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Tracy's edits to Deut - ch 3-4 (#3202) 

Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/3202
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front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Deuteronomy\n\n\n- Moses’ first speech\n - Moses reminds Israel of how Yahweh guided them through the wilderness (1:1–3:29)\n - Moses appeals for Israel to obey the law of Yahweh (4:1–49)\n- Moses’ second speech\n - The Ten Commandments (5:1–10:22)\n - Rules and warnings from the Law (11:1–26:19)\n- Moses’ third speech\n - Instructions for entering Canaan (27:1–26)\n - Blessings for obeying and curses for disobeying (28:1–68)\n - The covenant renewed (29:1–30:20)\n - Last words of Moses, the Song of Moses, and his death (31:1–34:12)\n\n\n### What is the Book of Deuteronomy about?\n\nIn the book of Deuteronomy, Moses repeats the laws of the covenant that God made with the people of Israel. The people of Israel were about to go into the Promised Land. Before they entered the land, Moses reminded them of what Yahweh did for them and what he expected from them. Moses warned the people about worshiping idols and no longer trusting Yahweh once they settled in the Promised Land. Yahweh promised to judge those who disobey him and to bless those who obey his Law. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe name “Deuteronomy” means “Second Law” or “the retelling of the Law.” Translators may decide on a title such as “A Repeat of the Law” or “Moses Explains the Law Again.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the book of Deuteronomy?\n\nThe writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Deuteronomy. However, many scholars think that Joshua wrote chapter 34. This chapter tells how Moses died.\n\n### What are the important features of the Book of Deuteronomy?\n\nThe book contains a series of speeches that Moses gave to Israel before he died. He spoke these things just before the people entered the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Why did Yahweh command the Israelites to completely destroy the people who lived in the Promised Land?\n\nAs God prepared the Israelites to enter the Promised Land, he commanded them to completely destroy the Canaanite people who lived there. The Israelites would then not be tempted to join them and worship their false gods.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What is the role of God’s name in Deuteronomy?\n\nGod’s name is mentioned over 30 times in the book of Deuteronomy. The use of God’s name in this book usually represents God’s honor or fame. At other times in Deuteronomy, God’s name represents his presence. God said he would choose a place and make his name dwell there. This means God’s presence would be there. The people were to go to that place to worship him.\n\n### Can this book be translated before the rest of the Pentateuch?\n\nThe books of Genesis and Exodus help to explain what happens in Deuteronomy. For this reason, those books should be translated before the book of Deuteronomy.
1:intro ggp9 0 # Deuteronomy 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter forms a continuation with the last chapter of the book of Numbers. In this chapter is Moses’ first speech to the Israelites. \n\n- v. 1-4: Introduction\n- v. 5-49: Moses reminds the Israelites of what happened to their ancestors in the wilderness\n - v. 9-18: Moses chooses judges and military leaders\n - v. 19-46: The Israelites send out spies to survey the land \n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s victory\nThe chapter explains that Israel’s conquering of the Promised Land will be done by Yahweh. They are not to fear the people of Canaan but be obedient to Yahweh. Yahweh is bringing about his judgment upon the people of Canaan. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n### Possessing the land\n\nWhile the Promised Land belongs to Israel, they do not possess the land. Possessing the land is an important theme. Possessing the land depended on Israel’s faithfulness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n### Yahweh's Presence\n\nIn verse 42, Yahweh says, “I will not be among you.” As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. In verse 42, Yahweh means that because of their rebellion he will no longer be with the Israelites in a special way.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Quotes in quotes\n\nIn this chapter, Moses gives a speech and quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format this passage so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Pronouns\n\nIn this chapter, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.\n\n### “Yahweh your God”\n\nThroughout this chapter, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])\n\n### Time Background\n\nIn his speech, Moses reminds the Israelites about what happened to their ancestors when they were camping at Mt. Sinai. Throughout his speech, Moses repeats the phrase “at that time” to refer to new topics that occur during that time period. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state this information explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevents]])
front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Deuteronomy\n\n- Moses’ first speech\n - Moses reminds Israel of how Yahweh guided them through the wilderness (1:1–3:29)\n - Moses appeals for Israel to obey the law of Yahweh (4:1–49)\n- Moses’ second speech\n - The Ten Commandments (5:1–10:22)\n - Rules and warnings from the Law (11:1–26:19)\n- Moses’ third speech\n - Instructions for entering Canaan (27:1–26)\n - Blessings for obeying and curses for disobeying (28:1–68)\n - The covenant renewed (29:1–30:20)\n - Last words of Moses, the Song of Moses, and his death (31:1–34:12)\n\n\n### What is the Book of Deuteronomy about?\n\nIn the book of Deuteronomy, Moses repeats the laws of the covenant that God made with the people of Israel. The people of Israel were about to go into the Promised Land. Before they entered the land, Moses reminded them of what Yahweh did for them and what he expected from them. Moses warned the people about worshiping idols and no longer trusting Yahweh once they settled in the Promised Land. Yahweh promised to judge those who disobey him and to bless those who obey his Law. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe name “Deuteronomy” means “Second Law” or “the retelling of the Law.” Translators may decide on a title such as “A Repeat of the Law” or “Moses Explains the Law Again.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the book of Deuteronomy?\n\nThe writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Deuteronomy. However, many scholars think that Joshua wrote chapter 34. This chapter tells how Moses died.\n\n### What are the important features of the Book of Deuteronomy?\n\nThe book contains a series of speeches that Moses gave to Israel before he died. He spoke these things just before the people entered the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Why did Yahweh command the Israelites to completely destroy the people who lived in the Promised Land?\n\nAs God prepared the Israelites to enter the Promised Land, he commanded them to completely destroy the Canaanite people who lived there. The Israelites would then not be tempted to join them and worship their false gods.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What is the role of God’s name in Deuteronomy?\n\nGod’s name is mentioned over 30 times in the book of Deuteronomy. The use of God’s name in this book usually represents God’s honor or fame. At other times in Deuteronomy, God’s name represents his presence. God said he would choose a place and make his name dwell there. This means God’s presence would be there. The people were to go to that place to worship him.\n\n### Can this book be translated before the rest of the Pentateuch?\n\nThe books of Genesis and Exodus help to explain what happens in Deuteronomy. For this reason, those books should be translated before the book of Deuteronomy.\n\n### Quotes in quotes\n\nSince this book consists of Moses’ speeches, many parts of this book are direct quotations. Within his speeches, Moses directly quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format these passages so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Second person plural\n\nIn this book, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])\n\n### “Yahweh your God”\n\nThroughout this book, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])\n\n### Moses’ Audience\n\nIn his speeches, Moses speaks to the Israelites who will enter into the land that Yahweh promised to give to them. Moses reminds them about events that happened to their ancestors and to them. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state explicitly that Moses is talking about their ancestors, even when he directly addresses the living Israelites as “you.” (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1:intro ggp9 0 # Deuteronomy 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter forms a continuation with the last chapter of the book of Numbers. In this chapter is Moses’ first speech to the Israelites. \n\n- vv. 1-4: Introduction\n- vv. 5-49: Moses reminds the Israelites of what happened to their ancestors in the wilderness\n - vv. 9-18: Moses chooses judges and military leaders\n - vv. 19-46: The Israelites send out spies to survey the land \n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s victory\nThe chapter explains that Israel’s conquering of the Promised Land will be done by Yahweh. They are not to fear the people of Canaan but be obedient to Yahweh. Yahweh is bringing about his judgment upon the people of Canaan. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n### Possessing the land\n\nWhile the Promised Land belongs to Israel, they do not possess the land. Possessing the land is an important theme. Possessing the land depended on Israel’s faithfulness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n### Yahweh's Presence\n\nIn verse 42, Yahweh says, “I will not be among you.” As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. In verse 42, Yahweh means that because of their rebellion he will no longer be with the Israelites in a special way.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Quotes in quotes\n\nIn this chapter, Moses gives a speech and quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format this passage so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Pronouns\n\nIn this chapter, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.\n\n### “Yahweh your God”\n\nThroughout this chapter, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])\n\n### Time Background\n\nIn his speech, Moses reminds the Israelites about what happened to their ancestors when they were camping at Mt. Sinai. Throughout his speech, Moses repeats the phrase “at that time” to refer to new topics that occur during that time period. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state this information explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevents]])\n
1:1 vb79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ס֜וּף 1 The word **Suph** is the name of a place. It is uncertain where Suph is, but Suph could refer to the Red Sea. Alternate translation: “the Red Sea”
1:1 bg65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names תֹּ֛פֶל וְ⁠לָבָ֥ן וַ⁠חֲצֵרֹ֖ת וְ⁠דִ֥י זָהָֽב 1 These are the names of places.
1:1 mdz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בֵּֽין & וּ⁠בֵֽין 1 Here, the text repeats **between** to describe the relative positions of cities. If it is unnatural in your language to repeat a preposition, you could use a form that identifies an area between cities. Alternate translation: “between … and”
@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:16 imou rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֙ & אָחִ֖י⁠ו 1 Here **brothers** and **brother** refer to any Israelite. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites … a fellow Israelite”
1:16 k0bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׁמֹ֤עַ בֵּין אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֙ 1 Here, **listen** means “listen to evidence in a legal case.” The judge is **in between** each party involved in the case and will listen to each party. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Listen to the evidence from both sides of the legal case”
1:16 x7e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וּ⁠שְׁפַטְתֶּ֣ם 1 Here, the form of **judge** is not a command, but Moses is using the form to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “and you must judge”
1:16 rdg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֙ & אִ֥ישׁ & אָחִ֖י⁠ו & \nגֵּרֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although the terms **brother**, **man**, **his**, and **him** are masculine, Moses is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites … an Israelite … another Israelite … the foreigner with the Israelite”
1:16 rdg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֙ & אִ֥ישׁ & אָחִ֖י⁠ו & גֵּרֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although the terms **brother**, **man**, **his**, and **him** are masculine, Moses is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites … an Israelite … another Israelite … the foreigner with the Israelite”
1:16 z0ng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בֵּֽין־אִ֥ישׁ וּ⁠בֵין־אָחִ֖י⁠ו וּ⁠בֵ֥ין גֵּרֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Moses repeats **between** to describe different types of relationships that could require judgment among the Israelites. The first relationship involves two Israelites. The second relationship involves an Israelite and a non-Israelite. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that describes relationships between individuals. Alternate translation: “between a man and his brother, and also between a man and the foreigner with him”
1:17 k656 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹֽא־תַכִּ֨ירוּ פָנִ֜ים 1 Here, **recognize a face** is an idiom that means “show partiality.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You shall not play favorites” or “You shall not show partiality”
1:17 wjfu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בַּ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֗ט & הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֖ט 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in the legal case … the result of the legal case”
1:17 p5iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative תִּשְׁמָע֔וּ⁠ן & תַּקְרִב֥וּ⁠ן 1 Here, the forms of **hear** and **bring** are not commands, but Moses is using the forms to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “hear … bring”
1:17 p5iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative תִּשְׁמָע֔וּ⁠ן & תַּקְרִב֥וּ⁠ן 1 Here, the forms of **hear** and **bring** are not commands, but Moses is using the forms to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “hear … bring”
1:17 tw6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִּשְׁמָע֔וּ⁠ן 1 The implication is that the judges will **hear** legal cases. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you should hear legal cases”
1:17 l3vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism כַּ⁠קָּטֹ֤ן כַּ⁠גָּדֹל֙ 1 Here, **small** and **great** refer to all of the Israelites by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all Israelites alike”
1:17 tl9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj כַּ⁠קָּטֹ֤ן כַּ⁠גָּדֹל֙ 1 Moses is using the adjectives **small** and **great** as nouns to mean small people and great people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “small people and great people”
@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:23 t0cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַ⁠דָּבָ֑ר 1 Here, **word** represents what someone said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what they said”
1:23 cm5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינַ֖⁠י 1 Here, **in my eyes** represents Moses’ assessment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in my assessment” or "in my opinion"
1:23 xkb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וָ⁠אֶקַּ֤ח 1 Here, **took** means “chose.” Moses speaks of choosing men as if he were physically taking them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I selected”
1:23 sduj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers אֶחָ֖ד 1 Alternate translation: “1”
1:24 tock rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּפְנוּ֙ 1 Here, **they** refers back to the “12 men” whom Moses chose in [verse 23](../deu/01/23.md). If it would be helpful for your readers, you could clarify this information. Alternate translation: “And the 12 men turned”
1:24 n7e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּפְנוּ֙ וַ⁠יַּעֲל֣וּ 1 Here, the word **turn** describes the beginning of action. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “And they started to go”
1:24 mdt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖אוּ 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “went” instead of **came**. Alternate translation: “and they went”
@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:27 u8rq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠שִׂנְאַ֤ת יְהוָה֙ אֹתָ֔⁠נוּ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hatred**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Since Yahweh hates us”
1:27 am5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠יַ֥ד הָ⁠אֱמֹרִ֖י 1 The word **hand** refers to the power of the owner of the hand, **the Amorites**. Alternate translation: “into the power of the Amorites”
1:28 dm6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אָנָ֣ה ׀ אֲנַ֣חְנוּ עֹלִ֗ים 1 The Israelites use a question to emphasize that they are afraid of the Amorites and do not want to go near them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “We have nowhere safe to go.”
1:28 foq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָנָ֣ה ׀ אֲנַ֣חְנוּ עֹלִ֗ים 1 Here **go up** means “go” or “travel.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Where {can} we go?”
1:28 foq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָנָ֣ה ׀ אֲנַ֣חְנוּ עֹלִ֗ים 1 The implication is that the Israelites are camping in a valley, so they must travel **up** the hilly area when they **go** into the land that Yahweh promised to give to them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Where can we go up from this valley”
1:28 s442 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַחֵי⁠נוּ֩ 1 Here, **our brothers** refers back to the “12 men” in [verse 23](../deu/01/23.md) who scouted the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Our 12 brothers who scouted the land”
1:28 qpgk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַחֵי⁠נוּ֩ 1 Here **brothers** refers to other Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Our fellow Israelites”
1:28 x4y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הֵמַ֨סּוּ אֶת־לְבָבֵ֜⁠נוּ 1 Here, the phrase **have caused our heart to melt** means that the **brothers** made the rest of the Israelites feel weak and afraid. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have made my heart skip a beat” or “have made us very afraid” \n
@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:36 hwf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and to his offspring”
1:36 namd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּ֖א אַחֲרֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 The implication is that Caleb follows **after Yahweh** and obeys him completely. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “he wholly obeys Yahweh’”
1:36 ix6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns אַחֲרֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “after me, Yahweh”\n\n
1:37 j94d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־בִּ⁠י֙ הִתְאַנַּ֣ף יְהוָ֔ה בִּ⁠גְלַלְ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 This refers to [Numbers 20](Num/20/10.md), when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do because Moses was angry with the people of Israel.
1:37 j94d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־בִּ⁠י֙ הִתְאַנַּ֣ף יְהוָ֔ה בִּ⁠גְלַלְ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 This refers to [Numbers 20](Num/20/10.md), when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do because Moses was angry with the people of Israel. The Israelite people complained that they did not have water in the wilderness. Yahweh told Moses to speak to the rock so water would come out, but Moses disobeyed Yahweh and struck the rock with his staff. As a result, Yahweh promised that Moses would not enter the land.
1:38 du4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נוּן֙ 1 The word **Nun** is the name of Joshua’s father.
1:38 ze5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָ⁠עֹמֵ֣ד 1 The implication is that Joshua **stands** before the Israelites as a servant before their master. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “who stands as your servant”
1:38 q1og rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”
@ -162,40 +163,43 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:45 w3kr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠לֹ֥א הֶאֱזִ֖ין 1 Here, **give ear** is a figure of speech that means “listen.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he did not lend his ear” or “and he did not pay attention”
1:45 tvc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠לֹֽא־שָׁמַ֤ע יְהוָה֙ בְּ⁠קֹ֣לְ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠לֹ֥א הֶאֱזִ֖ין אֲלֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “but Yahweh did not listen to your voice, nor did he give ear to you”
1:46 fnvl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo יָמִ֣ים רַבִּ֑ים כַּ⁠יָּמִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְשַׁבְתֶּֽם 1 The expression **according to the days that you stayed {there}** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “many days.”
2:intro ji46 0 # Deuteronomy 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues Moses’ first speech from the previous chapter.\n\n- v. 1-11: Moses recounts the Israelites’ journey from the wilderness to the land of the Edomites, Moabites, and Ammonites\n- v. 24-37: Moses recounts how Yahweh allowed the Israelites to defeat King Sihon\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Covenant faithfulness\n\nYahweh is faithful to the covenant he made with Abraham. He is also faithful to the promises he made with Esau and Lot. Because of this, Israel was given specific land it was able to conquer in Canaan. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])\n\n### God knows everything, sees everything, and is everywhere\nAs God, Yahweh knows everything past, present, and future. And, as God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. In verse 7, Moses explains that Yahweh was with the Israelites in a special way.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Quotes in quotes\nIn this chapter, Moses gives a speech and quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format this passage so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Pronouns\nIn this chapter, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.\n\n### Moses represents the Israelites\nThe singular pronoun “you” occurs when Yahweh speaks directly to Moses. The Israelites requested that Moses speak to Yahweh on their behalf, because the Israelites fear Yahweh and do not want to speak directly to him. Moses acts as a representative on behalf of all the Israelites. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could clarify that Yahweh wants Moses to tell the Israelites everything that Yahweh says.\n\n### “Yahweh your God”\nThroughout this chapter, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) //this needs to go in the book intro
2:intro ji46 0 # Deuteronomy 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues Moses’ first speech from the previous chapter.\n\n- vv. 1-11: Moses recounts the Israelites’ journey from the wilderness to the land of the Edomites, Moabites, and Ammonites\n- vv. 24-37: Moses recounts how Yahweh allowed the Israelites to defeat King Sihon\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God knows everything, sees everything, and is everywhere\nAs God, Yahweh knows everything past, present, and future. And, as God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. In verse 7, Moses explains that Yahweh was with the Israelites in a special way.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Quotes in quotes\nIn this chapter, Moses gives a speech and quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format this passage so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Pronouns\nIn this chapter, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.\n\n### Moses represents the Israelites\nThe singular pronoun “you” occurs when Yahweh speaks directly to Moses. The Israelites requested that Moses speak to Yahweh on their behalf, because the Israelites fear Yahweh and do not want to speak directly to him. Moses acts as a representative on behalf of all the Israelites. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could clarify that Yahweh wants Moses to tell the Israelites everything that Yahweh says.\n\n### “Yahweh your God”\nThroughout this chapter, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) //this needs to go in the book intro
2:1 ys5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠נֵּ֜פֶן 1 The implication is that the Israelites **turned** around and went back the way they came. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And we turned around”
2:1 b9af rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָמִ֥ים רַבִּֽים 1 Here, the phrase **many days** means “a long time.” [Numbers 14:33-34](../num/14/33.md) tells us that the Israelites wandered in the desert for 40 years. Many of those 40 years were spent around Mount Seir. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a very long time”
2:2 l1m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language.
