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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/gender_masculine.rst
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.. _gender_masculine:
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Gender Masculine
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================
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Summary
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-------
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In Biblical Hebrew, all :ref:`noun`, finite :ref:`adjective`,
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:ref:`pronoun` :ref:`suffix_pronominal`,
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and some :ref:`particle`
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are grammatically marked for gender. This gender marking can be
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:ref:`gender_feminine`, :ref:`gender_common`, or :ref:`gender_both`.
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Article
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-------
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In Biblical Hebrew, every :ref:`noun`
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is classified according to gender, either masculine or
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:ref:`gender_feminine` or :ref:`gender_both`.
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Many other words change the way they look when they refer to that noun.
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:ref:`adjective`
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agree with the gender of the noun they refer to. The gender of a :ref:`verb-finite-verbs`
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agrees with its subject. All references to male persons in Biblical
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Hebrew are grammatically marked as masculine. However, other things
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besides people can also be classified as grammatically-masculine. For
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example, abstract ideas are often expressed with a masculine
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:ref:`number_plural` form.
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Form
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----
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Masculine :ref:`number_singular` :ref:`noun` and :ref:`adjective`
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have no special endings; they are the standard dictionary form.
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Masculine :ref:`number_dual`
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nouns end in pataq-yod-hireq-final mem, as in צָהֳרַיִם (noon).
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Masculine :ref:`number_plural`
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nouns and adjectives usually end in hireq-yod-final mem, as in אֲנָשִׁים
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(men).
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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Besides nouns, a masculine word can be recognized by a variety of
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changes to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and
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are hard to sum up in a simple, helpful way. This paradigm shows a
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sample of the kinds of changes that signal a masculine form.
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.. csv-table::
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Word,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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"Noun, masculine singular absolute",סוּס,sus,stallion
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"Noun, masculine singular construct",סוּס,sus,stallion of
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"Noun, masculine plural absolute",סוּסִים,susim,stallions
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"Noun, masculine plural construct",סוּסֵי,suse,stallions of
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"Qal suffix conjugation, second person masculine singular",קָטַלְתָּ,qatalta,you killed
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"Qal suffix conjugation, second person masculine plural",קְטַלְתֶּם,qetaltem,you killed
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"Qal suffix conjugation, third person masculine singular",קָטַל,qatal,he killed
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"Qal prefix conjugation, second person masculine singular",תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,you will kill
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"Qal prefix conjugation, second person masculine plural",תִּקְטְל,tiqtelu,you will kill
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"Qal prefix conjugation, third person masculine singular",יִקְטֹל,yiqtol,he will kill
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"Qal prefix conjugation, third person masculine plural",יִקְטְלוּ,yiqtelu,they will kill
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"Independent personal pronoun, second person masculine singular",אַתָּה,'attah,you
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"Independent personal pronoun, second person masculine plural",אַתֶּם,'attem,you
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"Independent personal pronoun, third person masculine singular",הוּא,hu,he / it
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"Independent personal pronoun, third person masculine plural",הֵם / הֵמָּה,hem / hemmah,they
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"Object pronoun, second person masculine singular",אֹתְךָ,'othekha,you
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"Object pronoun, second person masculine plural",אֹתְכֶֶם,'othekhem,you
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"Object pronoun, third person masculine singular",אֹתוֹ,'otho,him / it
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"Object pronoun, third person masculine plural",אֶתְהֶם / אֹתָם,'ethhem / 'otham,them
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"Pronomial suffix, second person masculine singular",לְךָ / - ְךָ,lekha / -ekha,(to) you
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"Pronomial suffix, second person masculine plural",לָכֶם / -כֶם,lakhem / -khem,(to) you
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"Pronomial suffix, third person masculine singular",לוֹ / -וֹ,lo / -o,(to) him
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"Pronomial suffix, third person masculine plural",לָהֶם / -הֶם / - ָם,lahem / -hem / -am,(to) them
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