguous in Hebrew, as many scholars have remarked. In Jonah’s day, cities were not as big as they are today. So although Nineveh was a big city, it was not as big as most modern cities.<br><br>### God repenting or relenting<br><br>The last verse of this chapter says, **So then God changed his mind about the punishment that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it**. This concept of God changing His mind may be troubling for some translators and people may struggle to understand it. God’s character is consistent. This whole book is written from a human viewpoint and so it is hard to understand the mind of God.<br><br>Yahweh is just and merciful so even though God did not follow through with a judgment in this instance, God’s plan is always to punish evil. Later in history this nation did fall and was destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br>
JON 3 1 jdr7 writing-newevent וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The word of Yahweh came This phrase introduces the second half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the first half of the story [Jonah 1:1]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
JON 3 1 xj6n figs-idiom וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. See how you translated this in [Jonah 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 3 1 jdr7 writing-newevent וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The word of Yahweh came This phrase introduces the second half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the first half of the story (1:1). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
JON 3 1 xj6n figs-idiom וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. See how you translated this in [1:1](../01/01/ll6c). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 3 2 ve4i ק֛וּם לֵ֥ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֖ה הָעִ֣יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֑ה 1 Get up, go to Nineveh, the great city ***Go to the important city of Nineveh***
JON 3 2 cl3b figs-idiom ק֛וּם 1 Get up This refers to leaving the place one is at. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 3 2 ir79 וִּקְרָ֤א אֵלֶ֨יהָ֙ אֶת־הַקְּרִיאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י דֹּבֵ֥ר אֵלֶֽיךָ 1 proclaim to it the message that I tell you ***tell the people what I tell you to tell them***
JON 4 8 mnu9 וַתַּ֥ךְ הַשֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ 1 the sun beat down ***the sun was very hot***
JON 4 8 u2pl figs-synecdoche עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה 1 on the head of Jonah Jonah may have felt the heat most on his head. Alternate translation: “on Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JON 4 8 z95v וַיִּתְעַלָּ֑ף 1 and he became faint ***and he became very weak*** or ***and he lost his strength***
JON 4 8 eln6 ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי 1 It is better for me to die than for me to live ***I would prefer to die than live*** or ***I want to die. I do not want to live***. See how you translated this in [Jonah 4:3](../04/03.md).
JON 4 8 eln6 ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי 1 It is better for me to die than for me to live ***I would prefer to die than live*** or ***I want to die. I do not want to live***. See how you translated this in [4:3](../04/03/yk5v).
JON 4 9 a5f5 figs-rquestion הַהֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְךָ֖ עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant? God challenges Jonah for being angry that the plant died and yet wanted God to kill the people of Nineveh. Alternate translation: “Your anger about the plant dying is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 4 9 w24z figs-explicit הַהֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְךָ֖ עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant? Implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You should be more concerned about the people in Nineveh dying than about the plant dying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 9 h43a הֵיטֵ֥ב חָֽרָה־לִ֖י עַד־מָֽוֶת 1 It is good for me to burn with anger, even to death. ***It is good that I am angry. Now I am angry enough to die!***
1
Book
Chapter
Verse
ID
SupportReference
OrigQuote
Occurrence
GLQuote
OccurrenceNote
2
JON
front
intro
hk4p
0
# Introduction to Jonah<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Jonah<br><br>1. Jonah tries to run away from Yahweh (1:1-2:10)<br> - Jonah disobeys Yahweh’s first call to go to Nineveh (1:1–3)<br> - Jonah and the Gentile sailors (1:4–16)<br> - Yahweh provides a large fish to swallow Jonah, and he prays and is rescued (1:17–2:10)<br>1. Jonah in Nineveh (3:1-4:11)<br> - Yahweh again calls Jonah to go to Nineveh, and Jonah proclaims Yahweh’s message (3:1–4)<br> - Nineveh repents (3:5-9)<br> - Yahweh decides not to destroy Nineveh (3:10)<br> - Jonah is very angry with Yahweh (4:1–3)<br> - Yahweh teaches Jonah about grace and mercy (4:4–11)<br><br>### What is the Book of Jonah about?<br><br>Jonah, son of Amittai, was a prophet from Gath Hepher (2 Kings 14:25). This book tells about what happened to Jonah. It tells how Yahweh shows mercy and grace to Gentiles. It also tells how the Ninevites repented and called out to Yahweh for mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br><br>Yahweh sent Jonah to warn the people of Nineveh that he was ready to punish them. Yahweh said that if they would repent he would not harm them. However, Jonah was an Israelite and he did not want the Ninevites to repent. So Jonah tried to sail away in the opposite direction instead of doing what Yahweh told him to do. But Yahweh stopped him by sending a storm and a large fish to swallow him.<br><br>Jonah repented and warned the Ninevites. As a result, Yahweh taught him that he is concerned about all people, not just the Israelites.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book is traditionally titled ***The Book of Jonah*** or just ***Jonah***. Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as ***The Book about Jonah***. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Jonah?<br><br>Jonah was probably involved in the writing of this book. However, scholars do not know who actually wrote it.<br><br>Jonah lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He prophesied sometime between 800 and 750 B.C. during the reign of King Jeroboam II.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the nation of Assyria?<br><br>During the time of Jonah, Assyria was the most powerful kingdom in the ancient Near East. Nineveh was the capital city of Assyria.<br><br>Assyria was cruel to its enemies. Eventually, Yahweh punished the Assyrians for the wicked things they did.<br><br>### Did Assyria convert to Judaism?<br><br>Some scholars think that the Assyrians started worshiping Yahweh alone. However, most scholars think they continued to worship other false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br>
3
JON
1
intro
xvp2
0
# Jonah 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The narrative of this chapter starts abruptly. This could cause difficulty for the translator. The translator should not attempt to smooth this introduction unless absolutely necessary.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Miracle<br><br>In verse [Jonah 17](./17.md), there is the mention of **a great fish**. It may be difficult to imagine a sea creature big enough to swallow a man whole and who then survives for three days and nights inside. Translators should not try to explain miraculous events in an attempt to make it easier to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Situational irony<br><br>There is an ironic situation in this chapter. Jonah is a prophet of God and should endeavor to do God’s will. Instead, he is running away from God. Although the Gentile sailors are not Israelites, they act out of faith and fear of Yahweh when sending Jonah to a certain death by throwing him overboard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>### Sea<br><br>People in the ancient Near East also saw the sea as chaotic and did not trust it. Some of the gods they worshiped were gods of the sea. Jonah’s people, the Hebrews, feared the sea greatly. However, Jonah’s fear of Yahweh was not enough to keep him from going into a ship and sailing to get away from Yahweh. His actions are contrasted by the actions of the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Implicit information<br><br>Even though no one knows for sure where Tarshish was, the writer assumes that the reader knows that Jonah had to face away from Nineveh to go there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
4
JON
1
1
jdr1
writing-newevent
וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה
1
Now the word of Yahweh came
This phrase introduces the first half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the second half of the story [Jonah 3:1]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])This phrase introduces the first half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the second half of the story (3:1). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
5
JON
1
1
ll6c
figs-idiom
וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה
1
Now the word of Yahweh came
This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6
JON
1
1
qa3z
דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה
1
the word of Yahweh
***the message of Yahweh***
7
JON
1
1
s6av
יְהוָ֔ה
1
Yahweh
This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
93
JON
2
9
r4j4
figs-abstractnouns
יְשׁוּעָ֖תָה לַיהוָֽה
1
Salvation is from Yahweh
This can be reworded so that the abstract noun **salvation** is expressed as the verb ***save***. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who saves people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
94
JON
2
10
dz3j
אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָֽׁה
1
upon the dry land
***upon the ground*** or ***onto the shore***
95
JON
3
intro
z3ut
0
# Jonah 03 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter returns to a narrative of Jonah’s life.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Animals<br><br>According to the king’s proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast he ordered. This most likely reflects their pagan mindset. There was nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have the animals participate in any religious acts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Size of Nineveh<br><br>When the author talks about the size of Nineveh, the measurements he gives are confusing. The phrase ***three days’ journey*** is ambiguous in Hebrew, as many scholars have remarked. In Jonah’s day, cities were not as big as they are today. So although Nineveh was a big city, it was not as big as most modern cities.<br><br>### God repenting or relenting<br><br>The last verse of this chapter says, **So then God changed his mind about the punishment that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it**. This concept of God changing His mind may be troubling for some translators and people may struggle to understand it. God’s character is consistent. This whole book is written from a human viewpoint and so it is hard to understand the mind of God.<br><br>Yahweh is just and merciful so even though God did not follow through with a judgment in this instance, God’s plan is always to punish evil. Later in history this nation did fall and was destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br>
96
JON
3
1
jdr7
writing-newevent
וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה
1
The word of Yahweh came
This phrase introduces the second half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the first half of the story [Jonah 1:1]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])This phrase introduces the second half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the first half of the story (1:1). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
97
JON
3
1
xj6n
figs-idiom
וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה
1
The word of Yahweh came
This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. See how you translated this in [Jonah 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. See how you translated this in [1:1](../01/01/ll6c). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
98
JON
3
2
ve4i
ק֛וּם לֵ֥ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֖ה הָעִ֣יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֑ה
1
Get up, go to Nineveh, the great city
***Go to the important city of Nineveh***
99
JON
3
2
cl3b
figs-idiom
ק֛וּם
1
Get up
This refers to leaving the place one is at. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
***tell the people what I tell you to tell them***
150
JON
4
8
mnu9
וַתַּ֥ךְ הַשֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ
1
the sun beat down
***the sun was very hot***
151
JON
4
8
u2pl
figs-synecdoche
עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה
1
on the head of Jonah
Jonah may have felt the heat most on his head. Alternate translation: “on Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
152
JON
4
8
z95v
וַיִּתְעַלָּ֑ף
1
and he became faint
***and he became very weak*** or ***and he lost his strength***
153
JON
4
8
eln6
ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי
1
It is better for me to die than for me to live
***I would prefer to die than live*** or ***I want to die. I do not want to live***. See how you translated this in [Jonah 4:3](../04/03.md).***I would prefer to die than live*** or ***I want to die. I do not want to live***. See how you translated this in [4:3](../04/03/yk5v).
