Samuel_Kim_en_uhg/content/number_plural.rst

:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/number_plural.rst

.. _number_plural:

Number Plural
=============

Summary
-------

In Hebrew, a noun is plural if there are two or more of something, or if
it refers to something really big.

Article
-------

A word can be plural if it refers to multiple persons or objects.

If it is a
:ref:`noun`,
it refers to the persons or objects directly. Other words, like
:ref:`verb`,
:ref:`pronoun_personal`,
or :ref:`suffix_pronominal`,
also signal they refer to more than one person or object with the form
they have.

Form
----

Nouns and adjectives
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

:ref:`gender_feminine`
plural
:ref:`noun`
usually end in ות.

:ref:`gender_masculine`
plural nouns usually end in ים ִ with a hireq before the yod.

Paradigm
^^^^^^^^

.. raw:: html

   <table border="1" class="docutils">

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-odd">

.. raw:: html

   <th>

Word

.. raw:: html

   </th>

.. raw:: html

   <th>

Hebrew

.. raw:: html

   </th>

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   <th>

Transliteration

.. raw:: html

   </th>

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   <th>

Gloss

.. raw:: html

   </th>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Noun, masculine plural absolute

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

סוּסִים

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

susim

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

stallions

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Noun, masculine plural construct

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

סוּסֵי

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

suse

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

stallions of

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   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Noun, feminine plural absolute

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

סוּסוֹת

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

susoth

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

mares

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Noun, feminine plural construct

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   <td>

סוּסוֹת

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

susoth

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

mares of

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Adjective, masculine plural absolute

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   <td>

טוֹבִים

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

tovim

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

good

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Adjective, masculine plural construct

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   <td>

טוֹבֵי

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

tove

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   <td>

good

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Adjective, feminine plural absolute

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

טוֹבוֹת

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

tovoth

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

good

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Adjective, feminine plural construct

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   </td>

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   <td>

טוֹבוֹת

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

tovoth

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   <td>

good

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

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   </tbody>

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   </table>

Other words
~~~~~~~~~~~

Besides nouns, a plural word can be recognized by a variety of changes
to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and are hard
to sum up in a simple, helpful way. This paradigm shows a sample of the
kinds of changes that signal a plural form.

Paradigm
^^^^^^^^

.. raw:: html

   <table border="1" class="docutils">

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-odd">

.. raw:: html

   <th>

Word

.. raw:: html

   </th>

.. raw:: html

   <th>

Hebrew

.. raw:: html

   </th>

.. raw:: html

   <th>

Transliteration

.. raw:: html

   </th>

.. raw:: html

   <th>

Gloss

.. raw:: html

   </th>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

.. raw:: html

   <td>

Qal suffix conjugation, common plural first person

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

קָטַלְנוּ

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

qatalnu

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

we killed

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   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

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   <td>

Qal suffix conjugation, second person masculine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

קְטַלְתֶּם

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

qetaltem

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

you killed

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   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Qal suffix conjugation, second person feminine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   <td>

קְטַלְתֶּן

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   <td>

qetalten

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   <td>

you killed

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   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

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   <td>

Qal suffix conjugation, common plural third person

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

קָטְלוּ

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

qatlu

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

they killed

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Qal prefix conjugation, common plural first person

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

נִקְטֹל

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

niqtol

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

we will kill

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   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

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   <td>

Qal prefix conjugation, second person masculine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

תִּקְטְל

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

tiqtelu

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

you will kill

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Qal prefix conjugation, second person feminine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

תִּקְטֹלְנָה

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

tiqtolenah

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

you will kill

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

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   <td>

Qal prefix conjugation, third person masculine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

יִקְטְלוּ

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

yiqtelu

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   <td>

they will kill

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   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Qal prefix conjugation, third person feminine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   <td>

תִּקְטֹלְנָה

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

tiqtolenah

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

they will kill

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

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   <td>

Independent personal pronoun, second person masculine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

אַתֶּם

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

'attem

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   <td>

you

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Independent personal pronoun, second person feminine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

אַתֵּנָה

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

'attenah

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

you

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

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   <td>

Independent personal pronoun, third person masculine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

הֵם / הֵמָּה

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

hem / hemmah

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

they

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Independent personal pronoun, third person feminine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

הֵן / הֵנָּה

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

hen / hennah

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

they

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

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   <td>

Object pronoun, second person masculine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

אֹתְכֶֶם

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

'othekhem

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

you

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Object pronoun, second person feminine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

אֹתְכֶֶן

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

'thekhem

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

you

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

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   <td>

Object pronoun, third person masculine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

אֶתְהֶם / אֹתָם

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

'ethhem / 'otham

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

them

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Object pronoun, third person feminine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   <td>

אֶתְהֶן / אֹתָן

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

'ethhen / 'othan

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   <td>

them

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

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   <td>

Pronomial suffix, second person masculine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

לָכֶם / -כֶם

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

lakhem / -khem

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

(to) you

.. raw:: html

   </td>

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   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Pronomial suffix, second person feminine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

לָכֶן / -כֶן

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

lakhen / -khen

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

(to) you

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-odd" align="center">

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   <td>

Pronomial suffix, third person masculine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

לָהֶם / -הֶם / - ָם

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

lahem / -hem / -am

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

(to) them

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

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   <tr class="row-even" align="center">

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   <td>

Pronomial suffix, third person feminine plural

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

לָהֶן / -הֶן / - ָן

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

lahen / -hen / -an

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   <td>

(to) them

.. raw:: html

   </td>

.. raw:: html

   </tr>

.. raw:: html

   </tbody>

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   </table>

Function
--------

Noun
~~~~

More than one
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

This is the normal kind of plural, meaning more than one of a thing.