2:3 xhnw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo פְּנ֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 The expression **turn yourselves** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “Turn”
2:4 p210 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְ⁠אֶת־הָ⁠עָם֮ צַ֣ו לֵ⁠אמֹר֒ אַתֶּ֣ם עֹֽבְרִ֗ים בִּ⁠גְבוּל֙ אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֣ם 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation, as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “And command the people to cross the border of their brothers”
2:4 t4vc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵ⁠אמֹר֒ 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language.
2:4 trl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֣ם בְּנֵי־עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 Here, **brothers** means “relatives.” The Israelites are descendants of Jacob, who was Esau's brother. The Israelites and the **sons of Esau** are all descendants of Isaac. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your relatives, the sons of Esau”
2:4 zvqh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵי 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the offspring of”
2:4 u7cl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בִּ⁠גְבוּל֙ אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֣ם 1 Here, Yahweh is using the possessive form to describe **the border** around the land that is occupied by the **brothers** of the Israelites. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “into the land occupied by your brothers”
2:4 trl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֣ם בְּנֵי־עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 The Israelites are descendants of Jacob, who was Esau's brother. The Israelites and the **sons of Esau** are all descendants of Isaac. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your relatives, the sons of Esau”
2:4 zvqh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֣ם בְּנֵי 1 Here, **brothers** means “relatives” and **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your relatives, the offspring of”
2:4 hlaq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְ⁠נִשְׁמַרְתֶּ֖ם מְאֹֽד 1 Here, the form of **you should be exceedingly on guard** is not a command form, but Yahweh is using the phrase to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Be exceedingly on guard!”
2:5 h7uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal אַל־תִּתְגָּר֣וּ בָ֔⁠ם כִּ֠י לֹֽא־אֶתֵּ֤ן לָ⁠כֶם֙ מֵֽ⁠אַרְצָ֔⁠ם 1 Here, the word **for** marks **you shall not fight them** as the goal or purpose of **I will not give to you {any} of their land**. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. //needs work for clarity
2:5 mzpa rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אַל־תִּתְגָּר֣וּ בָ֔⁠ם כִּ֠י לֹֽא־אֶתֵּ֤ן לָ⁠כֶם֙ מֵֽ⁠אַרְצָ֔⁠ם עַ֖ד מִדְרַ֣ךְ כַּף־רָ֑גֶל כִּֽי־יְרֻשָּׁ֣ה לְ⁠עֵשָׂ֔ו נָתַ֖תִּי אֶת־הַ֥ר שֵׂעִֽיר 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases, since the last phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “I have given Mount Seir to Esau, so I will not give you any of their land, even as little as a step of the sole of a foot, so you shall not fight them”
2:5 h7uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֠י 1 Here, the word **for** introduces the reason why the Israelites **shall not fight** the descendants of Esau. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “since”
2:5 y52q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אַל־תִּתְגָּר֣וּ בָ֔⁠ם 1 Here, the form of **you shall not fight them** is not a command form, but Yahweh is using the phrase to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Do not fight them”
2:5 mzpa rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לֹֽא־אֶתֵּ֤ן לָ⁠כֶם֙ מֵֽ⁠אַרְצָ֔⁠ם עַ֖ד מִדְרַ֣ךְ כַּף־רָ֑גֶל כִּֽי־יְרֻשָּׁ֣ה לְ⁠עֵשָׂ֔ו נָתַ֖תִּי אֶת־הַ֥ר שֵׂעִֽיר 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases, since the last phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “I have given Mount Seir to Esau, so I will not give you any of their land, even as little as a step of the sole of a foot, so you shall not fight them”
2:5 e5j7 עַ֖ד מִדְרַ֣ךְ כַּף־רָ֑גֶל 1 Alternate translation: “even as little as the length of a footstep”
2:5 m4jy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְ⁠עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 Yahweh is using **Esau** to represent Esau and all of his descendants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to Esau and his offspring”
2:6 rd6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֹ֣כֶל תִּשְׁבְּר֧וּ מֵֽ⁠אִתָּ֛⁠ם בַּ⁠כֶּ֖סֶף וַ⁠אֲכַלְתֶּ֑ם וְ⁠גַם־מַ֜יִם תִּכְר֧וּ מֵ⁠אִתָּ֛⁠ם בַּ⁠כֶּ֖סֶף וּ⁠שְׁתִיתֶֽם 1 This verse contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the verse. Alternate translation: “You will buy food from them, and also, you will purchase water from them”
2:7 st5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֜י⁠ךָ בֵּֽרַכְ⁠ךָ֗ & יָדֶ֔⁠ךָ & לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ֔ & אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ עִמָּ֔⁠ךְ לֹ֥א חָסַ֖רְתָּ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
2:7 eq6o rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּי֩ 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason that the Israelites should obey the commands that came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Obey these commands because”
2:7 st5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֜י⁠ךָ בֵּֽרַכְ⁠ךָ֗ & יָדֶ֔⁠ךָ & לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ֔ & אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ עִמָּ֔⁠ךְ לֹ֥א חָסַ֖רְתָּ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
2:7 ief6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה יָדֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 Moses is using **hand** to represent all of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your work”
2:7 act3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָדַ֣ע לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ֔ אֶת־הַ⁠מִּדְבָּ֥ר הַ⁠גָּדֹ֖ל הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה 1 The implication is that Yahweh **has known** everything that happened to the Israelites when they were **walking through** the **great wilderness**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “He has known what happened to you during your walking through this great wilderness”
2:7 bkwb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ עִמָּ֔⁠ךְ 1 As God, Yahweh is always everywhere. The implication is that Yahweh was **with** the Israelites in a special way. See how you translated this concept in [1:42](../01/42.md) Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God has been with you in a special way”
2:7 l4f1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֥א חָסַ֖רְתָּ דָּבָֽר 1 Moses is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “You have had everything you needed”
2:8 t48a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אַחֵ֣י⁠נוּ בְנֵי־עֵשָׂ֗ו 1 Although the terms **brothers** and **sons** are masculine, Moses is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “your relatives, the children of”
2:8 n8fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַחֵ֣י⁠נוּ בְנֵי־עֵשָׂ֗ו 1 Here, **brothers** means “relatives.” The Israelites are descendants of Jacob, who was Esau's brother. The Israelites and the **sons of Esau** are all descendants of Isaac. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your relatives, the sons of Esau”
2:8 bmap rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְנֵי 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the offspring of”
2:7 emyu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֥א חָסַ֖רְתָּ דָּבָֽר 1 Moses is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “You have received all things that you required”
2:8 n8fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַחֵ֣י⁠נוּ בְנֵי־עֵשָׂ֗ו 1 The Israelites are descendants of Jacob, who was Esau's brother. The Israelites and the **sons of Esau** are all descendants of Isaac. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. See how you translated this in [2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “our relatives, the sons of Esau”
2:8 bmap rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַחֵ֣י⁠נוּ בְנֵי 1 Here, **brothers** means “relatives” and **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this in [2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “our relatives, the descendants of”
2:8 ctw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵ⁠אֵילַ֖ת וּ⁠מֵ⁠עֶצְיֹ֣ן גָּ֑בֶר 1 The words **Elath** and **Ezion Geber** are the names of cities.
2:8 lbh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠נֵּ֨פֶן֙ 1 The implication is that the Israelites **turned** away from the land of the sons of Esau and went on further. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And we turned away from their land”
2:9 j20t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal אֶל־תָּ֨צַר֙ אֶת־מוֹאָ֔ב וְ⁠אַל־תִּתְגָּ֥ר בָּ֖⁠ם מִלְחָמָ֑ה כִּ֠י לֹֽא־אֶתֵּ֨ן לְ⁠ךָ֤ מֵֽ⁠אַרְצ⁠וֹ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה 1 Here, the word **For** marks the first sentence as the goal or purpose of the second sentence. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
2:9 jttu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֶל־תָּ֨צַר֙ אֶת־מוֹאָ֔ב וְ⁠אַל־תִּתְגָּ֥ר בָּ֖⁠ם מִלְחָמָ֑ה 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “You shall not trouble Moab or fight against them in battle”
2:9 g8pa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אֶל־תָּ֨צַר֙ & וְ⁠אַל־תִּתְגָּ֥ר 1 Yahweh is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Do not trouble … and do not fight”
2:9 ftp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מוֹאָ֔ב 1 The word **Moab** represents the people of Moab. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab”
2:9 mx1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֠י לֹֽא־אֶתֵּ֨ן לְ⁠ךָ֤ מֵֽ⁠אַרְצ⁠וֹ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֣י לִ⁠בְנֵי־ל֔וֹט נָתַ֥תִּי אֶת־עָ֖ר יְרֻשָּֽׁה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “I have given Ar to the sons of Lot as a possession, so I will not give to you from his land a possession”
2:9 j20t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֠י 1 Here, the word **for** introduces the reason why the Israelites shall not fight the people of Moab. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “since”
2:9 gsfb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo כִּ֠י לֹֽא־אֶתֵּ֨ן לְ⁠ךָ֤ מֵֽ⁠אַרְצ⁠וֹ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֣י לִ⁠בְנֵי־ל֔וֹט נָתַ֥תִּי אֶת־עָ֖ר יְרֻשָּֽׁה 1 The expression to **give** someone's **land** as **a possession** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “For I will not give to you from his land, because I have given Ar to the sons of Lot”
2:9 mx1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לֹֽא־אֶתֵּ֨ן לְ⁠ךָ֤ מֵֽ⁠אַרְצ⁠וֹ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֣י לִ⁠בְנֵי־ל֔וֹט נָתַ֥תִּי אֶת־עָ֖ר יְרֻשָּֽׁה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “I have given Ar to the sons of Lot as a possession, so I will not give to you from his land a possession”
2:9 i60c rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מֵֽ⁠אַרְצ⁠וֹ֙ 1 The pronoun **its** refers to Moab. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the name of the land here. Alternate translation: “from the land of Moab”
2:9 cs7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עָ֖ר 1 The word **Ar** is the name of a city in Moab.
2:9 neab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠בְנֵי 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the offspring of”
2:10-12 am7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 These verses provide background information about people groups who lived in the area that the Israelites will occupy. This information helps readers understand what happens next in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.
2:10-12 am7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 These verses provide background information about people groups who lived in the area that the Edomites and Moabites occupy. This information helps readers understand what happens next in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.
2:10 d4pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָ⁠אֵמִ֥ים 1 The word **Emite** is the name of a giant-like people group.
2:11 zxl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive רְפָאִ֛ים יֵחָשְׁב֥וּ אַף־הֵ֖ם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People refer to them as Rephaim”
2:11 eds2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רְפָאִ֛ים & אֵמִֽים 1 The words **Rephaim** and **Emites** refer to the same giant-like people group.
@ -204,13 +208,14 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
2:12 ikp0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּשְׁמִידוּ⁠ם֙ מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 The pronouns **they** and **their** refer to the sons of Esau. The pronoun **them** refers to the Horites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the names of the people groups here. Alternate translation: “And the sons of Esau destroyed the Horites from their faces”
2:12 vv8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from their presence”
2:12 g53a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עָשָׂ֣ה יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל לְ⁠אֶ֨רֶץ֙ יְרֻשָּׁת֔⁠וֹ 1 Here, **Israel** represents the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Israelites did to the land of their possession”
2:12 kkbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense עָשָׂ֣ה 1 Here, the writer uses the past tense, **did**, to refer to events that happen in the future. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “would do”
2:12 zpks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְ⁠אֶ֨רֶץ֙ יְרֻשָּׁת֔⁠וֹ אֲשֶׁר־נָתַ֥ן יְהוָ֖ה לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 The writer is using the possessive form to describe the **land** that **Yahweh gave** the Israelites to live in as a **possession**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the land that Yahweh gave them to live in”
2:12 kkbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense עָשָׂ֣ה 1 Here, the writer uses the past tense, **did**, to refer to events that happen after Moses said all these things. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “would do”
2:12 zpks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְ⁠אֶ֨רֶץ֙ יְרֻשָּׁת֔⁠וֹ אֲשֶׁר־נָתַ֥ן יְהוָ֖ה לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 The writer is using the possessive form to describe the **land** that **Yahweh gave** the Israelites to live in as a **possession**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the land that Yahweh gave them to live in as a possession”
2:12 emtk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense נָתַ֥ן יְהוָ֖ה לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 Here Moses could be using the past tense: (1) to refer to something that Yahweh has already done. Alternate translation: “Yahweh already gave to them” (2) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give to them” See how you translated this in [1:8](../01/08.md).
2:13 ruf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations עַתָּ֗ה קֻ֛מוּ וְ⁠עִבְר֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם אֶת־נַ֣חַל זָ֑רֶד 1 The implication is that Yahweh is speaking these commands. If it would be more natural in your language, you could: (1) use a natural way of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh said, ‘Now rise up and cross yourselves the brook Zered” (2) translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh told us to rise up and cross ourselves the brook Zered”
2:13 va2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קֻ֛מוּ 1 Here, **rise up** describes the beginning of action. The Israelites must **rise up** from where they are camping in order to move to the next location. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “begin traveling” //Would figs-explicit be better? Does this need a note?
2:13 va2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קֻ֛מוּ 1 Here, **rise up** describes the beginning of action. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “start your journey”
2:13 v5e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וְ⁠עִבְר֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 The expression **cross yourselves** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “and cross”
2:13 mn1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֣חַל זָ֑רֶד & נַ֥חַל זָֽרֶד 1 The term **the brook Zered** is the name of a stream flows into the Dead Sea. The brook goes from the southeast and creates the border between Edom and Moab.
2:13 mn1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֣חַל זָ֑רֶד & נַ֥חַל זָֽרֶד 1 The term **the brook Zered** is the name of a stream that flows into the Dead Sea. The brook goes from the southeast and creates the border between Edom and Moab.
2:14 pphi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּמִ֞ים אֲשֶׁר־הָלַ֣כְנוּ ׀ מִ⁠קָּדֵ֣שׁ בַּרְנֵ֗עַ עַ֤ד אֲשֶׁר־עָבַ֨רְנוּ֙ אֶת־נַ֣חַל זֶ֔רֶד שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים וּ⁠שְׁמֹנֶ֖ה שָׁנָ֑ה 1 Here, **days** refers to a duration of time. If this would not be clear in your language, you could use a comparable expression for expressing the passing of time. Alternate translation: “And the time that had passed since we came from Kadesh Barnea until we crossed the brook Zered was 38 years”
2:14 v37p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַד־תֹּ֨ם כָּל־הַ⁠דּ֜וֹר אַנְשֵׁ֤י הַ⁠מִּלְחָמָה֙ מִ⁠קֶּ֣רֶב הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֔ה כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר נִשְׁבַּ֥ע יְהוָ֖ה לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 The Israelites who were old enough to fight disobeyed Yahweh. As a result, Yahweh punished them so they would die before they could enter the land that Yahweh said he would give to them. See [1:19-45](../01/19.md).
2:14 a2ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism תֹּ֨ם 1 Moses is referring to death in a polite way by using the phrase **were finished**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “had died”
2:14 xqe0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠קֶּ֣רֶב הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֔ה 1 Here, **camp** represents all of the Israelites and everyone traveling with them in the wilderness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from among the Israelites” //I think they were traveling with servants?
@ -221,25 +226,26 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
2:16 xmpd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תַּ֜מּוּ כָּל־אַנְשֵׁ֧י הַ⁠מִּלְחָמָ֛ה לָ⁠מ֖וּת מִ⁠קֶּ֥רֶב הָ⁠עָֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The first clause uses a euphemism, while the second clause states the meaning plainly. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “all the men of war came to an end, indeed, they died from among the people”
2:17 i2gj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language.\r
2:18 yrj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַתָּ֨ה 1 Here, the singular pronoun **you** refers to Moses. Yahweh is speaking to Moses, but he is giving commands for all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could (1) use plural forms of the pronoun. (2) state the audience plainly. Alternate translation: “These are instructions for you and all the Israelites. You”
2:18 g7yv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עָֽר 1 This is the name of a city in Moab. See how you translated it in [Deuteronomy 2:9](../02/09.md).
2:18 g7yv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עָֽר 1 The word **Ar** is the name of a city in Moab. See how you translated it in [2:9](../02/09.md).
2:19 c269 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd וְ⁠קָרַבְתָּ֗ & אַל־תְּצֻרֵ֖⁠ם וְ⁠אַל־תִּתְגָּ֣ר & לְ⁠ךָ֙ 1 Here, the singular pronoun **you** refers to Moses. Yahweh is speaking to Moses, but he is giving commands for all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could (1) use plural forms of the pronoun. (2) state the audience plainly. See how you translated this in the previous verse.