154
JON
4
9
a5f5
figs-rquestion
הַהֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְךָ֖ עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֑וֹן
1
Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant?
God challenges Jonah for being angry that the plant died and yet wanted God to kill the people of Nineveh. Alternate translation: “Your anger about the plant dying is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
155
JON
4
9
w24z
figs-explicit
הַהֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְךָ֖ עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֑וֹן
1
Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant?
Implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You should be more concerned about the people in Nineveh dying than about the plant dying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
156
JON
4
9
h43a
הֵיטֵ֥ב חָֽרָה־לִ֖י עַד־מָֽוֶת
1
It is good for me to burn with anger, even to death.
***It is good that I am angry. Now I am angry enough to die!***
@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ TIT 1 1 fyf8 τῆς κατ’ εὐσέβειαν 1 that agrees with godliness
TIT 1 2 xyz9 ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου 1 withthecertainhopeof everlastinglife ***that gives us the certain hope of everlasting life*** or ***based on our certain hope for everlasting life***
TIT 1 2 r2gj πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων 1 before all the ages of time ***before time began***
TIT 1 3 b22h καιροῖς ἰδίοις 1 at the right time ***at the proper time***
TIT 1 3 swi9 figs-metaphor ἐφανέρωσεν…τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ 1 he revealed his word Paul speaks of God’s word as if it were an object that could be visibly shown to people. Alternate translation: ***He caused me to understand his message*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 3 swi9 figs-metaphor ἐφανέρωσεν…τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ 1 he revealed his word Paul speaks of God’s word as if it were an object that could be visibly shown to people. Alternate translation: “He caused me to understand his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 3 abc9 ἐν κηρύγματι 1 by the proclamation ***through the proclamation of the message***
TIT 1 3 m41u figs-activepassive ὃ ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ 1 that I was entrusted with This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: ***he entrusted to me*** or ***he gave me the responsibility to preach*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
TIT 1 3 m41u figs-activepassive ὃ ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ 1 that I was entrusted with This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he entrusted to me” or “he gave me the responsibility to preach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
TIT 1 3 dpn4 τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 of God our Savior ***of God, who saves us***
TIT 1 3 xy18 figs-inclusive ἡμῶν 1 our This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 1 4 gu55 figs-metaphor γνησίῳ τέκνῳ 1 a true son Though Titus was not Paul’s biological **son**, they share a common faith in Christ. Paul considers relationship to Christ through faith to be more important than biological relationship. Thus, because of their relative ages and shared faith in Christ, Paul considers Titus as his own son. It may also be that Paul led Titus to faith in Christ, and so Titus is like a son in this spiritual sense. Alternate translation: ***you are like a son to me*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 4 wx6c κοινὴν πίστιν 1 our common faith Paul and Titus both share the same faith in Christ. Alternate translation: ***because we both believe in Christ***
TIT 1 4 h93t figs-ellipsis χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη 1 Grace and peace This was a common greeting Paul used. You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: ***May you experience kindness and inner peace*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
TIT 1 4 gu55 figs-metaphor γνησίῳ τέκνῳ 1 a true son Though Titus was not Paul’s biological **son**, they share a common faith in Christ. Paul considers relationship to Christ through faith to be more important than biological relationship. Thus, because of their relative ages and shared faith in Christ, Paul considers Titus as his own son. It may also be that Paul led Titus to faith in Christ, and so Titus is like a son in this spiritual sense. Alternate translation: “you are like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 4 wx6c κοινὴν πίστιν 1 our common faith Paul and Titus both share the same faith in Christ. Alternate translation: “because we both believe in Christ”
TIT 1 4 h93t figs-ellipsis χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη 1 Grace and peace This was a common greeting Paul used. You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness and inner peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
TIT 1 4 s3yr Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν 1 Christ Jesus our Savior ***Christ Jesus who is our Savior***
TIT 1 4 xy17 figs-inclusive ἡμῶν 1 our This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 1 5 ew8h τούτου χάριν 1 For this purpose ***This is the reason***
@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ TIT 1 5 ga62 ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ 1 that you
TIT 1 5 p56w πρεσβυτέρους 1 elders In the early Christian churches, Christian elders gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers.
TIT 1 6 wja4 0 Connecting Statement: Having told Titus to ordain elders in every city on the island of Crete, Paul then gives the requirements for elders.
TIT 1 6 jen8 εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος…ἀνήρ 1 An elder must be blameless To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: ***An elder must be without blame*** or ***An elder must not have a bad reputation***
TIT 1 6 q6uy figs-explicit μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ 1 the husband of one wife This means that he has only one wife, that is, he does not have any other wives or concubines. This also means that he does not commit adultery and may also mean that he has not divorced a previous wife. Alternate translation: ***a man who has only one woman*** or ***a man who is faithful to his wife*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
TIT 1 6 jen8 εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος…ἀνήρ 1 An elder must be blameless To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: “An elder must be without blame” or “An elder must not have a bad reputation”
TIT 1 6 q6uy figs-explicit μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ 1 the husband of one wife This means that he has only one wife, that is, he does not have any other wives or concubines. This also means that he does not commit adultery and may also mean that he has not divorced a previous wife. Alternate translation: “a man who has only one woman” or “a man who is faithful to his wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
TIT 1 6 wd6q τέκνα…πιστά 1 faithful children Possible meanings are 1) children who believe in Jesus or 2) children who are trustworthy.
TIT 1 7 lz7x τὸν ἐπίσκοπον 1 the overseer This is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as **elder** in 1:6. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church.
TIT 1 7 g2zf figs-metaphor Θεοῦ οἰκονόμον 1 The household manager of God Paul speaks of the church as if it were God’s household, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ TIT 1 8 i549 ἀλλὰ 1 Instead Paul changes his argument from describing wha
TIT 1 8 vkq1 φιλάγαθον 1 a friend of what is good ***a person who loves to do good***
TIT 1 8 xy11 figs-doublet Σώφρονα…ἐγκρατῆ 1 sensible…self-controlled These two terms are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
TIT 1 8 xy12 figs-doublet δίκαιον, ὅσιον 1 righteous, holy These two terms are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
TIT 1 9 xwy6 figs-metaphor ἀντεχόμενον 1 He should hold tightly to Paul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with one’s hands. Alternate translation: ***He should be devoted to*** or ***He should know well*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 9 xwy6 figs-metaphor ἀντεχόμενον 1 He should hold tightly to Paul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with one’s hands. Alternate translation: “He should be devoted to” or “He should know well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 9 xy10 κατὰ τὴν διδαχὴν 1 that is in accordance with the teaching ***that agrees with the things that we taught him***
TIT 1 9 pzi1 τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ 1 sound teaching The Greek word rendered at **sound** normally refers to physical health. Paul speaks of this teaching as if it would cause those who believe it to be spiritually healthy, rather than spiritually sick.
TIT 1 10 xsq9 0 Connecting Statement: Because of those that would oppose God’s word, Paul gives Titus reasons to preach God’s word and warns him about false teachers.
TIT 1 10 w9kk ἀνυπότακτοι, ματαιολόγοι 1 rebellious, empty talkers These are rebellious people who do not obey the gospel message. Here **empty** is a metaphor for useless, and **empty talkers** are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: ***people who refuse to obey and who say useless things*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 10 ga6n φρεναπάται 1 deceivers This phrase describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: ***people who persuade others to believe things that are not true***
TIT 1 10 abcd figs-hendiadys ματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται 1 empty talkers and deceivers both **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refe to the same people. They taught false, worthless things and wanted people to believe them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
TIT 1 10 w9kk ἀνυπότακτοι, ματαιολόγοι 1 rebellious, empty talkers These are rebellious people who do not obey the gospel message. Here **empty** is a metaphor for useless, and **empty talkers** are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: “people who refuse to obey and who say useless things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 10 ga6n φρεναπάται 1 deceivers This phrase describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “people who persuade others to believe things that are not true”
TIT 1 10 abcd figs-hendiadys ματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται 1 empty talkers and deceivers both **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refer to the same people. They taught false, worthless things and wanted people to believe them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
TIT 1 10 pu74 figs-metonymy οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς 1 those of the circumcision This refers to the Jewish Christians who taught that men must be circumcised in order to follow Christ. This teaching is false. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
TIT 1 11 f4iy οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν 1 It is necessary to stop them ***You must prevent them from spreading their teachings*** or ***Someone must stop them from influencing others by their words***
TIT 1 11 aqi5 ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν 1 They are upsetting whole households **They are ruining entire families.** The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith.
@ -49,44 +49,44 @@ TIT 1 11 at7c αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν 1 for the sake of sham
TIT 1 12 tr1j τις ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης 1 One of their own prophets ***A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet***
TIT 1 12 y3zb figs-hyperbole Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται 1 Cretans are always liars ***Cretans lie all the time.*** This is an exaggeration that means that Cretans had a reputation to be liars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
TIT 1 12 h3jb figs-metaphor κακὰ θηρία 1 evil beasts This metaphor compares the Cretans to dangerous wild animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 12 xyz1 figs-synecdoche γαστέρες ἀργαί 1 lazy bellies The part of the body that stores food is used to represent the person who eats all the time. Alternate translation: ***lazy gluttons*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
TIT 1 12 xyz1 figs-synecdoche γαστέρες ἀργαί 1 lazy bellies The part of the body that stores food is used to represent the person who eats all the time. Alternate translation: “lazy gluttons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
TIT 1 13 fif8 δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως 1 Therefore, rebuke them severely ***For that reason, you must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them***
TIT 1 13 je3r ἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει 1 so that they may be sound in the faith See note on **sound** in [Titus 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: ***so they will have a healthy faith*** or ***so their faith may be true*** or ***so that they believe only what is true about God***
TIT 1 13 xyz2 figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῇ πίστει 1 in the faith Here the abstract noun **faith** represents the things that the people believe about God. Alternate translation: ***in what they believe about God*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
TIT 1 13 je3r ἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει 1 so that they may be sound in the faith See note on **sound** in [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “so they will have a healthy faith” or “so their faith may be true” or “so that they believe only what is true about God”
TIT 1 13 xyz2 figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῇ πίστει 1 in the faith Here the abstract noun **faith** represents the things that the people believe about God. Alternate translation: “in what they believe about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
TIT 1 14 p28i Ἰουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις 1 Jewish myths This refers to the false teaching of the Jews.
