RUT 1 3 rxb1 הִ֖יא וּשְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽיהָ׃ 1 she was left, her and her two sons **Naomi had only her two sons remaining with her**
RUT 1 4 pk7g figs-idiom וַיִּשְׂא֣וּ לָהֶ֗ם נָשִׁים֙ 1 they took wives for themselves **married women**. This is an idiom for marrying women. They did not take women who were already married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 1 4 k7y9 מֹֽאֲבִיּ֔וֹת 1 from the women of Moab Naomi’s sons married women who were from the tribe of Moab. The Moabites worshiped other gods.
RUT 1 4 aee6 שֵׁ֤ם הָֽאַחַת֙…וְשֵׁ֥ם הַשֵּׁנִ֖י 1 the name of the first woman was … and the name of the second woman was **the name of one woman was … the name of the other woman was**
RUT 1 4 aee6 שֵׁ֤ם הָֽאַחַת֙…וְשֵׁ֥ם הַשֵּׁנִ֖ית 1 the name of the first woman was … and the name of the second woman was **the name of one woman was … the name of the other woman was**
RUT 1 4 rt4c כְּעֶ֥שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים 1 for about ten years About ten years after Elimelek and Naomi came to the country of Moab, their sons Mahlon and Kilion died.
RUT 1 5 dbr3 וַתִּשָּׁאֵר֙ הָֽאִשָּׁ֔ה מִשְּׁנֵ֥י יְלָדֶ֖יהָ וּמֵאִישָֽׁהּ 1 the woman was left without her two children or her husband Naomi was widowed and both her sons died.
RUT 1 6 u9q2 וְכַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ 1 her daughters-in-law the women who married Naomi’s sons
RUT 1 6 sa4z figs-explicit שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּשְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב 1 she had heard in a field of Moab **she had heard while still in the country of Moab**. It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: “she had heard from someone who came from Israel while she was in the region of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 1 6 ser2 יְהוָה֙ 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament.
RUT 1 6 v86z פָקַ֤ד…אֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ 1 had visited his people God saw their need and provided good harvests for them. Alternate translation: “had helped the Israelites”
RUT 1 6 ab01 figs-idiom לָתֵ֥ת לָהֶ֖ם לָֽחֶם׃ 1 giving them bread **Bread** here refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “giving them abundant harvests, so that they had plenty of food.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
RUT 1 7 w7ti figs-idiom וַתֵּלַ֣כְנָה בַדֶּ֔רֶךְ 1 and they traveled down the road **and they walked along the road**. To walk down a road means to travel along it by foot.
RUT 1 6 ab01 figs-synecdoche לָתֵ֥ת לָהֶ֖ם לָֽחֶם׃ 1 giving them bread **Bread** here refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “giving them abundant harvests, so that they had plenty of food.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
RUT 1 7 w7ti וַתֵּלַ֣כְנָה בַדֶּ֔רֶךְ 1 and they traveled down the road **and they walked along the road**. To walk down a road means to travel along it by foot.
RUT 1 8 fu39 לִשְׁתֵּ֣י כַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ 1 her two daughters-in-law **her two sons’ wives** or **the widows of her two sons**
RUT 1 8 lxs2 figs-you אִשָּׁ֖ה 1 each woman Naomi was talking to two people, so languages that have a dual form of **you** would use that throughout her talk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
RUT 1 8 hsf7 לְבֵ֣ית אִמָּ֑הּ 1 to the house of her mother **to the home of each of your mothers**
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ RUT 2 8 ke9b figs-idiom בִּתִּ֗י 1 my daughter This was a kind way to
RUT 2 9 jq6n figs-metonymy עֵינַ֜יִךְ בַּשָּׂדֶ֤ה 1 Keep your eyes on the field The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing. Alternate translation: “Watch only the field” or “Pay attention only to the field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 2 9 xc6u figs-rquestion הֲל֥וֹא צִוִּ֛יתִי אֶת־הַנְּעָרִ֖ים לְבִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑ךְ 1 Have I not instructed the young men not to touch you? Boaz used this question to emphasize his hospitality—that he had already made provision to help Ruth. Alternate translation: “I have given the men strict instructions not to harm you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 2 9 ub62 אֶת־הַנְּעָרִ֖ים 1 the young men **young male workers** or **servants**. The words **young men** are used three times to refer to the young men who are harvesting in the field.