2:19 p8cq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּנֵ֣י עַמּ֔וֹן & בְּנֵי־עַמּ֤וֹן & לִ⁠בְנֵי־ל֖וֹט 1 The people of **Ammon** are descendants of **Lot** like the Moabites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the sons of Ammon, who are descendants of Lot … the sons of Ammon … to the sons of Ammon”
2:19 aj03 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י & בְּנֵי & לִ⁠בְנֵי 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” Although the term **sons** is masculine, Moses is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of”
2:19 esqk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal אַל־תְּצֻרֵ֖⁠ם וְ⁠אַל־תִּתְגָּ֣ר בָּ֑⁠ם כִּ֣י לֹֽא־אֶ֠תֵּן מֵ⁠אֶ֨רֶץ בְּנֵי־עַמּ֤וֹן לְ⁠ךָ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה 1 Here, the word **for** marks **you shall not fight them** as the goal or purpose of **I will not give to you {any} of their land**. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
2:19 esqk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 Here, the word **for** introduces the reason why the Israelites **shall not fight** the descendants of Esau. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “since”
2:19 skvn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תְּצֻרֵ֖⁠ם וְ⁠אַל־תִּתְגָּ֣ר בָּ֑⁠ם 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “You shall not trouble them, indeed, you shall not fight them”
2:19 spp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אַל־תְּצֻרֵ֖⁠ם וְ⁠אַל־תִּתְגָּ֣ר בָּ֑⁠ם 1 Yahweh is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Do not trouble them and do not fight them”
2:19 iice rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לֹֽא־אֶ֠תֵּן מֵ⁠אֶ֨רֶץ בְּנֵי־עַמּ֤וֹן לְ⁠ךָ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֥י לִ⁠בְנֵי־ל֖וֹט נְתַתִּ֥י⁠הָ יְרֻשָּֽׁה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “I have given the land to the sons of Lot as a possession, so I will not give to you from it as a possession”
2:19 ra5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo לֹֽא־אֶ֠תֵּן מֵ⁠אֶ֨רֶץ בְּנֵי־עַמּ֤וֹן לְ⁠ךָ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֥י לִ⁠בְנֵי־ל֖וֹט נְתַתִּ֥י⁠הָ יְרֻשָּֽׁה 1 The expression to **give** someone's **land** as **a possession** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “I will not give to you from the land of the sons of Ammon, because I have given it to the sons of Lot”
2:20-23 s8bn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 These verses provide background information about people groups who lived in the area that the Israelites will occupy. This information helps readers understand what happens next in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.
2:20-23 s8bn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 These verses provide background information about people groups who lived in the area that the Ammonites, Edomites, and Caphtorim occupied. This information helps readers understand what happens next in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.
2:20 n15r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אֶֽרֶץ־רְפָאִ֥ים תֵּחָשֵׁ֖ב אַף־הִ֑וא 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Also, people refer to it as a land of the Rephaim”
2:20 p2rw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רְפָאִ֥ים & רְפָאִ֤ים & זַמְזֻמִּֽים 1 The words **Rephaim** and **Zamzummim** are names for the same people group. See how you translated **Rephaim** in [verse 11](../02/11.md).
2:20 p2rw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רְפָאִ֥ים & רְפָאִ֤ים & זַמְזֻמִּֽים 1 The words **Rephaim** and **Zamzummim** are names for the same people group. See how you translated **Rephaim** in [2:11](../02/11.md).
2:21 sq14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּשְׁמִידֵ֤⁠ם יְהוָה֙ מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וַ⁠יִּירָשֻׁ֖⁠ם וַ⁠יֵּשְׁב֥וּ תַחְתָּֽ⁠ם 1 Here, the pronoun **them** refers to the Rephaim. The pronoun **their** in the first clause refers to the Ammonites. The pronoun **their** in the second clause refers to the Rephaim. If this is not clear for your readers, you could repeat the names of the people groups. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh destroyed the Rephaim before the Ammonites’ faces, and the Ammonites dispossessed the Rephaim and lived in their place”
2:21 xz3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in their presence”
2:22 ulcb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠בְנֵ֣י 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for the offspring of”
2:22 y1ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠חֹרִי֙ 1 The word **Horites** is the name of a people group. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:12](../02/12.md).
2:22 yq6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וַ⁠יִּֽירָשֻׁ⁠ם֙ וַ⁠יֵּשְׁב֣וּ תַחְתָּ֔⁠ם 1 In the first clause, the pronoun **their** refers to the sons of Esau. In the second clause, **they** refers to the sons of Esau, while **them** and **their** refer to the Horites. Alternate translation: “from before the sons of Esau's faces, and the sons of Esau dispossessed the Horites and have lived in their place”
2:22 yq6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וַ⁠יִּֽירָשֻׁ⁠ם֙ וַ⁠יֵּשְׁב֣וּ תַחְתָּ֔⁠ם 1 In the first clause, the pronoun **their** refers to the sons of Esau. In the second clause, **they** refers to the sons of Esau, while **them** and **their** refer to the Horites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could repeat the names of the people groups. Alternate translation: “from before the sons of Esau's faces, and the sons of Esau dispossessed the Horites and have lived in their place”
2:22 l5ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before them”
2:23 i3fg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וְ⁠הָֽ⁠עַוִּ֛ים הַ⁠יֹּשְׁבִ֥ים בַּ⁠חֲצֵרִ֖ים עַד־עַזָּ֑ה כַּפְתֹּרִים֙ הַ⁠יֹּצְאִ֣ים מִ⁠כַּפְתּ֔וֹר 1 Here, the author introduces **the Avvites** and then describes what happened to them. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you could use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “As for the Avvites who lived in villages as far as Gaza, the Caphtorim, who came from Caphtor”
2:23 c7kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְ⁠הָֽ⁠עַוִּ֛ים & כַּפְתֹּרִים֙ 1 The words **Avvite** and **Caphtorim** are the names of people groups.
2:23 c7kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְ⁠הָֽ⁠עַוִּ֛ים & כַּפְתֹּרִים֙ 1 The words **Avvites** and **Caphtorim** are the names of people groups.
2:23 wmz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִ⁠כַּפְתּ֔וֹר 1 The word **Caphtor** is the name of a place. It may be another name for the island of Crete located in the Mediterranean Sea.
2:23 feg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הִשְׁמִידֻ֖⁠ם וַ⁠יֵּשְׁב֥וּ תַחְתָּֽ⁠ם 1 Here, the pronouns **them** and **their** refer to the Avvites. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “destroyed the Avvites and lived in their place”
2:24 mopq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ק֣וּמוּ סְּע֗וּ וְ⁠עִבְרוּ֮ & 1 Even though Yahweh is speaking to Moses, the forms of these commands are plural. Yahweh wants Moses to tell these commands to all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could state the audience plainly. Alternate translation: “Tell the Israelites to rise up, journey, and pass through
@ -250,60 +256,66 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
2:24 g8xa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you בְ֠⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ & הָחֵ֣ל רָ֑שׁ וְ⁠הִתְגָּ֥ר 1 Here, the singular pronoun **your** refers to Moses. The forms of the commands are also singular. Yahweh is speaking to Moses because Moses is the leader of the Israelites, but these phrases apply to all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could (1) use plural forms of the pronoun. (2) state the audience plainly. See how you translated this in [verse 18](../02/18.md).
2:24 j7cy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְ֠⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ 1 Here, the word **hand** means “power” or “control.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you power over”
2:24 gvu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names סִיחֹ֨ן 1 The word **Sihon** is the name of a king. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
2:24 q9kc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶשְׁבּ֧וֹן 1 The word **Heshbon** is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
2:24 q9kc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶשְׁבּ֧וֹן 1 The word **Heshbon** is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [1:4](../01/04.md).
2:24 d644 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַרְצ֖⁠וֹ 1 Here, the possessive form describes the **land** that King Sihon rules over. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the land he rules over”
2:24 k7py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בּ֖⁠וֹ 1 Here, the pronoun **him** refers to Sihon and his army. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “against him and his army”
2:24 k7py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בּ֖⁠וֹ 1 Here, the pronoun **him** refers to Sihon and his army. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “against him and his army”
2:25 il8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd פַּחְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠יִרְאָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ & שִׁמְעֲ⁠ךָ֔ 1 Although Yahweh is speaking about all of the Israelites, Yahweh uses the singular pronouns **you** and **your**. This is because Yahweh is speaking directly to Moses who acts as a representative for the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use plural forms of the pronoun. Alternate translation: “the fear of the Israelites and the terror of the Israelites … a report of the Israelites”
2:25 jywf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֵּ֤ת פַּחְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠יִרְאָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ עַל־פְּנֵי֙ הָֽ⁠עַמִּ֔ים 1 Here, Yahweh speaks of emotions as if they were something you could physically **put on the faces of the peoples**. He means that he will cause **the peoples** to feel **fear** and **terror**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “cause the peoples to feel the fear of you and the terror of you”
2:25 m2y5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אָחֵל֙ תֵּ֤ת פַּחְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠יִרְאָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ עַל־פְּנֵי֙ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **fear** and **terror**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to frighten and terrify the hearts of”
2:25 sayz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession פַּחְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠יִרְאָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ & שִׁמְעֲ⁠ךָ֔ 1 Yahweh is using the possessive form to describe how the Israelites will cause **fear**, **terror**, and **a report** about them. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression that describes cause and effect. Alternate translation: “the fear caused by you and the terror caused by you … a report about you”
2:25 jg6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet פַּחְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠יִרְאָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 The terms **fear** and **terror** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the extremely great fear of you”
2:25 jywf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פְּנֵי֙ 1 Here, the word **faces** means “facial expressions.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the facial expressions of”
2:25 jg6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet פַּחְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠יִרְאָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 The terms **fear** and **terror** mean similar things. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the extremely great fear of you”
2:25 x3s5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תַּ֖חַת כָּל־הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם 1 Here, **under all the heavens** is an idiom that means “everywhere.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all over the place” or “everywhere”
2:25 ksjv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal אֲשֶׁ֤ר 1 Here, the word **that** identifies what comes after as the purpose of the clause that comes before. Yahweh will cause the peoples to fear the Israelites in order that the peoples might tremble. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “in order that”
2:25 fjp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְ⁠רָגְז֥וּ וְ⁠חָל֖וּ 1 The terms **quake** and **tremble** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and will surely tremble”
2:25 j2yu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פָּנֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person and **from** means “because of”. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “because of you” //should I split this note into two? might be more confusing that way
2:26 d2n3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וָ⁠אֶשְׁלַ֤ח 1 Here, the pronoun **I** refers to Moses. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “And I, Moses, sent”
2:26 p6fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִ⁠מִּדְבַּ֣ר קְדֵמ֔וֹת 1 The term **wilderness of Kedemoth** is the name of a place near the valley of Arnon.
2:26 t59e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names סִיח֖וֹן 1 The word **Sihon** is the name of a king. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
2:26 ujx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן 1 The word **Heshbon** is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
2:26 efk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דִּבְרֵ֥י שָׁל֖וֹם 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe how his message to Sihon contains **words** that are characterized by **peace**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “with a peaceful message” or “with an offer of peace”
2:26 efk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דִּבְרֵ֥י שָׁל֖וֹם 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe how his message to Sihon contains **words** that are characterized by **peace**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “with a peaceful message”
2:26 bbuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דִּבְרֵ֥י שָׁל֖וֹם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “communicating peaceably”
2:26 gnsw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language.
2:27 bwd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֶעְבְּרָ֣ה & אֵלֵ֑ךְ לֹ֥א אָס֖וּר 1 Moses is speaking on behalf of all the Israelites, so he uses the singular pronouns **me** and **I** here. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plural pronouns or clarify who the pronouns refer to. Alternate translation: “I and the Israelites will pass through … we will go. We will not turn”
2:27 cp9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְ⁠אַרְצֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 Here, the pronoun **your** is singular and refers to King Sihon. Moses is using the possessive form to describe the **land** that King Sihon rules over. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the land that you rule over”
2:27 wu1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular בְ⁠אַרְצֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 The word **your** is singular here because it refers to King Sihon.
2:27 cp9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְ⁠אַרְצֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 Moses is using the possessive form to describe the **land** that King Sihon rules over. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the land that you rule over”
2:27 gytl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בַּ⁠דֶּ֖רֶךְ אֵלֵ֑ךְ לֹ֥א אָס֖וּר יָמִ֥ין וּ⁠שְׂמֹֽאול 1 These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second sentence emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “On the road I will go. Indeed, I will not turn right or left”
2:27 bpdc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בַּ⁠דֶּ֖רֶךְ אֵלֵ֑ךְ 1 By beginning the sentence with **on the road**, Moses is emphasizing that he will only **go** **on the road.** If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word order or phrase that clarifies this information. Alternate translation: “I will only go on the road”
2:27 zr26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹ֥א אָס֖וּר יָמִ֥ין וּ⁠שְׂמֹֽאול 1 The implication is that Moses will not **turn right nor left** away from the road. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I will not turn right nor left away from the road”
2:28 n54c אֹ֣כֶל בַּ⁠כֶּ֤סֶף תַּשְׁבִּרֵ֨⁠נִי֙ וְ⁠אָכַ֔לְתִּי וּ⁠מַ֛יִם בַּ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף תִּתֶּן־לִ֖⁠י וְ⁠שָׁתִ֑יתִי 1 Moses is assuring Sihon that the Israelites will not trouble Sihon and his people by stealing from them. Instead, they will pay for everything they need. Moses is communicating a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please sell me food for money, and I will eat. And please give to me water for money, and I will drink.”
2:28 brfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֹ֣כֶל בַּ⁠כֶּ֤סֶף תַּשְׁבִּרֵ֨⁠נִי֙ וְ⁠אָכַ֔לְתִּי וּ⁠מַ֛יִם בַּ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף תִּתֶּן־לִ֖⁠י וְ⁠שָׁתִ֑יתִי 1 This verse contains expressions with extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “You will sell me food. And give to me water”
2:28 jp21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תַּשְׁבִּרֵ֨⁠נִי֙ וְ⁠אָכַ֔לְתִּי & לִ֖⁠י וְ⁠שָׁתִ֑יתִי & בְ⁠רַגְלָֽ⁠י 1 Moses is speaking on behalf of all the Israelites, so he uses the singular pronouns **me**, **I**, and **my** here. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plural pronouns or clarify who the pronouns refer to. Alternate translation: “You will sell me and the Israelites … and we will eat … to us … and we will drink … on our feet”
2:28 twx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְ⁠רַגְלָֽ⁠י 1 Here, **on foot** is an idiom that means “travel by walking.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by walking” //Wondering if this could be figs-exclusive? It could be negative politeness - Moses could be saying, "I will pass through on my feet (and not on horseback to attack)" Otherwise why emphasize that they are passing through on foot?
2:28 brfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֹ֣כֶל בַּ⁠כֶּ֤סֶף תַּשְׁבִּרֵ֨⁠נִי֙ וְ⁠אָכַ֔לְתִּי וּ⁠מַ֛יִם בַּ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף תִּתֶּן־לִ֖⁠י וְ⁠שָׁתִ֑יתִי 1 This verse contains expressions with extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “You will sell me food and water”
2:28 jp21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תַּשְׁבִּרֵ֨⁠נִי֙ וְ⁠אָכַ֔לְתִּי & לִ֖⁠י וְ⁠שָׁתִ֑יתִי & אֶעְבְּרָ֥ה בְ⁠רַגְלָֽ⁠י 1 Moses is speaking on behalf of all the Israelites, so he uses the singular pronouns **me**, **I**, and **my** here. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plural pronouns or clarify who the pronouns refer to. Alternate translation: “You will sell me and the Israelites … and we will eat … to us … and we will drink … let us pass through on our feet”
2:28 oogz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶעְבְּרָ֥ה בְ⁠רַגְלָֽ⁠י 1 The implication is the Israelites will **pass through** the land peacefully by walking. They will not harass or attack the people living in the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “let me pass through peacefully on my feet”
2:28 twx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְ⁠רַגְלָֽ⁠י 1 Here, **on feet** is an idiom that means “travel by walking.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by walking”
2:29 tlpc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לִ֜⁠י & אֶֽעֱבֹר֙ 1 Here, the singular pronouns **me** and **I** refer to Moses. Yahweh is speaking to Moses because Moses is the leader of the Israelites, but these phrases apply to all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use plural forms of the pronoun. Alternate translation: “for us … we pass over”
2:29 k54p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּנֵ֣י 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the offspring of”
2:29 nj8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּ⁠עָ֑ר 1 The word **Ar** is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:9](../02/09.md).
2:29 nj8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּ⁠עָ֑ר 1 The word **Ar** is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:9](../02/09.md).
2:30 iv42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names סִיחֹן֙ 1 The word **Sihon** is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
2:30 pe7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶשְׁבּ֔וֹן 1 The word **Heshbon** is the name of a city. See how you translated them in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
2:30 pe7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶשְׁבּ֔וֹן 1 The word **Heshbon** is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [1:4](../01/04.md).
