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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/User./uk_uhg/src/branch/master/content/verb_perfect.rst
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.. _verb_perfect:
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Verb Perfect
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============
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Висновок
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--------
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A Perfect verb usually expresses a completed
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action in the past. However, the Perfect
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conjugation can also be used to describe other kinds of actions.
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Визначення
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----------
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In Biblical Hebrew a Perfect
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:ref:`verb<verb>`
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is normally used to describe actions that have occurred in the past or
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actions that are seen as completed (even in present or future time). However,
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the Perfect conjugation is also used to describe a variety of other kinds
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of actions. Thus, a Perfect verb has the potential to be
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translated with the past tense, the present tense, or even the future
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tense. The context must determine the proper meaning for each instance
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of a Perfect verb.
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When the
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:ref:`conjunction<conjunction>`
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*waw* (וְ "and") is added to the Perfect conjugation as a prefix, this
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can indicate either the :ref:`Perfect copulative<verb_perfect-copulative>`
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or the :ref:`Sequential Perfect<verb_sequential_perfect>`.
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The meaning of the verb is different in either case, and the context
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must be carefully considered to determine if it is a Perfect
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copulative verb or a Sequential Perfect verb.
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Форма
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-----
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.. csv-table:: Qal Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
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чоловічий однина третя особа,קָטַל,qatal,he killed
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жіночий однина третя особа,קָטְלָה,qatlah,she killed
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чоловічий однина друга особа,קָטַלְתָּ,qatalta,you killed
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жіночий однина друга особа,קָטַלְתְּ,qatalt,you killed
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common однина перша особа,קָטַלְתִּי,qatalti,I killed
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common множина третя особа,קָטְלוּ,qatlu,they killed
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чоловічий множина друга особа,קְטַלְתֶּם,qetaltem,you killed
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жіночий множина друга особа,קְטַלְתֶּן,qetalten,you killed
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common множина перша особа,קָטַלְנוּ,qatalnu,we killed
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.. csv-table:: Niphal Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
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чоловічий однина третя особа,נִקְטַל,niqtal,he was killed
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жіночий однина третя особа,נִקְטְלָה,niqtelah,she was killed
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чоловічий однина друга особа,נִקְטַלְתָּ,niqtalta,you were killed
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жіночий однина друга особа,נִקְטַלְתְּ,niqtalt,you were killed
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common однина перша особа,נִקְטַלְתִּי,niqtalti,I was killed
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common множина третя особа,נִקְטְלוּ,niqtelu,they were killed
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чоловічий множина друга особа,נִקְטַלְתֶּם,niqtaltem,you were killed
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жіночий множина друга особа,נִקְטַלְתֶּן,niqtalten,you were killed
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common множина перша особа,נִקְטַלְתֶּנוּ,niqtaltenu,we were killed
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
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чоловічий однина третя особа,הִקְטִיל,hiqtil,he caused to kill
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жіночий однина третя особа,הִקְטִילָה,hiqtilah,she caused to kill
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чоловічий однина друга особа,הִקְטַלְתָּ,hiqtalta,you caused to kill
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жіночий однина друга особа,הִקְטַלְתְּ,hiqtalt,you caused to kill
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common однина перша особа,הִקְטַלְתִּי,hiqtalti,I caused to kill
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common множина третя особа,הִקְטִילוּ,hiqtilu,they caused to kill
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чоловічий множина друга особа,הִקְטַלְתֶּם,hiqtaltem,you caused to kill
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жіночий множина друга особа,הִקְטַלְתֶּן,hiqtalten,you caused to kill
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common множина перша особа,הִקְטַלְנוּ,hiqtalnu,we caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hophal Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
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чоловічий однина третя особа,הָקְטַל,hoqtal,he was caused to kill