RUT 2 9 v5e4 לְבִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑ךְ 1 not to touch you This was a polite way of saying that the men were not to harm Ruth physically or assault her sexually, and possibly also that the men were not to stop her from gleaning in his field. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
RUT 2 9 v5e4 figs-euphemism לְבִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑ךְ 1 not to touch you This was a polite way of saying that the men were not to harm Ruth physically or assault her sexually, and possibly also that the men were not to stop her from gleaning in his field. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
RUT 2 9 ahr7 מֵאֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשְׁאֲב֖וּן הַנְּעָרִֽים 1 from what the young men draw To draw water means to pull up water from a well or to take it out of a storage vessel.
RUT 2 10 az6y translate-symaction וַתִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔יהָ וַתִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָה 1 Then she fell on her face and bowed down to the ground These are acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
RUT 2 10 ab12 figs-doublet וַתִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔יהָ וַתִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָה 1 Then she fell on her face and bowed down to the ground These are two descriptions of a single action. If this is confusing in your language, use only one description, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
RUT 2 11 app6 figs-activepassive הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד לִ֗י 1 Everything … has fully been reported to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: **People have reported to me** or **People have told me** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
RUT 2 11 abc9 figs-idiom הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד 1 Everything … has fully been reported Here two forms of the word for **report** are repeated in the original Hebrew text to emphasize the certainty or extent of the statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 2 11 r44n figs-metonymy וַתֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־עַ֕ם 1 and you came to a people Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and religion that she did not know. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 2 11 ab60 figs-idiom תְּמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֽׁוֹם׃ 1 the day before yesterday This is an idiom that means “recently” or “previously”
RUT 2 11 ab60 figs-idiom תְּמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֽׁוֹם׃ 1 the day before yesterday This is an idiom that means “recently” or “previously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])<br>
RUT 2 12 x5ct יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה פָּעֳלֵ֑ךְ 1 May Yahweh reward your work **May Yahweh repay you** or **May Yahweh pay you back**
RUT 2 12 s2vm פָּעֳלֵ֑ךְ 1 your work This refers to everything that Boaz has just described in verse 11. Alternate translation: “your good deeds.”
RUT 2 12 gnn5 figs-parallelism וּתְהִ֨י מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּ֜ךְ שְׁלֵמָ֗ה מֵעִ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 may your full wages come from Yahweh This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh fully give to you everything that you deserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]], [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md))
RUT 2 12 gnn5 figs-parallelism וּתְהִ֨י מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּ֜ךְ שְׁלֵמָ֗ה מֵעִ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 may your full wages come from Yahweh This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh fully give to you everything that you deserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]
RUT 2 12 eh86 figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַחֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־כְּנָפָֽיו 1 under whose wings you have come for refuge This is a metaphor that uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them as a way to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 2 13 abc6 figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֨ן 1 May I find favor Here **find favor** is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Alternate translation: “May you continue to approve of me” or “May you continue to be pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 2 13 v2q1 figs-metaphor בְּעֵינֶ֤יךָ 1 in your eyes The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “and accept me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 3 8 xun6 וַיֶּחֱרַ֥ד 1 that … was startled It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet or legs.
RUT 3 8 ab23 figs-exclamations וְהִנֵּ֣ה 1 And behold This word shows that what follows was very surprising to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
RUT 3 8 e7ui אִשָּׁ֔ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽיו 1 a woman was lying at his feet The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness.
RUT 3 9 wj9e אֲמָתֶ֔ךָ -1 your female servant Ruth was not one of Boaz’s servants, but she referred to herself as Boaz’s servant as a polite way to express respect to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing humility and respect.
RUT 3 9 wj9e writing-politeness אֲמָתֶ֔ךָ -1 your female servant Ruth was not one of Boaz’s servants, but she referred to herself as Boaz’s servant as a polite way to express respect to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing humility and respect. (See rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness)
RUT 3 9 xp1b figs-idiom וּפָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֨ךָ֙ עַל־אֲמָ֣תְךָ֔ 1 And you can spread the edge of your cloak over your female servant This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: “Please marry me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 9 l5g4 גֹאֵ֖ל 1 a kinsman-redeemer See how you translated this term in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f).