2:30 n8cg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֜י⁠ךָ & בְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **your** is singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
2:30 fad4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִקְשָׁה֩ & אֶת־רוּח֗⁠וֹ & וְ⁠אִמֵּץ֙ אֶת־לְבָב֔⁠וֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “had hardened his spirit, indeed, he strengthened his heart”
2:30 scq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הִקְשָׁה֩ & אֶת־רוּח֗⁠וֹ & וְ⁠אִמֵּץ֙ אֶת־לְבָב֔⁠וֹ 1 Here, **hardened his spirit** and **strengthened his heart** are idioms that mean “caused him to be stubborn.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “had caused him to be stiff-necked and caused him to be as stubborn as a mule” or “had caused him to be stubborn and caused him to be obstinate”
2:30 scq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הִקְשָׁה֩ & אֶת־רוּח֗⁠וֹ & וְ⁠אִמֵּץ֙ אֶת־לְבָב֔⁠וֹ 1 Here, **hardened his spirit** and **strengthened his heart** are idioms that mean “caused him to be stubborn.” If these phrases do not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “had caused him to be stiff-necked and caused him to be as stubborn as a mule” or “had caused him to be stubborn and caused him to be obstinate”
2:30 m4wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ 1 Here, **hand** represents someone’s power and control. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into your control”\n
2:30 ep81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 The implication is that the Israelites control Sihon’s land at the time when Moses is giving this speech to the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as you control his land this day”
2:31 f11n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְאֵ֗ה 1 Yahweh is using the term **look** to focus the Moses’ attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to this:”
2:31 farh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֵּ֣ת לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ אֶת־סִיחֹ֖ן וְ⁠אֶת־אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here Yahweh speaks as if he is physically **giving** Sihon to Moses. Yahweh means that he is enabling Moses to defeat Sihon and take over the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “giving victory before your face over Sihon and his land”
2:31 q366 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”
2:31 a3yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ & הָחֵ֣ל רָ֔שׁ 1 Here, the singular pronoun **your** refers to Moses. The command **begin to possess** is also a singular form. Yahweh is speaking to Moses, but he is giving commands for all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could (1) use plural forms of the pronoun. (2) state the audience plainly. See how you translated this in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “before your and the Israelites’ faces … Begin to possess it”
2:31 a3yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ & הָחֵ֣ל רָ֔שׁ 1 Here, the singular pronoun **your** refers to Moses. The command **begin to possess** is also a singular form. Yahweh is speaking to Moses, but he is giving commands for all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use plural forms. See how you translated this in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “before your faces … Begin, possess”
2:31 mn2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ & אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, the pronoun **his** refers to King Sihon. Yahweh is using the possessive form to describe the **land** that King Sihon rules over. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the land that he rules over … the land that he rules over”
2:31 wz3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication רָ֔שׁ לָ⁠רֶ֖שֶׁת 1 The words **possess to possess** translate a verb that is repeated for emphasis. Yahweh wants the Israelites to fully possess the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. “to fully possess”
2:32 tf3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֵּצֵא֩ סִיחֹ֨ן 1 The implication is that **Sihon came out** of his main city, Heshbon and went to Jahaz to fight against the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And Sihon came out from Heshbon”
2:31 wz3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication הָחֵ֣ל רָ֔שׁ לָ⁠רֶ֖שֶׁת 1 The words **possess, to possess** translate a verb that is repeated for emphasis. Yahweh wants the Israelites to fully possess the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternate translation: “Begin to fully possess”
2:32 tf3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֵּצֵא֩ סִיחֹ֨ן לִ⁠קְרָאתֵ֜⁠נוּ 1 The implication is that **Sihon came out** of his main city, Heshbon and went to Jahaz to fight against the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And Sihon came out from Heshbon to attack us”
2:32 e5dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names סִיחֹ֨ן 1 The word **Sihon** is the name of a king. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
2:32 ampg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive לִ⁠קְרָאתֵ֜⁠נוּ 1 By **us**, Moses means himself and the Israelite men old enough to fight but not the rest of the Israelites, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
2:32 fczt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עַמּ֛⁠וֹ 1 Here, **people** refers to the fighting men whom Sihon led. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable phrase to describe the relationship between Sihon and the **people**. Alternate translation: “the fighting men under his control”
2:32 fczt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַמּ֛⁠וֹ 1 Here, **people** refers to the fighting men whom Sihon led. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his fighting men”
2:32 k97a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יָֽהְצָ⁠ה 1 The word **Jahaz** is the name of a city in Moab.
2:33 u79t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וַֽ⁠יִּתְּנֵ֛⁠הוּ יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ 1 Here Moses speaks as if Yahweh physically **gave** Sihon to the Israelites. Moses means that Yahweh enabled the Israelites to defeat Sihon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh our God gave victory over him”
2:33 u79t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַֽ⁠יִּתְּנֵ֛⁠הוּ יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ 1 Here Moses speaks as if Yahweh physically **gave** Sihon to the Israelites. Moses means that Yahweh enabled the Israelites to defeat Sihon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh our God gave victory over him”
2:33 ker2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֵ֑י⁠נוּ 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before us”
2:33 gqev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠נַּ֥ךְ אֹת֛⁠וֹ 1 Here, **struck down** means defeat in battle. (not necessarily killed?) //Will come back to this. Either way, the Israelites did kill all the people that Sihon ruled
2:33 gqev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠נַּ֥ךְ אֹת֛⁠וֹ 1 Here, **struck down** means defeat in battle. (not necessarily killed?) //Will come back to this. Either way, the Israelites did kill all the people that Sihon ruled
2:33 k449 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants בנ⁠ו 1 Many ancient manuscripts read “son.” The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read the plural “sons.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.
2:33 mn5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בנ⁠ו 1 The implication is that the Israelites killed Sihon’s heir, **his son**, so that Sihon would not have descendants that would try to take the land back from the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his heir” //if "struck down" means defeat, then this note is probably not needed? do you think this note is maybe too interpretive?
2:33 gvqy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עַמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **people** refers to the fighting men whom Sihon led. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable phrase to describe the relationship between Sihon and the **people**. Alternate translation: “the fighting men under his control”
2:34 px1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽ⁠נַּחֲרֵם֙ 1 //I feel like cherem needs a TW
32:35 wtvb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 1
2:36 i479 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵֽ⁠עֲרֹעֵ֡ר 1 The word **Aroer** is the name of a city to the north of the Arnon River.
2:36 fhuh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂפַת 1 Here, **lip** is means “edge.” In this case, **lip** specifically refers to the bank of a dry riverbed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the edge of”
2:36 fhuh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׂפַת 1 Here, **lip** is means “edge.” In this case, **lip** specifically refers to the bank of a dry riverbed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the edge of”
2:36 pd7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֨חַל אַרְנֹ֜ן 1 The term **Valley of Arnon** is the name of a place. The word **Arnon** is the name of a river. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:24](../02/24.md).
2:36 snr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֤א הָֽיְתָה֙ קִרְיָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר שָׂגְבָ֖ה מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ 1 Moses is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “we were able to defeat the people of every city even if the city had high walls around it”
2:36 v2fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠כֹּ֕ל 1 The implication is that Yahweh gave the Israelites **the whole** of the land described in this verse. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “all of the land”
@ -312,183 +324,332 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
2:37 v1z7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd לֹ֣א קָרָ֑בְתָּ 1 Even though **you** is singular in this verse, Moses is referring to himself and all the Israelites. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use different pronoun. Alternate translation: “we did not approach”
2:37 cezq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַ֞ד 1 Here, **hand** means “side” or, as relating to a river, “shore.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the shore of”
2:37 vt6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֤חַל יַבֹּק֙ 1 The term **Jabbok River** is the name of a river. The river created the border between Sihon’s land and the land of the Ammonites.
3:intro z1ea 0 # Deuteronomy 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Victories\n\nThe victories recorded in this chapter occurred on the east side of the Jordan River. This was not part of the Promised Land, which was on the west side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
3:1 b1tm 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues reminding the people of Israel of what happened in the past.
3:1 z2w7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Og 0 This is the name of a king. See how you translated it in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
3:1 v626 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Edrei 0 This is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
3:2 a3g7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Sihon 0 This is the name of a king. See how you translated it in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
3:2 dc9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Heshbon 0 This is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
3:2 hn64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Yahweh said to me, ‘Do not fear him; & given you … under your control … You will do … as you did … at Heshbon.’ 0 Yahweh is speaking to Moses as if Moses were the Israelites, so the command “do not fear” and all instances of “you” and “your” are plural.
3:2 w3dp fear him … over him … his people and his land 0 Here the words “him” and “his” refer to Og.
3:2 w9tj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture I have given you victory 0 Yahweh speaks of what he will do as if he had already done it.
3:2 pqq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche You will do to him as you did to Sihon 0 The word “him” is a metonym for “his people.” Alternate translation: “You will destroy Og and his people as you did Sihon”
3:3 n4lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive all his people were put under our control 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh put all of Og’s people under our control”
3:3 rm5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes not one of his people remained 0 This is a litotes that is used to emphasize that the Israelites did not let anyone live. Alternate translation: “all of his people were dead”
3:4 nwb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives There was not one of the sixty cities that we did not take 0 This is a double negative that emphasizes that they took all of the 60 cities. Alternate translation: “We took every one of the sixty cities”
3:4 n378 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers sixty cities 0 Alternate translation: “60 cities”
3:4 x9q1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the region of Argob 0 This is the name of a region within Bashan.
3:5 qup3 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues reminding the people of Israel of what happened in the past.
3:5 p7qc These were all cities fortified with 0 Alternate translation: “These were all cities protected by”
3:intro z1ea 0 # Deuteronomy 3 General Notes\n\n## Outline\n- vv. 1-11: Moses recounts how the Israelites defeated King Og\n- vv. 12-22: Allotting land east of the Jordan to \n- vv. 23-29: Yahweh forbids Moses from entering the land\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Victories\n\nThe victories recorded in this chapter occurred on the east side of the Jordan River. This was not part of the Promised Land, which was on the west side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties\n\n###“Yahweh your God”\nThroughout this chapter, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])\n\n### Quotes in quotes\n\nIn this chapter, Moses gives a speech and quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format this passage so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Pronouns\n\nIn this chapter, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.\n\n### Time Background\n\nIn his speech, Moses reminds the Israelites about what happened to their ancestors before they entered the land that Yahweh promised to give to them. Throughout his speech, Moses repeats the phrase “at that time” to refer to new topics that occur during that time period. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state this information explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevents]])
3:1 b1tm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠נֵּ֣פֶן 1 The implication is that the Israelites **turned** north from Sihon's land to go to Bashan. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And we turned northward”
3:1 lu1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠נַּ֔עַל 1 Here, the term **went up** means
3:1 sahw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דֶּ֖רֶךְ הַ⁠בָּשָׁ֑ן 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe a **road** that goes through the region of **Bashan**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different way to explain the relationship between **road** and **Bashan**. Alternate translation: “the road in the region of Bashan”
3:1 z2w7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עוֹג֩ 1 The word **Og** is the name of a king. See how you translated it in [1:4](../01/04.md).
3:1 ylw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֣א עוֹג֩ מֶֽלֶךְ־הַ⁠בָּשָׁ֨ן לִ⁠קְרָאתֵ֜⁠נוּ 1 The implication is that Og **came out** of the city where he lived in order to fight against the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And Og, the king of the Bashan, came out from his city to attack us”
3:1 zned rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive לִ⁠קְרָאתֵ֜⁠נוּ 1 By **us**, Moses means himself and the Israelite men old enough to fight but not the rest of the Israelites, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
3:1 xyiq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַמּ֛⁠וֹ 1 Here, **people** refers to fighting men. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his fighting men”
3:1 ki4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עַמּ֛⁠וֹ 1 Moses is using the possessive form to describe **people** who King Og leads. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable phrase to describe the relationship between Og and the **people**. Alternate translation: “the people that he led”
3:1 v626 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶדְרֶֽעִי 1 The word **Edrei** is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [1:4](../01/04.md).
3:2 hn64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אֵלַ⁠י֙ & אַל־תִּירָ֣א & בְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֞ & וְ⁠עָשִׂ֣יתָ & עָשִׂ֗יתָ 1 \n\nHere, the singular pronouns **me**, **you**, and **your** refer to Moses. Yahweh is speaking to Moses, but he is giving commands for all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use plural forms of the pronoun. Alternate translation: “to us, ‘You shall not fear … into your hands. And you will do … you did”
3:2 a2ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אַל־תִּירָ֣א 1 Here, the form of **fear** is not a command, but Yahweh is using the form to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Do not fear”
3:2 w3dp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֹת֔⁠וֹ & אֹת֛⁠וֹ & עַמּ֖⁠וֹ & אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ & לּ֔⁠וֹ 1 Here, the words **him** and **his** refer back to Og in the previous verse. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “Og … Og … his people … his land … to him”
3:2 dgpy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “this is because”
3:2 tvji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֞ 1 Here, the word **hand** means “power” or “control.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “under your control”
3:2 w9tj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense נָתַ֧תִּי 1 Here Yahweh could be using the past tense: (1) to refer to something that he has already done. Alternate translation: “I have already given” (2) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “I will give”
3:2 a3g7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לְ⁠סִיחֹן֙ 1 The word **Sihon** is the name of a king. See how you translated it in [1:4](../01/04.md).
3:2 dc9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּ⁠חֶשְׁבּֽוֹן 1 The word **Heshbon** is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
3:3 sk1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ע֥וֹג 1 The word **Og** is the name of a king. See how you translated it in [1:4](../01/04.md).
3:3 n4lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠יָדֵ֗⁠נוּ 1 \r\n\r\nHere, the word **hand** means “power” or “control.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into your control”
3:3 maii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠נַּכֵּ֕⁠הוּ 1 Here, **struck down** means “defeated in battle.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And we defeated him”
3:4 nwb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹ֤א הָֽיְתָה֙ קִרְיָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־לָקַ֖חְנוּ מֵֽ⁠אִתָּ֑⁠ם שִׁשִּׁ֥ים עִיר֙ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the repeated negative particle **not**. Alternate translation: “We took from them every city of 60 cities”
3:4 x9q1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶ֣בֶל אַרְגֹּ֔ב 1 The word **Argob** is the name of a **region** within the country Bashan.
3:4 z31z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ע֖וֹג 1 The word **Og** is the name of a king. See how you translated it in [1:4](../01/04.md).
3:5 p7qc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָרִ֧ים בְּצֻר֛וֹת 1 The implication is that these **cities** were fortified, so they were hard to access. The walls, gates, and bars protected the city from attack. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “cities fortified”
3:5 qup3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys דְּלָתַ֣יִם וּ⁠בְרִ֑יחַ 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **bars** tells what the **gates** were like. The cities had gates with metal bars across them to keep enemies from coming in the cities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use **and**. Alternate translation: “barred gates”
3:5 v9nt besides very many 0 Alternate translation: “in addition to very many” or “not including very many”
3:6 mm89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Sihon 0 This is the name of a king. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
3:6 zx6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Heshbon 0 This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
3:8 w2ct 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel.
3:8 e82d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy out of the hand of the two kings 0 Here the metonym “out of the hand of” means “from the control of.” Alternate translation: “from the control of the two kings” or “from the two kings”
3:8 kg66 Amorites 0 Alternate translation: “Amorite people.” See how you translated the name of this people group in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
3:8 l9c4 beyond the Jordan 0 This refers to the land across the Jordan River, to the east of Israel. Moses was east of the Jordan when he said this. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “east of the Jordan River”
3:8 c8hd the Valley of the Arnon 0 See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 2:24](../02/24.md).
3:8 b5q8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mount Hermon 0 This is the name of a mountain at the northern border of Bashan.
3:9 nk7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mount Hermon … Sirion … Senir 0 These are all names of the same mountain which is at the northern border of Bashan.
3:10 g7ie Bashan … Edrei … Og 0 See how you translated these in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
3:10 gk8j of the plain 0 This is high, flat land between the Arnon River and Mount Gilead.
3:10 l1kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Salekah 0 This is the name of a city near Edrei.
3:11 nd7p 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel.
3:11 ju5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background For of the remnant … the way people measure 0 This is background information about King Og.
3:11 mdg3 Rephaim 0 See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:11](../02/11.md).
3:11 i4qm Look! 0 Alternate translation: “Pay attention to the important thing I am going to tell you.”
3:11 ev4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Was it not in Rabbah, & live? 0 The writer uses a question to remind the people of Israel that they could go to Rabbah and see how large Og must have been. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. This could mean: (1) “It was in Rabbah, … live.” or (2) “It is in Rabbah … live.”
3:11 b98u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance cubits 0 A cubit is 46 centimeters.
3:11 z43d the way people measure 0 Alternate translation: “according to the cubit most people use”
3:12 ac8k 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues reminding the people of what happened in the past.
3:12 s921 Aroer 0 See how you translated the name of this town in [Deuteronomy 2:36](../02/36.md).
3:12 h352 the Valley of the Arnon 0 See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 2:24](../02/24.md).
3:13 pt8s the region of Argob 0 See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 3:4](../03/04.md).
3:13 xzf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background The same territory is called the land of Rephaim 0 The writer begins to present background information about the land that the people of Israel captured. If your language has a way of showing that what follows is background information, you should use it here.
3:13 g27b Rephaim 0 See how you translated the name of this land in [Deuteronomy 2:11](../02/11.md).
3:14 xv6z 0 # General Information:\n\nThis continues the background information about the land the people of Israel captured ([Deuteronomy 3:13](../03/13.md)).
3:14 aa4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jair 0 This is the name of a man.
3:14 uz9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the Geshurites and the Maakathites 0 These are people groups who lived west of Bashan.
3:14 g7g2 Havvoth Jair 0 Translators may make a footnote that says: “The name ‘Havvoth Jair’ means ‘tent villages of Jair’ or ‘realm of Jair.’”
3:15 hyk9 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel.
3:15 fik9 I gave 0 Here “I” refers to Moses.
3:15 x1nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names to Machir 0 Machir was the son of Manasseh. He had died before Moses gave this land. The name is a metonym for the descendants of the person. Alternate translation: “to the descendants of Machir”
3:16 ni9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jabbok River 0 This is the name of a river that created the border between Sihon’s land and the land of the Ammonites. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:37](../02/37.md).
3:17 qm24 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel.
3:17 bb2m Another of its borders is also 0 Alternate translation: “The western border of the Reubenite and Gadite territory is”
3:17 y51g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Kinnereth 0 the Sea of Kinnereth, also called “the Sea of Galilee” or “the Lake of Gennesaret”
3:17 w6xs rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mount Pisgah 0 This is the name of a mountain in the northern part of the Abarim mountain range.
3:18 i7wz 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel.
3:18 i1zt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I commanded you at that time 0 Moses reminds the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh that they must help the other Israelites conquer the rest of the land God promised them.
3:18 rt7n will pass over armed before 0 Alternate translation: “will take your weapons and cross the Jordan River ahead of”
3:18 mq1x your brothers, the people of Israel 0 Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites”
3:19 ma9q 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the tribes of Reuben and Gad and half of the tribe of Manasseh.
3:20 isu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh gives rest to your brothers 0 The writer speaks as if the ability to rest were a physical object that could be given as a gift. The word “rest” is also a metaphor for peaceful life in which there is no war. Alternate translation: “Yahweh allows your brothers to rest” or “Yahweh allows your brothers to stop fighting wars and live peacefully”
3:20 ac2j beyond the Jordan 0 This refers to the land across the Jordan River, to the east of Israel. Moses was east of the Jordan when he said this. See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “east of the Jordan River”
3:20 s3hn then will you return 0 Moses is emphasizing that the other tribes must possess their land before Yahweh will permit these three tribes to possess their land. “only then are you to return.”
