240 lines
7.6 KiB
ReStructuredText
240 lines
7.6 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/number_plural.rst
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.. _number_plural:
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Number Plural
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=============
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Summary
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-------
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In Hebrew, a noun is plural if there are two or more of something, or if
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it refers to something really big.
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Article
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-------
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A word can be plural if it refers to multiple persons or objects.
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If it is a
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:ref:`noun`,
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it refers to the persons or objects directly. Other words, like
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:ref:`verb`,
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:ref:`pronoun_personal`,
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or :ref:`suffix_pronominal`,
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also signal they refer to more than one person or object with the form
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they have.
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Form
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----
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Nouns and adjectives
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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:ref:`gender_feminine`
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plural
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:ref:`noun`
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usually end in ות.
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:ref:`gender_masculine`
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plural nouns usually end in ים ִ with a hireq before the yod.
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Paradigm
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^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table::
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Word,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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"Noun, masculine plural absolute",סוּסִים,susim,stallions
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"Noun, masculine plural construct",סוּסֵי,suse,stallions of
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"Noun, feminine plural absolute",סוּסוֹת,susoth,mares
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"Noun, feminine plural construct",סוּסוֹת,susoth,mares of
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"Adjective, masculine plural absolute",טוֹבִים,tovim,good
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"Adjective, masculine plural construct",טוֹבֵי,tove,good
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"Adjective, feminine plural absolute",טוֹבוֹת,tovoth,good
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"Adjective, feminine plural construct",טוֹבוֹת,tovoth,good
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Other words
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Besides nouns, a plural word can be recognized by a variety of changes
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to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and are hard
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to sum up in a simple, helpful way. This paradigm shows a sample of the
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kinds of changes that signal a plural form.
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Paradigm
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^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table::
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Word,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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"Qal suffix conjugation, common plural first person",קָטַלְנוּ,qatalnu,we killed
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"Qal suffix conjugation, second person masculine plural",קְטַלְתֶּם,qetaltem,you killed
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"Qal suffix conjugation, second person feminine plural",קְטַלְתֶּן,qetalten,you killed
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"Qal suffix conjugation, common plural third person",קָטְלוּ,qatlu,they killed
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"Qal prefix conjugation, common plural first person",נִקְטֹל,niqtol,we will kill
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"Qal prefix conjugation, second person masculine plural",תִּקְטְל,tiqtelu,you will kill
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"Qal prefix conjugation, second person feminine plural",תִּקְטֹלְנָה,tiqtolenah,you will kill
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"Qal prefix conjugation, third person masculine plural",יִקְטְלוּ,yiqtelu,they will kill
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"Qal prefix conjugation, third person feminine plural",תִּקְטֹלְנָה,tiqtolenah,they will kill
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"Independent personal pronoun, second person masculine plural",אַתֶּם,'attem,you
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"Independent personal pronoun, second person feminine plural",אַתֵּנָה,'attenah,you
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"Independent personal pronoun, third person masculine plural",הֵם / הֵמָּה,hem / hemmah,they
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"Independent personal pronoun, third person feminine plural",הֵן / הֵנָּה,hen / hennah,they
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"Object pronoun, second person masculine plural",אֹתְכֶֶם,'othekhem,you
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"Object pronoun, second person feminine plural",אֹתְכֶֶן,'thekhem,you
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"Object pronoun, third person masculine plural",אֶתְהֶם / אֹתָם,'ethhem / 'otham,them
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"Object pronoun, third person feminine plural",אֶתְהֶן / אֹתָן,'ethhen / 'othan,them
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"Pronomial suffix, second person masculine plural",לָכֶם / -כֶם,lakhem / -khem,(to) you
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"Pronomial suffix, second person feminine plural",לָכֶן / -כֶן,lakhen / -khen,(to) you
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"Pronomial suffix, third person masculine plural",לָהֶם / -הֶם / - ָם,lahem / -hem / -am,(to) them
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"Pronomial suffix, third person feminine plural",לָהֶן / -הֶן / - ָן,lahen / -hen / -an,(to) them
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Function
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--------
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Noun
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~~~~
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More than one
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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This is the normal kind of plural, meaning more than one of a thing.
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- ECC 10:7
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.. csv-table::
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רָאִ֥יתִי **עֲבָדִ֖ים** עַל־סוּסִ֑ים
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ra'ithi **'avadim** 'al-**susim**
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I-have-seen **servants** on\_\ **horses**.