RUT 3 10 bjw9 הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥ךְ הָאַחֲר֖וֹן מִן־הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 You have made your covenant faithfulness better at the end than at the beginning **You are demonstrating even more loving kindness now than before**
RUT 3 11 ei93 בִּתִּי֙ 1 my daughter Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman. Use the form of address that would be appropriate in your language.
RUT 3 11 ab08 figs-idiom כָּל־שַׁ֣עַר עַמִּ֔י 1 the whole gate of my people The gate was an area of the city where people gathered to do business, and the leaders met there to make decisions. So this was an idiom meaning “all of the important people in my city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
RUT 3 11 ab31 אֵ֥שֶׁת חַ֖יִל 1 a woman of worth **a woman of good character**, **a good woman**
RUT 3 12 jdr7 וְעַתָּה֙ 1 Connecting Statement: This phrase indicates that what follows is something else important that Ruth should pay attention to. Alternate translation: “You also need to know that” a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth and the possibility of another man marrying her instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
RUT 3 12 jdr7 grammar-connect-logic-goal וְעַתָּה֙ 1 Connecting Statement: This phrase indicates that what follows is something else important that Ruth should pay attention to. Alternate translation: “You also need to know that” a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth and the possibility of another man marrying her instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
RUT 3 12 ab30 grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְגַ֛ם יֵ֥שׁ 1 but there is This phrase indicates a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth (verse 11) and the possibility of another man marrying her instead (verse 12). Alternate translation: “Even so, there is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]).
RUT 3 12 fvq5 גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽנִּי 1 a kinsman-redeemer … nearer than I It was the duty of the male relative who was closest in family relationship to the man who died to help his widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f) and make sure that it also makes sense here.
RUT 3 13 gcl8 figs-explicit אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥ךְ 1 if he will redeem you **redeem** here means “marry according to our custom concerning widows.” Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and raise a son to carry on the dead man’s family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 4 6 sa7h גְּאַל־לְךָ֤ אַתָּה֙ אֶת־גְּאֻלָּתִ֔י 1 You redeem for yourself my right of redemption **You yourself redeem it instead of me**
RUT 4 7 wga9 writing-background וְזֹאת֩ 1 Now … this is how **Now this was the custom**. The writer of the book stops telling the story in order to give some background information that explains the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. Use your language’s way of giving background information in a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 4 7 lgf5 writing-background לְפָנִ֨ים 1 in earlier times **in earlier times** or **long ago**. This implies that this custom was no longer practiced when the book of Ruth was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 4 7 d46w לְרֵעֵ֑הוּ 1 to his friend **to the other person**. This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his sandal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
RUT 4 7 d46w לְרֵעֵ֑הוּ 1 to his friend **to his friend**. This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his sandal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
RUT 4 8 ab44 וַיֹּ֧אמֶר הַגֹּאֵ֛ל 1 So the kinsman-redeemer said The events of the story start again here after the background information of verse 7. Use your language’s way of starting to tell the events of the story again.
RUT 4 9 zz42 figs-hyperbole לַזְּקֵנִ֜ים וְכָל־הָעָ֗ם 1 to the elders and to all the people This refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
RUT 4 9 lwx9 figs-synecdoche מִיַּ֖ד נָעֳמִֽי 1 from the hand of Naomi The hand of Naomi represents Naomi. Since her husband and sons had died, the right to the property belonged to her. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
@ -267,4 +267,4 @@ RUT 4 17 ab51 ה֥וּא אֲבִי־יִשַׁ֖י 1 He was the father of Jess
RUT 4 17 f9ha figs-explicit אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד 1 the father of David **father of King David**. Though **King** is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that this David was King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 4 18 mzm1 תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ 1 the generations of Perez **the successive descendants of our clan, starting with Perez**. Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez. Verse 17 was the end of the story about Naomi and Ruth, and verse 18 begins a final section that lists the family line of the clan of Ephrathah, showing how important Obed was as the grandfather of King David. Use a connecting word that signals that this is a new section. You may also need to make it clear that this verse refers to a much earlier time than the time period of the story.
