:github_url: https://git.door43.org/User./uk_uhg/src/branch/master/content/verb_imperative.rst

.. _verb_imperative:

Verb Imperative
===============

Висновок
--------

An imperative verb is used to express direct commands, instructions, and
other similar actions with varying degrees of desirability as determined
by the context.

Визначення
----------

In Biblical Hebrew, the Imperative form is used to express positive
commands or instructions directed to another person(s). Thus, Imperative
:ref:`verbs<verb>`
always appear only in the :ref:`друга особа<person_second>`.
(Similarly,
:ref:`Cohortative<verb_cohortative>`
verbs appear only in the :ref:`перша особа<person_first>`,
and
:ref:`Jussive<verb_jussive>`
verbs usually appear in the :ref:`третя особа<person_third>`.)
Imperative verbs can express actions with varying degrees of
desirability, including instructions, requests, permissions,
invitations, assurances, wishes, etc. The context must determine the
nuanced meaning of each instance of an Imperative verb.

Biblical Hebrew does not use the Imperative form to express negative
commands. Rather, prohibitions are expressed either with the :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`
(with :ref:`particle_negative-lo`)
or with a Jussive verb in the 2nd person (with :ref:`particle_negative-al`).
Occasionally, the Imperative form will appear with a :ref:`paragogic ה suffix<suffix_paragogic_he>`;
in these cases, the meaning of the ה suffix is unknown but probably functions to strengthen the force of the verb in some way.

Форма
-----

.. csv-table:: Qal Imperative Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
  чоловічий однина,כְּבַד,kevad,you must be heavy
  жіночий однина,כִּבְדִי,kivdi,you must be heavy
  чоловічий множина,כִּבְדוּ,kivdu,you must be heavy
  жіночий множина,כְּבַדְנָה,kevadnah,you must be heavy

.. csv-table:: Niphal Imperative Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
  чоловічий однина,הִקָּטֵל,hiqqatel,you must be killed
  жіночий однина,הִקָּטְלִי,hiqqatli,you must be killed
  чоловічий множина,הִקָּטְלוּ,hiqqatlu,you must be killed
  жіночий множина,הִקָּטַלְנָה,hiqqatalnah,you must be killed

.. csv-table:: Hiphil Imperative Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
  чоловічий однина,הַקְטֵל,haqtel,you must cause to kill
  жіночий однина,הַקְטִילִי,haqtili,you must cause to kill
  чоловічий множина,הַקְטִילוּ,haqtilu,you must cause to kill
  жіночий множина,הַקְטֵלְנָה,haqtelenah,you must cause to kill

.. csv-table:: Piel Imperative Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
  чоловічий однина,קַטֵּל,qattel,you must slaughter
  жіночий однина,קַטְּלִי,qatteli,you must slaughter
  чоловічий множина,קַטְּלוּ,qattelu,you must slaughter
  жіночий множина,קַטֵּלְנָה,qattelnah,you must slaughter

.. csv-table:: Hithpael Imperative Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
  чоловічий однина,הִתְקַטֵּל,hitqattel,he must kill himself
  жіночий однина,הִתְקַטְּלִי,hitqatteli,she must kill herself
  чоловічий множина,הִתְקַטְּלוּ,hitqattelu,they must kill themselves
  жіночий множина,הִתְקַטֵּלְנָה,hitqattelnah,they must kill themselves

Функція
-------

The Imperative form can indicate any of the following kinds of actions:

Direct commands or instructions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. csv-table:: Приклад: JER 43:9

  קַ֣ח בְּיָדְךָ֞ אֲבָנִ֣ים גְּדֹל֗וֹת
  **qah** beyodkha 'avanim gedoloth
  **Take** in-your-hand stones large
  **Take** some large stones in your hand
  
.. csv-table:: Приклад: ISA 60:1

  ק֥וּמִי א֖וֹרִי כִּ֣י בָ֣א אוֹרֵ֑ךְ
  **qumiy 'oriy** kiy ba' 'orekh
  **Arise shine** for it-has-come your-light
  **Arise, shine;** for your light has come
  
.. csv-table:: Приклад: JON 1:2

  ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֛ה
  **qum** lekh 'el-niyneveh
  **Rise go** to_Nineveh
  Get up, go to Nineveh

Дії більшої чи меншої бажаності
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 12:13

  אִמְרִי־נָ֖א אֲחֹ֣תִי אָ֑תְּ
  **'imri**-na 'ahothi 'at
  **Say**\ \_oh my-sister you
  **Say** that you are my sister

.. csv-table:: Приклад: 2SA 18:23

  וִיהִי־מָ֣ה אָר֔וּץ וַיֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖וֹ ר֑וּץ
  wihi-mah 'aruts wayyomer lo **ruts**
  And-it-will-be\_whatever I-will-run and-he-said to-him **run**
  """Whatever happens,"" said Ahimaaz, ""I will run."" So Joab answered him,
     ""**Run**""."

.. csv-table:: Приклад: ISA 8:10

  עֻ֥צוּ עֵצָ֖ה וְתֻפָ֑ר
  **'utsu** 'etsah wethufar
  **Advise** counsel and-it-will-be-made-ineffectual
  **Form** a plan, but it will not be carried out

.. csv-table:: Приклад: 1KI 2:22

  וְשַֽׁאֲלִי־לוֹ֙ אֶת־הַמְּלוּכָ֔ה
  **wesha'ali**-lo 'eth-hammelukhah
  **And-ask**\ \_for-him [dir.obj]\_the-kingdom
  **Why do you not ask** the kingdom for him also?