Samuel_Kim_en_uhg/content/number_singular.rst

:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/number_singular.rst

.. _number_singular:

Number Singular
===============

Summary
-------

A noun is singular if there is only one of something or when a
collection is described as a unit. Singular is the standard dictionary
form of a noun.

Article
-------

A word can be singular if it refers to just one person or object.

If it is a
:ref:`noun`,
it refers to the person or object directly. Other words, like
:ref:`verb`,
:ref:`pronoun_personal`,
or :ref:`suffix_pronominal`,
also signal they refer to only one person or object with the form they
have.

Form
----

Nouns and adjectives
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

:ref:`gender_masculine`
singular nouns have no special endings.

:ref:`gender_feminine`
singular nouns usually end in either ה or ת.

Paradigm
^^^^^^^^

.. raw:: html

   <table border="1" class="docutils">

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-odd">

.. raw:: html

   <th>

Word

.. raw:: html

   </th>

.. raw:: html

   <th>

Hebrew

.. raw:: html

   </th>

.. raw:: html

   <th>

Transliteration

.. raw:: html

   </th>

.. raw:: html

   <th>

Gloss

.. raw:: html

   </th>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Noun, masculine singular absolute

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

סוּס

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

sus

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

stallion

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Noun, masculine singular construct

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

סוּס

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

sus

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

stallion of

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Noun, feminine singular absolute

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

סוּסָה

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

susah

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

mare

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Noun, feminine singular construct

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

סוּסַת

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

susat

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

mare of

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Adjective, masculine singular absolute

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

טוֹב

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

tov

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

good

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Adjective, masculine singular construct

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

טוֹב

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

tov

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

good

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Adjective, feminine singular absolute

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

טוֹבָה

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

tovah

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

good

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Adjective, feminine singular construct

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   <td>

טוֹבַת

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

tovath

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

good

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   </tbody>

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   </table>

Other words
~~~~~~~~~~~

Besides nouns, a singular word can be recognized by a variety of changes
to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and are hard
to sum up in a simple, helpful way. This paradigm shows a sample of the
kinds of changes that signal a singular form.

Paradigm
^^^^^^^^

.. raw:: html

   <table border="1" class="docutils">

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-odd">

.. raw:: html

   <th>

Word

.. raw:: html

   </th>

.. raw:: html

   <th>

Hebrew

.. raw:: html

   </th>

.. raw:: html

   <th>

Transliteration

.. raw:: html

   </th>

.. raw:: html

   <th>

Gloss

.. raw:: html

   </th>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Qal suffix conjugation, common singular first person

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

קָטַלְתִּי

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

qatalti

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

I killed

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Qal suffix conjugation, second person masculine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

קָטַלְתָּ

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

qatalta

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

you killed

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Qal suffix conjugation, second person feminine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

קָטַלְתְּ

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

qatalt

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

you killed

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

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   <td>

Qal suffix conjugation, third person masculine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

קָטַל

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

qatal

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

he killed

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Qal suffix conjugation, third person feminine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

קָטְלָה

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

qatlah

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

she killed

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

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   <td>

Qal prefix conjugation, common singular first person

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

אֶקְטֹל

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

'eqtol

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

I will kill

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Qal prefix conjugation, second person masculine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

תִּקְטֹל

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

tiqtol

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

you will kill

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

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   <td>

Qal prefix conjugation, second person feminine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

תִּקְטְלִי

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

tiqteli

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

you will kill

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Qal prefix conjugation, third person masculine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

יִקְטֹל

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

yiqtol

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

he will kill

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

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   <td>

Qal prefix conjugation, third person feminine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

תִּקְטֹל

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

tiqtol

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

she will kill

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Independent personal pronoun, second person masculine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

אַתָּה

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

'attah

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

you

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Independent personal pronoun, second person feminine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

אַתְּ

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

'at

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

you

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Independent personal pronoun, third person masculine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

הוּא

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

hu

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

he / it

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Independent personal pronoun, third person feminine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

הִיא / הִוא

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

hi / hiw

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

she / it

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Object pronoun, second person masculine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

אֹתְךָ

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

'othekha

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

you

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Object pronoun, second person feminine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

אֹתָךְ

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

'othakh

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

you

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Object pronoun, third person masculine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

אֹתוֹ

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

'otho

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

him / it

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Object pronoun, third person feminine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

אֹתָהּ

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

'othah

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

her / it

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Pronomial suffix, second person masculine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

לְךָ / - ְךָ

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

lekha / -ekha

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

(to) you

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Pronomial suffix, second person feminine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

לָךְ / - ָךְ

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

lakh / -akh

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

(to) you

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Pronomial suffix, third person masculine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

לוֹ / -וֹ

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

lo / -o

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

(to) him

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Pronomial suffix, third person feminine singular

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

לָהּ / - ָהּ

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

lah / -ah

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

(to) her

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   </tbody>

.. raw:: html

   </table>

Function
--------

Noun
~~~~

Normal singular
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

-  ISA 1:3

   .. raw:: html

      <table border="1" class="docutils">

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      <colgroup>

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      <col width="100%" />

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      </colgroup>

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      <tbody valign="top">

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-odd" align="right">

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      <td>

   יָדַ֥ע שֹׁור֙ קֹנֵ֔הוּ וַחֲמֹ֖ור אֵב֣וּס בְּעָלָ֑יו

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-even">

   .. raw:: html

      <td>

   yada' **showr qonehu wahamowr 'evus be'alayw**

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-odd">

   .. raw:: html

      <td>

   He-knows **ox his-owner and-the-donkey manger-of his-master**

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-even">

   .. raw:: html

      <td>

   The **ox** knows **his owner**, **and the donkey his master's feeding
   trough**