RUT 4 19 rl3k translate-names וְחֶצְרוֹן֙…עַמִּֽינָדָֽב׃ 1 Hezron … Amminadab Use forms of these names that are natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
RUT 4 22 abcd figs-explicit דָּוִֽד 1 David **King David**. See the note about **David** on [4:17](../04/17/f9ha). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 4 22 abcd figs-explicit דָּוִֽד 1 David **King David**. See the note about **David** on [4:17](../04/17/f9ha). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1
Book
Chapter
Verse
ID
SupportReference
OrigQuote
Occurrence
GLQuote
OccurrenceNote
9
RUT
1
3
rxb1
הִ֖יא וּשְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽיהָ׃
1
she was left, her and her two sons
**Naomi had only her two sons remaining with her**
10
RUT
1
4
pk7g
figs-idiom
וַיִּשְׂא֣וּ לָהֶ֗ם נָשִׁים֙
1
they took wives for themselves
**married women**. This is an idiom for marrying women. They did not take women who were already married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11
RUT
1
4
k7y9
מֹֽאֲבִיּ֔וֹת
1
from the women of Moab
Naomi’s sons married women who were from the tribe of Moab. The Moabites worshiped other gods.
the woman was left without her two children or her husband
Naomi was widowed and both her sons died.
15
RUT
1
6
u9q2
וְכַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ
1
her daughters-in-law
the women who married Naomi’s sons
16
RUT
1
6
sa4z
figs-explicit
שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּשְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב
1
she had heard in a field of Moab
**she had heard while still in the country of Moab**. It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: “she had heard from someone who came from Israel while she was in the region of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
17
RUT
1
6
ser2
יְהוָה֙
1
Yahweh
This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament.
18
RUT
1
6
v86z
פָקַ֤ד…אֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ
1
had visited his people
God saw their need and provided good harvests for them. Alternate translation: “had helped the Israelites”
19
RUT
1
6
ab01
figs-idiomfigs-synecdoche
לָתֵ֥ת לָהֶ֖ם לָֽחֶם׃
1
giving them bread
**Bread** here refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “giving them abundant harvests, so that they had plenty of food.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
20
RUT
1
7
w7ti
figs-idiom
וַתֵּלַ֣כְנָה בַדֶּ֔רֶךְ
1
and they traveled down the road
**and they walked along the road**. To walk down a road means to travel along it by foot.
21
RUT
1
8
fu39
לִשְׁתֵּ֣י כַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ
1
her two daughters-in-law
**her two sons’ wives** or **the widows of her two sons**
22
RUT
1
8
lxs2
figs-you
אִשָּׁ֖ה
1
each woman
Naomi was talking to two people, so languages that have a dual form of **you** would use that throughout her talk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
23
RUT
1
8
hsf7
לְבֵ֣ית אִמָּ֑הּ
1
to the house of her mother
**to the home of each of your mothers**
91
RUT
2
9
jq6n
figs-metonymy
עֵינַ֜יִךְ בַּשָּׂדֶ֤ה
1
Keep your eyes on the field
The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing. Alternate translation: “Watch only the field” or “Pay attention only to the field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
Have I not instructed the young men not to touch you?
Boaz used this question to emphasize his hospitality—that he had already made provision to help Ruth. Alternate translation: “I have given the men strict instructions not to harm you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
93
RUT
2
9
ub62
אֶת־הַנְּעָרִ֖ים
1
the young men
**young male workers** or **servants**. The words **young men** are used three times to refer to the young men who are harvesting in the field.
94
RUT
2
9
v5e4
figs-euphemism
לְבִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑ךְ
1
not to touch you
This was a polite way of saying that the men were not to harm Ruth physically or assault her sexually, and possibly also that the men were not to stop her from gleaning in his field. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
95
RUT
2
9
ahr7
מֵאֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשְׁאֲב֖וּן הַנְּעָרִֽים
1
from what the young men draw
To draw water means to pull up water from a well or to take it out of a storage vessel.