TIT 1 14 m4a5 figs-metaphor ἀποστρεφομένων τὴν ἀλήθειαν 1 turn away from the truth Paul speaks of the truth as if it were an object that one could turn away from or avoid. Alternate translation: ***reject the truth*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 14 m4a5 figs-metaphor ἀποστρεφομένων τὴν ἀλήθειαν 1 turn away from the truth Paul speaks of the truth as if it were an object that one could turn away from or avoid. Alternate translation: “reject the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 15 qtb9 πάντα καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς 1 To those who are pure, all things are pure ***If people are pure on the inside, everything that they do will be pure*** or ***When people have only good thoughts, nothing that they do will offend God***
TIT 1 15 nx42 τοῖς καθαροῖς 1 To those who are pure ***To those who are acceptable to God***
TIT 1 15 n3wk figs-metaphor τοῖς…μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις, οὐδὲν καθαρόν 1 to those who are corrupt and unbelieving, nothing is pure Paul speaks of sinners as if they were physically dirty. Alternate translation: ***if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure*** or ***when people are full of sin and unbelief, nothing that they do is acceptable to God*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 15 n3wk figs-metaphor τοῖς…μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις, οὐδὲν καθαρόν 1 to those who are corrupt and unbelieving, nothing is pure Paul speaks of sinners as if they were physically dirty. Alternate translation: “if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure” or “when people are full of sin and unbelief, nothing that they do is acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 1 16 i3l2 τοῖς…ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται 1 they deny him by their actions ***how they live proves that they do not know him***
TIT 1 16 ja47 βδελυκτοὶ ὄντες 1 They are detestable ***They are disgusting***
TIT 2 intro h3il 0 # Titus 02 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Gender roles<br><br>Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.<br><br>### Slavery<br><br>Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation.
TIT 2 1 lfu1 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues giving Titus reasons to preach God’s word, and explains how the older men, older women, young men, and slaves or servants should live as believers.
TIT 2 1 tpi2 figs-explicit σὺ δὲ λάλει ἃ πρέπει 1 But you, speak what fits Paul implies what is in contrast. Alternate translation: ***But you, Titus, in contrast with the false teachers, be sure to say those things that fit*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
TIT 2 1 ph2j τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 with sound teaching See the note on [Titus 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: ***with sound doctrine*** or ***with correct teachings***
TIT 2 2 xyz3 figs-ellipsis Πρεσβύτας…εἶναι 1 Older men are to be The Greek does not have **are**, but only **older men to be**. We need to supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of **speak** in the previous verse, such as **teach** or exhort**. Alternate translation: ***Teach older men to be*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
TIT 2 1 tpi2 figs-explicit σὺ δὲ λάλει ἃ πρέπει 1 But you, speak what fits Paul implies what is in contrast. Alternate translation: “But you, Titus, in contrast with the false teachers, be sure to say those things that fit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
TIT 2 1 ph2j τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 with sound teaching See the note on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “ sound doctrine” or “with correct teachings”
TIT 2 2 xyz3 figs-ellipsis Πρεσβύτας…εἶναι 1 Older men are to be The Greek does not have **are**, but only **older men to be**. We need to supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of **speak** in the previous verse, such as **teach** or exhort**. Alternate translation: “Teach older men to be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
TIT 2 2 xy13 figs-doublet νηφαλίους…σεμνούς, σώφρονας 1 temperate, dignified, sensible These three words are very close in meaning and may be combined into one or two terms if the target language does not have three separate terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
TIT 2 2 xc6t νηφαλίους 1 temperate **sober-minded*** or ***self-controlled***
TIT 2 2 y3j2 εἶναι…σώφρονας 1 to be…sensible ***to…control their desires***
TIT 2 2 m14y figs-abstractnouns ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει, τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 sound in faith, in love, and in perseverance Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. The abstract nouns **faith,** **love,** and **perseverance** can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: ***and they must firmly believe the true teachings about God, truly love others, and continually serve God even when things are difficult*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
TIT 2 2 abc1 figs-abstractnouns ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει 1 sound in faith See note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13.md).
TIT 2 2 abc2 ὑγιαίνοντας 1 sound See note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09.md).
TIT 2 3 gl8e figs-ellipsis πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως 1 Older women likewise are to be The Greek does not have **are to be**, but only **older women likewise**. We need to continue the verbal idea from the previous two verses and apply that here, as well, such as **teach** or exhort**. Alternate translation: ***In the same way, teach older women*** or ***Also teach older women*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
TIT 2 2 m14y figs-abstractnouns ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει, τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 sound in faith, in love, and in perseverance Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. The abstract nouns **faith,** **love,** and **perseverance** can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “and they must firmly believe the true teachings about God, truly love others, and continually serve God even when things are difficult” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
TIT 2 2 abc1 figs-abstractnouns ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει 1 sound in faith See note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13/je3r).
TIT 2 2 abc2 ὑγιαίνοντας 1 sound See note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1).
TIT 2 3 gl8e figs-ellipsis πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως 1 Older women likewise are to be The Greek does not have **are to be**, but only **older women likewise**. We need to continue the verbal idea from the previous two verses and apply that here, as well, such as **teach** or exhort**. Alternate translation: “In the same way, teach older women” or “Also teach older women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
TIT 2 3 v9cp διαβόλους 1 slanderers This word refers to people who say bad things about other people whether they are true or not.
TIT 2 3 g9re figs-metaphor οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας 1 or being slaves to much wine People who cannot control themselves and drink too much wine are spoken of as if they were a slave to the wine. Alternate translation: ***and not controlled by their desire for wine*** or ***and not addicted to wine*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]
TIT 2 3 xyz4 figs-activepassive οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας 1 or being slaves to much wine This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: ***and not drinking too much wine*** or ***and not addicted to wine*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
TIT 2 3 g9re figs-metaphor οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας 1 or being slaves to much wine People who cannot control themselves and drink too much wine are spoken of as if they were a slave to the wine. Alternate translation: “and not controlled by their desire for wine” or “and not addicted to wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]
TIT 2 3 xyz4 figs-activepassive οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας 1 or being slaves to much wine This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and not drinking too much wine” or “and not addicted to wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
TIT 2 3 abc4 καλοδιδασκάλους 1 but to be teachers of what is good The Greek word used here means ***a teacher of what is good***. The phrase **but to be** has been added in the English to contrast this good quality with the two preceding bad qualities. Consider if you need to use a similar word to make a contrast between the good and bad qualities.
TIT 2 4 abc5 φιλάνδρους 1 lovers of their husbands ***lovers of their own husbands***
TIT 2 4 abca φιλοτέκνους 1 and lovers of their children ***lovers of their own children***
TIT 2 5 abcb ὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν 1 and subject to their own husbands ***and to obey their own husbands***
TIT 2 5 t5v6 figs-activepassive ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται 1 so that the word of God may not be insulted **Word** here is a metonym for ***message,*** which in turn is a metonym for God himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: ***so that no one insults the word of God*** or ***so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
TIT 2 5 t5v6 figs-activepassive ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται 1 so that the word of God may not be insulted **Word** here is a metonym for ***message***, which in turn is a metonym for God himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that no one insults the word of God” or “so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
TIT 2 6 i3hv ὡσαύτως 1 In the same way Titus was to train the younger men just as he was to train the older people.
TIT 2 7 x73u σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος 1 present yourself ***show yourself to be*** or ***you yourself must be***
TIT 2 7 ym6x τύπον καλῶν ἔργων 1 as an example of good works ***as an example of one who does right and proper things***
TIT 2 8 xy14 figs-doublet ἀφθορίαν…ὑγιῆ 1 uncorrupted…sound These two words have the same basic meaning. The first (in 2:7) states the meaning negatively: **uncorrupted**, meaning, **without error**, and the second states the meaning positively: **sound, whole**, meaning **correct**. Both terms refer to Titus’s teaching. Use either positive or negative terms in the target language, or use one term with this meaning if it is difficult to use two terms (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]
TIT 2 8 xt6v figs-hypo ἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐντραπῇ 1 so that the opponent may be ashamed This presents a hypothetical situation in which someone opposes Titus and then becomes ashamed for having done so. Alternate translation: ***so that if anyone opposes you, he may be ashamed*** or ***so that when people oppose you, they may be ashamed*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
TIT 2 8 xt6v figs-hypo ἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐντραπῇ 1 so that the opponent may be ashamed This presents a hypothetical situation in which someone opposes Titus and then becomes ashamed for having done so. Alternate translation: “so that if anyone opposes you, he may be ashamed” or “so that when people oppose you, they may be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
TIT 2 8 xy15 figs-inclusive ἡμῶν 1 us This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 2 9 xyz5 figs-ellipsis δούλους ἰδίοις δεσπόταις ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 Slaves are to be subject to their masters The Greek does not have **are**, but only **slaves to be subject to their masters**. We need to apply the verbal idea from verse 6 to here, which is **urge** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: ***Exhort slaves to be subject to their masters*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
TIT 2 9 xyz5 figs-ellipsis δούλους ἰδίοις δεσπόταις ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 Slaves are to be subject to their masters The Greek does not have **are**, but only **slaves to be subject to their masters**. We need to apply the verbal idea from verse 6 to here, which is **urge** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “Exhort slaves to be subject to their masters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
TIT 2 9 ntp7 ἰδίοις δεσπόταις 1 their masters ***their own masters***
TIT 2 9 abcc ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 are to be subject ***must obey***
TIT 2 9 if6v ἐν πᾶσιν 1 in everything ***in every situation*** or ***always***
TIT 2 10 pn93 τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 God our Savior ***our God who saves us***
TIT 2 10 xy16 figs-inclusive ἡμῶν 1 our ***our*** here is inclusive of Paul, Titus, and all Christians (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 2 11 y44u 0 Connecting Statement: Paul encourages Titus to look for Jesus’ coming and remember his authority through Jesus.
