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330 lines
4.2 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem.rst
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.. _stem:
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Stem
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====
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Summary
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-------
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The stem formation of a verb indicates both the *kind* of verbal action
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(simple, intensive, causative, etc.) and its *voice* (active, passive,
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reflexive, etc.).
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Article
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-------
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In Biblical Hebrew, all
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:ref:`verb`
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have both a stem formation (Qal, Niphal, Piel, etc.) and a conjugation
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(Prefix Conjugation, Suffix Conjugation, Imperative, etc.). These work
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together like two "layers", and each layer supplies different
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information about the verb. In Biblical Hebrew, there are seven major
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stems and several rare ones.
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Function
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--------
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Here is a brief overview of the most common stems and their most common
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function:
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.. raw:: html
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd">
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<td>
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</td>
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.. raw:: html
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<th>
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Active Voice
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</th>
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<th>
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Passive/Reflexive Voice
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</th>
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.. raw:: html
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even">
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<th>
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Simple Action
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</th>
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.. raw:: html
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<td>
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Qal (simple action, active voice)
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</td>
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<td>
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Niphal (simple action, passive voice)
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</td>
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.. raw:: html
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</tr>
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.. raw:: html
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<tr class="row-odd">
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.. raw:: html
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<th>
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Causative Action
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.. raw:: html
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</th>
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<td>
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Hiphil (causative action, active voice)
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.. raw:: html
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</td>
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<td>
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Hophal (causative action, passive voice)
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</td>
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</tr>
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.. raw:: html
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<tr class="row-even">
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.. raw:: html
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<th>
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Intensive Action
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.. raw:: html
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</th>
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.. raw:: html
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<td>
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Piel (intensive action, active voice)
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.. raw:: html
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</td>
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.. raw:: html
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<td>
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Pual (intensive action, passive voice)
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.. raw:: html
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</td>
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.. raw:: html
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</tr>
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.. raw:: html
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<tr class="row-odd">
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.. raw:: html
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<th>
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Intensive Action
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.. raw:: html
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</th>
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.. raw:: html
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<td>
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-
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.. raw:: html
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</td>
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.. raw:: html
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<td>
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Hithpael (intensive action, reflexive voice)
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.. raw:: html
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</td>
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.. raw:: html
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</tr>
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.. raw:: html
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</tbody>
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.. raw:: html
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</table>
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.. include:: ../includes/consult_dictionary.txt
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Form
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----
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This is a brief overview on how to quickly recognize the simplest forms
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of each stem:
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:ref:`stem_qal`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The simplest form of the verb, often has "a" vowels (qamets or patah).
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:ref:`stem_niphal`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Adds נִ (nun with hireq) to the beginning of the verb. If the form also
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adds a prefix (like in the prefix conjugation), the נ disappears and
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causes the 1st radical to double (with a daghesh).
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:ref:`stem_piel`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Here the 2nd radical of the verb is doubled (with a daghesh), and
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usually have a shewa or a hireq under the 1st radical.
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:ref:`stem_pual`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Also doubles the 2nd radical but often has a qibbuts under the 1st
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radical.
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:ref:`stem_hiphil`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Often has הִ (he with hireq) before the verb, or a patah under the
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letter that the form adds before the root.
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:ref:`stem_hophal`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Also adds a ה before the verb, but with a qamets hatuf (or sometimes
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qibbuts) vowel.
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:ref:`stem_hithpael`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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It adds הִתְ (he with hireq and taw with shewa) before the verb, and
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puts a qamets or patah under the 1st radical.
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Uncommon stems
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--------------
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Most of these stems occur only a few times in the Hebrew Bible. Their
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function is usually similar to one of the above stems, or a combination
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of two of them. One simple rule that can help with a first guess as to
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its function is this: If it sounds similar to one of the seven common
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stems, it probably means something similar as well.
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The uncommon stems are:
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:ref:`stem_hishtaphel`
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-
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:ref:`stem_hithpalpel`
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-
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:ref:`stem_hithpoel`
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-
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:ref:`stem_hithpolel`
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-
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:ref:`stem_hothpaal`
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-
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:ref:`stem_nithpael`
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-
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:ref:`stem_palel`
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-
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:ref:`stem_pealal`
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-
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:ref:`stem_pilel`
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-
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:ref:`stem_pilpel`
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-
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:ref:`stem_poal`
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-
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:ref:`stem_poel`
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-
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:ref:`stem_polal`
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-
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:ref:`stem_polel`
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-
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:ref:`stem_polpal`
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-
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:ref:`stem_pulal`
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- :ref:`stem_qal_passive`
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-
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:ref:`stem_tiphil`
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