See in Reader
214 lines
9.5 KiB
ReStructuredText
214 lines
9.5 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_hophal.rst
|
||
|
||
.. _stem_hophal:
|
||
|
||
Stem Hophal
|
||
===========
|
||
|
||
Summary
|
||
-------
|
||
|
||
The Hophal stem is the passive form of the Hiphil, and it generally
|
||
expresses the passive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Hiphil stem.
|
||
|
||
Article
|
||
-------
|
||
|
||
The Hophal
|
||
:ref:`stem`
|
||
is the passive form of the
|
||
:ref:`stem_hiphil`
|
||
stem formation in Biblical Hebrew. The Hophal stem is usually indicated
|
||
by either a הָ or הֻ prefix to the
|
||
:ref:`verb`.
|
||
(The ה changes in the
|
||
:ref:`participle_active`
|
||
and :ref:`verb_imperfect`
|
||
forms.) The Hophal stem usually expresses the passive voice of the
|
||
meaning of a verb in the Hiphil stem. Scholars sometimes disagree
|
||
whether certain verb forms should be classified as belonging to the
|
||
Hophal, the
|
||
:ref:`stem_pual`
|
||
or even the :ref:`stem_qal_passive`
|
||
stem. In English, passive voice is expressed using the helping verb "to
|
||
be." In Biblical Hebrew, the passive nature of the verbal action is
|
||
expressed by the Hophal form of the verb itself without any helping
|
||
verbs.
|
||
|
||
.. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt
|
||
|
||
Form
|
||
----
|
||
|
||
Paradigm
|
||
~~~~~~~~
|
||
|
||
.. note:: every form in the Hophal can have either a qamets hatuf or a
|
||
qibbuts under the first letter (so הָ or הֻ). Here the qamets hatuf is
|
||
used throughout.
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Hophal Perfect Paradigm
|
||
:header-rows: 1
|
||
|
||
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
||
masculine singular third person,הָקְטַל,hoqtal,he was caused to kill
|
||
feminine singular third person,הָקְטְלָה,hoqtelah,she was caused to kill
|
||
masculine singular second person,הָקְטַלְתָּ,hoqtalta,you were caused to kill
|
||
feminine singular second person,הָקְטַלְתְּ,hoqtalt,you were caused to kill
|
||
common singular first person,הָקְטַלְתִּי,hoqtalti,I was caused to kill
|
||
common plural third person,הָקְטְלוּ,hoqtelu,they were caused to kill
|
||
masculine plural second person,הָקְטַלְתֶּם,hoqtaltem,you were caused to kill
|
||
feminine plural second person,הָקְטַלְתֶּן,hoqtalten,you were caused to kill
|
||
common plural first person,הָקְטַלְנוּ,hoqtalnu,we were caused to kill
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Hophal Imperfect Paradigm
|
||
:header-rows: 1
|
||
|
||
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
||
masculine singular third person,יָקְטַל,yoqtal,he will be caused to kill
|
||
feminine singular third person,תָּקְטַל,toqtal,she will be caused to kill
|
||
masculine singular second person,תָּקְטַל,toqtal,you will be caused to kill
|
||
feminine singular second person,תָּקְטְלִי,toqteli,you will be caused to kill
|
||
common singular first person,אָקְטַל,'oqtal,I will be caused to kill
|
||
masculine plural third person,יָקְטְלוּ,yoqtelu,they will be caused to kill
|
||
feminine plural third person,תָּקְטַלְנָה,toqtalnah,they will be caused to kill
|
||
masculine plural second person,תָּקְטְלוּ,toqtelu,you will be caused to kill
|
||
feminine plural second person,תָּקְטַלְנָה,toqtalnah,you will be caused to kill
|
||
common plural first person,נָקְטַל,noqtal,we will be caused to kill
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Hophal Sequential Perfect Paradigm
|
||
:header-rows: 1
|
||
|
||
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
||
masculine singular third person,וְהָקְטַל,wehoqtal,(and) he will be caused to kill
|
||
feminine singular third person,וְהָקְטְלָה,wehoqtelah,(and) she will be caused to kill
|
||
masculine singular second person,וְהָקְטַלְתָּ,wehoqtalta,(and) you will be caused to kill
|
||
feminine singular second person,וְהָקְטַלְתְּ,wehoqtalt,(and) you will be caused to kill
|
||
common singular first person,וְהָקְטַלְתִּי,wehoqtalti,(and) I will be caused to kill
|
||
common plural third person,וְהָקְטְלוּ,wehoqtelu,(and) they will be caused to kill
|
||
masculine plural second person,וְהָקְטַלְתֶּם,wehoqtaltem,(and) you will be caused to kill
|
||
feminine plural second person,וְהָקְטַלְתֶּן,wehoqtalten,(and) you will be caused to kill
|
||
common plural first person,וְהָקְטַלְנוּ,wehoqtalnu,(and) we will be caused to kill
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Hophal Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
|
||
:header-rows: 1
|
||
|
||
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
||
masculine singular third person,וַיָּקְטַל,wayyoqtal,(and) he was caused to kill
|
||
feminine singular third person,וַתָּקְטַל,wattoqtal,(and) whe was caused to kill
|
||
masculine singular second person,וַתָּקְטַל,wattoqtal,(and) you were caused to kill
|
||
feminine singular second person,וַתָּקְטְלִי,wattoqteli,(and) you were caused to kill
|
||
common singular first person,וָאָקְטַל,wa'oqtal,(and) I was caused to kill
|
||
masculine plural third person,וַיָּקְטְלוּ,wayyoqtelu,(and) they were caused to kill
|
||
feminine plural third person,וַתָּקְטַלְנָה,wattoqtalnah,(and) they were caused to kill
|
||
masculine plural second person,וַתָּקְטְלוּ,wattoqtelu,(and) you were caused to kill
|
||
feminine plural second person,וַתָּקְטַלְנָה,wattoqtalnah,(and) you were caused to kill
|
||
common plural first person,וַנָּקְטַל,wannoqtal,(and) we were caused to kill
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Hophal Infinitive Paradigm
|
||
:header-rows: 1
|
||
|
||
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
||
Infinitive Absolute,הָקְטֵל,hoqtel,causing to be killed
|
||
|
||
The infinitive construct, imperative, jussive, and cohortative
|
||
are not found in the Hophal stem in Biblical Hebrew.
