Samuel_Kim_en_uhg/content/number_plural.rst

291 lines
13 KiB
ReStructuredText
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

:github_url: https://git.door43.org/User./uk_uhg/src/branch/master/content/number_множина.rst
.. _number_множина:
Number Plural
=============
Висновок
--------
The множина form of a term refers to two or more of that item.
Визначення
----------
In Biblical Hebrew, a term with множина form usually refers to multiple persons or objects. However, Biblical Hebrew
can use the множина form of a word to express many different meanings about a однина entity.
Форма
-----
Nouns and adjectives
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
:ref:`Жіночий<gender_жіночий>` множина nouns and adjectives usually end in וֹת- (holem waw + taw).
:ref:`Чоловічий<gender_чоловічий>` множина nouns and adjectives usually end in ־ִים (hireq-yod + final mem).
.. csv-table:: Plural Noun Paradigm
Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
чоловічий множина absolute,סוּסִים,susim,stallions
чоловічий множина construct,סוּסֵי,suse,stallions of
жіночий множина absolute,סוּסוֹת,susoth,mares
жіночий множина construct,סוּסוֹת,susoth,mares of
.. csv-table:: Plural Adjective Paradigm
Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
чоловічий множина absolute,טוֹבִים,tovim,good
чоловічий множина construct,טוֹבֵי,tove,good
жіночий множина absolute,טוֹבוֹת,tovoth,good
жіночий множина construct,טוֹבוֹת,tovoth,good
Other terms
~~~~~~~~~~~
Besides nouns, a множина term can be recognized by a variety of changes
to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and are hard
to sum up in a simple, helpful way. This paradigm shows a sample of the
kinds of changes that signal a множина form for :ref:`verbs<verb>`, independent :ref:`personal pronouns<pronoun_personal>`,
the :ref:`direct object marker<particle_direct_object_marker>` with a pronominal suffix,
and :ref:`pronominal suffixes<suffix_pronominal>`.
.. csv-table:: Qal Suffix Conjugation Plural Forms
Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
common множина перша особа,קָטַלְנוּ,qatalnu,we killed
друга особа чоловічий множина,קְטַלְתֶּם,qetaltem,you killed
друга особа жіночий множина,קְטַלְתֶּן,qetalten,you killed
common множина третя особа,קָטְלוּ,qatlu,they killed
common множина перша особа,נִקְטֹל,niqtol,we will kill
друга особа чоловічий множина,תִּקְטְל,tiqtelu,you will kill
друга особа жіночий множина,תִּקְטֹלְנָה,tiqtolenah,you will kill
третя особа чоловічий множина,יִקְטְלוּ,yiqtelu,they will kill
третя особа жіночий множина,תִּקְטֹלְנָה,tiqtolenah,they will kill
.. csv-table:: Independent Personal Pronoun Plural Forms
Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
друга особа чоловічий множина,אַתֶּם,'attem,you
друга особа жіночий множина,אַתֵּנָה,'attenah,you
третя особа чоловічий множина,הֵם / הֵמָּה,hem / hemmah,they
третя особа жіночий множина,הֵן / הֵנָּה,hen / hennah,they
.. csv-table:: Direct Object Marker with Pronominal Suffix Plural Forms
Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
друга особа чоловічий множина,אֹתְכֶֶם,'othekhem,you
друга особа жіночий множина,אֹתְכֶֶן,'thekhem,you
третя особа чоловічий множина,אֶתְהֶם / אֹתָם,'ethhem / 'otham,them
третя особа жіночий множина,אֶתְהֶן / אֹתָן,'ethhen / 'othan,them
.. csv-table:: Pronominal Suffix Plural Forms
Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
друга особа чоловічий множина,לָכֶם / -כֶם,lakhem / -khem,(to) you
друга особа жіночий множина,לָכֶן / -כֶן,lakhen / -khen,(to) you
третя особа чоловічий множина,לָהֶם / -הֶם / - ָם,lahem / -hem / -am,(to) them
третя особа жіночий множина,לָהֶן / -הֶן / - ָן,lahen / -hen / -an,(to) them
Функція
-------
:ref:`Nouns<noun>` marked as множина
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. _number_множина-common:
Common Plural
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The common множина expresses more than one of a thing.
