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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/pronoun_demonstrative.rst
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.. _pronoun_demonstrative:
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Pronoun Demonstrative
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=====================
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Summary
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-------
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Demonstrative pronouns replace or qualify nouns. "This," "that,"
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"these," and "those" are common translations.
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Article
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-------
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A demonstrative pronoun is a
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:ref:`pronoun`
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that refers to a
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:ref:`noun`
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or noun phrase that is presumed familiar to the reader or listener. For
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example if it has been mentioned earlier in the sentence. It can also
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function as a demonstrative
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:ref:`adjective`,
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in which case it commonly follows the noun, even if in English it always
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precedes the noun.
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Demonstrative pronouns are also one of the types of words that are
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:ref:`state_determined-demonstrative-pronouns`,
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even if they can additionally have a :ref:`particle_definite_article`.
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Form
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----
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In English there are four common demonstrative pronouns that distinguish
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between
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:ref:`number_singular`
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and
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:ref:`number_plural`,
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as well as near and distant: this, these, that, those. In Hebrew the
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same distinctions are made, and on top of that there are
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:ref:`gender_masculine`
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and
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:ref:`gender_feminine`
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forms for each of those (with the exception of the plural, near
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demonstratives which has a
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`common <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/master/content/gender_common/01.md>`__
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form). Their gender and number are based on the word they replace,
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modify, or refer to.
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Demonstrative Pronoun Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular near,(or זֶה (זֹה / זֹו,zeh (or zow / zoh),this
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feminine singular near,זֹאת,zoth,this
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masculine singular far,הוּא,hu,that
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feminine singular far,הִיא,hi,that
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common plural near,אֵלֶּה,'elleh,these
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masculine plural far,הֵם / הֵמָּה,hemmah / hem,those
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feminine plural far,הֵנָּה,hennah,those
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Note, the "far" forms are identical to the :ref:`pronoun_personal`,
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so context will decide how to understand that word.
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Function
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--------
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Replaces a person
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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First / second mention
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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זֶה is used for items when they are first mentioned.
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הוּא is used for items that have already been mentioned.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 7:4
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"וְהָיָ֡ה אֲשֶׁר֩ אֹמַ֨ר אֵלֶ֜יךָ \ **זֶ֣ה** ׀ יֵלֵ֣ךְ
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אִתָּ֗ךְ \ **ה֚וּא** יֵלֵ֣ךְ אִתָּ֔ךְ"
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"wehayah 'asher 'omar 'eleykha **zeh** yelekh 'ittakh **hu** yelekh
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'ittakh"
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"And-it-is that I-will-say to-you **this** will-go with-you **that**
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will-go with-you"
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"If I say to you, ""**This one** will go with you,"" **he** will go with
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you"
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הוּא here can be understood and translated as either a demonstrative
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pronoun, or a personal pronoun.
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Reciprocal
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^^^^^^^^^^
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Demonstrative pronouns can be used to distinguish individuals within a
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group interacting with each other.
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 6:3
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וְקָרָ֨א \ **זֶ֤ה** אֶל־זֶה֙
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weqara **zeh** 'el-**zeh**
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And-it-called **this** to\_\ **this**
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And **each one** called to **another**
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Qualifies a person
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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When a demonstrative pronoun qualifies a person, it is for emphasis or
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to draw attention to the presence of that person.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 27:21
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הַֽאַתָּ֥ה \ **זֶ֛ה** בְּנִ֥י
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ha'attah **zeh** beni
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the-you **this** my-son
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you are my **true** son
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 19:5
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וְהִנֵּֽה־\ **זֶ֤ה** מַלְאָךְ֙
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wehinneh-\ **zeh** mal'akh
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And-behold **this** angel
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Suddenly an angel
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Qualifies a noun
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Predicative
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^^^^^^^^^^^
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The demonstrative pronoun usually precedes the noun if it is
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predicative. The preceding demonstrative pronoun does not have the
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definite article, but the noun does.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 4:14
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זֶ֤ה הַיּוֹם֙
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**zeh** hayyom
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**this** the-day
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**this** is the day
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:ref:`adjective-attributive`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When it is used as an attributive adjective, the demonstrative pronoun
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often follows the noun, and both the noun and adjective can have a
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:ref:`particle_definite_article`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 18:23
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הַדְּבָרִ֖ים הָאֵ֑לֶּה
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haddevarim **ha'elleh**
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the-words **the-these**
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**these** words
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Sometimes neither the noun nor the demonstrative pronoun have a definite
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article.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 2:20
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דְּבָרֵ֣נוּ זֶ֑ה
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devarenu **zeh**
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our-business **this**
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**this** business of ours
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.. _pronoun_demonstrative-function-like-a-relative-pronoun:
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Function like a :ref:`pronoun_relative`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 74:2
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הַר־צִ֝יֹּ֗ון **זֶ֤ה**\ ׀ שָׁכַ֬נְתָּ בֹּֽו׃
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har-tsiyyown **zeh** shakhanta bow
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Mount\_Zion **this** you-lived in-it.
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"Mount Zion, **where** you live."
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 104:26
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לִ֝וְיָתָ֗ן \ **זֶֽה**\ ־יָצַ֥רְתָּ
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liwyathan **zeh**-yatsarta
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Leviathan **this**\ \_you-formed
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"Leviathan, **which** you formed"
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Redundant
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^^^^^^^^^
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The demonstrative pronoun does not always need to be translated.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 47:6
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אֶ֤רֶץ מִצְרַ֙יִם֙ לְפָנֶ֣יךָ הִ֔וא
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'erets mitsrayim lefaneykha **hiw**
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Land-of Egypt to-your-face **that**
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The land of Egypt is before you
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The above example may also be translated as "This land of Egypt before you".
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