Then she fell on her face and bowed down to the ground
These are acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
Then she fell on her face and bowed down to the ground
These are two descriptions of a single action. If this is confusing in your language, use only one description, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
104
RUT
2
11
app6
figs-activepassive
הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד לִ֗י
1
Everything … has fully been reported to me
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: **People have reported to me** or **People have told me** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
105
RUT
2
11
abc9
figs-idiom
הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד
1
Everything … has fully been reported
Here two forms of the word for **report** are repeated in the original Hebrew text to emphasize the certainty or extent of the statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
106
RUT
2
11
r44n
figs-metonymy
וַתֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־עַ֕ם
1
and you came to a people
Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and religion that she did not know. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
107
RUT
2
11
ab60
figs-idiom
תְּמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֽׁוֹם׃
1
the day before yesterday
This is an idiom that means “recently” or “previously”This is an idiom that means “recently” or “previously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])<br>
108
RUT
2
12
x5ct
יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה פָּעֳלֵ֑ךְ
1
May Yahweh reward your work
**May Yahweh repay you** or **May Yahweh pay you back**
109
RUT
2
12
s2vm
פָּעֳלֵ֑ךְ
1
your work
This refers to everything that Boaz has just described in verse 11. Alternate translation: “your good deeds.”
This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh fully give to you everything that you deserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]], [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md))This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh fully give to you everything that you deserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]
111
RUT
2
12
eh86
figs-metaphor
אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַחֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־כְּנָפָֽיו
1
under whose wings you have come for refuge
This is a metaphor that uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them as a way to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
112
RUT
2
13
abc6
figs-idiom
אֶמְצָא־חֵ֨ן
1
May I find favor
Here **find favor** is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Alternate translation: “May you continue to approve of me” or “May you continue to be pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
113
RUT
2
13
v2q1
figs-metaphor
בְּעֵינֶ֤יךָ
1
in your eyes
The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “and accept me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
170
RUT
3
8
xun6
וַיֶּחֱרַ֥ד
1
that … was startled
It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet or legs.
171
RUT
3
8
ab23
figs-exclamations
וְהִנֵּ֣ה
1
And behold
This word shows that what follows was very surprising to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
172
RUT
3
8
e7ui
אִשָּׁ֔ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽיו
1
a woman was lying at his feet
The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness.
173
RUT
3
9
wj9e
writing-politeness
אֲמָתֶ֔ךָ
-1
your female servant
Ruth was not one of Boaz’s servants, but she referred to herself as Boaz’s servant as a polite way to express respect to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing humility and respect.Ruth was not one of Boaz’s servants, but she referred to herself as Boaz’s servant as a polite way to express respect to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing humility and respect. (See rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness)
174
RUT
3
9
xp1b
figs-idiom
וּפָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֨ךָ֙ עַל־אֲמָ֣תְךָ֔
1
And you can spread the edge of your cloak over your female servant
This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: “Please marry me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
175
RUT
3
9
l5g4
גֹאֵ֖ל
1
a kinsman-redeemer
See how you translated this term in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f).
You have made your covenant faithfulness better at the end than at the beginning
**You are demonstrating even more loving kindness now than before**
181
RUT
3
11
ei93
בִּתִּי֙
1
my daughter
Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman. Use the form of address that would be appropriate in your language.
182
RUT
3
11
ab08
figs-idiom
כָּל־שַׁ֣עַר עַמִּ֔י
1
the whole gate of my people
The gate was an area of the city where people gathered to do business, and the leaders met there to make decisions. So this was an idiom meaning “all of the important people in my city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
183
RUT
3
11
ab31
אֵ֥שֶׁת חַ֖יִל
1
a woman of worth
**a woman of good character**, **a good woman**
184
RUT
3
12
jdr7
grammar-connect-logic-goal
וְעַתָּה֙
1
Connecting Statement:
This phrase indicates that what follows is something else important that Ruth should pay attention to. Alternate translation: “You also need to know that” a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth and the possibility of another man marrying her instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
185
RUT
3
12
ab30
grammar-connect-logic-contrast
וְגַ֛ם יֵ֥שׁ
1
but there is
This phrase indicates a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth (verse 11) and the possibility of another man marrying her instead (verse 12). Alternate translation: “Even so, there is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]).
186
RUT
3
12
fvq5
גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽנִּי
1
a kinsman-redeemer … nearer than I
It was the duty of the male relative who was closest in family relationship to the man who died to help his widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f) and make sure that it also makes sense here.