TIT 2 11 gp2z figs-personification ἐπεφάνη…ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the grace of God has appeared Paul speaks of the grace of God as if it were a person who has arrived. Alternate translation: ***God is now offering his grace*** (See: UST, [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
TIT 2 12 qy8k figs-personification παιδεύουσα ἡμᾶς 1 training us Paul speaks of the grace of God ([Titus 2:11] (./11.md)) as if it were a person who trains other people how to live holy lives. Alternate translation: ***by which God trains us*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
TIT 2 11 gp2z figs-personification ἐπεφάνη…ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the grace of God has appeared Paul speaks of the grace of God as if it were a person who has arrived. Alternate translation: “God is now offering his grace” (See: UST, [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
TIT 2 12 qy8k figs-personification παιδεύουσα ἡμᾶς 1 training us Paul speaks of the grace of God (2:11) as if it were a person who trains other people how to live holy lives. Alternate translation: “by which God trains us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
TIT 2 12 abce figs-inclusive ἡμᾶς 1 us This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 2 12 n3k5 τὰς κοσμικὰς ἐπιθυμίας 1 worldly passions ***strong desires for the things of this world*** or ***strong desires for sinful pleasures***
TIT 2 12 xy19 ἀσέβειαν…εὐσεβῶς 1 godlessness…godly way These terms are direct opposites, meaning **God-dishonoring** and **God-honoring**, respectively.
TIT 2 12 fk8j ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι 1 in the present age ***while we live in this world*** or ***during this time***
TIT 2 13 rz93 προσδεχόμενοι 1 looking forward to receiving ***waiting to welcome***
TIT 2 13 xyz6 figs-metonymy τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα 1 the blessed hope Here, what is **blessed** is that for which we hope, which is the return of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: ***the wonderful thing for which we hope*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
TIT 2 13 pss7 figs-metonymy καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης τοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 and appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ Here **glory** represents Jesus himself who will appear gloriously. Alternate translation: ***that is, the glorious appearance of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
TIT 2 13 abcf figs-hendiadys τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης 1 the blessed hope and appearing of the glory Both **blessed hope** and **appearing of the glory** refer to the same event. This can be shown clearly. Alternate translation: ***what we are longing for, the blessed and glorious appearing*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
TIT 2 13 xyz7 figs-hendiadys τοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 our great God and Savior Jesus Christ Both **our great God** and **Savior** refer to the one person, Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: ***Jesus Christ, our great God and Savior*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
TIT 2 14 niu4 figs-explicit ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν 1 gave himself for us This refers to Jesus dying willingly. Alternate translation: ***gave himself to die for us*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
TIT 2 13 xyz6 figs-metonymy τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα 1 the blessed hope Here, what is **blessed** is that for which we hope, which is the return of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “the wonderful thing for which we hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
TIT 2 13 pss7 figs-metonymy καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης τοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 and appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ Here **glory** represents Jesus himself who will appear gloriously. Alternate translation: “that is, the glorious appearance of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
TIT 2 13 abcf figs-hendiadys τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης 1 the blessed hope and appearing of the glory Both **blessed hope** and **appearing of the glory** refer to the same event. This can be shown clearly. Alternate translation: “what we are longing for, the blessed and glorious appearing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
TIT 2 13 xyz7 figs-hendiadys τοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 our great God and Savior Jesus Christ Both **our great God** and **Savior** refer to the one person, Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “Jesus Christ, our great God and Savior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
TIT 2 14 niu4 figs-explicit ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν 1 gave himself for us This refers to Jesus dying willingly. Alternate translation: “gave himself to die for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
TIT 2 14 xy20 figs-inclusive ἡμῶν 1 us This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 2 14 gxe7 figs-metaphor λυτρώσηται ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀνομίας 1 to redeem us from all lawlessness Paul speaks of Jesus as if he were setting slaves free from their evil master. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 2 14 xy21 figs-inclusive ἡμᾶς 1 us This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 2 14 fjy1 λαὸν περιούσιον 1 a special people ***a group of people that he treasures***
TIT 2 14 ii18 ζηλωτὴν 1 zealous for ***who are eager to do***
TIT 2 15 abc7 παρακάλει 1 exhort ***encourage them to do these things***
TIT 2 15 b94z figs-explicit ἔλεγχε, μετὰ πάσης ἐπιταγῆς 1 rebuke with all authority This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: ***Correct with all authority those people who do not do these things*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
TIT 2 15 b94z figs-explicit ἔλεγχε, μετὰ πάσης ἐπιταγῆς 1 rebuke with all authority This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Correct with all authority those people who do not do these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
TIT 2 15 h15y μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω 1 Let no one disregard you ***Do not allow anyone to ignore you***
TIT 2 15 xy22 figs-doublenegatives μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω 1 Let no one disregard you This can be stated positively: ***Make sure that everyone listens to you*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
TIT 2 15 jbu1 figs-explicit σου περιφρονείτω 1 disregard you This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: ***refuse to listen to your words*** or ***refuse to respect you*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
TIT 2 15 xy22 figs-doublenegatives μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω 1 Let no one disregard you This can be stated positively: “Make sure that everyone listens to you*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
TIT 2 15 jbu1 figs-explicit σου περιφρονείτω 1 disregard you This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “refuse to listen to your words” or “refuse to respect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
TIT 3 intro zh6x 0 # Titus 03 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul gives Titus personal instructions in this chapter.<br><br>Verse 15 formally concludes this letter. This is a common way of ending a letter in the ancient Near East.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Genealogies<br><br>Genealogies (verse 9) are lists that record a person’s ancestors or descendants, and show from what tribe and family a person came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron. Some of these lists included stories of ancestors and even of spiritual beings. These lists and stories were used to argue about where things came from and about how important various people were.
TIT 3 1 y9tr 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues giving Titus instructions on how to teach the elders and people under his care in Crete.
TIT 3 1 j2sa ὑπομίμνῃσκε αὐτοὺς…ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 Remind them to submit ***Tell our people again what they already know, to submit*** or ***Keep reminding them to submit***
TIT 3 1 xy25 figs-doublet ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν 1 to submit…to obey These words have similar meanings and both refer to doing what someone tells you to do. If the target language has only one term for this, then just use that term (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
TIT 3 1 in7u πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἑτοίμους εἶναι 1 be ready for every good work ***be ready to do good whenever there is opportunity***
TIT 3 2 abc8 figs-doublenegatives ἀμάχους εἶναι 1 to avoid quarreling This can be stated positively: ***to be peaceful*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
TIT 3 2 abc8 figs-doublenegatives ἀμάχους εἶναι 1 to avoid quarreling This can be stated positively: “to be peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
TIT 3 3 m9zd ἦμεν γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς 1 For once we also ***This is because we ourselves were once***
TIT 3 3 me7b ποτε 1 once ***formerly*** or ***at some time*** or ***previously***
TIT 3 3 bl8e figs-inclusive ἡμεῖς 1 we ***even we*** or ***we ourselves*** This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians, referring to the time before they trusted in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 3 3 rrx9 ἦμεν…ἀνόητοι 1 were foolish ***were thoughtless*** or ***were unwise***
TIT 3 3 qt8f figs-personification πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις 1 We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasures Passion and pleasure are spoken of as if they were masters over people and had made those people into slaves by lying to them. Alternate translation: ***We had allowed ourselves to believe the lie that various passions and pleasures could make us happy, and then we were unable to control our feelings or stop doing things we thought would give us pleasure*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]
TIT 3 3 xy27 figs-activepassive πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις 1 We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasures This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: ***Various passions and pleasures had lied to us and so led us astray*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
TIT 3 3 qt8f figs-personification πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις 1 We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasures Passion and pleasure are spoken of as if they were masters over people and had made those people into slaves by lying to them. Alternate translation: “We had allowed ourselves to believe the lie that various passions and pleasures could make us happy, and then we were unable to control our feelings or stop doing things we thought would give us pleasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]
TIT 3 3 xy27 figs-activepassive πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις 1 We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasures This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Various passions and pleasures had lied to us and so led us astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
TIT 3 3 tl5n ἐπιθυμίαις 1 passions ***lusts*** or ***desires***
TIT 3 3 dec4 figs-hendiadys ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ διάγοντες 1 We lived in evil and envy Here **evil** and **envy** describe sin. **Evil** is general and **envy** is a specific kind of sin. Alternate translation: ***We were always doing evil things and wanting what others have*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
TIT 3 3 dec4 figs-hendiadys ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ διάγοντες 1 We lived in evil and envy Here **evil** and **envy** describe sin. **Evil** is general and **envy** is a specific kind of sin. Alternate translation: “We were always doing evil things and wanting what others have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
TIT 3 3 y5lp στυγητοί 1 detestable ***causing others to hate us***
TIT 3 4 xy28 grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 But It is important to mark the contrast here between the evil way that people are (verses 1-3) and the goodness of God (verses 4-7) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
TIT 3 4 ba5a figs-personification ὅτε…ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared Paul speaks of God’s kindness and love as if they were people that came into our sight. Alternate translation: ***When God our Savior showed us his kindness and love for people*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