.. csv-table:: Приклад: ECC 10:7
רָאִ֥יתִי **עֲבָדִ֖ים** עַל־סוּסִ֑ים
ra'ithi **'avadim** 'al-**susim**
I-have-seen **servants** on\_\ **horses**.
I have seen **servants** on **horses**.
The term אֲלֹהִים can function as a common множина, but it most often functions as a :ref:`majestic<number_множина-majestic>`
множина (see example below).
.. csv-table:: Приклад: JDG 5:8
יִבְחַר֙ **אֱלֹהִ֣ים** חֲדָשִׁ֔ים
yivhar **'elohim** hadashim
And-they-chose **gods** new
When they chose new **gods**
.. _number_множина-complex:
Complex Plural
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Some nouns can be однина or множина even though they appear in множина form. For example, the term שָׁמַיִם can be translated into
English as "heaven" or "heavens", and the term מַיִם can be translated in English as "water" or waters", depending on the context.
.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 1:1
בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם
bereshith bara 'elohim 'eth **hashamayim**
In-beginning he-created God [dir.obj] **the-heavens**
In the beginning God created the **heavens**
.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 1:2
וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י **הַמָּֽיִם**\ ׃
weruah 'elohim merahefeth 'al-pene **hammayim**
and-the-Spirit-of God was-moving on\_the-face-of **the-waters**.
The Spirit of God was moving on the surface of the **waters**.
Biblical Hebrew can use the множина form for actions that have multiple processes or an action involving a collective noun
(see example Gen 4:10 below, "bloods" = "bloodshed").
.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 50:3
כִּ֛י כֵּ֥ן יִמְלְא֖וּ יְמֵ֣י הַחֲנֻטִ֑ים
ki ken yimle'u yeme **hahanutim**
for so are-filled days-of **the-embalmings**.
for that was the full time for **embalming**.
.. csv-table:: Приклад: JER 13:27
נִֽאֻפַ֤יִךְ וּמִצְהֲלוֹתַ֙יִךְ֙ ... רָאִ֖יתִי
**ni'ufayikh umitshalothayikh** ... ra'ithi
**Your-adulteries and-your-neighings** ... I-have-seen
I have seen **your adultery and neighing**
.. _number_множина-majestic:
Majestic Plural
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The множина form can also express a collective, intensive or superlative sense of a однина item (or kind of item).
For example, the noun אֲלֹהִים (God) appears in the множина form but usually refers to the однина entity "God".
.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 1:1
בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים
insert transliteration
In-beginning he-created **God**
In the beginning **God** created
.. csv-table:: Приклад: Job 40:15
הִנֵּה־נָ֣א בְ֭הֵמוֹת אֲשֶׁר־עָשִׂ֣יתִי
insert transliteration
[dem.part]\_[exh.part] **behemoth** [rel.part]\_I-made
Look now at **the behemoth**, which I made
.. _number_множина-abstract:
Abstract Plural
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Some множина nouns in Biblical Hebrew are translated as однина in other
languages. In English, abstract множинаs are often однина and have
endings like -ness, -hood, and -ship.
.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 19:11
הִכּוּ֙ בַּסַּנְוֵרִ֔ים
hikku **bassanwerim**
they-hit **with-the-blindnesses**
they struck them **with blindness**
.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 21:7
כִּֽי־יָלַ֥דְתִּי בֵ֖ן **לִזְקֻנָֽיו**\ ׃
ki-yaladti ven **lizqunayw**
for\_I-bore son **to-his-old-ages**
yet I have borne him a son **in his old age**!
:ref:`Adjectives<adjective>` marked as множина
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Generally, множина adjectives (also :ref:`active<participle_active-adjectival>` and :ref:`passive<participle_passive-adjectival>`
adjectival participles) use the :ref:`common множина<number_множина-common>`.