187
RUT
3
13
gcl8
figs-explicit
אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥ךְ
1
if he will redeem you
**redeem** here means “marry according to our custom concerning widows.” Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and raise a son to carry on the dead man’s family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
227
RUT
4
6
sa7h
גְּאַל־לְךָ֤ אַתָּה֙ אֶת־גְּאֻלָּתִ֔י
1
You redeem for yourself my right of redemption
**You yourself redeem it instead of me**
228
RUT
4
7
wga9
writing-background
וְזֹאת֩
1
Now … this is how
**Now this was the custom**. The writer of the book stops telling the story in order to give some background information that explains the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. Use your language’s way of giving background information in a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
229
RUT
4
7
lgf5
writing-background
לְפָנִ֨ים
1
in earlier times
**in earlier times** or **long ago**. This implies that this custom was no longer practiced when the book of Ruth was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
230
RUT
4
7
d46w
לְרֵעֵ֑הוּ
1
to his friend
**to the other person**. This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his sandal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).**to his friend**. This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his sandal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
231
RUT
4
8
ab44
וַיֹּ֧אמֶר הַגֹּאֵ֛ל
1
So the kinsman-redeemer said
The events of the story start again here after the background information of verse 7. Use your language’s way of starting to tell the events of the story again.
232
RUT
4
9
zz42
figs-hyperbole
לַזְּקֵנִ֜ים וְכָל־הָעָ֗ם
1
to the elders and to all the people
This refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
233
RUT
4
9
lwx9
figs-synecdoche
מִיַּ֖ד נָעֳמִֽי
1
from the hand of Naomi
The hand of Naomi represents Naomi. Since her husband and sons had died, the right to the property belonged to her. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
267
RUT
4
17
f9ha
figs-explicit
אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד
1
the father of David
**father of King David**. Though **King** is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that this David was King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
268
RUT
4
18
mzm1
תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ
1
the generations of Perez
**the successive descendants of our clan, starting with Perez**. Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez. Verse 17 was the end of the story about Naomi and Ruth, and verse 18 begins a final section that lists the family line of the clan of Ephrathah, showing how important Obed was as the grandfather of King David. Use a connecting word that signals that this is a new section. You may also need to make it clear that this verse refers to a much earlier time than the time period of the story.
269
RUT
4
19
rl3k
translate-names
וְחֶצְרוֹן֙…עַמִּֽינָדָֽב׃
1
Hezron … Amminadab
Use forms of these names that are natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
270
RUT
4
22
abcd
figs-explicit
דָּוִֽד
1
David
**King David**. See the note about **David** on [4:17](../04/17/f9ha). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNo
1SA 1 5 b7ri figs-euphemism סָגַ֥ר רַחְמָֽהּ 1 had shut her womb The phrase **shut her womb** is used figuratively to mean that Yahweh had not allowed Hannah to become pregnant. If it would be clearer in your language, you can use a phrase that would be most natural in your language. Alternative translation: “made her barren” or “prevented her from becoming pregnant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
1SA 1 5 cg80 translate-unknown מָנָ֥ה 1 portion Here, **portion** refers to the portion of meat that God let the people eat from the animal which they sacrificed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1SA 1 6 f5cg grammar-connect-logic-result<br><br> וְכִֽעֲסַ֤תָּה צָֽרָתָהּ֙ גַּם־כַּ֔עַס בַּעֲב֖וּר הַרְּעִמָ֑הּ 1 And her rival would provoke her, even with provocation in order to cause her to thunder This means that Peninnah would intentionally seek ways to humiliate and mock Hannah so that she would feel emotionally disturbed and be greatly troubled in spirit. You can translate this in a way that would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And Peninnah would intentionally provoke Hannah severely, for the purpose of hurting her feelings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1SA 1 6 1tlc figs-abstractnouns וְכִֽעֲסַ֤תָּה צָֽרָתָהּ֙ גַּם־כַּ֔עַס 1 And her rival would provoke her, even with provocation The word **provocation** is an abstract noun. If it would be more natural in your language you may translate this word using a verb phrase, adjective, or adverb. Alternate translation: “And Peninnah would intentionally provoke Hannah severely” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns)
