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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/participle_passive.rst
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.. _participle_passive:
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Participle Passive
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==================
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Summary
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-------
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In Biblical Hebrew, a participle is a verbal noun that can function as a
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verb (or verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun. The passive
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participle most often functions as an attributive adjective or predicate
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adjective.
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Article
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-------
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Properly speaking, participles in Biblical Hebrew are :ref:`verb-verbal-nouns`.
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Like the infinitive forms, they conjugate in the passive
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:ref:`stem`
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(Niphal, Pual, Hophal, etc.). They also inflect for person and gender
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like both
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:ref:`adjective`
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and
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:ref:`noun`.
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Furthermore, they can also appear in either the :ref:`state_absolute`
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or the :ref:`state_construct`,
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like nouns. Thus, participles have potential to function as a verbal
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complement, a :ref:`verb-finite-verbs`,
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an adjective, or a noun. In most cases, the context will clearly show
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how the participle is being used in the sentence. Generally speaking,
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the meaning of the participle is clear even in cases where its specific
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grammatical function cannot be determined precisely.
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.. note:: Only the :ref:`stem_qal`
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has a distinct passive form for the participle; in all other cases, the
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passive (sometimes reflexive) meaning is determined by the stem
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formation and the specific verb.
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Form
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----
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**Qal passive**
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.. csv-table::
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular Absolute,קָטוּל,qatul,killer / killed
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feminine singular Absolute,קְטוּלָה,qetulah,killer / killed
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masculine plural Absolute,קְטוּלִים,qetulim,killers / killed
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feminine plural Absolute,קְטוּלוֹת,qetuloth,killers / killed
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**Niphal (usually passive or reflexive voice)**
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.. csv-table::
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular Absolute,נִקְטָל,niqtal,being killed
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feminine singular Absolute,נִקְטָלָה,niqtalah,being killed
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masculine plural Absolute,נִקְטָלִים,niqtalim,being killed
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feminine plural Absolute,נִקְטָלוֹת,niqtaloth,being killed
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**Hophal**
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.. csv-table::
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular Absolute,מָקְטָל,moqtal,being caused to kill
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feminine singular Absolute,מָקְטֶלֶת,moqteleth,being caused to kill
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masculine plural Absolute,מָקְטָלִים,moqtalim,being caused to kill
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feminine plural Absolute,מָקְטָלוֹת,moqtaloth,being caused to kill
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**Pual**
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.. csv-table::
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular Absolute,מְקֻטַּל,mequttal,being slaughtered
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feminine singular Absolute,מְקֻטֶּלֶת,mequtteleth,being slaughtered
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masculine plural Absolute,מְקֻטְּלִים,mequttelim,being slaughtered
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feminine plural Absolute,מְקֻטְּלוֹת,mequtteloth,being slaughtered
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**Hithpael (usually reflexive voice)**
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.. csv-table::
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular Absolute,מִתְקַטֵּל,mithqattel,killing oneself
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feminine singular Absolute,מִתְקַטֶּלֶת,mithqatteleth,killing oneself
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masculine plural Absolute,מִתְקַטְּלִים,mithqattelim,killing oneself
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feminine plural Absolute,מִתְקַטְּלוֹת,mithqatteloth,killing oneself
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Function
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--------
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Participles in passive/reflexive voice are often used as an independent
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grammatical entity, although it can introduce relative clauses, like
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active participles. Passive participles are generally more limited in
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meaning than :ref:`participle_active`,
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usually functioning descriptively or expressing stative actions. Passive
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participles are governed either by the main verb of a sentence or by the
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context; thus, they can express action in past time, present time,
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future time, or without any specified timeframe.
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A passive participle can function in a sentence in any of the following
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ways:
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Functions as a verbal adjective
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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This is the most common use of the passive participle in Biblical
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Hebrew. When a passive participle functions as an adjective, it is
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usually either an :ref:`adjective-attributive`
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or a :ref:`adjective-predicative`.
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The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning
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as a predicate adjective or as a finite verb, because both appear the
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same in many instances (compare EXO 5:16 and 1SA 19:11).
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- PSA 149:9 –– functioning as an attributive adjective
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.. csv-table::
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לַעֲשׂ֤וֹת בָּהֶ֨ם׀ מִשְׁפָּ֬ט כָּת֗וּב
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la'asoth bahem mishpat **kathuv**
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to-do to-them judgment **written**
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They will execute the judgment **that is written**
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- EXO 5:16 –– functioning as a predicate adjective
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.. csv-table::
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וְהִנֵּ֧ה עֲבָדֶ֛יךָ מֻכִּ֖ים
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wehinneh 'avadeykha **mukkim**\
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and-behold your-servants **beaten**
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"We, your servants, are even **beaten** now"
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- PSA 22:7 –– introducing clauses functioning as predicate adjectives
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.. csv-table::
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"וְאָנֹכִ֣י תוֹלַ֣עַת וְלֹא־אִ֑ישׁ **חֶרְפַּ֥ת** אָ֝דָ֗ם **וּבְז֥וּי**
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עָֽם׃"
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we'anokhi thola'ath welo-'ish **herpath** 'adam **uvezuy** 'am
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"and-I worm and-not\_man **scorned-of** humanity **and-despised-of**
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people"
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"But I am a worm and not a man, a **disgrace** to humanity **and
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despised** by the people."
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Functions as a :ref:`verb-finite-verbs`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning
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as a finite verb or as a predicate adjective, because both appear the
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same in many instances (compare 1SA 19:11 and EXO 5:16).
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- ISA 17:2 –– NOTE: the participle is in the first position here, which
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is the normal :ref:`word_order`
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for finite verbs
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.. csv-table::
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עֲזֻב֖וֹת עָרֵ֣י עֲרֹעֵ֑ר
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**'azuvoth** 'are 'aro'er
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**being-forsaken** cities-of Aroer
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The cities of Aroer **will be abandoned**
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- 1SA 19:11
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.. csv-table::
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מָחָ֖ר אַתָּ֥ה מוּמָֽת
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mahar 'attah **mumath**
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tomorrow you **being-made-dead**
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tomorrow you **will be killed**
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Functions as a verbal complement
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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- GEN 38:25
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.. csv-table::
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הִ֣וא **מוּצֵ֗את** וְהִ֨יא שָׁלְחָ֤ה אֶל־חָמִ֙יהָ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר
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hiw **mutseth** wehi sholhah 'el-hamiha lemor
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she **being-brought-out** and-she sent to\_her-father-in-law saying
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"When she **was brought out**, she sent to her father-in-law a message"
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Functions as a :ref:`verb-verbal-nouns`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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- JOS 8:34
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.. csv-table::
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כְּכָל־\ **הַכָּת֖וּב** בְּסֵ֥פֶר הַתּוֹרָֽה׃
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kekhol-\ **hakkathuv** besefer hattowrah
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like-all\_\ **the-written** in-book-of the-law
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just as **had been written** in the book of the law
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