TIT 3 4 abcg figs-abstractnouns ὅτε…ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared The abstract nouns **kindness** and **love** can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: ***when God, who saves us, showed how kind and loving he would be to mankind*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
TIT 3 4 ba5a figs-personification ὅτε…ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared Paul speaks of God’s kindness and love as if they were people that came into our sight. Alternate translation: “When God our Savior showed us his kindness and love for people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
TIT 3 4 abcg figs-abstractnouns ὅτε…ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared The abstract nouns **kindness** and **love** can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “when God, who saves us, showed how kind and loving he would be to mankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
TIT 3 4 abch figs-inclusive ἡμῶν 1 our This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 3 5 n4ug κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος 1 by his mercy ***because he had mercy on us***
TIT 3 5 k1a6 figs-metaphor λουτροῦ παλινγενεσίας 1 the washing of new birth Paul combines two metaphors here. He is speaking of God’s forgiveness for sinners as if he were physically washing them clean from their sin. He is also speaking of sinners who become responsive to God as if they had been born again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 3 6 fby9 figs-metaphor οὗ ἐξέχεεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς πλουσίως 1 whom God richly poured on us It is common for New Testament writers to speak of the Holy Spirit as a liquid that God can pour out in large amounts. Alternate translation: ***whom God gave to us generously*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 3 6 fby9 figs-metaphor οὗ ἐξέχεεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς πλουσίως 1 whom God richly poured on us It is common for New Testament writers to speak of the Holy Spirit as a liquid that God can pour out in large amounts. Alternate translation: “whom God gave to us generously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 3 6 xy24 figs-inclusive ἡμᾶς 1 us This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 3 6 q9ze διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν 1 through our Savior Jesus Christ ***when Jesus Christ saved us***
TIT 3 6 xy23 figs-inclusive ἡμῶν 1 our This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
TIT 3 7 di3g figs-activepassive δικαιωθέντες 1 having been justified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: ***since God has declared us to be without sin*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
TIT 3 7 q1cm figs-metaphor κληρονόμοι γενηθῶμεν, κατ’ ἐλπίδα ζωῆς αἰωνίου 1 we might become heirs according to the certain hope of eternal life The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit the things promised, just as a person inherits property or possessions from a family member. Alternate translation: ***we might expect to receive the eternal life that God hs promised us*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 3 7 di3g figs-activepassive δικαιωθέντες 1 having been justified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “since God has declared us to be without sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
TIT 3 7 q1cm figs-metaphor κληρονόμοι γενηθῶμεν, κατ’ ἐλπίδα ζωῆς αἰωνίου 1 we might become heirs according to the certain hope of eternal life The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit the things promised, just as a person inherits property or possessions from a family member. Alternate translation: “we might expect to receive the eternal life that God hs promised us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 3 8 j8md ὁ λόγος 1 This message This message is the one just expressed in verses 4-7, that God freely gives the Holy Spirit and eternal life to believers through Jesus.
TIT 3 8 xy29 τούτων 1 these things This refers to the teachings that Paul has talked about in verses 1-7. Alternate translation: ***these teachings that I have just talked about***
TIT 3 8 xy29 τούτων 1 these things This refers to the teachings that Paul has talked about in verses 1-7. Alternate translation: “these teachings that I have just talked about”
TIT 3 8 kqm6 φροντίζωσιν καλῶν ἔργων, προΐστασθαι 1 may be careful to engage themselves in good works ***may seek to do good works***
TIT 3 9 tzh9 0 Connecting Statement: Paul explains what Titus should avoid and how to treat those who cause contention among the believers.
TIT 3 9 j1hf δὲ…περιΐστασο 1 But avoid ***So avoid*** or ***Therefore, avoid***
@ -174,17 +174,17 @@ TIT 3 12 gdw9 παραχειμάσαι 1 to spend the winter ***to stay for the
TIT 3 13 a46f translate-names Ζηνᾶν…Ἀπολλῶν 1 Zenas…Appollos These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
TIT 3 13 s757 καὶ Ἀπολλῶν 1 and Apollos ***and also Apollos***
TIT 3 13 j496 σπουδαίως πρόπεμψο 1 Diligently send on their way ***Do not delay in sending***
TIT 3 13 xy31 figs-doublenegatives ἵνα μηδὲν αὐτοῖς λείπῃ 1 so that they lack nothing This can be stated positively: ***so that they have everything that they need*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
TIT 3 13 xy31 figs-doublenegatives ἵνα μηδὲν αὐτοῖς λείπῃ 1 so that they lack nothing This can be stated positively: “so that they have everything that they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
TIT 3 14 v7wg 0 Connecting Statement: Paul explains that it is important for all believers to provide for those who have needs.
TIT 3 14 fw98 οἱ ἡμέτεροι 1 our own Paul is referring to the believers in Crete. Alternate translation: ***our own people***
TIT 3 14 fw98 οἱ ἡμέτεροι 1 our own Paul is referring to the believers in Crete. Alternate translation: “our own people***
TIT 3 14 xy33 figs-inclusive οἱ ἡμέτεροι 1 our own The **our** includes Paul and Titus. The form should be either dual or inclusive.
TIT 3 14 tn24 εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας 1 toward essential needs ***that enable them to help people who lack necessary things***
TIT 3 14 mji4 figs-metaphor ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι 1 in order not to be unfruitful Paul speaks of people doing good work as if they were trees bearing good fruit. Alternate translation: ***so that they will not lead useless lives*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 3 14 xy32 figs-doublenegatives ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι 1 in order not to be unfruitful This can be stated positively: ***in this way they will be fruitful*** or ***in this way they will be productive*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
TIT 3 14 mji4 figs-metaphor ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι 1 in order not to be unfruitful Paul speaks of people doing good work as if they were trees bearing good fruit. Alternate translation: “so that they will not lead useless lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
TIT 3 14 xy32 figs-doublenegatives ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι 1 in order not to be unfruitful This can be stated positively: “in this way they will be fruitful” or “in this way they will be productive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
TIT 3 15 j3y2 0 General Information: Paul ends his letter to Titus.
TIT 3 15 abci ἀσπάζονταί σε 1 greet you **you** here is singular – this is a personal greeting to Titus.
TIT 3 15 k1sa οἱ μετ’ ἐμοῦ πάντες 1 All those who are with me ***All the people who are with me*** or ***all of the believers who are here with me***
TIT 3 15 f4vc τοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἐν πίστει 1 those who love us in faith Possible meanings are 1) ***the believers who love us*** or 2) ***the believers who love us because we share the same belief.***
TIT 3 15 xy35 figs-inclusive ἡμᾶς 1 us **us** here is probably exclusive and refers to Paul and the group of Christians with him. Paul is sending greetings from this group to the group of Christians that is with Titus on Crete.
TIT 3 15 kx83 ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν 1 Grace be with all of you This was a common Christian greeting. Alternate translation: ***May God’s grace be with you*** or ***I ask that God will be gracious to all of you***
TIT 3 15 kx83 ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν 1 Grace be with all of you This was a common Christian greeting. Alternate translation: “May God’s grace be with you” or “I ask that God will be gracious to all of you”
TIT 3 15 xy34 ὑμῶν 1 you **you** here is plural. This blessing is for Titus and all of the believers there in Crete.
1
Book
Chapter
Verse
ID
SupportReference
OrigQuote
Occurrence
GLQuote
OccurrenceNote
7
TIT
1
2
xyz9
ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου
1
with the certain hope of everlasting life
***that gives us the certain hope of everlasting life*** or ***based on our certain hope for everlasting life***
8
TIT
1
2
r2gj
πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων
1
before all the ages of time
***before time began***
9
TIT
1
3
b22h
καιροῖς ἰδίοις
1
at the right time
***at the proper time***
10
TIT
1
3
swi9
figs-metaphor
ἐφανέρωσεν…τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ
1
he revealed his word
Paul speaks of God’s word as if it were an object that could be visibly shown to people. Alternate translation: ***He caused me to understand his message*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])Paul speaks of God’s word as if it were an object that could be visibly shown to people. Alternate translation: “He caused me to understand his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11
TIT
1
3
abc9
ἐν κηρύγματι
1
by the proclamation
***through the proclamation of the message***
12
TIT
1
3
m41u
figs-activepassive
ὃ ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ
1
that I was entrusted with
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: ***he entrusted to me*** or ***he gave me the responsibility to preach*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he entrusted to me” or “he gave me the responsibility to preach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13
TIT
1
3
dpn4
τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ
1
of God our Savior
***of God, who saves us***
14
TIT
1
3
xy18
figs-inclusive
ἡμῶν
1
our
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
15
TIT
1
4
gu55
figs-metaphor
γνησίῳ τέκνῳ
1
a true son
Though Titus was not Paul’s biological **son**, they share a common faith in Christ. Paul considers relationship to Christ through faith to be more important than biological relationship. Thus, because of their relative ages and shared faith in Christ, Paul considers Titus as his own son. It may also be that Paul led Titus to faith in Christ, and so Titus is like a son in this spiritual sense. Alternate translation: ***you are like a son to me*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])Though Titus was not Paul’s biological **son**, they share a common faith in Christ. Paul considers relationship to Christ through faith to be more important than biological relationship. Thus, because of their relative ages and shared faith in Christ, Paul considers Titus as his own son. It may also be that Paul led Titus to faith in Christ, and so Titus is like a son in this spiritual sense. Alternate translation: “you are like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
16
TIT
1
4
wx6c
κοινὴν πίστιν
1
our common faith
Paul and Titus both share the same faith in Christ. Alternate translation: ***because we both believe in Christ***Paul and Titus both share the same faith in Christ. Alternate translation: “because we both believe in Christ”
17
TIT
1
4
h93t
figs-ellipsis
χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη
1
Grace and peace
This was a common greeting Paul used. You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: ***May you experience kindness and inner peace*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])This was a common greeting Paul used. You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness and inner peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
18
TIT
1
4
s3yr
Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν
1
Christ Jesus our Savior
***Christ Jesus who is our Savior***
19
TIT
1
4
xy17
figs-inclusive
ἡμῶν
1
our
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
20
TIT
1
5
ew8h
τούτου χάριν
1
For this purpose
***This is the reason***
23
TIT
1
5
b52u
καταστήσῃς…πρεσβυτέρους
1
ordain elders
***appoint elders*** or ***designate elders***
24
TIT
1
5
p56w
πρεσβυτέρους
1
elders
In the early Christian churches, Christian elders gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers.