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Hophal Participle (passive voice) Paradigm
|
||
:header-rows: 1
|
||
|
||
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
||
masculine singular,מָקְטָל,moqtal,being caused to kill
|
||
feminine singular,מָקְטֶלֶת,moqteleth,being caused to kill
|
||
masculine plural,טָמָקְלִים,tomaqlim,being caused to kill
|
||
feminine plural,מָקְטָלוֹת,moqtaloth,being caused to kill
|
||
|
||
Function
|
||
--------
|
||
|
||
The Hophal stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action:
|
||
|
||
Expresses the passive voice of the Hiphil stem
|
||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||
|
||
For most verbs that appear in Hiphil stem in Biblical Hebrew, the Hophal
|
||
stem expresses the same kind of simple or causative action as the Hiphil
|
||
stem, but in passive voice. A good example is the verb בּוֹא. In the
|
||
:ref:`stem_qal`,
|
||
the verb בּוֹא means "to come" or "to go" (simple action, active voice).
|
||
But in the Hiphil stem, the verb בּוֹא means "to bring" (causative
|
||
action, active voice). Thus, in the Hophal stem, the verb בּוֹא means
|
||
"to be brought" (causative action, passive voice).
|
||
|
||
The Hophal stem of בּוֹא, meaning "to be brought"; in the
|
||
Hiphil stem, means "to bring", for example:
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 33:11
|
||
|
||
קַח־נָ֤א אֶת־בִּרְכָתִי֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר **הֻבָ֣את** לָ֔ךְ
|
||
qah-na 'eth-birkhathiy 'asher **huvath** lakh
|
||
Take\_please [dir.obj]\_my-blessing that **it-was-brought** to-you
|
||
Please accept my gift that **was brought** to you
|
||
|
||
The Hophal stem of נָגַד, meaning "to be declared"; in the
|
||
Hiphil stem, means "to declare", for example:
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 22:20
|
||
|
||
וַיֻּגַּ֥ד לְאַבְרָהָ֖ם
|
||
**wayyuggad** le'avraham
|
||
**and-it-was-reported** to Abraham
|
||
Abraham **was told**
|
||
|
||
Expresses simple action in passive voice
|
||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||
|
||
Some verbs use the Hophal stem to express simple passive action. (This
|
||
can be true even if the verb also appears in the Hiphil stem in Biblical
|
||
Hebrew; in such cases, the Hophal form does NOT function strictly as a
|
||
passive of the Hiphil stem.) A good example is the verb יָצַק. In the
|
||
Qal stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the simple action "to pour" or "to
|
||
pour out". In the Hiphil stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the same simple
|
||
action "to pour". In the Hophal stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the
|
||
simple passive "to be poured" (that is, the passive of both the *Qal*
|
||
stem and the *Hiphil* stem). For some verbs, the Hophal and/or Pual
|
||
forms can both function as a passive of the Qal stem. In all these
|
||
cases, a dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning.
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:26 –– the Hophal stem of יָצַק ("to pour") means "to be poured"
|
||
|
||
ה֣וּצַק חֵ֭ן בְּשְׂפְתוֹתֶ֑יךָ
|
||
**hutsaq** hen besfethotheykha
|
||
**it-is-poured-out** grace by-your-lips
|
||
grace **is poured** onto your lips
|
||
|
||
Expresses various kinds of passive or stative action
|
||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||
|
||
Sometimes the Pual form is used with specific verbs or in specific
|
||
contexts to express a specialized meaning for the verbal action. A
|
||
dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning.
|
||
|
||
The Hophal stem of the verb יָלַד ("to give birth")
|
||
refers to someone's birthday, for example:
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 40:20
|
||
|
||
וַיְהִ֣י׀ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֗י י֚וֹם **הֻלֶּ֣דֶת** אֶת־פַּרְעֹ֔ה
|
||
wayhi bayyom hashelishi yom **hulledeth** 'eth-par'oh
|
||
"and-it-happened in-the-day the-third day-of **having-been-born**
|
||
[dir.obj]\_Pharaoh"
|
||
It came about on the third day that it was Pharaoh's **birth**\ day.
|
||
|
||
The Hophal stem of the verb יָסַד ("to found, establish")
|
||
refers to the foundation of a building, for example:
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: Example: 2CH 3:3
|
||
|
||
וְאֵ֙לֶּה֙ **הוּסַ֣ד** שְׁלֹמֹ֔ה לִבְנ֖וֹת אֶת־בֵּ֣ית הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים
|
||
we'elleh **husad** shelomoh livnoth 'eth-beth ha'elohim
|
||
"and-these **being-founded-of** Solomon to-build [dir.obj]\_house-of
|
||
the-God"
|
||
"Now these are the dimensions **of the foundation** that Solomon laid
|
||
for the house of God."
|