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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/particle.rst
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.. _particle:
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Particle
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========
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Summary
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-------
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Particles are auxiliary words that do not fit neatly into any specific category.
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Article
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-------
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Particles are auxiliary words in a language that do not describe or
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refer to a specific object or action. Rather, particles often mark grammatical structures and/or show how other words
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within a sentence relate to each other. Many particles in Biblical Hebrew are closely related to :ref:`adverbs<adverb>` or
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:ref:`conjunctions<conjunction>`. Some Hebrew particles are prefixes that are attached to another word. Some particles
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are extremely flexible in their meaning and can also serve other functions within a sentence, especially as conjunctions or
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adverbs. For example, the word כִּי can function as either a particle or a conjunction; the word עַתָּה can function as either a
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particle or an adverb; and there are others as well.
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In Biblical Hebrew, particles are sometimes paired together to form
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compound conjunctions. Compound conjunctions are best understood as a
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single unit with its own range of meanings which may or may not overlap
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with the meanings of the individual particles themselves. When in doubt,
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it is recommended to consult and dictionary or lexicon to determine
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whether any particular occurrence of a particle stands alone or as part
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of a :ref:`compound conjunction<conjunction-compound>`.
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.. note:: The classification of these words (i.e. words called "particles"
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in this grammar) is a subject of much debate among Hebrew linguists.
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This is true even for particles which have a clear meaning and function.
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Other parsing systems may have different names for these groups of
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particles, may have different groupings, or may even parse an individual
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particle as another kind of word such as a
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:ref:`noun<noun>`, an :ref:`adverb<adverb>`, a :ref:`conjunction<conjunction>`, or others.
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Types
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-----
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The parsing system used by this grammar identifies the following types
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of particles:
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:ref:`Affirmation particle<particle_affirmation>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These particles usually convey a sense of "affirmation of" or "addition
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to" some idea within the sentence. In English, they are commonly
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translated using words such as "yes" or "also" or "even" or "really",
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etc.
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:ref:`Definite Article<particle_definite_article>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This is a prefix that makes a word :ref:`definite<definiteness>`.
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:ref:`Demonstrative particle<particle_demonstrative>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These particles focus the attention of the reader/listener to the word,
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phrase, or sentence that immediately follows. In English, they are
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commonly translated using words such as "See!" or "Look!" or "Behold!",
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etc.
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:ref:`Direct Object marker<particle_direct_object_marker>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This particle precedes the direct object in a sentence, used especially
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in places where there might be confusion.
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:ref:`Exhortation particle<particle_exhortation>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Exhortation particles are used to emphasize or strengthen a request or
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command. They are often left untranslated in English.
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:ref:`Interjection<particle_interjection>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These particles are exclamations of emotion. In English, they are
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commonly translated using words such as "Oh!" or "Woe!" or "Aha!", etc.
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:ref:`Interrogative particle<particle_interrogative>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This prefix indicates that the sentence is a question and not a
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statement.
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:ref:`Negative particle<particle_negative>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These particles negate some word in the sentnce, usually a
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:ref:`verb<verb>` or :ref:`adjective<adjective>`.
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:ref:`Relative particle<particle_relative>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These particles introduce a relative clause or phrase, often more fully
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describing a preceding noun or verb.
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