25
TIT
1
6
wja4
0
Connecting Statement:
Having told Titus to ordain elders in every city on the island of Crete, Paul then gives the requirements for elders.
26
TIT
1
6
jen8
εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος…ἀνήρ
1
An elder must be blameless
To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: ***An elder must be without blame*** or ***An elder must not have a bad reputation***To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: “An elder must be without blame” or “An elder must not have a bad reputation”
27
TIT
1
6
q6uy
figs-explicit
μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ
1
the husband of one wife
This means that he has only one wife, that is, he does not have any other wives or concubines. This also means that he does not commit adultery and may also mean that he has not divorced a previous wife. Alternate translation: ***a man who has only one woman*** or ***a man who is faithful to his wife*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])This means that he has only one wife, that is, he does not have any other wives or concubines. This also means that he does not commit adultery and may also mean that he has not divorced a previous wife. Alternate translation: “a man who has only one woman” or “a man who is faithful to his wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
28
TIT
1
6
wd6q
τέκνα…πιστά
1
faithful children
Possible meanings are 1) children who believe in Jesus or 2) children who are trustworthy.
29
TIT
1
7
lz7x
τὸν ἐπίσκοπον
1
the overseer
This is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as **elder** in 1:6. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church.
30
TIT
1
7
g2zf
figs-metaphor
Θεοῦ οἰκονόμον
1
The household manager of God
Paul speaks of the church as if it were God’s household, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
34
TIT
1
8
vkq1
φιλάγαθον
1
a friend of what is good
***a person who loves to do good***
35
TIT
1
8
xy11
figs-doublet
Σώφρονα…ἐγκρατῆ
1
sensible…self-controlled
These two terms are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
36
TIT
1
8
xy12
figs-doublet
δίκαιον, ὅσιον
1
righteous, holy
These two terms are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
37
TIT
1
9
xwy6
figs-metaphor
ἀντεχόμενον
1
He should hold tightly to
Paul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with one’s hands. Alternate translation: ***He should be devoted to*** or ***He should know well*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])Paul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with one’s hands. Alternate translation: “He should be devoted to” or “He should know well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
38
TIT
1
9
xy10
κατὰ τὴν διδαχὴν
1
that is in accordance with the teaching
***that agrees with the things that we taught him***
39
TIT
1
9
pzi1
τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ
1
sound teaching
The Greek word rendered at **sound** normally refers to physical health. Paul speaks of this teaching as if it would cause those who believe it to be spiritually healthy, rather than spiritually sick.
40
TIT
1
10
xsq9
0
Connecting Statement:
Because of those that would oppose God’s word, Paul gives Titus reasons to preach God’s word and warns him about false teachers.
41
TIT
1
10
w9kk
ἀνυπότακτοι, ματαιολόγοι
1
rebellious, empty talkers
These are rebellious people who do not obey the gospel message. Here **empty** is a metaphor for useless, and **empty talkers** are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: ***people who refuse to obey and who say useless things*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])These are rebellious people who do not obey the gospel message. Here **empty** is a metaphor for useless, and **empty talkers** are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: “people who refuse to obey and who say useless things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
42
TIT
1
10
ga6n
φρεναπάται
1
deceivers
This phrase describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: ***people who persuade others to believe things that are not true***This phrase describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “people who persuade others to believe things that are not true”
43
TIT
1
10
abcd
figs-hendiadys
ματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται
1
empty talkers and deceivers
both **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refe to the same people. They taught false, worthless things and wanted people to believe them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])both **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refer to the same people. They taught false, worthless things and wanted people to believe them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
44
TIT
1
10
pu74
figs-metonymy
οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς
1
those of the circumcision
This refers to the Jewish Christians who taught that men must be circumcised in order to follow Christ. This teaching is false. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
45
TIT
1
11
f4iy
οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν
1
It is necessary to stop them
***You must prevent them from spreading their teachings*** or ***Someone must stop them from influencing others by their words***
46
TIT
1
11
aqi5
ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν
1
They are upsetting whole households
**They are ruining entire families.** The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith.
49
TIT
1
12
tr1j
τις ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης
1
One of their own prophets
***A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet***
50
TIT
1
12
y3zb
figs-hyperbole
Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται
1
Cretans are always liars
***Cretans lie all the time.*** This is an exaggeration that means that Cretans had a reputation to be liars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
51
TIT
1
12
h3jb
figs-metaphor
κακὰ θηρία
1
evil beasts
This metaphor compares the Cretans to dangerous wild animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
52
TIT
1
12
xyz1
figs-synecdoche
γαστέρες ἀργαί
1
lazy bellies
The part of the body that stores food is used to represent the person who eats all the time. Alternate translation: ***lazy gluttons*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])The part of the body that stores food is used to represent the person who eats all the time. Alternate translation: “lazy gluttons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
53
TIT
1
13
fif8
δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως
1
Therefore, rebuke them severely
***For that reason, you must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them***
54
TIT
1
13
je3r
ἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει
1
so that they may be sound in the faith
See note on **sound** in [Titus 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: ***so they will have a healthy faith*** or ***so their faith may be true*** or ***so that they believe only what is true about God***See note on **sound** in [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “so they will have a healthy faith” or “so their faith may be true” or “so that they believe only what is true about God”
55
TIT
1
13
xyz2
figs-abstractnouns
ἐν τῇ πίστει
1
in the faith
Here the abstract noun **faith** represents the things that the people believe about God. Alternate translation: ***in what they believe about God*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])Here the abstract noun **faith** represents the things that the people believe about God. Alternate translation: “in what they believe about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
56
TIT
1
14
p28i
Ἰουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις
1
Jewish myths
This refers to the false teaching of the Jews.
57
TIT
1
14
m4a5
figs-metaphor
ἀποστρεφομένων τὴν ἀλήθειαν
1
turn away from the truth
Paul speaks of the truth as if it were an object that one could turn away from or avoid. Alternate translation: ***reject the truth*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])Paul speaks of the truth as if it were an object that one could turn away from or avoid. Alternate translation: “reject the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
58
TIT
1
15
qtb9
πάντα καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς
1
To those who are pure, all things are pure
***If people are pure on the inside, everything that they do will be pure*** or ***When people have only good thoughts, nothing that they do will offend God***
59
TIT
1
15
nx42
τοῖς καθαροῖς
1
To those who are pure
***To those who are acceptable to God***
60
TIT
1
15
n3wk
figs-metaphor
τοῖς…μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις, οὐδὲν καθαρόν
1
to those who are corrupt and unbelieving, nothing is pure
Paul speaks of sinners as if they were physically dirty. Alternate translation: ***if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure*** or ***when people are full of sin and unbelief, nothing that they do is acceptable to God*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])Paul speaks of sinners as if they were physically dirty. Alternate translation: “if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure” or “when people are full of sin and unbelief, nothing that they do is acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
61
TIT
1
16
i3l2
τοῖς…ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται
1
they deny him by their actions
***how they live proves that they do not know him***
62
TIT
1
16
ja47
βδελυκτοὶ ὄντες
1
They are detestable
***They are disgusting***
63
TIT
2
intro
h3il
0
# Titus 02 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Gender roles<br><br>Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.<br><br>### Slavery<br><br>Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation.
64
TIT
2
1
lfu1
0
Connecting Statement:
Paul continues giving Titus reasons to preach God’s word, and explains how the older men, older women, young men, and slaves or servants should live as believers.
65
TIT
2
1
tpi2
figs-explicit
σὺ δὲ λάλει ἃ πρέπει
1
But you, speak what fits
Paul implies what is in contrast. Alternate translation: ***But you, Titus, in contrast with the false teachers, be sure to say those things that fit*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])Paul implies what is in contrast. Alternate translation: “But you, Titus, in contrast with the false teachers, be sure to say those things that fit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
66
TIT
2
1
ph2j
τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ
1
with sound teaching
See the note on [Titus 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: ***with sound doctrine*** or ***with correct teachings***See the note on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “ sound doctrine” or “with correct teachings”
67
TIT
2
2
xyz3
figs-ellipsis
Πρεσβύτας…εἶναι
1
Older men are to be
The Greek does not have **are**, but only **older men to be**. We need to supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of **speak** in the previous verse, such as **teach** or exhort**. Alternate translation: ***Teach older men to be*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])The Greek does not have **are**, but only **older men to be**. We need to supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of **speak** in the previous verse, such as **teach** or exhort**. Alternate translation: “Teach older men to be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
68
TIT
2
2
xy13
figs-doublet
νηφαλίους…σεμνούς, σώφρονας
1
temperate, dignified, sensible
These three words are very close in meaning and may be combined into one or two terms if the target language does not have three separate terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
69
TIT
2
2
xc6t
νηφαλίους
1
temperate
**sober-minded*** or ***self-controlled***
70
TIT
2
2
y3j2
εἶναι…σώφρονας
1
to be…sensible
***to…control their desires***
71
TIT
2
2
m14y
figs-abstractnouns
ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει, τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ
1
sound in faith, in love, and in perseverance
Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. The abstract nouns **faith,** **love,** and **perseverance** can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: ***and they must firmly believe the true teachings about God, truly love others, and continually serve God even when things are difficult*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. The abstract nouns **faith,** **love,** and **perseverance** can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “and they must firmly believe the true teachings about God, truly love others, and continually serve God even when things are difficult” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
72
TIT
2
2
abc1
figs-abstractnouns
ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει
1
sound in faith
See note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13.md).See note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13/je3r).
