Samuel_Kim_en_uhg/content/state_absolute.rst

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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/User./uk_uhg/src/branch/master/content/state_absolute.rst
.. _state_absolute:
State Absolute
==============
Висновок
--------
The absolute state is the standard form of a word (noun, adjective, participle, or infinitive) in contrast to a modified form
called the construct state. A word in the absolute state can take a prefix but not a suffix.
Визначення
----------
:ref:`Nouns<noun>`, :ref:`adjectives<adjective>`, :ref:`participles<participle_active>` and
:ref:`infinitives<infinitive_absolute>` can appear in either the absolute state or the :ref:`construct state<state_construct>`.
The absolute state is the standard form and consists of a longer ending as opposed to the shorter construct ending. The most fundamental
difference between the two forms is that the construct form can take an attached :ref:`suffix<suffix>`, but the absolute form
cannot. Nouns, adjectives and participles can appear in either the absolute or the construct state for both
:ref:`чоловічий<gender_чоловічий>` and :ref:`жіночий<gender_жіночий>` terms in both однина and множина forms. Because
infinitives do not change form for either gender or number, there isusually only one
:ref:`infinitive construct<infinitive_construct>` form and one :ref:`infinitive absolute<infinitive_absolute>`
form of a verb in Biblical Hebrew.
.. note:: Many чоловічий однина nouns appear exactly alike in both the absolute state and the construct state.
Форма
-----
Paradigm
~~~~~~~~
.. csv-table:: Absolute State Paradigm
Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
"Noun, чоловічий однина absolute",סוּס,sus,stallion
"Noun, чоловічий множина absolute",סוּסִים,susim,stallions
"Noun, жіночий однина absolute",סוּסָה,susah,mare
"Noun, жіночий множина absolute",סוּסוֹת,susoth,mares
Приклади
--------
Standing alone
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In Biblical Hebrew, when a term stands alone and is not grammatically connected to another word, it appears in the absolute
state. This category includes terms such as a subject/object of a verb or
relative phrase, adjectives, adverbial nouns, etc.
.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 1:1
בָּרָ֣א **אֱלֹהִ֑ים** אֵ֥ת **הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם** וְאֵ֥ת **הָאָֽרֶץ**\ ׃
bara **'elohim** 'eth **hashamayim** we'eth **ha'arets**
"he-created **God** [dir.obj] **the-heavens** and-[dir.obj]
**the-earth**."
**God** created **the heavens** and **the earth**.
Appearing with a prefix
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The absolute state cannot take a suffix but can take a prefix, including a conjunction, preposition, definite article, or
even a relative particle. For example, a term functioning as the object of a preposition can appear in the absolute state with
a prefixed preposition, provided that there is no pronominal suffix. A term with both a prefixed preposition and a pronominal
suffix would necessarily appear in the construct state.
.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 1:1
בָּרָ֣א **אֱלֹהִ֑ים** אֵ֥ת **הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם** וְאֵ֥ת **הָאָֽרֶץ**\ ׃
bara **'elohim** 'eth **hashamayim** we'eth **ha'arets**
"he-created **God** [dir.obj] **the-heavens** and-[dir.obj]
**the-earth**."
**God** created **the heavens** and **the earth**.
.. _state_absolute-absolute-noun:
Concluding term of a :ref:`construct chain<state_construct-construct-chain>`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The final word in a construct chain always appears in the absolute state either with or without the definite article. This term is
often called the "absolute noun." If the absolute noun in a construct chain is :ref:`definite<definiteness>`, then the
entire construct chain is definite. If the absolute noun is indefinite, then the entire construct chain is indefinite.
.. _state_absolute-indefinite-chain:
Indefinite construct chain
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. csv-table:: Приклад: 2SA 17:25
וַעֲמָשָׂ֣א **בֶן**\ ־אִ֗ישׁ וּשְׁמֹו֙ יִתְרָ֣א
wa'amasa **ven**-'ish ushemow yithra
and-Amasa **son-of**\ \_man and-his-name Jether
Amasa was **a son of** a man named Jether
.. csv-table:: Приклад: EXO 15:3
אִ֣ישׁ מִלְחָמָ֑ה
'ish **milhamah**
man-of **war**
a **warr**\ ior
.. csv-table:: Приклад: 2SA 17:25
וַעֲמָשָׂ֣א **בֶן**\ ־אִ֗ישׁ וּשְׁמֹו֙ יִתְרָ֣א
wa'amasa **ven**-'ish ushemow yithra
and-Amasa **son-of**\ \_man and-his-name Jether
Amasa was **a son of** a man named Jether
.. csv-table:: Приклад: EXO 15:3
אִ֣ישׁ מִלְחָמָ֑ה
**'ish** milhamah
**man-of** war
**a** warr\ **ior**
.. _state_absolute-definite-chain:
Definite construct chain
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. csv-table:: Приклад: 2SA 14:26
בְּאֶ֥בֶן **הַמֶּֽלֶךְ**\ ׃
be'even **hammelekh**
in-weight-of **the-king**.
by the weight of **the king**'s standard.
.. csv-table:: Приклад: JOS 4:9
אֲר֣וֹן הַבְּרִ֑ית
**'aron** habberith
**ark-of** the-covenant
**the ark** of the covenant
.. csv-table:: Приклад: 1SA 20:27
בֵּ֣ן לְיִשַׁי֮
**ben** leyishay
**son-of** Jesse
**the son** of Jesse