3:21 s2lk 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues reminding the people of Israel about what happened in the past.
3:21 p9pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Your eyes have seen 0 Here “eyes” refers to Joshua. Alternate translation: “You have seen”
3:23 d3fi 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues reminding the people about what happened in the past.
3:23 j4ne I implored 0 Here “I” refers to Moses. This means he asked God in a very earnest, emotional way.
3:24 z9tn to show your servant 0 Here “your servant” is a polite way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “to show me, your servant”
3:24 idr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your strong hand 0 Here the metonym “hand” means control or power. Alternate translation: “your power”
3:24 qkn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion for what god is there … acts? 0 Moses uses a question to emphasize that Yahweh is the only God with the power to do the works he has done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “for there is no god … acts.”
3:24 ls1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism in heaven or in earth 0 These two extremes together mean “anywhere.”
3:25 c8zq beyond the Jordan 0 Alternate translation: “west of the Jordan River.” When Moses spoke these words to Yahweh, he was east of the Jordan River in Moab.
3:26 xt4j 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues telling the people of Israel what happened in the past.
3:26 p3zp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Yahweh was angry with me because of you 0 This refers to when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do because Moses was angry with the people of Israel. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 1:37](../01/37.md).
3:27 qm9b Pisgah 0 See how you translated this is in [Deuteronomy 3:17](../03/17.md).
3:27 a7ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom lift up your eyes 0 The words “lift up your eyes” are an idiom that means look. Alternate translation: “look”
3:28 x7d3 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh continues speaking to Moses.
3:29 dut2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Beth Peor 0 This is the name of a town in Moab near Mount Pisgah.
4:intro d8g8 0 # Deuteronomy 4 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Law of Moses\n\nIn order to possess the land, the people needed to obey the law of Moses. This will be the most important thing in the religious life of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n### Moses’ instructions\nMoses is not allowed to enter into the Promised Land. Since they are getting ready to possess the Promised Land, Moses gives them some last instructions before his death. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nMoses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince his readers to obey his instructions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4:1 m1n5 I am about to teach you 0 Moses is telling the people of Israel what God wants them to do.
4:1 zdp5 to do them 0 Alternate translation: “and obey them”
4:2 ft3x You will not add to the words … neither will you diminish them 0 Yahweh does not want his people to create new laws, or to ignore those he has already given them.
4:3 u7gv 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel.
4:3 j4ng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Your eyes have seen 0 Here “eyes” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “You saw”
4:3 bs2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit because of Baal Peor 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “because of the sins you committed at Baal Peor”
4:3 fpr6 Peor 0 See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 3:29](../03/29.md).
4:3 yl8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns Yahweh your God has destroyed them from among you 0 Moses speaks to the people of Israel as though they were one person, so “your” and “you” are singular.
4:4 x6hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you who clung to Yahweh 0 The writer speaks as if trusting in Yahweh and obeying him were like physically holding on to a person. Alternate translation: “you who were careful to obey Yahweh”
4:5 yhv5 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel.
4:5 hs9r Look 0 Alternate translation: “Pay attention”
4:5 bis8 that you should do so in the midst of the land 0 Alternate translation: “that you should obey them when you live in the land”
4:6 zr9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet keep them and do them 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they are to obey them. Alternate translation: “obey them carefully”
4:6 bhy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the peoples 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas behind the words **wisdom** and **understanding**, you can express the same idea with adjective phrases. Here, the word **sight** refers to how the peoples judge or decide on the value of something. Alternate translation: “this is what will show the peoples that you are wise and that you understand what is important” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:6 sr33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy this great nation is a wise and understanding people 0 The word “nation” is a metonym for the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “the people of this great nation are wise and understanding”
4:7 thf7 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel.
4:7 m62n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion For what other great nation is there … him? 0 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “For there is no other great nation … him.”
4:8 g3lt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What other great nation is there … today? 0 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no other great nation … today.”
4:9 wv6p 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel.
4:9 bfw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns Only pay attention … guard yourself … you do not forget … your eyes … your heart … your life … make them known to your children and your children’s children 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they are one person, so all instances of “you,” “your,” and “yourself,” as well as the commands “pay attention,” “guard,” and “make known” are singular. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
4:9 d2dg Only pay attention and carefully guard yourself 0 Alternate translation: “Pay careful attention and be sure to remember these things always”
4:9 gm1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism you do not forget … they do not leave your heart 0 These phrases means the same thing and emphasize that the people of Israel must remember what they have seen.
4:9 hp7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your eyes have seen 0 Here “eyes” are a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “you have seen”
4:10 tkm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns you stood before Yahweh your God 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they are one person, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
4:10 ivm8 Assemble me the people 0 Alternate translation: “Bring the people together and bring them to me”
4:11 wy4q 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to remind the Israelites of their history.
4:11 ytq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom with fire to the heart of heaven 0 This is an idiom. “The heart of” means “the middle of” or “the innermost part of,” and “heaven” here refers to the sky. Alternate translation: “with a fire that went up to the sky”
4:11 f82u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys with darkness, cloud, and thick darkness 0 Here “thick darkness” describes the cloud. Alternate translation: “with a thick, dark cloud”
4:11 jh6q thick darkness 0 Another possible meaning is “heavy cloud.”
4:13 re7g 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel.
4:13 tk8q He declared 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh declared”
4:13 yz4x to you 0 Here “you” refers to the Israelites who were at Mount Horeb.
4:14 bdx7 in the land that you are crossing over to take possession of 0 Alternate translation: “after you have crossed over the Jordan River and taken possession of the land”
4:15 yqn4 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel.
4:16 f5bb do not corrupt yourselves 0 Alternate translation: “do not do what is wrong”
4:18 xe6b creeps on the ground 0 Alternate translation: “crawls on the ground”
4:19 a5bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You shall not lift your eyes … and look … and be drawn … Yahweh your God 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” and the words “lift,” “look,” and “be drawn” are singular.
4:19 mg57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive You shall not … and be drawn away to worship 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not … and do not let anyone make you want to worship” or “Do not … and do not allow yourself worship”
4:19 r5pg all the host of the heavens 0 Alternate translation: “everything you can see in the sky.” This is another way of referring to the sun, moon, and stars.
4:19 mpi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom of which Yahweh your God has given a share all the peoples 0 This is an idiom. Moses speaks of the stars as if they were small objects like food that Yahweh was dividing and giving out to the people groups. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh your God has put there to help all people groups”
4:20 uej2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor brought you out of the iron furnace 0 Moses speaks of Egypt and the hard work the Israelites did there as if it were an oven in which iron is heated and the Israelites were the iron. Alternate translation: “brought you out of the land where people made you do hard work”
4:20 c59d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom a people of his own inheritance 0 This is an idiom that can be translated “people who belong only to him.”
4:21 q42n 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel.
4:21 l8rk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Yahweh was angry with me because of you 0 This refers to when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do because Moses was angry with the people of Israel. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 1:37](../01/37.md).
4:21 qnf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Yahweh your God is giving to you 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one man, so “you” and “your” are singular.
4:23 gf5v Pay attention to yourselves 0 Alternate translation: “Pay careful attention”
4:23 q9m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Yahweh your God has forbidden you 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one person, so the words “you” and “your” are singular.
4:24 z6c8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh your God is a devouring fire, a jealous God 0 Moses compares how Yahweh acts when he is angry to the way a fire destroys things. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God will severely punish and destroy you like a fire does because he does not want you to worship other gods”
4:24 d51q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Yahweh your God 0 Moses speaks to the Israelites as if they were one person, so the word “your” is singular.
4:25 d5qj 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel.
4:25 sw65 you beget … Yahweh your God 0 The words “you” and “your” are singular here.
4:25 txa1 beget 0 become the father of, or become the ancestor of
4:25 r6pb if you corrupt yourselves 0 Alternate translation: “if you do what is wrong.” See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:16](../04/16.md).
4:25 v824 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom do what is evil in the sight of Yahweh your God, to provoke him to anger 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you make Yahweh your God angry by doing what he says is evil”
4:26 lbi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I call heaven and earth to witness 0 This could mean: (1) Moses is calling on all those who live in heaven and earth to be witnesses to what he says or (2) Moses is speaking to heaven and earth as if they are people, and he is calling them to be witnesses to what he says. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
4:26 tz2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will not prolong your days 0 Long days are a metaphor for a long life. Alternate translation: “you will not be able to live a long time”
4:26 eme2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole but you will be completely destroyed 0 As indicated in 4:27, not every Israelite will be killed. Here “completely destroy” is a generalization and emphasizes that many of the Israelites will die. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but Yahweh will destroy many of you” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:27 yy63 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues speaking to the people of Israel.
4:27 swv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh will scatter you among the peoples 0 Moses speaks as if the people were seeds that Yahweh would scatter around a field. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will send you to many different places and force you to live there”
4:27 u1el will lead you away 0 Alternate translation: “will send you” or “will cause your enemies to take you away”
4:28 eq2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the work of men’s hands, wood and stone 0 Here “men’s hands” refers the men themselves, and “the work … wood and stone” to the idols that they have created. Alternate translation: “the wood and stone idols that men have made”
4:29 t9hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel. He speaks as though they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular.
4:29 nz82 But from there 0 Alternate translation: “But when you are in those other nations”
4:29 m6l6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you will seek 0 The word “you” here is plural.
4:29 fki1 when you search after him 0 Alternate translation: “when you really try to find him” or “when you really try to know him”
4:29 pl1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with all your heart and with all your soul 0 Here “heart” and “soul” are metonyms for a person’s inner being. These two phrases are used together to mean “completely” or “earnestly.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
4:30 bu4p will have come on 0 Alternate translation: “have happened to”
4:30 p1sc in those later days 0 Alternate translation: “afterwards” or “then”
4:30 xhr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom listen to his voice 0 Here “listen” is an idiom that means to hear and obey. Also, “his voice” refers to Yahweh and emphasizes what he says. Alternate translation: “obey what he says” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
4:32 yss9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel as if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and the command “ask now” are singular.
4:33 gv8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Did ever a people hear the voice of God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as you have heard, and live? 0 Here the people of Israel are reminded of how Yahweh has spoken to them in an amazing way in the past. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “No other people besides you has heard God speak from the middle of the fire and lived.”
4:33 uge5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche hear the voice of God speaking 0 Here God is represented by his voice. Alternate translation: “hear God’s voice as he spoke”
4:34 i1ev 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel.
4:34 uct8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor by a mighty hand, and by an outstretched arm 0 Here “a mighty hand” and “an outstretched arm” are metaphors for Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “by showing his mighty power”
4:34 r398 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche before your eyes 0 Here “eyes” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “in front of you”
4:35 yl1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular.
4:35 nu4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive To you these things were shown 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh showed you these things”
4:36 r411 he made you to hear … made you see 0 Alternate translation: “he made sure you heard … made sure you saw”
4:36 pii8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy made you … you heard 0 Moses speaks as if the people to whom he was speaking were the people he had spoken to at Mount Sinai many years earlier. The people at Mount Sinai were actually the fathers of the people to whom he was speaking these words. Alternate translation: “made your fathers … your fathers heard”
4:37 ss1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular.
4:37 p6x2 your fathers 0 This refers to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Jacob’s sons.
4:37 yey2 with his presence, with his great power 0 Alternate translation: “with the great power that comes from his presence” or “with his great power”
4:39 esi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel if they were one man, so all instances of “you” and “your” are singular.
4:39 ufg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom lay it on your heart 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “remember it”
4:39 f524 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism in heaven above and on the earth beneath 0 The two phrases “in heaven” and “on the earth” show two extremes and mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “over everything”
4:40 c3aw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor prolong your days 0 Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated these words in [Deuteronomy 4:26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time”
4:41 bt78 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses’s speech, which began in [Deuteronomy 1:6](../01/06.md), has finished, and the writer continues the narrative that ended in [Deuteronomy 1:5](../01/05.md).
4:43 csf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Bezer … Ramoth … Golan 0 These are names of cities.
3:6 mm89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לְ⁠סִיחֹ֖ן 1 The word **Sihon** is the name of a king. See how you translated this in [1:4](../01/04.md).
3:6 kqel rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אוֹתָ֔⁠ם 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the cities and towns that King Og ruled over. If this is not clear for your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “the cities”
3:6 zx6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן 1 The word **Heshbon** is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [1:4](../01/04.md).
3:6 vk9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כָּל־עִ֣יר 1 Here, **city** represents the people living inside the cities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the people in every city”
3:8 w2ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠יַּ֗ד 1 \r\n\r\nHere, the word **hand** means “power” or “control.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “away from the control of”
3:8 a9ko rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שְׁנֵי֙ 1 Alternate translation: “the 2”
3:8 l9c4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 The implication is that the Amorites were **across the Jordan** from the rest of the land that Yahweh promised to give to the Israelites. The Amorites were east of the Jordan. Alternate translation: “were east of the Jordan”
3:8 c8hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִ⁠נַּ֥חַל אַרְנֹ֖ן 1 The term **Valley of Arnon** is the name of a place. See how you translated it in [2:24](../02/24.md).
3:8 b5q8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ֥ר חֶרְמֽוֹן 1 The term **Mount Hermon** is the name of a mountain at the northern border of Bashan.
3:9 c5pg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background צִידֹנִ֛ים יִקְרְא֥וּ לְ⁠חֶרְמ֖וֹן שִׂרְיֹ֑ן וְ⁠הָ֣⁠אֱמֹרִ֔י יִקְרְאוּ־ל֖⁠וֹ שְׂנִֽיר 1 This verse provides background information about the land that the Israelites conquered. This information helps readers understand what happened in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.
3:9 yoxl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names צִידֹנִ֛ים 1 The word **Sidonians** is the name of a people group.
3:9 nk7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לְ⁠חֶרְמ֖וֹן שִׂרְיֹ֑ן & שְׂנִֽיר 1 The words **Hermon**, **Sirion**, and **Senir** are all names for the same mountain which is at the northern border of Bashan.
3:10 gk8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠מִּישֹׁ֗ר 1 The **plain** is an area of high, flat land between the Arnon River and Mount Gilead. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the highland”
3:10 x89s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עָרֵ֣י הַ⁠מִּישֹׁ֗ר 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe **cities** that are located on **the plain**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could describe the location in a comparable way. Alternate translation: “the cities located on the plain”
3:10 g7ie rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names סַלְכָ֖ה וְ⁠אֶדְרֶ֑עִי 1 The words **Salekah** and **Edrei** are names of cities. See how you translated **Edrei** in [1:4](../01/04.md).
3:10 l1kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ע֖וֹג 1 The word **Og** is the name of a king. See how you translated it in [1:4](../01/04.md).
3:11 nd7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background כִּ֣י רַק־ע֞וֹג מֶ֣לֶךְ הַ⁠בָּשָׁ֗ן נִשְׁאַר֮ מִ⁠יֶּ֣תֶר הָ⁠רְפָאִים֒ הִנֵּ֤ה עַרְשׂ⁠וֹ֙ עֶ֣רֶשׂ בַּרְזֶ֔ל הֲ⁠לֹ֣ה הִ֔וא בְּ⁠רַבַּ֖ת בְּנֵ֣י עַמּ֑וֹן תֵּ֧שַׁע אַמּ֣וֹת אָרְכָּ֗⁠הּ וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע אַמּ֛וֹת רָחְבָּ֖⁠הּ בְּ⁠אַמַּת־אִֽישׁ 1 \r\n\r\nThis verse provides background information about King Og. This information helps readers understand what happened in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.
3:11 mdg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָ⁠רְפָאִים֒ 1 The word **Rephaim** is the name of a people group. See how you translated this in [2:11](../02/11.md).
3:11 i4qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִנֵּ֤ה 1 The author is using the term **behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Note that”
3:11 ug2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַרְשׂ⁠וֹ֙ עֶ֣רֶשׂ 1 Here, the word **couch** refers to furniture that one can lay down on. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his bedstead was a bedstead of”
3:11 ev4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֣ה הִ֔וא בְּ⁠רַבַּ֖ת בְּנֵ֣י עַמּ֑וֹן 1 The writer uses a question to remind the Israelites that they could go to Rabbah and see how large Og must have been. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “It is in Rabbah, of the sons of Ammon.”
3:11 ygvt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers תֵּ֧שַׁע 1 Alternate translation: “It was 9”
3:11 b98u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance אַמּ֣וֹת & אַמּ֛וֹת & בְּ⁠אַמַּת 1 A **cubit** is a measurement of distance equivalent to 46 centimeters. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. Alternate translation: “text”
3:11 be8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע 1 Alternate translation: “and 4”
3:11 z43d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠אַמַּת־אִֽישׁ 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe the measurement of **the cubit** that a **man** would normally use. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression to describe a standard measurement. Alternate translation: “according to the cubit that most people use”
3:12 s921 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵ⁠עֲרֹעֵ֞ר 1 The word **Aroer** is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [2:36](../02/36.md).
3:12 h352 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹ֗ן 1 The term **Valley of Arnon** is the name of a place. See how you translated it in [2:24](../02/24.md).
3:12 j8cy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠עָרָ֔י⁠ו 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe **cities** that are located in the hill country of Gilead. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression for describing location. Alternate translation: “and the cities in that region”
3:13 u0qk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠יֶ֨תֶר הַ⁠גִּלְעָ֤ד וְ⁠כָל־הַ⁠בָּשָׁן֙ מַמְלֶ֣כֶת ע֔וֹג 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe a **kingdom** that **Og** rules over. The kingdom includes parts of **Gilead and all Bashan**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression for describing a kingdom. Alternate translation: “And the rest of Gilead and all Bashan, which Og ruled, ”
3:13 lz62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ע֔וֹג 1 The word **Og** is the name of a king. See how you translated it in [1:4](../01/04.md).