73
TIT
2
2
abc2
ὑγιαίνοντας
1
sound
See note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09.md).See note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1).
74
TIT
2
3
gl8e
figs-ellipsis
πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως
1
Older women likewise are to be
The Greek does not have **are to be**, but only **older women likewise**. We need to continue the verbal idea from the previous two verses and apply that here, as well, such as **teach** or exhort**. Alternate translation: ***In the same way, teach older women*** or ***Also teach older women*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) The Greek does not have **are to be**, but only **older women likewise**. We need to continue the verbal idea from the previous two verses and apply that here, as well, such as **teach** or exhort**. Alternate translation: “In the same way, teach older women” or “Also teach older women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
75
TIT
2
3
v9cp
διαβόλους
1
slanderers
This word refers to people who say bad things about other people whether they are true or not.
76
TIT
2
3
g9re
figs-metaphor
οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας
1
or being slaves to much wine
People who cannot control themselves and drink too much wine are spoken of as if they were a slave to the wine. Alternate translation: ***and not controlled by their desire for wine*** or ***and not addicted to wine*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]People who cannot control themselves and drink too much wine are spoken of as if they were a slave to the wine. Alternate translation: “and not controlled by their desire for wine” or “and not addicted to wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]
77
TIT
2
3
xyz4
figs-activepassive
οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας
1
or being slaves to much wine
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: ***and not drinking too much wine*** or ***and not addicted to wine*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and not drinking too much wine” or “and not addicted to wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
78
TIT
2
3
abc4
καλοδιδασκάλους
1
but to be teachers of what is good
The Greek word used here means ***a teacher of what is good***. The phrase **but to be** has been added in the English to contrast this good quality with the two preceding bad qualities. Consider if you need to use a similar word to make a contrast between the good and bad qualities.
79
TIT
2
4
abc5
φιλάνδρους
1
lovers of their husbands
***lovers of their own husbands***
80
TIT
2
4
abca
φιλοτέκνους
1
and lovers of their children
***lovers of their own children***
81
TIT
2
5
abcb
ὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν
1
and subject to their own husbands
***and to obey their own husbands***
82
TIT
2
5
t5v6
figs-activepassive
ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται
1
so that the word of God may not be insulted
**Word** here is a metonym for ***message,*** which in turn is a metonym for God himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: ***so that no one insults the word of God*** or ***so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])**Word** here is a metonym for ***message***, which in turn is a metonym for God himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that no one insults the word of God” or “so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
83
TIT
2
6
i3hv
ὡσαύτως
1
In the same way
Titus was to train the younger men just as he was to train the older people.
84
TIT
2
7
x73u
σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος
1
present yourself
***show yourself to be*** or ***you yourself must be***
85
TIT
2
7
ym6x
τύπον καλῶν ἔργων
1
as an example of good works
***as an example of one who does right and proper things***
86
TIT
2
8
xy14
figs-doublet
ἀφθορίαν…ὑγιῆ
1
uncorrupted…sound
These two words have the same basic meaning. The first (in 2:7) states the meaning negatively: **uncorrupted**, meaning, **without error**, and the second states the meaning positively: **sound, whole**, meaning **correct**. Both terms refer to Titus’s teaching. Use either positive or negative terms in the target language, or use one term with this meaning if it is difficult to use two terms (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]
87
TIT
2
8
xt6v
figs-hypo
ἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐντραπῇ
1
so that the opponent may be ashamed
This presents a hypothetical situation in which someone opposes Titus and then becomes ashamed for having done so. Alternate translation: ***so that if anyone opposes you, he may be ashamed*** or ***so that when people oppose you, they may be ashamed*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])This presents a hypothetical situation in which someone opposes Titus and then becomes ashamed for having done so. Alternate translation: “so that if anyone opposes you, he may be ashamed” or “so that when people oppose you, they may be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
88
TIT
2
8
xy15
figs-inclusive
ἡμῶν
1
us
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
89
TIT
2
9
xyz5
figs-ellipsis
δούλους ἰδίοις δεσπόταις ὑποτάσσεσθαι
1
Slaves are to be subject to their masters
The Greek does not have **are**, but only **slaves to be subject to their masters**. We need to apply the verbal idea from verse 6 to here, which is **urge** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: ***Exhort slaves to be subject to their masters*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])The Greek does not have **are**, but only **slaves to be subject to their masters**. We need to apply the verbal idea from verse 6 to here, which is **urge** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “Exhort slaves to be subject to their masters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
90
TIT
2
9
ntp7
ἰδίοις δεσπόταις
1
their masters
***their own masters***
91
TIT
2
9
abcc
ὑποτάσσεσθαι
1
are to be subject
***must obey***
92
TIT
2
9
if6v
ἐν πᾶσιν
1
in everything
***in every situation*** or ***always***
98
TIT
2
10
pn93
τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ
1
God our Savior
***our God who saves us***
99
TIT
2
10
xy16
figs-inclusive
ἡμῶν
1
our
***our*** here is inclusive of Paul, Titus, and all Christians (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
100
TIT
2
11
y44u
0
Connecting Statement:
Paul encourages Titus to look for Jesus’ coming and remember his authority through Jesus.
101
TIT
2
11
gp2z
figs-personification
ἐπεφάνη…ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ
1
the grace of God has appeared
Paul speaks of the grace of God as if it were a person who has arrived. Alternate translation: ***God is now offering his grace*** (See: UST, [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])Paul speaks of the grace of God as if it were a person who has arrived. Alternate translation: “God is now offering his grace” (See: UST, [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
102
TIT
2
12
qy8k
figs-personification
παιδεύουσα ἡμᾶς
1
training us
Paul speaks of the grace of God ([Titus 2:11] (./11.md)) as if it were a person who trains other people how to live holy lives. Alternate translation: ***by which God trains us*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])Paul speaks of the grace of God (2:11) as if it were a person who trains other people how to live holy lives. Alternate translation: “by which God trains us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
103
TIT
2
12
abce
figs-inclusive
ἡμᾶς
1
us
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
104
TIT
2
12
lxb3
τὴν ἀσέβειαν
1
godlessness
***things that dishonor God***
105
TIT
2
12
n3k5
τὰς κοσμικὰς ἐπιθυμίας
1
worldly passions
***strong desires for the things of this world*** or ***strong desires for sinful pleasures***
106
TIT
2
12
xy19
ἀσέβειαν…εὐσεβῶς
1
godlessness…godly way
These terms are direct opposites, meaning **God-dishonoring** and **God-honoring**, respectively.
107
TIT
2
12
fk8j
ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι
1
in the present age
***while we live in this world*** or ***during this time***
108
TIT
2
13
rz93
προσδεχόμενοι
1
looking forward to receiving
***waiting to welcome***
109
TIT
2
13
xyz6
figs-metonymy
τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα
1
the blessed hope
Here, what is **blessed** is that for which we hope, which is the return of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: ***the wonderful thing for which we hope*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])Here, what is **blessed** is that for which we hope, which is the return of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “the wonderful thing for which we hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
and appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ
Here **glory** represents Jesus himself who will appear gloriously. Alternate translation: ***that is, the glorious appearance of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])Here **glory** represents Jesus himself who will appear gloriously. Alternate translation: “that is, the glorious appearance of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
111
TIT
2
13
abcf
figs-hendiadys
τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης
1
the blessed hope and appearing of the glory
Both **blessed hope** and **appearing of the glory** refer to the same event. This can be shown clearly. Alternate translation: ***what we are longing for, the blessed and glorious appearing*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])Both **blessed hope** and **appearing of the glory** refer to the same event. This can be shown clearly. Alternate translation: “what we are longing for, the blessed and glorious appearing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
112
TIT
2
13
xyz7
figs-hendiadys
τοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
1
our great God and Savior Jesus Christ
Both **our great God** and **Savior** refer to the one person, Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: ***Jesus Christ, our great God and Savior*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])Both **our great God** and **Savior** refer to the one person, Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “Jesus Christ, our great God and Savior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
113
TIT
2
14
niu4
figs-explicit
ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν
1
gave himself for us
This refers to Jesus dying willingly. Alternate translation: ***gave himself to die for us*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])This refers to Jesus dying willingly. Alternate translation: “gave himself to die for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
114
TIT
2
14
xy20
figs-inclusive
ἡμῶν
1
us
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
115
TIT
2
14
gxe7
figs-metaphor
λυτρώσηται ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀνομίας
1
to redeem us from all lawlessness
Paul speaks of Jesus as if he were setting slaves free from their evil master. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
116
TIT
2
14
xy21
figs-inclusive
ἡμᾶς
1
us
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
117
TIT
2
14
fjy1
λαὸν περιούσιον
1
a special people
***a group of people that he treasures***
118
TIT
2
14
ii18
ζηλωτὴν
1
zealous for
***who are eager to do***
119
TIT
2
15
abc7
παρακάλει
1
exhort
***encourage them to do these things***
120
TIT
2
15
b94z
figs-explicit
ἔλεγχε, μετὰ πάσης ἐπιταγῆς
1
rebuke with all authority
This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: ***Correct with all authority those people who do not do these things*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Correct with all authority those people who do not do these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
121
TIT
2
15
h15y
μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω
1
Let no one disregard you
***Do not allow anyone to ignore you***
122
TIT
2
15
xy22
figs-doublenegatives
μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω
1
Let no one disregard you
This can be stated positively: ***Make sure that everyone listens to you*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])This can be stated positively: “Make sure that everyone listens to you*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
123
TIT
2
15
jbu1
figs-explicit
σου περιφρονείτω
1
disregard you
This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: ***refuse to listen to your words*** or ***refuse to respect you*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])This statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “refuse to listen to your words” or “refuse to respect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
124
TIT
3
intro
zh6x
0
# Titus 03 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul gives Titus personal instructions in this chapter.<br><br>Verse 15 formally concludes this letter. This is a common way of ending a letter in the ancient Near East.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Genealogies<br><br>Genealogies (verse 9) are lists that record a person’s ancestors or descendants, and show from what tribe and family a person came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron. Some of these lists included stories of ancestors and even of spiritual beings. These lists and stories were used to argue about where things came from and about how important various people were.
