:github_url: https://git.door43.org/User./uk_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_pual.rst .. _stem_pual: Stem Pual ========= Висновок -------- The Pual stem is the passive form of the Piel, and it generally expresses the passive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Piel stem. Визначення ---------- The Pual :ref:`stem` is the passive form of the :ref:`Piel` formation in Biblical Hebrew. The Pual stem is usually indicated by a daghesh in the middle consonsant of the :ref:`verb` and a qibbuts vowel under the first consonant. Generally speaking, the Pual stem expresses the :ref:`passive` voice of the meaning of a verb in the Piel stem. Scholars sometimes disagree whether certain verb forms should be classified as belonging to the Pual, the :ref:`Hophal`, or the :ref:`Qal Passive` stems. In English, passive action is expressed using the helping verb "to be." In Biblical Hebrew, the passive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the Pual form of the verb itself without any helping verbs. .. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt Форма ----- Paradigm ~~~~~~~~ .. csv-table:: Pual Perfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина третя особа,קֻטַּל,quttal,he was slaughtered жіночий однина третя особа,קֻטְּלָה,quttelah,she was slaughtered чоловічий однина друга особа,קֻטַּלְתָּ,quttalta,you were slaughtered жіночий однина друга особа,קֻטַּלְתְּ,quttalt,you were slaughtered common однина перша особа,קֻטַּלְתִּי,quttalti,I was slaughtered common множина третя особа,קֻטְּלוּ,quttelu,they were slaughtered чоловічий множина друга особа,קֻטַּלְתֶּם,quttaltem,you were slaughtered жіночий множина друга особа,קֻטַּלְתֶּן,quttalten,you were slaughtered common множина перша особа,קֻטַּלְנוּ,quttalnu,we were slaughtered .. csv-table:: Pual Imperfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина третя особа,יְקֻטַּל,yequttal,he will be slaughtered жіночий однина третя особа,תְּקֻטַּל,tequttal,she will be slaughtered чоловічий однина друга особа,תְּקֻטַּל,tequttal,you will be slaughtered жіночий однина друга особа,תְּקֻטְּלִי,tequtteli,you will be slaughtered common однина перша особа,אֲקֻטַּל,'aquttal,I will be slaughtered чоловічий множина третя особа,יְקֻטְּלוּ,yequttelu,they will be slaughtered жіночий множина третя особа,תְּקֻטַּלְנָה,tequttalnah,they will be slaughtered чоловічий множина друга особа,תְּקֻטְּלוּ,tequttelu,you will be slaughtered жіночий множина друга особа,תְּקֻטַּלְנָה,tequttalnah,you will be slaughtered common множина перша особа,נְקֻטַּל,nequttal,we will be slaughtered .. csv-table:: Pual Sequential Perfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина третя особа,וְקֻטַּל,wequttal,(and) he will be slaughtered жіночий однина третя особа,וְקֻטְּלָה,wequttelah,(and) she will be slaughtered чоловічий однина друга особа,וְקֻטַּלְתָּ,wequttalta,(and) you will be slaughtered жіночий однина друга особа,וְקֻטַּלְתְּ,wequttalt,(and) you will be slaughtered common однина перша особа,וְקֻטַּלְתִּי,wequttalti,(and) I will be slaughtered common множина третя особа,וְקֻטְּלוּ,wequttelu,(and) they will be slaughtered чоловічий множина друга особа,וְקֻטַּלְתֶּם,wequttaltem,(and) you will be slaughtered жіночий множина друга особа,וְקֻטַּלְתֶּן,wequttalten,(and) you will be slaughtered common множина перша особа,וְקֻטַּלְנוּ,wequttalnu,(and) we will be slaughtered .. csv-table:: Pual Sequential Imperfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина третя особа,וַיְּקֻטַּל,wayyequttal,(and) he was slaughtered жіночий однина третя особа,וַתְּקֻטַּל,wattequttal,(and) she was slaughtered чоловічий однина друга особа,וַתְּקֻטַּל,wattequttal,(and) you were slaughtered жіночий однина друга особа,וַתְּקֻטְּלִי,wattequtteli,(and) you were slaughtered common однина перша особа,וָאֲקֻטַּל,wa'aquttal,(and) I was slaughtered чоловічий множина третя особа,וַיְּקֻטְּלוּ,wayyequttelu,(and) they were slaughtered жіночий множина третя особа,וַתְּקֻטַּלְנָה,wattequttalnah,(and) they were slaughtered чоловічий множина друга особа,וַתְּקֻטְּלוּ,wattequttelu,(and) you were slaughtered жіночий множина друга особа,וַתְּקֻטַּלְנָה,wattequttalnah,(and) you were slaughtered common множина перша особа,וַנְּקֻטַּל,wannequttal,(and) we were slaughtered .. csv-table:: Pual Infinitive Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад Infinitive Absolute,קֻטֹּל,quttol,be slaughtered The infinitive construct, imperative, jussive, and cohortative are not found