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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/particle.rst
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.. _particle:
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Particle
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========
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Summary
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-------
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Particles are auxiliary words that do not fit into any strict
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grammatical categorization. They often mark grammatical structures
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and/or show how other words within a sentence are related to each other.
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Article
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-------
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Particles are auxiliary words in a language that do not describe or
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refer to a specific object or action. Rather, they either describe how
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the other words in a sentence relate to each other, or emphasize a
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particular word or aspect of meaning within a sentence. Some Hebrew
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particles are prefixes that are attached to another word. Some particles
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are extremely flexible in their meaning and can also serve other
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functions within a sentence, especially as conjunctions or adverbs. For
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example, the word כִּי can function as either a particle or a
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conjunction; the word עַתָּה can function as either a particle or an
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adverb; and there are others as well.
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In Biblical Hebrew, particles are sometimes paired together to form
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compound conjunctions. Compound conjunctions are best understood as a
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single unit with its own range of meanings which may or may not overlap
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with the meanings of the individual particles themselves. When in doubt,
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it is recommended to consult and dictionary or lexicon to determine
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whether any particular occurrence of a particle stands alone or as part
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of a compound conjunction.
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.. note:: The classification of these words (i.e. words called "particles"
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in this grammar) is a subject of much debate among Hebrew linguists.
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This is true even for particles which have a clear meaning and function.
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Other parsing systems may have different names for these groups of
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particles, may have different groupings, or may even parse an individual
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particle as another kind of word such as a
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:ref:`noun`, an :ref:`adverb`, a :ref:`conjunction`, or others.
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Types
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-----
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The parsing system used by this grammar identifies the following types
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of particles:
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:ref:`particle_affirmation`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These particles usually convey a sense of "affirmation of" or "addition
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to" some idea within the sentence. In English, they are commonly
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translated using words such as "yes" or "also" or "even" or "really",
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etc.
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:ref:`particle_definite_article`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This is a prefix that makes a word
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:ref:`state_determined`
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(or determined).
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:ref:`particle_demonstrative`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These particles focus the attention of the reader/listener to the word,
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phrase, or sentence that immediately follows. In English, they are
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commonly translated using words such as "See!" or "Look!" or "Behold!",
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etc.
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:ref:`particle_direct_object_marker`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This particle precedes the direct object in a sentence, used especially
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in places where there might be confusion.
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:ref:`particle_exhortation`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Exhortation particles are used to emphasize or strengthen a request or
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command. They are often left untranslated in English.
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:ref:`particle_interjection`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These particles are exclamations of emotion. In English, they are
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commonly translated using words such as "Oh!" or "Woe!" or "Aha!", etc.
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:ref:`particle_interrogative`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This prefix indicates that the sentence is a question and not a
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statement.
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:ref:`particle_negative`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These particles negate some word in the sentnce, usually a
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:ref:`verb`,
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or
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:ref:`adjective`.
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:ref:`particle_relative`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These particles introduce a relative clause or phrase, often more fully
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describing a preceding noun or verb.
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