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жіночий однина третя особа,הָקְטְלָה,hoqtelah,she was caused to kill
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чоловічий однина друга особа,הָקְטַלְתָּ,hoqtalta,you were caused to kill
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жіночий однина друга особа,הָקְטַלְתְּ,hoqtalt,you were caused to kill
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common однина перша особа,הָקְטַלְתִּי,hoqtalti,I was caused to kill
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common множина третя особа,הָקְטְלוּ,hoqtelu,they were caused to kill
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чоловічий множина друга особа,הָקְטַלְתֶּם,hoqtaltem,you were caused to kill
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жіночий множина друга особа,הָקְטַלְתֶּן,hoqtalten,you were caused to kill
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common множина перша особа,הָקְטַלְנוּ,hoqtalnu,we were caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Piel Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
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чоловічий однина третя особа,קִטֵּל / קִטַּל,qittel / qittal,he slaughtered
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жіночий однина третя особа,קִטְּלָה,qittelah,she slaughtered
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чоловічий однина друга особа,קִטַּלְתָּ,qittalta,you slaughtered
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жіночий однина друга особа,קִטַּלְתְּ,qittalt,you slaughtered
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common однина перша особа,קִטַּלְתִּי,qittalti,I slaughtered
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common множина третя особа,קִטְּלוּ,qittelu,they slaughtered
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чоловічий множина друга особа,קִטַּלְתֶּם,qittaltem,you slaughtered
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жіночий множина друга особа,קִטַּלְתֶּן,qittalten,you slaughtered
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common множина перша особа,קִטַּלְנוּ,qittalnu,we slaughtered
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.. csv-table:: Pual Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
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чоловічий однина третя особа,קֻטַּל,quttal,he was slaughtered
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жіночий однина третя особа,קֻטְּלָה,quttelah,she was slaughtered
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чоловічий однина друга особа,קֻטַּלְתָּ,quttalta,you were slaughtered
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жіночий однина друга особа,קֻטַּלְתְּ,quttalt,you were slaughtered
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common однина перша особа,קֻטַּלְתִּי,quttalti,I was slaughtered
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common множина третя особа,קֻטְּלוּ,quttelu,they were slaughtered
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чоловічий множина друга особа,קֻטַּלְתֶּם,quttaltem,you were slaughtered
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жіночий множина друга особа,קֻטַּלְתֶּן,quttalten,you were slaughtered
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common множина перша особа,קֻטַּלְנוּ,quttalnu,we were slaughtered
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
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чоловічий однина третя особа,הִתְקַטֵּל,hithqattal,he killed himself
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жіночий однина третя особа,הִתְקַטְּלָה,hithqattelah,she killed herself
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чоловічий однина друга особа,הִתְקַטַּלְתָּ,hithqattalta,you killed yourself
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жіночий однина друга особа,הִתְקַטַּלְתְּ,hithqattalt,you killed yourself
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common однина перша особа,הִתְקַטַּלְתִּי,hithqattalti,I killed myself
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common множина третя особа,הִתְקַטְּלוּ,hithqattelu,they killed themselves
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чоловічий множина друга особа,הִתְקַטַּלְתֶּם,hithqattaltem,you killed yourselves
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жіночий множина друга особа,הִתְקַטַּלְתֶּן,hithqattalten,you killed yourselves
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common множина перша особа,הִתְקַטַּלְנוּ,hithqattalnu,we killed ourselves
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Функція
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-------
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The Perfect conjugation can indicate any of the following kinds of
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actions:
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Completed actions in past time
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The Perfect conjugation can be translated as simple past action ("he did"), present
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completed action ("he has done"), or past completed action
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("he had done").
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.. csv-table:: Приклад: JER 43:7 — Perfect conjugation translated as simple past action
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כִּ֛י לֹ֥א **שָׁמְע֖וּ** בְּק֣וֹל יְהוָ֑ה
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ki lo **shom'u** beqol yehwah
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for not **they-listened** to-voice-of Йагве.
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because **they** did not **listen** to Йагве's voice.
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.. csv-table:: Приклад: JER 43:10 — Perfect conjugation translated as present completed action
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מִמַּ֛עַל לָאֲבָנִ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֣ר טָמָ֑נְתִּי
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mimma'al la'avanim ha'elleh 'asher **tamanti**
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from-over to-the-stones the-these that **you-buried**.
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over these stones that **you have buried**.