in the Pual stem in Biblical Hebrew. .. csv-table:: Pual Participle (passive voice) Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина,מְקֻטַּל,mequttal,being slaughtered жіночий однина,מְקֻטֶּלֶת,mequtteleth,being slaughtered чоловічий множина,מְקֻטְּלִים,mequttelim,being slaughtered жіночий множина,מְקֻטְּלוֹת,mequtteloth,being slaughtered Функція ~~~~~~~ The Pual stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action: Expresses the passive voice of the Piel stem ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ For most verbs that appear in both the Piel and Pual stems in Biblical Hebrew, the Pual stem expresses the same kind of action as the Piel stem (:ref:`simple`, :ref:`intensive`, :ref:`resultative`, :ref:`causative`, etc.) but in passive voice. A good example is the verb בָּקַע. In the :ref:`Qal` stem, the verb בָּקַע means "to cut open" or "to break open" (simple action, active voice). But in the :ref:`Piel` stem, the verb בָּקַע means "to *rip* open" (intensive action, active voice). Thus, in the Pual stem, the verb בָּקַע means "to be ripped open" (intensive action, passive voice). Pual stem of בָּקַע, meaning "to be ripped open"; in Piel stem, means "to rip open", for example: .. csv-table:: Приклад: JOS 9:4 "וַיִּקְח֞וּ ... וְנֹאד֥וֹת יַ֙יִן֙ בָּלִ֔ים **וּמְבֻקָּעִ֖ים** וּמְצֹרָרִֽים" wayyiqhu ... wenodoth yayin balim **umevuqqa'im** umetsorarim "and-they-took ... and-skins-of wine worn-out **and-ripped-open** and-repaired" "They also took old wine skins that were worn, **torn**, and had been repaired." Pual stem of אָסַף, meaning "to be gathered"; in Piel stem, means "to gather", for example: .. csv-table:: Приклад: EZK 38:12 וְאֶל־עַם֙ **מְאֻסָּ֣ף** מִגּוֹיִ֔ם we'el-'am **me'ussaf** miggoyim and-to\_people **being-gathered** from-nations and against the people **gathered** from the nations Expresses :ref:`simple` action in :ref:`passive` voice ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Some verbs use the Pual stem to express simple action in passive voice (rather than the :ref:`Niphal` stem). This can be true even if the verb also appears in the Piel stem in Biblical Hebrew; in such cases, the Pual form does NOT function as a passive of the Piel stem. A good example is the verb יָלַד. In the Qal stem, the verb יָלַד expresses the simple action "to give birth". In the Piel stem, the verb יָלַד expresses the causative action "to cause to give birth" (meaning, *to serve as a midwife*). But in the Pual stem, the verb יָלַד expresses the simple passive "to be born" (that is, the passive of the *Qal* stem rather the *Piel* stem). The Pual stem of יָלַד ("to give birth") means "to be born" in the Piel, for example: .. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 4:26 וּלְשֵׁ֤ת גַּם־הוּא֙ **יֻלַּד**\ ־בֵּ֔ן ulesheth gam-hu' **yullad**-ben and-to-Seth even\_him **was-born**\ \_son A son **was born** to Seth Expresses various kinds of passive or stative action ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Sometimes the Pual form is used with specific verbs or in specific contexts to express a specialized meaning for the verbal action. A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning in these rare instances of the Pual stem. For example, in the Pual stem, the verb אָכַל ("to eat") means "to be consumed" by fire ֹor sword: .. csv-table:: Приклад: EXO 3:2 :delim: tab וְהִנֵּ֤ה הַסְּנֶה֙ בֹּעֵ֣ר בָּאֵ֔שׁ וְהַסְּנֶ֖ה אֵינֶ֥נּוּ אֻכָּֽל wehinneh hasseneh bo'er ba'esh wehasseneh 'enennu **'ukkal** "and-behold the-bush was-burning in-the-fire and-the-bush was-not **being-consumed**" "and behold, the bush was burning, but the bush was not **burned up**" The Pual form of the verb שָׁלַשׁ means "to be three (years old)" or "to have three parts": .. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 15:9 :delim: tab "**קְחָ֥ה לִי֙ עֶגְלָ֣ה **מְשֻׁלֶּ֔שֶׁת** וְעֵ֥ז **מְשֻׁלֶּ֖שֶׁת וְאַ֣יִל מְשֻׁלָּ֑שׁ" "qehah liy 'eglah **meshullesheth** we'ez **meshullesheth** we'ayil **meshullash**" "Take to-me heifer **being-three** and-female-goat **being-three** and-ram **being-three**" "Bring me a heifer **three years old**, a female goat **three years old**, a ram **three years old**" The Pual :ref:`passive participle` of יָדַע ("to know") means an *acquaintance* (that is, "one who is known"): .. csv-table:: Приклад: PSA 88:18 (PSA 88:19 in Hebrew) מְֽיֻדָּעַ֥י מַחְשָֽׁךְ **meyudda'ay** mahshakh **one-who-is-known-to-me** darkness My only **acquaintance** is the darkness