3:13-14 xzf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background כֹּ֣ל חֶ֤בֶל הָֽ⁠אַרְגֹּב֙ לְ⁠כָל־הַ⁠בָּשָׁ֔ן הַ⁠ה֥וּא יִקָּרֵ֖א אֶ֥רֶץ רְפָאִֽים׃ יָאִ֣יר בֶּן־מְנַשֶּׁ֗ה לָקַח֙ אֶת־כָּל־חֶ֣בֶל אַרְגֹּ֔ב עַד־גְּב֥וּל הַ⁠גְּשׁוּרִ֖י וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּֽעֲכָתִ֑י וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֩ אֹתָ֨⁠ם עַל־שְׁמ֤⁠וֹ אֶת־הַ⁠בָּשָׁן֙ חַוֺּ֣ת יָאִ֔יר עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה׃ 1 These verses provide background information about the land that the people of Israel captured. This information helps readers understand what happened in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.
3:13 pt8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָֽ⁠אַרְגֹּב֙ 1 The word **Argob** is the name of a region in Bashan. See how you translated this in [verse 4](../03/04.md).
3:13 g27b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רְפָאִֽים 1 The word **Rephaim** is the name of a people group. See how you translated it in [2:11](../02/11.md).
3:14 aa4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יָאִ֣יר 1 The word **Jair** is the name of a man.
3:14 x9m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֶּן 1 Here, **son** means “descendant.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a descendant of”
3:14 uz9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַד־גְּב֥וּל 1 The implication is that **the border of** the Geshurites and the Maacathites** is north of the region of Argob. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “northward to the border of”
3:14 g7g2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חַוֺּ֣ת יָאִ֔יר 1 The term **Havvoth Jair** is the name of a region. The name means ‘tent villages of Jair’ or ‘realm of Jair.’
3:14 o57c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 The implication is that the Israelites still refer to the region as Havvoth Jair on **this day**. **This day** refers to the time frame introduced in [1:1-4](../01/04.md), when Moses is giving this speech to the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as you call that region to this day”
3:15 x1nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּ⁠לְ⁠מָכִ֖יר 1 The word **Machir** is the name of a man. Machir was the son of Manasseh.
3:15 nnzh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠לְ⁠מָכִ֖יר 1 He had died before Moses gave this land. The name is a metonym for the descendants of the person. Alternate translation: “to the descendants of Machir”
3:15 fik9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns נָתַ֥תִּי 1 Here the pronoun **I** refers to Moses. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “I, Moses, gave”
3:16 n3af rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹ֔ן 1 The term **Valley of Arnon** is the name of a place. See how you translated it in [2:24](../02/24.md).
3:16 x4dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִן־הַ⁠גִּלְעָד֙ וְ⁠עַד־נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹ֔ן 1 The implication is that **the Valley of Arnon** is the southern border of **Gilead**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “text”\n
3:16 ni9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יַבֹּ֣ק הַ⁠נַּ֔חַל 1 The term **Jabbok River** is the name of a river. See how you translated this in [2:37](../02/37.md).
3:16 c3df rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy גְּב֖וּל בְּנֵ֥י עַמּֽוֹן 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe **the border** around the land that is occupied by the **sons of Ammon** of the Israelites. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the border of the land occupied by the sons of Ammon”
3:16 nkm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֥י 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the descendants of”
3:17 y51g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִ⁠כִּנֶּ֗רֶת 1 The word **Kinnereth** is the name of a sea. It is also called “the Sea of Galilee.”
3:17 xce7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תַּ֛חַת אַשְׁדֹּ֥ת 1 The phrase **under the slopes of** means “at the base of” when referring to a mountain. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the foot of” or “at the base of”
3:17 w6xs rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠פִּסְגָּ֖ה 1 The word **Pisgah** is the name of a mountain.
3:18 i7wz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וָ⁠אֲצַ֣ו אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם בָּ⁠עֵ֥ת הַ⁠הִ֖וא לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language. Alternate translation: “And I commanded you at that time”
3:18 i1zt rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם & אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֗ם & לָ⁠כֶ֜ם & אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֥ם 1 The pronouns **you** and **your** refer to the people of the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the names of the tribes here. Alternate translation: “you three tribes … your … to you … your brothers”
3:18 c6xs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo נָתַ֨ן לָ⁠כֶ֜ם אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֤רֶץ הַ⁠זֹּאת֙ לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּ֔⁠הּ 1 The expression **has given to you this land to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “has given to you this land”
3:18 rt7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲלוּצִ֣ים 1 Here, **girded ones** represents fighting men. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The fighting men”\n
3:18 ql33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּנֵי־חָֽיִל 1 The expression **sons of** describes a person who shares the qualities of **bravery**. The fighting men were **sons of bravery** because they fought in battle. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the brave men”
3:18 gnl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּֽעַבְר֗וּ 1 The implication is that the fighting men of the three tribes will **cross over** the Jordan River. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “will cross the Jordan River”
3:18 j9qx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֛י 1 Here, **faces** represent the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before”
3:18 mq1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֥ם 1 Here, **brothers** means “relatives.” The Israelites are all descendants of Jacob. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites”
3:18 e8ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵֽי 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of”
3:18 vrky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 Here, Moses is speaking to the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. **Israel** refers to the other tribes of Israel. You could use an exclusive form if your language marks that distinction.
3:19 ma9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns נְשֵׁי⁠כֶ֣ם וְ⁠טַפְּ⁠כֶם֮ וּ⁠מִקְנֵ⁠כֶם֒ & לָ⁠כֶ֑ם & בְּ⁠עָ֣רֵי⁠כֶ֔ם & לָ⁠כֶֽם 1 The pronouns **you** and **your** refer to the people of the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the names of the tribes here.
3:20 cpr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לַֽ⁠אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֮ כָּ⁠כֶם֒ & וְ⁠שַׁבְתֶּ֗ם & לָ⁠כֶֽם 1 The pronouns **you** and **your** refer to the people of the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the names of the tribes here.
3:20 zgr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַֽ⁠אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֮ 1 Here, **brothers** means “relatives.” The Israelites are all descendants of Jacob. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites”
3:20 isu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָנִ֨יחַ & ׀ לַֽ⁠אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֮ כָּ⁠כֶם֒ 1 The implication is that **to have rest** is the absence of war. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “causes your brothers, as you, to have rest from fighting”\n
3:20 b0ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֚ישׁ 1 The word **man** represents every fighting man from the three tribes in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “every fighting man”
3:20 ac2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 The implication is that the land **across the Jordan** is on the west. Moses was east of the Jordan when he said this. Alternate translation: “west of the Jordan River”
3:20 xkx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִֽ⁠ירֻשָּׁת֔⁠וֹ 1 The implication is that the **inheritance** is the land that Moses allotted to each family. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to his land”
3:21 s2lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular עֵינֶ֣י⁠ךָ & אַתָּ֖ה 1 The words **you** and **your** are singular here because they refer to Joshua.
3:21 xd1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵינֶ֣י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **eyes** represent the whole person in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You yourself”
3:21 p9pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִ⁠שְׁנֵי֙ הַ⁠מְּלָכִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה 1 Here, the term **these two kings** refers to King Sihon and King Og, whom the Israelites defeated. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to these two kings, Sihon and Og”
3:21 kghf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers לִ⁠שְׁנֵי֙ הַ⁠מְּלָכִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה 1 Alternate translation: “to these 2 kings”
3:21 d7dr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה 1 Here, the word **there** refers to all of the land that Yahweh promised to give to the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “in the land that he will give you”
3:22 w5lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹ֖א תְִּירָא֑וּ⁠ם 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the people who live in the land that the Israelites are about to occupy. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “the people who live in the land”
3:22 cl6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֚י 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
3:22 o5gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ה֖וּא 1 Moses uses the word **himself** to emphasize how significant it was that Yahweh will fight for the Israelites. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “it is he who”
3:23 d3fi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language.
3:24 z9tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֔ 1 Here, Moses is referring to himself as **your servant**, which is a polite way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “me, your servant”
3:24 bulf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אַתָּ֤ה & עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֔ & אֶ֨ת־גָּדְלְ⁠ךָ֔ וְ⁠אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ הַ⁠חֲזָקָ֑ה & כְ⁠מַעֲשֶׂ֖י⁠ךָ וְ⁠כִ⁠גְבוּרֹתֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Here, the pronoun **you** and **your** are singular because they refer to Yahweh.
3:24 rgyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אֶ֨ת־גָּדְלְ⁠ךָ֔ וְ⁠אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ הַ⁠חֲזָקָ֑ה 1 The terms **greatness** and **strong hand** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “your immense greatness”
3:24 idr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ הַ⁠חֲזָקָ֑ה 1 Here, **hand** represents Yahweh’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your power”
3:24 qkn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִי־אֵל֙ בַּ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם וּ⁠בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה כְ⁠מַעֲשֶׂ֖י⁠ךָ וְ⁠כִ⁠גְבוּרֹתֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Moses uses a question to emphasize that Yahweh is the only God with the power to do the works he has done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “No god in heaven or in earth could do works as your works and as your mighty deeds.”
3:24 ls1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism בַּ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם וּ⁠בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 Here, Moses is referring to all places by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “anywhere”
3:24 sd4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet כְ⁠מַעֲשֶׂ֖י⁠ךָ וְ⁠כִ⁠גְבוּרֹתֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 The terms **works** and **mighty deeds** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “as your very mighty works”
3:25 qg4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness נָּ֗א 1 The word translated as **please** here is a term used in polite requests. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression for making a polite request.
3:25 c8zq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 The implication is that the land **across the Jordan** is on the west side. When Moses spoke these words to Yahweh, he was east of the Jordan River in Moab. Alternate translation: “is west of the Jordan River.”
3:26 p3zp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּתְעַבֵּ֨ר יְהוָ֥ה בִּ⁠י֙ לְמַ֣עַנְ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 This refers to [Numbers 20](Num/20/10.md), when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do because Moses was angry with the people of Israel. The Israelite people complained that they did not have water in the wilderness. Yahweh told Moses to speak to the rock so water would come out, but Moses disobeyed Yahweh and struck the rock with his staff. As a result, Yahweh promised that Moses would not enter the land.
3:26 s3s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אַל־תּ֗וֹסֶף 1 Yahweh is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “do not continue”
3:27 qm9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠פִּסְגָּ֗ה 1 The word **Pisgah** is the name of a mountain. See how you translated this is in [verse 17](../03/17.md).
3:27 rbsz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠שָׂ֥א עֵינֶ֛י⁠ךָ 1 Here, the term **lift up your eyes** means “look.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an expression from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and gaze”
3:27 deul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular עֲלֵ֣ה & וְ⁠שָׂ֥א עֵינֶ֛י⁠ךָ & וּ⁠רְאֵ֣ה בְ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ & לֹ֥א תַעֲבֹ֖ר 1 The command forms and the words **you** and **your** are singular here because they refer to Moses.
3:27 a7ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠רְאֵ֣ה בְ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Yahweh uses the phrase **look with your eyes** to emphasize that Moses will only see, but not enter the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And only look with your eyes”
3:28 x7d3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וְ⁠צַ֥ו & וְ⁠חַזְּקֵ֣⁠הוּ וְ⁠אַמְּצֵ֑⁠הוּ & תִּרְאֶֽה 1 The command forms and the word **you** are singular here because they refer to Moses.
3:28 swy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְ⁠חַזְּקֵ֣⁠הוּ וְ⁠אַמְּצֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 The terms **encourage** and **strengthen** mean similar things. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and greatly strengthen him”
3:28 qi30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ 1 Here, **faces** represent the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before”
3:28 lo1o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַנְחִ֣יל אוֹתָ֔⁠ם 1 Yahweh uses the word **himself** to emphasize how significant it was that Joshua will enable the Israelite people to conquer the land instead of Moses. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “and it is he who will cause them to inherit”
3:28 tsxo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר תִּרְאֶֽה 1 The implication is that Moses **will see the land** that Joshua will lead the Israelites to conquer from the top of Mount Pisgah. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the land that you will see from the top of Mount Pisgah”
3:29 dut2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּ֥ית פְּעֽוֹר 1 The term **Beth Peor** is the name of a town in Moab near Mount Pisgah.
4:intro d8g8 0 # Deuteronomy 4 General Notes\n\n## Chapter Outline\n- vv. 1-40: Moses encourages the Israelites to obey Yahweh\n- vv. 41-43: Moses appoints cities of refuge\n- vv. 44-49: Summary of Moses’ first speech\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Moses’ Instructions\nMoses is not allowed to enter into the Promised Land. Since they are getting ready to possess the Promised Land, Moses gives them some last instructions before his death. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### The Universe\n\nThe ancient Hebrews believed that the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like.\n\n### Yahweh’s Presence\n\nAs God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. When Yahweh is “near” or “with” the Israelites, that means that Yahweh was with the Israelites in a special way. Yahweh is so holy that a person would die if they saw him. So, when the Israelites “see” Yahweh, that means that they saw Yahweh’s miracles or other things that Yahweh uses to show who he is.\n\n### Yahweh’s Inheritance\n\nMoses refers to the people of Israel as Yahweh’s inheritance. Yahweh chose the people of Israel out of all the peoples of the world in order to show his power and greatness. Yahweh wants the people of Israel to follow his rules, because he has a special relationship with them. \n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in This Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nMoses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince his readers to obey his instructions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n### Words for the Law\n- statutes\n- ordinances\n- judgments\nMoses uses different words to refer to the law that Yahweh commanded the Israelites. It is unclear what the differences are between these terms.\n\n### Pronouns\n\nMoses is speaking to the Israelites who are alive, but he refers to events that happened to their ancestors. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could explicitly state that these events happened to their ancestors. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:1 m1n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 Here, **Israel** represents the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people of Israel”
4:1 hfw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אֶל־הַֽ⁠חֻקִּים֙ וְ⁠אֶל־הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּטִ֔ים 1 The terms **statutes** and **ordinances** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “to the important statutes”
4:1 zdp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֣עַן 1 Here, **so that** marks what comes after as the goal or purpose of what comes before. Moses wants the Israelites to live in the land. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
4:1 x82m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense נֹתֵ֥ן לָ⁠כֶֽם 1 Here Moses could be using the present tense: (1) to refer to something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “gave to you” (2) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “is about to give to you”\r
4:2 ft3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche הַ⁠דָּבָר֙ 1 Here, **word** represents all of the words of the law that Yahweh spoke to Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything”
4:2 r77u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִצְוֺת֙ יְהוָ֣ה 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe **commandments** that come from **Yahweh**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “the commandments given by Yahweh”
4:3 u7gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵֽינֵי⁠כֶם֙ 1 Moses is using **eyes** to represent all of a person in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “All of you”
4:3 bs2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠בַ֣עַל פְּע֑וֹר 1 Here, Moses is referring to the events of [Numbers 25:1-9](Num/25/01.md), when Israelite men committed sexual immorality with Moabite women. The women tempted the Israelite men to follow their idol, the **Baal** of **Peor**. As a result, Yahweh punished the Israelites with a plague until Phinehas the priest killed a man who was still committing adultery.
4:3 p9ok rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָלַךְ֙ אַחֲרֵ֣י 1 Here, **walked after** means “worshipped”. Moses is speaking of worshipping idols as if people were physically walking behind idols to follow them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “worshipped”
4:3 naji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הִשְׁמִיד֛⁠וֹ 1 The implication is that Yahweh **destroyed them** by killing them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “has killed them”
4:3 yl8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd מִ⁠קִּרְבֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites, the pronoun **your** is singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:4 x6hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַ⁠דְּבֵקִ֔ים בַּ⁠יהוָ֖ה 1 Moses speaks as if obeying Yahweh was like physically holding on to a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who carefully obeyed Yahweh”
4:5 hs9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְאֵ֣ה 1 Moses is using the word **Look** to focus the Israelites' attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention”
4:5 wsdh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֻקִּים֙ וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּטִ֔ים 1 The terms **states** and **ordinances** mean similar things. Moses clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. See how you translated this in [verse 1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “important rules”
4:5 bis8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish אֱלֹהָ֑⁠י 1 Here, Moses refers to Yahweh as **my God** in order to emphasize that Moses himself worships and obeys Yahweh. He does not mean that he is the only one who worships Yahweh. If this would not be clear for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression to describe Moses’ relationship with Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the God whom I worship”
4:5 v63r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בָּאִ֥ים שָׁ֖מָּ⁠ה לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּֽ⁠הּ 1 The expression **going into to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “are going into to possess”
4:6 zr9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וּ⁠שְׁמַרְתֶּם֮ וַ⁠עֲשִׂיתֶם֒ 1 The terms **keep** and **do** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “And you shall carefully do them”
4:6 fau5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וּ⁠שְׁמַרְתֶּם֮ וַ⁠עֲשִׂיתֶם֒ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And keep and do them”
4:6 ce6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
4:6 bhy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמַתְ⁠כֶם֙ וּ⁠בִ֣ינַתְ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas of **wisdom** and **understanding**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is how you can act wisely and with understanding”
4:6 di77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חָכְמַתְ⁠כֶם֙ וּ⁠בִ֣ינַתְ⁠כֶ֔ם & חָכָ֣ם וְ⁠נָב֔וֹן 1 The terms **wisdom** and **understanding** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “is your great wisdom … very wise”
4:6 f2rh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י 1 Here, **in the eyes of** is an idiom for a person's opinion or evaluation. Moses speaks as if evaluating something was physically seeing it with one's **eyes**. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the evaluation of”
4:6 ij0i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִשְׁמְע֗וּ⁠ן 1 Here, the word **hear** means “learn about.” Moses speaks as if hearing reports about Yahweh’s law were physically hearing it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will hear about”
4:6 dkil rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וְ⁠אָמְר֗וּ 1 Here, the word **say** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language.
4:6 sr33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַם־חָכָ֣ם וְ⁠נָב֔וֹן הַ⁠גּ֥וֹי הַ⁠גָּד֖וֹל הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 Here, **nation** represents the people of that nation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of this great nation are wise and understanding”
4:7-8 m62n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 Moses is using the question form to emphasize how great Yahweh is compared to the idols that other nations follow. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or exclamations. Alternate translation: “For there is no other great nation that has a god near to it as Yahweh our God is whenever we call on him. And, there is no other great nation that has statues and ordinances righteous as all this law that I am giving before your faces today.”
4:7 thf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֚י 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before.