.. csv-table:: Приклад: DEU 8:12 attributive adjective with common множина
וּבָתִּ֥ים **טֹובִ֛ים** תִּבְנֶ֖ה וְיָשָֽׁבְתָּ׃
uvottim **towvim** tivneh weyashavetta
and-houses **good** you-will-built and-you-will-live
and when you build **good** houses and live in them
.. csv-table:: Приклад: JER 33:22 adjectival participle with common множина
וְאֶת־הַלְוִיִּ֖ם מְשָׁרְתֵ֥י אֹתִֽי
insert transliteration
and-[dir.obj]\_[def.art]-Levites **who-serve** [dir.obj]-me
and the Levites **who serve** before me
:ref:`Verbs<verb>` marked as множина
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A :ref:`finite verb<verb-finite>` and/or :ref:`verbal participle<participle_active-verbal>` in множина form
indicates that the subject of the verb is множина.
.. csv-table:: Приклад: JER 43:7 finite verb with common множина
כִּ֛י לֹ֥א **שָׁמְע֖וּ** בְּק֣וֹל יְהוָ֑ה
ki lo **shom'u** beqol yehwah
for not **they-listened** to-voice-of Йагве.
because **they** did not **listen** to Йагве's voice.
.. csv-table:: Приклад: ??? ??:? verbal participle with common множина
כִּ֛י לֹ֥א **שָׁמְע֖וּ** בְּק֣וֹל יְהוָ֑ה
insert transliteration [VERBAL PARTICIPLE]
for not **they-listened** to-voice-of Йагве.
because **they** did not **listen** to Йагве's voice.
Participles marked as множина
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Participles in множина form can generally use the common множина, but not always. A verbal participle in множина form indicates
that the subject of the participle is множина.
.. csv-table:: Приклад: SNG 3:8 :ref:`nominal<participle_active-nominal>` participle with common множина
כֻּלָּם֙ אֲחֻ֣זֵי חֶ֔רֶב
insert transliteration
all-them **holders-of** sword
All of them **are skilled with** a sword
.. csv-table:: Приклад: Job 35:10 :ref:`adjectival<participle_active-adjectival>` participle with majestic множина
אַ֭יֵּה אֱל֣וֹהַּ עֹשָׂ֑י
insert transliteration
where God **makers-of**-me
Where is God my **Maker**
.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 4:10 :ref:`verbal participle<participle_active-verbal>` participle with complex множина ["bloods" = "bloodshed"]
דְּמֵ֣י אָחִ֔יךָ צֹעֲקִ֥ים אֵלַ֖י
insert transliteration
bloods-of your-brother **crying-out** to-me
Your brother's blood **is calling out** to me
Personal :ref:`pronouns<pronoun_personal>` and :ref:`suffixes<suffix_pronominal>` marked as множина
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Generally, pronouns and suffixes use the :ref:`common множина<number_множина-common>`.
.. csv-table:: Приклад: JOS 2:18 independent personal pronoun with common множина
הִנֵּ֛ה **אֲנַ֥חְנוּ** בָאִ֖ים בָּאָ֑רֶץ
hinneh **'anahnu** va'im ba'arets
behold **we** coming-in in-the-land
"behold, when **we** come into the land"
.. csv-table:: Приклад: EZR 9:12 pronominal suffixes with common множина
וְ֠עַתָּה **בְּֽנֹותֵיכֶ֞ם** אַל־תִּתְּנ֣וּ **לִבְנֵיהֶ֗ם וּבְנֹֽתֵיהֶם֙** אַל־תִּשְׂא֣וּ לִבְנֵיכֶ֔ם
"we'attah **benowthekhem** 'al-tittenu **livnehem uvenothehem** 'al-tis'u **livnekhem**"
"And-now **your-daughters** not\_give **to-their-sons and-their-daughters** not\_take **for-your-sons**"
"So now, do not give **your daughters to their sons**; do not take **their daughters for your sons**"