-  ECC 10:7

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      <colgroup>

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      <col width="100%" />

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      </colgroup>

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      <tbody valign="top">

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      <tr class="row-odd" align="right">

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      <td>

   רָאִ֥יתִי **עֲבָדִ֖ים** עַל־סוּסִ֑ים

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-even">

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      <td>

   ra'ithi **'avadim** 'al-**susim**

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-odd">

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      <td>

   I-have-seen **servants** on\_\ **horses**.

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-even">

   .. raw:: html

      <td>

   I have seen **servants** on **horses**.

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      </tbody>

   .. raw:: html

      </table>

Plural of extension
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Some nouns can be singular or plural even though they look plural.
Heaven/heavens and water/waters are common examples.

-  GEN 1:1

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      <td>

   בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

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      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-even">

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      <td>

   bereshith bara 'elohim 'eth **hashamayim**

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-odd">

   .. raw:: html

      <td>

   In-beginning he-created God [dir.obj] **the-heavens**

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-even">

   .. raw:: html

      <td>

   In the beginning God created the **heavens**

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

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      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      </tbody>

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      </table>

-  GEN 1:2

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      <td>

   וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י **הַמָּֽיִם**\ ׃

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

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      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-even">

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      <td>

   weruah 'elohim merahefeth 'al-pene **hammayim**

   .. raw:: html

      </td>

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      </tr>

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      <tr class="row-odd">

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      <td>

   and-the-Spirit-of God was-moving on\_the-face-of **the-waters**.

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      </td>

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      </tr>

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      <tr class="row-even">

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      <td>

   The Spirit of God was moving on the surface of the **waters**.

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      </td>

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      </tr>

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      </tbody>

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      </table>

Abstract plurals
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Some plural words in Hebrew are translated as singular in other
languages. In English, abstract plurals are often singular and have
endings like -ness, -hood, and -ship.

-  GEN 19:11

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      <td>

   הִכּוּ֙ בַּסַּנְוֵרִ֔ים

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      </td>

   .. raw:: html

      </tr>

   .. raw:: html

      <tr class="row-even">

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      <td>

   hikku **bassanwerim**

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      </td>

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      </tr>

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      <tr class="row-odd">

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      <td>

   they-hit **with-the-blindnesses**

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      </td>

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      </tr>

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      <tr class="row-even">

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      <td>

   they struck them **with blindness**

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      </td>

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      </tr>

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      </tbody>

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      </table>

-  GEN 21:7

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      <col width="100%" />

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      <td>

   כִּֽי־יָלַ֥דְתִּי בֵ֖ן **לִזְקֻנָֽיו**\ ׃

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      </td>

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      </tr>

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      <tr class="row-even">

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      <td>

   ki-yaladti ven **lizqunayw**

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      </td>

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      </tr>

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      <tr class="row-odd">

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      <td>

   for\_I-bore son **to-his-old-ages**

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      </td>

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      </tr>

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      <tr class="row-even">

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      <td>

   yet I have borne him a son **in his old age**!

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      </td>

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      </tr>

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      </tbody>

   .. raw:: html

      </table>

Summing up different parts of an action.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Hebrew uses plurals for actions that have multiple parts, such as
embalming or committing adultery.

-  GEN 50:3

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      <tr class="row-odd" align="right">

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   כִּ֛י כֵּ֥ן יִמְלְא֖וּ יְמֵ֣י הַחֲנֻטִ֑ים

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   ki ken yimle'u yeme **hahanutim**

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   for so are-filled days-of **the-embalmings**.

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   for that was the full time for **embalming**.

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-  JER 13:27

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   נִֽאֻפַ֤יִךְ וּמִצְהֲלוֹתַ֙יִךְ֙ ... רָאִ֖יתִי

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   **ni'ufayikh umitshalothayikh** ... ra'ithi

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   **Your-adulteries and-your-neighings** ... I-have-seen

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   I have seen **your adultery and neighing**

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Adjectives
~~~~~~~~~~

If the noun or person to which the adjective relates is plural, the
adjective is also plural.

-  DEU 8:12

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   וּבָתִּ֥ים **טֹובִ֛ים** תִּבְנֶ֖ה וְיָשָֽׁבְתָּ׃

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   uvottim **towvim** tivneh weyashavetta

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   and-houses **good** you-will-built and-you-will-live

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   and when you build **good** houses and live in them

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Verbs
~~~~~

If the noun or person to which the verb relates is plural, the verb is
also plural.

-  JER 43:7

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   כִּ֛י לֹ֥א **שָׁמְע֖וּ** בְּק֣וֹל יְהוָ֑ה

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   ki lo **shom'u** beqol yehwah

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   for not **they-listened** to-voice-of Yahweh.

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   because **they** did not **listen** to Yahweh's voice.

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Personal pronouns and suffixes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

-  JOS 2:18

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   הִנֵּ֛ה **אֲנַ֥חְנוּ** בָאִ֖ים בָּאָ֑רֶץ

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   hinneh **'anahnu** va'im ba'arets

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   behold **we** coming-in in-the-land

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   behold, when **we** come into the land

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-  EZR 9:12

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   וְ֠עַתָּה **בְּֽנֹותֵיכֶ֞ם** אַל־תִּתְּנ֣וּ **לִבְנֵיהֶ֗ם
   וּבְנֹֽתֵיהֶם֙** אַל־תִּשְׂא֣וּ לִבְנֵיכֶ֔ם

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   we'attah **benowthekhem** 'al-tittenu **livnehem uvenothehem**
   'al-tis'u **livnekhem**

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   And-now **your-daughters** not\_give **to-their-sons
   and-their-daughters** not\_take **for-your-sons**

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   So now, do not give **your daughters to their sons**; do not take
   **their daughters for your sons**

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