125
TIT
3
1
y9tr
0
Connecting Statement:
Paul continues giving Titus instructions on how to teach the elders and people under his care in Crete.
126
TIT
3
1
j2sa
ὑπομίμνῃσκε αὐτοὺς…ὑποτάσσεσθαι
1
Remind them to submit
***Tell our people again what they already know, to submit*** or ***Keep reminding them to submit***
129
TIT
3
1
xy25
figs-doublet
ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν
1
to submit…to obey
These words have similar meanings and both refer to doing what someone tells you to do. If the target language has only one term for this, then just use that term (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
130
TIT
3
1
in7u
πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἑτοίμους εἶναι
1
be ready for every good work
***be ready to do good whenever there is opportunity***
131
TIT
3
2
lug7
βλασφημεῖν
1
to revile
***to speak evil of***
132
TIT
3
2
abc8
figs-doublenegatives
ἀμάχους εἶναι
1
to avoid quarreling
This can be stated positively: ***to be peaceful*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])This can be stated positively: “to be peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
133
TIT
3
3
m9zd
ἦμεν γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς
1
For once we also
***This is because we ourselves were once***
134
TIT
3
3
me7b
ποτε
1
once
***formerly*** or ***at some time*** or ***previously***
135
TIT
3
3
bl8e
figs-inclusive
ἡμεῖς
1
we
***even we*** or ***we ourselves*** This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians, referring to the time before they trusted in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasures
Passion and pleasure are spoken of as if they were masters over people and had made those people into slaves by lying to them. Alternate translation: ***We had allowed ourselves to believe the lie that various passions and pleasures could make us happy, and then we were unable to control our feelings or stop doing things we thought would give us pleasure*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]Passion and pleasure are spoken of as if they were masters over people and had made those people into slaves by lying to them. Alternate translation: “We had allowed ourselves to believe the lie that various passions and pleasures could make us happy, and then we were unable to control our feelings or stop doing things we thought would give us pleasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]
We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasures
This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: ***Various passions and pleasures had lied to us and so led us astray*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Various passions and pleasures had lied to us and so led us astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
139
TIT
3
3
tl5n
ἐπιθυμίαις
1
passions
***lusts*** or ***desires***
140
TIT
3
3
dec4
figs-hendiadys
ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ διάγοντες
1
We lived in evil and envy
Here **evil** and **envy** describe sin. **Evil** is general and **envy** is a specific kind of sin. Alternate translation: ***We were always doing evil things and wanting what others have*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])Here **evil** and **envy** describe sin. **Evil** is general and **envy** is a specific kind of sin. Alternate translation: “We were always doing evil things and wanting what others have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
141
TIT
3
3
y5lp
στυγητοί
1
detestable
***causing others to hate us***
142
TIT
3
4
xy28
grammar-connect-logic-contrast
δὲ
1
But
It is important to mark the contrast here between the evil way that people are (verses 1-3) and the goodness of God (verses 4-7) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared
Paul speaks of God’s kindness and love as if they were people that came into our sight. Alternate translation: ***When God our Savior showed us his kindness and love for people*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])Paul speaks of God’s kindness and love as if they were people that came into our sight. Alternate translation: “When God our Savior showed us his kindness and love for people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared
The abstract nouns **kindness** and **love** can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: ***when God, who saves us, showed how kind and loving he would be to mankind*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])The abstract nouns **kindness** and **love** can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “when God, who saves us, showed how kind and loving he would be to mankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
145
TIT
3
4
abch
figs-inclusive
ἡμῶν
1
our
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
146
TIT
3
5
n4ug
κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος
1
by his mercy
***because he had mercy on us***
147
TIT
3
5
k1a6
figs-metaphor
λουτροῦ παλινγενεσίας
1
the washing of new birth
Paul combines two metaphors here. He is speaking of God’s forgiveness for sinners as if he were physically washing them clean from their sin. He is also speaking of sinners who become responsive to God as if they had been born again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
148
TIT
3
6
fby9
figs-metaphor
οὗ ἐξέχεεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς πλουσίως
1
whom God richly poured on us
It is common for New Testament writers to speak of the Holy Spirit as a liquid that God can pour out in large amounts. Alternate translation: ***whom God gave to us generously*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])It is common for New Testament writers to speak of the Holy Spirit as a liquid that God can pour out in large amounts. Alternate translation: “whom God gave to us generously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
149
TIT
3
6
xy24
figs-inclusive
ἡμᾶς
1
us
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
150
TIT
3
6
q9ze
διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν
1
through our Savior Jesus Christ
***when Jesus Christ saved us***
151
TIT
3
6
xy23
figs-inclusive
ἡμῶν
1
our
This includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
152
TIT
3
7
di3g
figs-activepassive
δικαιωθέντες
1
having been justified
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: ***since God has declared us to be without sin*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “since God has declared us to be without sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
153
TIT
3
7
q1cm
figs-metaphor
κληρονόμοι γενηθῶμεν, κατ’ ἐλπίδα ζωῆς αἰωνίου
1
we might become heirs according to the certain hope of eternal life
The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit the things promised, just as a person inherits property or possessions from a family member. Alternate translation: ***we might expect to receive the eternal life that God hs promised us*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit the things promised, just as a person inherits property or possessions from a family member. Alternate translation: “we might expect to receive the eternal life that God hs promised us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
154
TIT
3
8
j8md
ὁ λόγος
1
This message
This message is the one just expressed in verses 4-7, that God freely gives the Holy Spirit and eternal life to believers through Jesus.
155
TIT
3
8
xy29
τούτων
1
these things
This refers to the teachings that Paul has talked about in verses 1-7. Alternate translation: ***these teachings that I have just talked about***This refers to the teachings that Paul has talked about in verses 1-7. Alternate translation: “these teachings that I have just talked about”
156
TIT
3
8
kqm6
φροντίζωσιν καλῶν ἔργων, προΐστασθαι
1
may be careful to engage themselves in good works
***may seek to do good works***
157
TIT
3
9
tzh9
0
Connecting Statement:
Paul explains what Titus should avoid and how to treat those who cause contention among the believers.
158
TIT
3
9
j1hf
δὲ…περιΐστασο
1
But avoid
***So avoid*** or ***Therefore, avoid***
174
TIT
3
13
a46f
translate-names
Ζηνᾶν…Ἀπολλῶν
1
Zenas…Appollos
These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
175
TIT
3
13
s757
καὶ Ἀπολλῶν
1
and Apollos
***and also Apollos***
176
TIT
3
13
j496
σπουδαίως πρόπεμψο
1
Diligently send on their way
***Do not delay in sending***
177
TIT
3
13
xy31
figs-doublenegatives
ἵνα μηδὲν αὐτοῖς λείπῃ
1
so that they lack nothing
This can be stated positively: ***so that they have everything that they need*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])This can be stated positively: “so that they have everything that they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
178
TIT
3
14
v7wg
0
Connecting Statement:
Paul explains that it is important for all believers to provide for those who have needs.
179
TIT
3
14
fw98
οἱ ἡμέτεροι
1
our own
Paul is referring to the believers in Crete. Alternate translation: ***our own people***Paul is referring to the believers in Crete. Alternate translation: “our own people***
180
TIT
3
14
xy33
figs-inclusive
οἱ ἡμέτεροι
1
our own
The **our** includes Paul and Titus. The form should be either dual or inclusive.
181
TIT
3
14
tn24
εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας
1
toward essential needs
***that enable them to help people who lack necessary things***
182
TIT
3
14
mji4
figs-metaphor
ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι
1
in order not to be unfruitful
Paul speaks of people doing good work as if they were trees bearing good fruit. Alternate translation: ***so that they will not lead useless lives*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])Paul speaks of people doing good work as if they were trees bearing good fruit. Alternate translation: “so that they will not lead useless lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
183
TIT
3
14
xy32
figs-doublenegatives
ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι
1
in order not to be unfruitful
This can be stated positively: ***in this way they will be fruitful*** or ***in this way they will be productive*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])This can be stated positively: “in this way they will be fruitful” or “in this way they will be productive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
184
TIT
3
15
j3y2
0
General Information:
Paul ends his letter to Titus.
185
TIT
3
15
abci
ἀσπάζονταί σε
1
greet you
**you** here is singular – this is a personal greeting to Titus.
186
TIT
3
15
k1sa
οἱ μετ’ ἐμοῦ πάντες
1
All those who are with me
***All the people who are with me*** or ***all of the believers who are here with me***
187
TIT
3
15
f4vc
τοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἐν πίστει
1
those who love us in faith
Possible meanings are 1) ***the believers who love us*** or 2) ***the believers who love us because we share the same belief.***
188
TIT
3
15
xy35
figs-inclusive
ἡμᾶς
1
us
**us** here is probably exclusive and refers to Paul and the group of Christians with him. Paul is sending greetings from this group to the group of Christians that is with Titus on Crete.
189
TIT
3
15
kx83
ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν
1
Grace be with all of you
This was a common Christian greeting. Alternate translation: ***May God’s grace be with you*** or ***I ask that God will be gracious to all of you***This was a common Christian greeting. Alternate translation: “May God’s grace be with you” or “I ask that God will be gracious to all of you”
190
TIT
3
15
xy34
ὑμῶν
1
you
**you** here is plural. This blessing is for Titus and all of the believers there in Crete.
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Larry Sallee
Gogs