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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/preposition_definite_article.rst
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.. _preposition_definite_article:
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Preposition Definite Article
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============================
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Summary
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-------
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A preposition is a word that describes the relationship of a noun (or
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word that functions as a noun) to another word/concept in the sentence.
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In Biblical Hebrew, prepositions can also be used with an infinitive
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construct verb to show its relationship to the main verb of a sentence.
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Article
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-------
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Biblical Hebrew has four main prepositions: the prefix בְּ (in, at, by);
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the prefix לְ (to, for); the prefix כְּ (as, like); and the prefix מִ
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(which is a shortened form of the independent preposition מִן, meaning
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"from"). However, there is also a family of other prepositions in
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Biblical Hebrew. It is common in Biblical Hebrew for prepositions to be
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combined together or with a noun to form new words that have their own
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range of meanings (similar to compound
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:ref:`conjunction`)
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that may or may not overlap with the meaning of the individual component
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terms.
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In Biblical Hebrew, prepositions also have a specialized function of
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describing the relationship between a verbal complement (infinitive
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construct or participle) and the main verb of a sentence. In some of
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these instances, the preposition introduces a dependent verbal clauses
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and thus changes its typical meaning. These specialized uses of
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prepositions are listed in the article on :ref:`infinitive_construct`
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verbs.
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.. note:: Of all the different kinds of words, prepositions are perhaps the
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most flexible in their meaning and are often translated in a variety of
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ways, or sometimes even left untranslated. For this reason, prepositions
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must always be translated with great sensitivity to the context of each
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use. A dictionary or lexicon will describe the various possible meanings
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of each preposition, but generally will not include a complete list of
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individual usages.
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Form
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----
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**Prefix preposition (with and without the definite article)**
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.. csv-table::
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Word,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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normal noun,נָהָר,nahar,river
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noun + preposition only,בְּנָהָר,benahar,in a river
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noun + definite article only,הַנָּהָר,hannahar,the river
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noun + preposition + definite article,בַּנָּהָר,bannahar,in the river
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Examples
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--------
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- GEN 1:1 –– בְּ preposition without definite article
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.. csv-table::
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בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים
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**bereshith** bara 'elohim
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**In-beginning** he-created God
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"**In the beginning,** God created"
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- ISA 5:11 –– בְּ preposition with definite article (shewa lengthens to
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pathah vowel)
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.. csv-table::
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הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר
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howy mashkime **vabboqer**
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Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning**
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Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning**
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- GEN 1:5 –– לְ preposition with definite article (shewa lengthens to
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qamets vowel)
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.. csv-table::
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וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים׀ **לָאֹור֙** יֹ֔ום
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wayyiqra 'elohim **la'owr** yowm
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And-he-called **to-the-light** day
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"God called **the light** ""day"""
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- GEN 1:18 –– לְ preposition with infinitive construct verb
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.. csv-table::
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וְלִמְשֹׁל֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם וּבַלַּ֔יְלָה
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**welimshol** bayyom uvallaylah
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**and to rule** in the day and in the night
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**to rule** over the day and over the night
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- GEN 1:2 –– independent preposition
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.. csv-table::
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וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת **עַל**\ ־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם
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weruah 'elohim merahefeth **'al**-pene hammayim
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and-spirit-of God hovering **over**\ \_face-of the-waters
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The Spirit of God was moving **above** the surface of the waters.
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--------------
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Deleted material:
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**Preposition before a noun starting with a normal shewa**
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.. csv-table::
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Word,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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normal noun,מְרַגֵּל,meraggel,spy
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noun + preposition only,כִּמְרַגֵּל,kimraggel,like a spy
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noun + definite article only,הַמְּרַגֵּל,hammeraggel,the spy
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noun + preposition + definite article,כַּמְּרַגֵּל,kammeraggel,like the spy
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**Preposition before a noun with a guttural first consonant**
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.. csv-table::
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Word,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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normal noun,אִישׁ,'ish,man
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noun + preposition only,לְאִישׁ,le'ish,to a man
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noun + definite article only,הָאִישׁ,ha'ish,the man
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noun + preposition + definite article,לָאִישׁ,la'ish,to the man
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**Preposition before a noun starting with a composit shewa**
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.. csv-table::
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Word,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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normal noun,אֳנִיָה,'oniyah,ship
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noun + preposition only,כָּאֳנִיָה,ko'oniyah,like a ship
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noun + definite article only,הָאֳנִיָה,ha'oniyah,the ship
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noun + preposition + definite article,כָּאֳנִיָה,ka'oniyah,like the ship
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