4:7 hx9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קְרֹבִ֣ים אֵלָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here Moses is speaking of Yahweh’s protection and guidance as if Yahweh could physically come **near** to the Israelites. See book introduction for more information about Yahweh’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who protects it”
4:8 g3lt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֻקִּ֥ים וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּטִ֖ים 1 The terms **statutes** and **ordinances** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “important rules”
4:8 po9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֹתֵ֥ן 1 Here Moses is speaking of reading the law as if he was physically **giving** it to the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “am repeating”
4:8 odq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”
4:9 z7zs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish רַ֡ק 1 Here, Moses is using **Only** to emphasize his commands. He does not mean that the commands are the only commands that the Israelites should obey. If this would not be clear for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression to emphasize commands. Alternate translation: “But make sure of this:”
4:9 bfw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְ⁠ךָ֩ וּ⁠שְׁמֹ֨ר נַפְשְׁ⁠ךָ֜ & תִּשְׁכַּ֨ח & עֵינֶ֗י⁠ךָ & מִ⁠לְּבָ֣בְ⁠ךָ֔ & חַיֶּ֑י⁠ךָ וְ⁠הוֹדַעְתָּ֥⁠ם לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ & בָנֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you**, **your**, and the command forms are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:9 d2dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְ⁠ךָ֩ וּ⁠שְׁמֹ֨ר נַפְשְׁ⁠ךָ֜ מְאֹ֗ד 1 The terms **guard yourself** and **guard your spirit strongly** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “carefully guard all of yourself”
4:9 i05z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּן & וּ⁠פֶן 1 Moses uses the word **lest** to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “in case … and in case”
4:9 n4sg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֜ים 1 The implication is that the Israelites should not forget **the things** that Yahweh did for them, such as the miracles that Yahweh did to help the Israelites in the wilderness. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the miraculous things Yahweh did”
4:9 urlx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵינֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **eyes** represents all of a person in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you yourself”
4:9 yh8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָס֨וּרוּ֙ מִ⁠לְּבָ֣בְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 Here Moses is speaking as if memories physically **retreat** from one's **heart** when one forgets something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you forget them”
4:9 j9jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֣י חַיֶּ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Here **all the days of your life** means “the rest of your life.” If this would not be clear for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “for the rest of your life”\n
4:9 l723 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ וְ⁠לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י בָנֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, **sons** means “children.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to your children and to the children of your children”
4:9 rqwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ וְ⁠לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י בָנֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, Moses repeats **sons** to emphasize how important it is for the Israelites to teach their children about Yahweh and his commands. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation.
4:10 i0uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit י֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֨ר עָמַ֜דְתָּ לִ⁠פְנֵ֨י יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶי⁠ךָ֮ בְּ⁠חֹרֵב֒ 1 Moses is referring to the events of [Exodus 19](Exo/19/01.md) when Yahweh spoke from Mount Sinai from a fire. The Israelite people were afraid of Yahweh and stood far away.
4:10 tkm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd עָמַ֜דְתָּ & אֱלֹהֶי⁠ךָ֮ 1 Even though Moses is speaking about the Israelites and their ancestors, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:10 vcet rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֨י 1 Here, **face** represents someone’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before”
4:10 ivm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַקְהֶל־לִ⁠י֙ אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֔ם 1 The implication is that Yahweh wants Moses to bring all the Israelite **people** to **assemble** at Mount Sinai, where Yahweh will speak through a thunderstorm. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Tell the Israelite people to gather here”
4:10 onov rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אֲשֶׁ֨ר 2 The word translated as **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “so that”
4:11 wy4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תַּ֣חַת 1 Here **under** means “at the foot of.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the foot of”
4:11 t7n0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֵ֣ב 1 Here the word **heart** means “middle.” Moses is speaking of the sky as if it had a heart in its middle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the middle of”
4:12 ik93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠תְמוּנָ֛ה אֵינְ⁠כֶ֥ם רֹאִ֖ים 1 Here **form** means the visible form of a living being. you could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and you saw no visible form”
4:13 re7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers עֲשֶׂ֖רֶת 1 Alternate translation: “10”
4:13 r13e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שְׁנֵ֖י 1 Alternate translation: “2”
4:14 sge4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֻקִּ֖ים וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּטִ֑ים 1 The terms **statutes** and **judgments** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “important rules”
4:14 wod7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לַ⁠עֲשֹׂתְ⁠כֶ֣ם 1 Here, **for** marks what follows as the goal or purpose of what comes before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
4:14 bdx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בָּ⁠אָ֕רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתֶּ֛ם עֹבְרִ֥ים שָׁ֖מָּ⁠ה לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּֽ⁠הּ 1 The expression **the land which you are going over to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “in the land you will possess”
4:15 r8lb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “this is because”
4:15 miaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠י֗וֹם דִּבֶּ֨ר יְהוָ֧ה אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֛ם בְּ⁠חֹרֵ֖ב מִ⁠תּ֥וֹךְ הָ⁠אֵֽשׁ 1 Moses is referring to the events of [Exodus 19](Exo/19/01.md) when Yahweh spoke from Mount Sinai from a fire. The Israelite people were afraid of Yahweh and stood far away.
4:16 f5bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּ֨ן 1 Moses is using the word **lest** to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “in case”
4:16 ouuk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּשְׁחִת֔וּ⁠ן 1 Here, the term **act corruptly** means to sin or do wrong. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you sin”
4:16 r6fd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish זָכָ֖ר א֥וֹ נְקֵבָֽה 1 Here, **male or female** refers to human beings, not to animals. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “male person or female person”
4:18 xe6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רֹמֵ֖שׂ 1 A **creeping thing** is any creature that crawls on the ground. This could include reptiles and insects. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “reptile”
4:19 hips rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וּ⁠פֶן 1 Moses uses the word **lest** to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “and in case”
4:19 a5bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd תִּשָּׂ֨א עֵינֶ֜י⁠ךָ & וְֽ֠⁠רָאִיתָ & וְ⁠נִדַּחְתָּ֛ וְ⁠הִשְׁתַּחֲוִ֥יתָ & וַ⁠עֲבַדְתָּ֑⁠ם & אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:19 d0wc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּשָּׂ֨א עֵינֶ֜י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **lift up your eyes** is an idiom that means “you look.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “turn your eyes” or “you look”
4:19 r5pg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כֹּ֚ל צְבָ֣א הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם 1 Here, **all the multitude of the heavens** is an idiom that means “all the stars in the sky.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the stars in the sky”\n
4:19 mg57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִדַּחְתָּ֛ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and let them seduce you”
4:19 os1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠נִדַּחְתָּ֛ 1 The implication is that the Israelites might **be seduced** to worship the sun, moon, or stars and commit the sin of idolatry. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. Alternate translation: “and be seduced to idolatry”
4:19 mpi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁ֨ר חָלַ֜ק יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ אֹתָ֔⁠ם לְ⁠כֹל֙ הָֽ⁠עַמִּ֔ים תַּ֖חַת כָּל־הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם 1 Moses speaks of the stars as if they were small objects that Yahweh **allotted** and gave out to the people groups. Moses means that all people groups are able to see the sun, moon, and the stars. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh your God has allowed all the peoples under all the heavens to see”
4:20 uej2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠כּ֥וּר הַ⁠בַּרְזֶ֖ל 1 An **iron furnace** is very hot, and people use it to melt iron. Moses speaks as if the Israelites’ suffering in Egypt was so severe that it was like an **iron furnace** and the Israelites were the iron inside the furnace. Alternate translation: “brought you out of the land where people made you do hard work”
4:20 c59d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ל֛⁠וֹ לְ⁠עַ֥ם נַחֲלָ֖ה 1 Moses speaks as if all the people of Israel were one object that Yahweh owns. Moses means that Yahweh chose to have a special relationship with Israel. See chapter introduction for more information. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his chosen people”
4:20 ga0x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 The implication is that the Israelites still have a special relationship with Yahweh at the time when Moses is giving this speech to them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as you are this day as I speak to you”
4:21 l8rk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽ⁠יהוָ֥ה הִתְאַנֶּף־בִּ֖⁠י עַל־דִּבְרֵי⁠כֶ֑ם וַ⁠יִּשָּׁבַ֗ע לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֤י עָבְרִ⁠י֙ אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן וּ⁠לְ⁠בִלְתִּי־בֹא֙ אֶל־הָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ הַ⁠טּוֹבָ֔ה 1 This refers to [Numbers 20](Num/20/10.md), when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do because Moses was angry with the people of Israel. The Israelite people complained that they did not have water in the wilderness. Yahweh told Moses to speak to the rock so water would come out, but Moses disobeyed Yahweh and struck the rock with his staff. As a result, Yahweh promised that Moses would not enter the land.
4:21 mnnq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ נֹתֵ֥ן 1 Here Moses could be using the present tense: (1) to refer to something that Yahweh has already done. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God has already given” (2) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God is about to give”
4:21 qnf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ & לְ⁠ךָ֖ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:22 k52a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd כִּ֣י 1 Moses uses the word **But** here to indicate a strong contrast between the fact that he will not enter the land while the Israelites will enter the land. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “As for me,”
4:22 xbn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּ⁠אָ֣רֶץ הַ⁠זֹּ֔את אֵינֶ֥⁠נִּי עֹבֵ֖ר אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 The implication is that **this land** is the land of Moab, which is east of **the Jordan** River. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “here in Moab. I will not cross to the west side of the Jordan”
4:23 gf5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּֽן 1 Moses is using the word **lest** to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “in case”
4:23 ffm0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶת־בְּרִ֤ית יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠כֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר כָּרַ֖ת 1 To **cut** a **covenant** means to make a covenant. The phrase refers to ancient rituals around making covenants, which is illustrated in [Genesis 15](Gen/15/01). See the imagery and how you translated there. Alternate translation: “the covenant of Yahweh your God, which he made”
4:23 k54j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit צִוְּ⁠ךָ֖ 1 Yahweh **commanded** the Israelites not to make idols. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “has commanded you not to do”
4:23 q9m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd צִוְּ⁠ךָ֖ & אֱלֹהֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:24 fc5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֚י 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because”
4:24 z6c8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֵ֥שׁ אֹכְלָ֖ה 1 Here Moses is speaking of Yahweh’s punishment when he is angry as if it was **a devouring fire**. Yahweh will destroy anyone who disobeys him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will destroy people who obey him like a fire burns everything”\n
4:25 sw65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd תוֹלִ֤יד & אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **your** are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:25 d5qj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בָּנִים֙ וּ⁠בְנֵ֣י בָנִ֔ים 1 Here, **sons** means “children.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “children, and children of children”
4:25 adae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠בְנֵ֣י בָנִ֔ים 1 The implication is that the living Israelites will bear children, and then those children will bear children. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and they beget sons”
4:25 y9c0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical וְ⁠הִשְׁחַתֶּ֗ם 1 Moses is suggesting that this is a hypothetical condition, that Yahweh will only become angry and punish the Israelites if the Israelites sin by making an idol. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “and if you act corruptly”
4:25 e3zj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הִשְׁחַתֶּ֗ם 1 Here, the term **act corruptly** means to sin or do wrong. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you sin” See how you translated these words in [verse 16](../04/16.md).
4:25 v824 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י 1 Here, **in the eyes of** is an idiom for a person's opinion or evaluation. Moses speaks as if evaluating something was physically seeing it with one's **eyes**. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the evaluation of”
4:26 ciie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַעִידֹתִי֩ בָ⁠כֶ֨ם הַ⁠יּ֜וֹם אֶת־הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם וְ⁠אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ 1 The implication is that **the heavens and the earth** will **witness** how the Israelites will sin. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I will make sure the heavens and the earth pay attention to how you sin today”
4:26 lbi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism אֶת־הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם וְ⁠אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ 1 Here, Moses is referring to everything that exists in the universe by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. Moses is referring to everything, living and non-living. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the whole universe”
4:26 c910 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication אָבֹ֣ד תֹּאבֵדוּ⁠ן֮ & הִשָּׁמֵ֖ד תִּשָּׁמֵדֽוּ⁠ן 1 The words **surely perish** and **completely destroyed** translate verbs that are repeated for emphasis. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation.
4:26 r2k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אַתֶּ֜ם עֹבְרִ֧ים אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֛ן שָׁ֖מָּ⁠ה לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּ֑⁠הּ 1 The expression **the land to which you are going over the Jordan to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “the land which you are going over the Jordan to possess”
4:26 tz2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹֽא־תַאֲרִיכֻ֤⁠ן יָמִים֙ עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 The implication is that, if the Israelites sin by making idols, then they will leave the land and live somewhere else. Yahweh **will not prolong** the **days** when the Israelites can live on the land. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. Alternate translation: “You will not be able to live on the land for long”
4:26 eme2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole הִשָּׁמֵ֖ד תִּשָּׁמֵדֽוּ⁠ן 1 As indicated in [verse 27](../04/27), not every Israelite will be killed. Here “completely destroyed” is a generalization used to emphasize that many of the Israelites will die.\nIf it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “surely many of you will be destroyed”
4:26 kwik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הִשָּׁמֵ֖ד תִּשָּׁמֵדֽוּ⁠ן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to die”
4:27 yy63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠הֵפִ֧יץ יְהוָ֛ה אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם בָּ⁠עַמִּ֑ים & יְנַהֵ֧ג יְהוָ֛ה אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh will scatter you among the peoples … Yahweh indeed will drive you there”
4:27 swv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הֵפִ֧יץ יְהוָ֛ה אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 Moses speaks as if the Israelite people were seeds that Yahweh could **scatter** around a field. Moses means that Yahweh will cause the Israelites to go live in many different places among many different peoples. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause you to leave the land and live”
4:27 uka7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠נִשְׁאַרְתֶּם֙ מְתֵ֣י מִסְפָּ֔ר 1 The implication is that the population of Israelites in each nation would be very small. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the phrasing. Alternate translation: “and there will be few of you”
4:27 u1el rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְנַהֵ֧ג יְהוָ֛ה אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 Here Moses is speaking of the Israelites as if they were livestock that **Yahweh** could **drive** from one place to another. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will force you to go”
4:28 f8ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מַעֲשֵׂ֖ה יְדֵ֣י אָדָ֑ם 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe a **work**, as in an object, that is made by **the hands of man**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an equivalent expression to describe a man-made object. Alternate translation: “objects made by the hands of man”
4:28 eq2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche יְדֵ֣י אָדָ֑ם 1 Moses is using **hands** to represent all of a person in the act of making an idol. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “mere men”
4:29 nz82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠שָּׁ֛ם 1 The word **there** refers to all the other nations where Yahweh will force the Israelites to go if they disobey him. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “from those other nations”
4:29 dh1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בִקַּשְׁתֶּ֥ם מִ⁠שָּׁ֛ם אֶת־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ וּ⁠מָצָ֑אתָ כִּ֣י תִדְרְשֶׁ֔⁠נּוּ 1 Here Moses is speaking of praying to and knowing Yahweh as if one could physically **search for** and **seek** him and **find him** in a specific place. As God, Yahweh is everywhere, and cannot be limited to a single space. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And from there you will pray to Yahweh your God, and he will answer when you appeal to him”
4:29 t9hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ וּ⁠מָצָ֑אתָ & תִדְרְשֶׁ֔⁠נּוּ & לְבָבְ⁠ךָ֖ & נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:29 fki1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּ⁠כָל־לְבָבְ⁠ךָ֖ וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 Here, the words **heart** and **spirit** refer to a person’s will and desire to do something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with all your will and with all your desire”
4:29 qkwr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בְּ⁠כָל־לְבָבְ⁠ךָ֖ וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 The terms **heart** and **spirit** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “with all of your will”
4:30 ybue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd לְ⁠ךָ֔ וּ⁠מְצָא֕וּ⁠ךָ & וְ⁠שַׁבְתָּ֙ & אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ וְ⁠שָׁמַעְתָּ֖ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:30 n0yn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מְצָא֕וּ⁠ךָ 1 Here Moses is speaking of experiencing trouble as if it were an object that one could **find**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you experience”
4:30 bu4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כֹּ֖ל הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֑לֶּה 1 The phrase **all these things** refers to the hardship that the Israelites will experience when they live in the other nations. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “all these hardships”
4:30 vnz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שַׁבְתָּ֙ עַד־יְהוָ֣ה 1 Here Moses is speaking of the Israelites choosing to worship **Yahweh** again as if **Yahweh** were a physical location that they could **return** to. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “then you will again worship Yahweh”
4:30 xhr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שָׁמַעְתָּ֖ 1 Here the word **listen** means to listen and obey. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and obey”
4:30 hmqf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠קֹלֽ⁠וֹ 1 \r\n\rHere, **voice** represents the words that Yahweh spoke, which include his commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to what he says”
4:31 c8wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because”
4:31 yfl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ & יַרְפְּ⁠ךָ֖ & יַשְׁחִיתֶ֑⁠ךָ & אֲבֹתֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:31 vlxi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַשְׁחִיתֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The implication is that Yahweh **will not destroy** the Israelites because he will make sure that some Israelites survive. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he will not completely destroy you”
4:31 gml8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives וְ⁠לֹ֤א יִשְׁכַּח֙ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative verb **forget**. Alternate translation: “and he will remember”
4:31 nsl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּרִ֣ית אֲבֹתֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe the **covenant** that Yahweh made with the **fathers** of the Israelites. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an equivalent expression to describe the covenant. Alternate translation: “the covenant between Yahweh and your fathers”
4:31 ebks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבֹתֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Moses is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your forefathers”
4:32 yss9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you שְׁאַל & לְ⁠פָנֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, the word **your** and the command **ask** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:32 pkpy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׁאַל 1 Here the word **ask** means “think”. Moses is speaking as if asking questions about something is the same as thinking about it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “consider”
4:32 c553 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness נָא֩ 1 The word translated as **please** here is a term used in polite requests. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression for making a polite request.
4:32 tg9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the existence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before your existence”
4:32 njz0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ אֲשֶׁר֩ בָּרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ אָדָם֙ עַל־הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 Moses is referring to the events of [Genesis 1:27](Gen/01/27.md) when Yahweh created human beings, male and female, in his image. This was on the sixth day of creation.