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.. csv-table:: Приклад: JER 43:5 — Perfect conjugation translated as past completed action
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כָּל־שְׁאֵרִ֣ית יְהוּדָ֑ה אֲשֶׁר־\ **שָׁ֗בוּ** מִכָּל־הַגּוֹיִם֙
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kol-she'erith yehudah 'asher-**shavu** mikkol-haggoyim
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"whole\_remnant-of Judah that\_\ **they-returned**
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from-all\_the-nations"
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all the remnant of Judah who **had returned** from all the nations
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Completed actions in present/future time
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 28:15
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עַ֚ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִם־\ **עָשִׂ֔יתִי** אֵ֥ת אֲשֶׁר־דִּבַּ֖רְתִּי לָֽךְ
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'ad 'asher 'im-**'asithi** 'eth 'asher-dibbarti lakh
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until then when **I-have-done** [dir.obj] what\_I-have-spoken to-you.
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**I will do** all that I have promised to you.
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Imaginary actions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This is an action described as a hypothetical situation.
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.. csv-table:: Приклад: RUT 1:12
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כִּ֤י **אָמַ֙רְתִּי֙** יֶשׁ־לִ֣י תִקְוָ֔ה
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ki **'amartiy** yesh-li thiqwah
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if **I-said** there-is\_for-me hope
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"If **I said**, 'I hope I get a husband tonight,'"
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.. csv-table:: Приклад: 1SA 14:30
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אַ֗ף כִּ֡י לוּא֩ אָכֹ֨ל **אָכַ֤ל** הַיּוֹם֙ הָעָ֔ם
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'af ki lu' 'akhol **'akhal** hayyom ha'am
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Oh if only eating **they-had-eaten** the-day the-people
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How much better if the people **had eaten** freely today
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:ref:`Stative<verb-stative>` actions (describing a state or condition)
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This kind of action describes a state or a condition, often (but not always) with a passive :ref:`stem formation<stem>`.
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.. csv-table:: Приклад: LAM 1:1
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אֵיכָ֣ה׀ **יָשְׁבָ֣ה** בָדָ֗ד הָעִיר֙
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'ekhah **yoshvah** vadad ha'ir
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How **it-sits** lonely the-city
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The city ... **is now sitting** all alone.
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Performative actions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This is an action that is performed by speaking it.
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.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 23:11
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הַשָּׂדֶה֙ **נָתַ֣תִּי** לָ֔ךְ
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hassadeh **nathatti** lakh
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the-field **I-give** to-you
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**I give** you the field
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Prophetic actions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This is a very rare use of the Perfect conjugation, occurring in prophetic
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utterances.
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.. csv-table:: Приклад: ISA 11:9
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כִּֽי־\ **מָלְאָ֣ה** הָאָ֗רֶץ דֵּעָה֙ אֶת־יְהוָ֔ה
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ki-\ **mol'ah** ha'arets de'ah 'eth-yehwah
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for\_\ **it-will-be-full** the-earth-of knowledge [dir.obj]\_Йагве
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"for the earth **will be full** of knowledge of Йагве"""
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.. _verb_perfect-copulative:
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Perfect copulative
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This form adds the
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:ref:`conjunction<conjunction>`
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*waw* (וְ "and") to the normal Perfect conjugation and can express any of
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the above meanings. This form appears identical to the
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:ref:`Sequential Perfect<verb_sequential_perfect>`.
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.. csv-table:: Приклад: 1KI 12:32
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וְהֶעֱמִיד֙ בְּבֵ֣ית אֵ֔ל אֶת־כֹּהֲנֵ֥י
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**wehe'emid** beveth 'el 'eth-kohane
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**and-he-set-up** in-Bethel [dir.obj]\_priests
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**and he placed** priests in Bethel
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.. csv-table:: Приклад: ISA 1:2
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בָּנִים֙ גִּדַּ֣לְתִּי וְרֹומַ֔מְתִּי
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banim giddalti **werowmamti**
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sons I-made-great **and-I-raised-up**
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I have nourished **and brought up** children
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