1SA 1 6 1tlc figs-abstractnouns וְכִֽעֲסַ֤תָּה צָֽרָתָהּ֙ גַּם־כַּ֔עַס 1 And her rival would provoke her, even with provocation The word **provocation** is an abstract noun. If it would be more natural in your language you may translate this word using a verb phrase or adjective. Alternate translation: “And Peninnah would intentionally provoke Hannah severely” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns)
1SA 1 6 mw8a צָֽרָתָהּ֙ 1 her rival Here, **her rival** refers to Hannah’s rival Peninnah. It is probable that Elkanah took Peninnah as his second wife after Hannah was unable to bear children so that he could have offspring by Penninah. This would result in Hannah and Peninnah viewing each other as rivals. You can use a word or phrase that would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his second wife” or“her co-wife”
1SA 1 6 gq73 figs-simile הַרְּעִמָ֑הּ 1 cause her to thunder The phrase **cause her to thunder** is a figurative way of saying that Peninnah’s actions caused Hannah to be greatly irritated or troubled. The point of this comparison is that Peninnah would cause Hannah to be greatly bothered and disrupted in a way that is similar to the sky being disrupted to the point of thundering. You can communicate this in a way which would be most natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1SA 1 6 wy2z בְּעַ֥ד רַחְמָֽהּ 1 shut up her womb The phrase **shut up her womb** is a used figuratively to mean that Yahweh had not allowed Hannah to become pregnant. You can use a phrase that would be most natural in your language.<br>Alternative translation: “made her barren” or “prevented her from becoming pregnant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
1
Book
Chapter
Verse
ID
SupportReference
OrigQuote
Occurrence
GLQuote
OccurrenceNote
19
1SA
1
5
b7ri
figs-euphemism
סָגַ֥ר רַחְמָֽהּ
1
had shut her womb
The phrase **shut her womb** is used figuratively to mean that Yahweh had not allowed Hannah to become pregnant. If it would be clearer in your language, you can use a phrase that would be most natural in your language. Alternative translation: “made her barren” or “prevented her from becoming pregnant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
20
1SA
1
5
cg80
translate-unknown
מָנָ֥ה
1
portion
Here, **portion** refers to the portion of meat that God let the people eat from the animal which they sacrificed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
And her rival would provoke her, even with provocation in order to cause her to thunder
This means that Peninnah would intentionally seek ways to humiliate and mock Hannah so that she would feel emotionally disturbed and be greatly troubled in spirit. You can translate this in a way that would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And Peninnah would intentionally provoke Hannah severely, for the purpose of hurting her feelings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
22
1SA
1
6
1tlc
figs-abstractnouns
וְכִֽעֲסַ֤תָּה צָֽרָתָהּ֙ גַּם־כַּ֔עַס
1
And her rival would provoke her, even with provocation
The word **provocation** is an abstract noun. If it would be more natural in your language you may translate this word using a verb phrase, adjective, or adverb. Alternate translation: “And Peninnah would intentionally provoke Hannah severely” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns)The word **provocation** is an abstract noun. If it would be more natural in your language you may translate this word using a verb phrase or adjective. Alternate translation: “And Peninnah would intentionally provoke Hannah severely” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns)
23
1SA
1
6
mw8a
צָֽרָתָהּ֙
1
her rival
Here, **her rival** refers to Hannah’s rival Peninnah. It is probable that Elkanah took Peninnah as his second wife after Hannah was unable to bear children so that he could have offspring by Penninah. This would result in Hannah and Peninnah viewing each other as rivals. You can use a word or phrase that would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his second wife” or “her co-wife”
24
1SA
1
6
gq73
figs-simile
הַרְּעִמָ֑הּ
1
cause her to thunder
The phrase **cause her to thunder** is a figurative way of saying that Peninnah’s actions caused Hannah to be greatly irritated or troubled. The point of this comparison is that Peninnah would cause Hannah to be greatly bothered and disrupted in a way that is similar to the sky being disrupted to the point of thundering. You can communicate this in a way which would be most natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
25
1SA
1
6
wy2z
בְּעַ֥ד רַחְמָֽהּ
1
shut up her womb
The phrase **shut up her womb** is a used figuratively to mean that Yahweh had not allowed Hannah to become pregnant. You can use a phrase that would be most natural in your language.<br>Alternative translation: “made her barren” or “prevented her from becoming pregnant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
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Grant_Ailie