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      </tbody>

   .. raw:: html

      </table>

Proper nouns (names) are always singular, even if the referent is
plural:

-  OBA 1:1

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      <colgroup>

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      <col width="100%" />

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      </colgroup>

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      <tbody valign="top">

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      <tr class="row-odd" align="right">

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      <td>

   חֲזֹ֖ון עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-even">

   .. raw:: html

      <td>

   hazown **'ovadyah**

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-odd">

   .. raw:: html

      <td>

   Vision-of **Obadiah**

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-even">

   .. raw:: html

      <td>

   The vision of **Obadiah**

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      </tbody>

   .. raw:: html

      </table>

-  1SA 29:1

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      <colgroup>

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      <col width="100%" />

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      </colgroup>

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      <tbody valign="top">

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      <tr class="row-odd" align="right">

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      <td>

   וְיִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל חֹנִ֔ים בַּעַ֖יִן אֲשֶׁ֥ר **בְּיִזְרְעֶֽאל**\ ׃

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-even">

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      <td>

   **weyisra'el** honim ba'ayin 'asher **beyizre'el**

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-odd">

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      <td>

   **and-Israel** camped at-the-spring which-is **in-Jezreel**.

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

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      <tr class="row-even">

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      <td>

   **the Israelites** camped by the spring that is **in Jezreel**.

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

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      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      </tbody>

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      </table>

Collective
^^^^^^^^^^

Some nouns can be singular or plural even though they look singular. For
example, עוֹף֙ can mean bird or birds.

-  GEN 1:21 singular

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      <colgroup>

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      <col width="100%" />

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      </colgroup>

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      <tbody valign="top">

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      <tr class="row-odd" align="right">

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      <td>

   וְאֵ֨ת כָּל־ע֤וֹף **כָּנָף֙** לְמִינֵ֔הוּ

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-even">

   .. raw:: html

      <td>

   we'eth kol-'of **kanaf** leminehu

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-odd">

   .. raw:: html

      <td>

   and-[dir.obj] every\_winged **bird** after-its-kind.

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-even">

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      <td>

   every kind of **bird** that has wings

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      </tbody>

   .. raw:: html

      </table>

-  GEN 40:17 plural

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      <colgroup>

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      <col width="100%" />

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      </colgroup>

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      <tbody valign="top">

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      <tr class="row-odd" align="right">

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      <td>

   וְהָע֗וֹף אֹכֵ֥ל אֹתָ֛ם מִן־הַסַּ֖ל מֵעַ֥ל רֹאשִֽׁי

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      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

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      <tr class="row-even">

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      <td>

   **weha'of** 'okhel 'otham min-hassal me'al roshi

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

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      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-odd">

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      <td>

   **and-the-birds** ate them out-of\_the-basket from-on my-head.

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

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      </tr>

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      <tr class="row-even">

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      <td>

   **but birds** were eating them from the top basket that was on my
   head

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      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

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      </tbody>

   .. raw:: html

      </table>

אֱלֹהִים
^^^^^^^^

Name
''''

אֱלֹהִים looks like a plural, but every time God is the subject of a
sentence, the verb is singular, and so are the adjectives that are
connected with it.

-  GEN 1:1

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      <colgroup>

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      <col width="100%" />

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   בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים

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   bereshith bara **'elohim**

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   In-beginning he-created **God**

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   In the beginning **God** created

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plural
''''''

אֱלֹהִים can also mean "gods"

-  JDG 5:8

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   יִבְחַר֙ **אֱלֹהִ֣ים** חֲדָשִׁ֔ים

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   yivhar **'elohim** hadashim

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   And-they-chose **gods** new

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   When they chose new **gods**

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Adjectives
~~~~~~~~~~

If the noun or person to which the adjective relates is singular, the
adjective is also singular.

-  2KI 20:19

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   טֹ֥וב דְּבַר־יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ

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   **towv** devar-yehwah 'asher dibbarta

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   **Good** word-of\_Yahweh that you-spoke.

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   The word of Yahweh that you have spoken is **good**.

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Verbs
~~~~~

If the noun or person to which the verb relates is singular, the verb is
also singular.

-  GEN 13:1

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   וַיַּעַל֩ אַבְרָ֨ם מִמִּצְרַ֜יִם

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   **wayya'al** 'avram mimmitsrayim

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   **and-he-went-up** Abram from-Egypt

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   **So** Abram **went up** from Egypt

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Personal pronouns and suffixes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

-  JER 37:2

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   וְלֹ֥א שָׁמַ֛ע **ה֥וּא** וַעֲבָדָ֖יו וְעַ֣ם הָאָ֑רֶץ

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   welo shama' **hu** wa'avadayw we'am ha'arets

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   and-not he-listened **he** and-his-servants and-people-of the-land

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   but he, his servants, and the people of the land did not listen

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-  2SA 19:4 (2SA 19:1 in Hebrew)

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   בְּנִ֤י אַבְשָׁלֹום֙ בְּנִ֣י בְנִ֣י

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   **beni** 'avshalowm **beni veni**

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   **My-son** Absalom **my-son my-son**

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   **My son** Absalom, **my son**, **my son**!

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