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I have seen **servants** on **horses**.
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Plural of extension
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Some nouns can be singular or plural even though they look plural.
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Heaven/heavens and water/waters are common examples.
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- GEN 1:1
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.. csv-table::
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בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם
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bereshith bara 'elohim 'eth **hashamayim**
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In-beginning he-created God [dir.obj] **the-heavens**
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In the beginning God created the **heavens**
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- GEN 1:2
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.. csv-table::
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וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י **הַמָּֽיִם**\ ׃
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weruah 'elohim merahefeth 'al-pene **hammayim**
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and-the-Spirit-of God was-moving on\_the-face-of **the-waters**.
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The Spirit of God was moving on the surface of the **waters**.
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Abstract plurals
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Some plural words in Hebrew are translated as singular in other
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languages. In English, abstract plurals are often singular and have
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endings like -ness, -hood, and -ship.
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- GEN 19:11
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.. csv-table::
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הִכּוּ֙ בַּסַּנְוֵרִ֔ים
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hikku **bassanwerim**
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they-hit **with-the-blindnesses**
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they struck them **with blindness**
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- GEN 21:7
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.. csv-table::
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כִּֽי־יָלַ֥דְתִּי בֵ֖ן **לִזְקֻנָֽיו**\ ׃
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ki-yaladti ven **lizqunayw**
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for\_I-bore son **to-his-old-ages**
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yet I have borne him a son **in his old age**!
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Summing up different parts of an action.
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Hebrew uses plurals for actions that have multiple parts, such as
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embalming or committing adultery.
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- GEN 50:3
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.. csv-table::
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כִּ֛י כֵּ֥ן יִמְלְא֖וּ יְמֵ֣י הַחֲנֻטִ֑ים
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ki ken yimle'u yeme **hahanutim**
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for so are-filled days-of **the-embalmings**.
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for that was the full time for **embalming**.
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- JER 13:27
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.. csv-table::
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נִֽאֻפַ֤יִךְ וּמִצְהֲלוֹתַ֙יִךְ֙ ... רָאִ֖יתִי
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**ni'ufayikh umitshalothayikh** ... ra'ithi
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**Your-adulteries and-your-neighings** ... I-have-seen
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I have seen **your adultery and neighing**
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Adjectives
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~~~~~~~~~~
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If the noun or person to which the adjective relates is plural, the
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adjective is also plural.
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- DEU 8:12
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.. csv-table::
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וּבָתִּ֥ים **טֹובִ֛ים** תִּבְנֶ֖ה וְיָשָֽׁבְתָּ׃
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uvottim **towvim** tivneh weyashavetta
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and-houses **good** you-will-built and-you-will-live
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and when you build **good** houses and live in them
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Verbs
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~~~~~
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If the noun or person to which the verb relates is plural, the verb is
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also plural.
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- JER 43:7
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.. csv-table::
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כִּ֛י לֹ֥א **שָׁמְע֖וּ** בְּק֣וֹל יְהוָ֑ה
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ki lo **shom'u** beqol yehwah
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for not **they-listened** to-voice-of Yahweh.
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because **they** did not **listen** to Yahweh's voice.
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Personal pronouns and suffixes
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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- JOS 2:18
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.. csv-table::
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הִנֵּ֛ה **אֲנַ֥חְנוּ** בָאִ֖ים בָּאָ֑רֶץ
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hinneh **'anahnu** va'im ba'arets
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behold **we** coming-in in-the-land
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"behold, when **we** come into the land"
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- EZR 9:12
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.. csv-table::
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"וְ֠עַתָּה **בְּֽנֹותֵיכֶ֞ם** אַל־תִּתְּנ֣וּ **לִבְנֵיהֶ֗ם
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וּבְנֹֽתֵיהֶם֙** אַל־תִּשְׂא֣וּ לִבְנֵיכֶ֔ם"
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"we'attah **benowthekhem** 'al-tittenu **livnehem uvenothehem**
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'al-tis'u **livnekhem**"
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"And-now **your-daughters** not\_give **to-their-sons
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and-their-daughters** not\_take **for-your-sons**"
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"So now, do not give **your daughters to their sons**; do not take
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**their daughters for your sons**"
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