4:32 i0fo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns אָדָם֙ 1 In this verse, the word **man** is singular in form, but it refers to all human beings as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “human beings”
4:32 vugi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism וּ⁠לְ⁠מִ⁠קְצֵ֥ה הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם וְ⁠עַד־קְצֵ֣ה הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם 1 Here, Moses is referring to all of the world by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and on all the earth”
4:32 h1ow rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠נִֽהְיָ֗ה כַּ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠גָּדוֹל֙ הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה א֖וֹ הֲ⁠נִשְׁמַ֥ע כָּמֹֽ⁠הוּ 1 Moses is using the question form to emphasize how great Yahweh is. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “that there has never been a great thing as this and nothing like it has been heard”
4:32 kmtn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠גָּדוֹל֙ הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה 1 The term **a great thing** refers to the works that Yahweh did, which Moses mentions in the following verses. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a great thing as Yahweh’s works”
4:33 gv8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠שָׁ֣מַֽע עָם֩ ק֨וֹל אֱלֹהִ֜ים מְדַבֵּ֧ר מִ⁠תּוֹךְ־הָ⁠אֵ֛שׁ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁר־שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ אַתָּ֖ה וַ⁠יֶּֽחִי 1 Here Moses is using the question form to emphasize how amazing it is that the Israelites heard Yahweh speak from the fire in [Exodus 19-20](Exo/19/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “No other people has heard the voice of God speaking from the midst of the fire, as you have heard, and lived.”
4:33 uge5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ק֨וֹל אֱלֹהִ֜ים 1 Here, **voice** represent Yahweh in the act of speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “God himself”
4:33 yydf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ אַתָּ֖ה 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:33 a261 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ אַתָּ֖ה 1 For emphasis, Moses is stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already included in the verb **heard**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun **yourselves**. Alternate translation: “you indeed have heard”
4:34 i1ev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion א֣וֹ ׀ הֲ⁠נִסָּ֣ה אֱלֹהִ֗ים לָ֠⁠בוֹא לָ⁠קַ֨חַת ל֣⁠וֹ גוֹי֮ מִ⁠קֶּ֣רֶב גּוֹי֒ 1 Moses is using the question form to emphasize how amazing it was that Yahweh chose Israel and saved them from Egypt. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Make sure to end the sentence with the appropriate punctuation. Alternate translation: “God has not attempted to go and take for himself any other nation from the midst of another nation”
4:34 sczh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠מַסֹּת֩ 1 Here the word **trials** refers to the plagues in [Exodus 7-11](Exo/07/01.md) that Yahweh sent so that the Egyptians would suffer. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “by plagues”
4:34 k5no rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בְּ⁠אֹתֹ֨ת וּ⁠בְ⁠מוֹפְתִ֜ים 1 \r\n\r\nThe words **signs** and **wonders** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “by great signs”
4:34 xi2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠בְ⁠מִלְחָמָ֗ה 1 The word **war** refers to [Exodus 14](Exo/14/01.md), when the Egyptian army chased the Israelites as they left Egypt. Yahweh enabled the Israelites to defeat the Egyptian army. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and by enabling you to defeat the Egyptians in war”
4:34 fjbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ וּ⁠בִ⁠זְר֣וֹעַ נְטוּיָ֔ה 1 The terms **mighty hand** and **outstretched arm** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and by very great power”
4:34 uct8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ 1 Here the word **hand** represents God’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and by mighty power”
4:34 iny4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בִ⁠זְר֣וֹעַ נְטוּיָ֔ה 1 Here, **arm** refers to Yahweh’s power. Moses speaks of stretching out an arm was like using power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and by great strength”
4:34 r398 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, **eyes** represents the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in your sight”
4:34 r7hs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd לְ⁠עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **your** is singular here. If the singular form would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural form in your translation.
4:35 yl1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אַתָּה֙ הָרְאֵ֣תָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **yourself** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:35 q7ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַתָּה֙ הָרְאֵ֣תָ 1 For emphasis, Moses is stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already included in the verb **have been shown**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun **yourself**. Alternate translation: “you indeed have been shown”
4:35 gajq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אַתָּה֙ הָרְאֵ֣תָ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He showed these to you yourself”
4:35 nu4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal אַתָּה֙ הָרְאֵ֣תָ לָ⁠דַ֔עַת 1 Here, the word **to** marks **know** as the goal or purpose of **you have been shown**. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “You yourself have been shown so that you might know”
4:36 r411 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִן־הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֛יִם הִשְׁמִֽיעֲ⁠ךָ֥ אֶת־קֹל֖⁠וֹ 1 The implication is that the **voice** of Yahweh came **from the heavens** and not from earth. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “He caused you to hear his voice that came from the heavens”
4:36 pii8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd הִשְׁמִֽיעֲ⁠ךָ֥ & לְ⁠יַסְּרֶ֑⁠ךָּ & הֶרְאֲ⁠ךָ֙ & שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** is singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:36 au03 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal הִשְׁמִֽיעֲ⁠ךָ֥ אֶת־קֹל֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠יַסְּרֶ֑⁠ךָּ 1 Here, the word **to** marks **instruct you** as the goal or purpose of **he caused you to hear his voice**. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “he caused you to hear his voice so that he might instruct you”
4:36 jlv0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠דְבָרָ֥י⁠ו שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ מִ⁠תּ֥וֹךְ הָ⁠אֵֽשׁ 1 Moses is referring to the events of [Exodus 19](Exo/19/01.md) when Yahweh spoke from Mount Sinai from a fire. The Israelite people were afraid of Yahweh and stood far away.
4:36 gza6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּ⁠דְבָרָ֥י⁠ו שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe **words** that Yahweh spoke. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an equivalent expression to describe Yahweh’s speech. Alternate translation: “and you heard the words that Yahweh spoke”
4:37 ss1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֲבֹתֶ֔י⁠ךָ & וַ⁠יּוֹצִֽאֲ⁠ךָ֧ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:37 p6x2 אֲבֹתֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Moses is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your ancestors”
4:37 h4qk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠זַרְע֖⁠וֹ 1 Here, **seed** refers to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as if they were semen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their offspring”
4:37 yaem rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns בְּ⁠זַרְע֖⁠וֹ אַחֲרָ֑י⁠ו 1 In this verse, the word **his** and **him** are singular in form, but it refers to all of the Israelites’ ancestors as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “their seed after them”
4:37 yey2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠פָנָ֛י⁠ו 1 Moses is using **face** to represent Yahweh’s ability to save the Israelites. Moses is emphasizing that Yahweh brought the Israelites out of Egypt by himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by himself”
4:38 kbdx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense לְ⁠הוֹרִ֗ישׁ גּוֹיִ֛ם גְּדֹלִ֧ים וַ⁠עֲצֻמִ֛ים מִמְּ⁠ךָ֖ מִ⁠פָּנֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 This could refer to: (1) nations which the Israelites have already defeated and expelled from the land, as in [Deuteronomy 2-3](../02/26.md). Alternate translation: “when he drove out from before your faces nations greater and mightier than you” (2) nations which the Israelites will expel from the land in the future. Alternate translation: “so that he might drive out from before your faces nations greater and mightier than you”
4:38 rdl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd מִמְּ⁠ךָ֖ מִ⁠פָּנֶ֑י⁠ךָ לַ⁠הֲבִֽיאֲ⁠ךָ֗ & לְ⁠ךָ֧ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:38 xjq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פָּנֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of a people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from before you”
4:38 q3n0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַ⁠הֲבִֽיאֲ⁠ךָ֗ 1 The implication is that Yahweh will use his power to **bring** the Israelites into the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to bring you into the land”
4:38 n4e6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 The implication is that the land still belongs to the Israelites at the time when Moses is speaking to the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as it belongs to you this day as I speak to you”
4:39 esi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd וְ⁠יָדַעְתָּ֣ & וַ⁠הֲשֵׁבֹתָ֮ & לְבָבֶ⁠ךָ֒ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:39 a1nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְ⁠יָדַעְתָּ֣ & וַ⁠הֲשֵׁבֹתָ֮ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And know … and return it”
4:39 sp48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠יָדַעְתָּ֣ הַ⁠יּ֗וֹם וַ⁠הֲשֵׁבֹתָ֮ אֶל־לְבָבֶ⁠ךָ֒ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And you shall know today, indeed, you shall return it to your heart”
4:39 v9br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יָדַעְתָּ֣ 1 Here **know** means “think about.” Moses is speaking of thinking about something as if it were knowing it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And you shall consider”
4:39 ufg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠הֲשֵׁבֹתָ֮ אֶל־לְבָבֶ⁠ךָ֒ 1 Here, **return to your heart** is an idiom that means “think about.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you shall call it to mind” or “and think about it”
4:39 f524 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism בַּ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם מִ⁠מַּ֔עַל וְ⁠עַל־הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ מִ⁠תָּ֑חַת 1 Here, Moses is referring to the whole universe by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everywhere”
4:40 w9d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd וְ⁠שָׁמַרְתָּ֞ & מְצַוְּ⁠ךָ֙ & לְ⁠ךָ֔ וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ & תַּאֲרִ֤יךְ & אֱלֹהֶ֛י⁠ךָ & לְ⁠ךָ֖ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:40 xgha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שָׁמַרְתָּ֞ 1 Here the word **keep** means “obey.” Moses is speaking of commandments as if they were physical objects that one could **keep** in their possession. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And you shall obey”
4:40 v8k4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְ⁠שָׁמַרְתָּ֞ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And keep”
4:40 e877 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֻקָּ֣י⁠ו וְ⁠אֶת־מִצְוֺתָ֗י⁠ו 1 The terms **statutes** and **commandments** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “his important statutes”
4:40 nx43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and for your offspring”
4:40 c3aw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תַּאֲרִ֤יךְ יָמִים֙ עַל־הַ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה 1 The implication is that, if the Israelites obey Yahweh, they **will prolong** the **days** when they live on the land. Moses is speaking of time as if it was a physical substance that one could **prolong**. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. See how you translated this concept in [verse 26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “you will live in the land for many generations”
4:40 wxen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָּל־הַ⁠יָּמִֽים 1
4:41 bt78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent אָ֣ז 1 The author is using the word translated **Then** to introduce a new event in the story. Moses’s speech, which began in [1:6](../01/06.md), has finished, and the writer continues the narrative that ended in [1:5](../01/05.md). Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “After he finished his speech,” \n
4:41 eksd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שָׁלֹ֣שׁ 1 Alternate translation: “3”
4:41 vowz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִזְרְחָ֖⁠ה שָֽׁמֶשׁ 1 Here, **the rising of the sun** is an idiom that means “east.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “towards the east”
4:42 vlww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֵעֵ֨⁠הוּ֙ 1 Here, **neighbor** means “fellow Israelite.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his fellow Israelite”
4:42 eoix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּ⁠בְלִי־דַ֔עַת 1 Here **without knowing** means “unintentionally.” Moses is speaking of knowledge as if it was the same thing as intention. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “unintentionally”
4:42 yxbk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠ה֛וּא לֹא־שֹׂנֵ֥א ל֖⁠וֹ מִ⁠תְּמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשׁ֑וֹם 1 The implication is that the **manslayer** did not premeditate murder. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he did not hate him previously before and did not plan to kill him”
4:42 b7vn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers אַחַ֛ת 1 Alternate translation: “1”
4:42 mfo9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וָ⁠חָֽי 1 The implication is that the family members of the dead person would try to kill the manslayer, so the people of those cities would protect the manslayer. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and the avenger would not be able to kill him there”
4:43 csf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֶּ֧צֶר & גּוֹלָ֥ן 1 The words **Bezer** and **Golan** are names of cities.
4:44 j6tj This is the law 0 This refers to the laws Moses will give in the following chapters.
4:46 zf9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Beth Peor 0 This is the name of a town in Moab near Mount Pisgah. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 3:29](../03/29.md).
4:46 c8za Sihon … Amorites … Heshbon 0 Alternate translation: “King Sihon … Amorite people … town of Heshbon.” See how you translated these names in [Deuteronomy 1:4](../01/04.md).
4:47 ya36 his land 0 King Sihon’s land
4:47 h15l beyond the Jordan toward the east 0 This refers to the land across the Jordan River, to the east of Israel. Moses was east of the Jordan when he said this. Alternate translation: “from the side of the Jordan River toward the east”
4:48 kwj2 Aroer 0 This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:36](../02/36.md).
4:48 n3ct the Valley of the Arnon 0 This is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:24](../02/24.md).
4:48 vyn6 Mount Siyon … Mount Hermon 0 These are different names for the same mountain. The word “Sion” is another spelling of “Sirion” ([Deuteronomy 3:9](../03/09.md)). See how you translated “Mount Hermon” in [Deuteronomy 3:8](../03/08.md).
4:49 axk1 eastward beyond the Jordan 0 This refers to the land across the Jordan River, to the east of Israel. Moses was east of the Jordan when he said this. Alternate translation: “eastward from the side of the Jordan River”
4:49 x6zf Sea of the Arabah … Mount Pisgah 0 See how you translated these names in [Deuteronomy 3:17](../03/17.md).
4:44 x5pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׂ֣ם 1 Here the word **placed** means “relayed.” Moses is speaking as if the words of the law were physical objects that he **placed** before the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “repeated”
4:44 gskk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before”
4:44 i55w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” Moses is identifying the Israelites as descendants of their ancestor Jacob, who was also known as Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
4:45 yxek rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הָֽ⁠עֵדֹ֔ת וְ⁠הַֽ⁠חֻקִּ֖ים וְ⁠הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּטִ֑ים 1 The terms **testimonies**, **statutes**, and **judgments** mean similar things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a general term to represent all three words. ?See chapter introduction for more information. Alternate translation: “are the laws”
4:45 sntd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” Moses is identifying the Israelites as descendants of their ancestor Jacob, who was also known as Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
4:45 qrkq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠צֵאתָ֖⁠ם מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם 1 Moses first told the Israelites the law in [Exodus 20-24](Exo/20/01.md) on Mount Sinai, after the Israelites left Egypt. Moses is repeating that same law in his speech here. You could include this information if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “after they came out from Egypt, Moses told the Israelites the law at Mount Sinai, and now he is repeating that law”
4:46-49 k6c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 The writer is repeating the events that Moses summarized in his first speech from [2:26-3:10](../02/26.md). These events occurred in [Numbers 21:21-35](Num/21/21.md). This information helps the readers understand where the Israelites were camping when Moses is telling them the law. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.
4:46 blvj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠עֵ֨בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֜ן 1 As Moses is repeating the law to the Israelites, they are camping on the east of the Jordan River. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “when the Israelites are camping east of the Jordan”
4:46 zf9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּ֣ית פְּע֔וֹר 1 The term **Beth Peor** is the name of a town in Moab near Mount Pisgah. See how you translated this in [3:29](../03/29.md).
4:46 c8za rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּ⁠חֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן 1 The word **Heshbon** is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [1:4](../01/04.md).
4:46 rpq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” Moses is identifying the Israelites as descendants of their ancestor Jacob, who was also known as Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
4:46 t7op rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠צֵאתָ֖⁠ם מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם 1 The events discussed in this verse occur after the Israelites **came out from Egypt** and after Moses told the Israelites the law the first time. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “after they came out from Egypt”
4:47 ya36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַרְצ֜⁠וֹ 1 The pronoun **his** refers to King Sihon. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “King Sihon’s land”
4:47 aquw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שְׁנֵי֙ 1 Alternate translation: “2”
4:47 t6wp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִזְרַ֖ח שָֽׁמֶשׁ 1 Here, **the rising of the sun** is an idiom that means “east.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “towards the east”
4:48 kwj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵ⁠עֲרֹעֵ֞ר 1 The word **Aroer** is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [2:36](../02/36.md).
4:48 brkt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׂפַת 1 Here, **lip** is means “edge.” In this case, **lip** specifically refers to the bank of a dry riverbed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the edge of”
4:48 n3ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֧חַל אַרְנֹ֛ן 1 The term **the Valley of Arnon** is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [2:24](../02/24.md).
4:48 vyn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names שִׂיאֹ֖ן & חֶרְמֽוֹן 1 The words **Sion** and **Hermon** are different names for the same mountain. The word **Sion** is another spelling of “Sirion” ([3:9](../03/09.md)). You could keep the same spelling for both occurrences if it would be clearer for your readers. For **Hermon**, see how you translated it in [3:8](../03/08.md).
4:49 l26x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תַּ֖חַת אַשְׁדֹּ֥ת 1 The phrase **under the slopes of** means “at the base of” when referring to a mountain. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this in [3:17](../03/17.md).
4:49 x6zf הַ⁠פִּסְגָּֽה 1 The word **Pisgah** is the name of a mountain. See how you translated it in [3:17](../03/17.md).
5:intro xsp1 0 # Deuteronomy 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each of the commandements in the list of Ten Commandments in 5:7–21 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT uses a separate paragraph for each commandment.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Ten commandments\n\nThis chapter repeats the material of Exodus 20. It is known as the Ten Commandments.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors and idioms\n\nMoses uses metaphors and idioms to instruct the people to follow the law of Moses. This is because it is very important to follow these laws. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
5:1 d5qb 0 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel.
5:1 vj47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole called to all Israel 0 Here “all” is a generalization. Moses wanted everyone in Israel to hear and obey his words, but his voice was probably not so loud that everyone actually heard him.
@ -2509,3 +2670,6 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
34:9 yd83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Moses had laid his hands on him 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Moses had laid his hands on him to set Joshua apart so Joshua would serve Yahweh”
34:10 t1l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh knew face to face 0 This is an idiom. It means Yahweh and Moses had a very close relationship.
34:12 mq8g in all the great 0 Alternate translation: “who did all the great”
3:3 rm5e not one of his people remained 0 This is a litotes that is used to emphasize that the Israelites did not let anyone live. Alternate translation: “all of his people were dead”
3:20 s3hn then will you return Moses is emphasizing that the other tribes must possess their land before Yahweh will permit these three tribes to possess their land. “only then are you to return.”
3:15 hyk9 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel.

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