:github_url: https://git.door43.org/User./uk_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_niphal.rst .. _stem_niphal: Stem Niphal =========== Висновок -------- The Niphal stem generally expresses passive or reflexive voice, but it can also express other kinds of action depending on the context and the specific verb. Визначення ---------- The Niphal form is a verbal :ref:`stem formation` in Biblical Hebrew, usually indicated by a נִ prefix before the 1st radical of the :ref:`verb`. (This נ changes in multiple conjugations, see paradigms below.) The Niphal stem is extremely flexible in its use in Biblical Hebrew. Generally speaking, the Niphal stem expresses either :ref:`passive` or :ref:`reflexive` voice; but it can also express :ref:`middle` voice, :ref:`reciprocal` voice, :ref:`simple` action, or even :ref:`stative` action, depending on the context and the specific verb. Some verbs express passive voice in the Niphal stem; some verbs express reflexive voice in the Niphal stem; for some verbs, the Niphal stem might express either passive voice or reflexive voice, depending on the context; and so on. .. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt Форма ----- Paradigm ~~~~~~~~ .. csv-table:: Niphal Perfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина третя особа,נִקְטַל,niqtal,he was killed жіночий однина третя особа,נִקְטְלָה,niqtelah,she was killed чоловічий однина друга особа,נִקְטַלְתָּ,niqtalta,you were killed жіночий однина друга особа,נִקְטַלְתְּ,niqtalt,you were killed common однина перша особа,נִקְטַלְתִּי,niqtalti,I was killed common множина третя особа,נִקְטְלוּ,niqtelu,they were killed чоловічий множина друга особа,נִקְטַלְתֶּם,niqtaltem,you were killed жіночий множина друга особа,נִקְטַלְתֶּן,niqtalten,you were killed common множина перша особа,נִקְטַלְתֶּנוּ,niqtaltenu,we were killed .. csv-table:: Niphal Imperfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина третя особа,יִקָּטֵל,yiqqatel,he will be killed жіночий однина третя особа,תִּקָּטֵל,tiqqatel,she will be killed чоловічий однина друга особа,תִּקָּטֵל,tiqqatel,you will be killed жіночий однина друга особа,תִּקָּטְלִי,tiqqatli,you will be killed common однина перша особа,אֶקָּטֵל,'eqqatel,I will be killed чоловічий множина третя особа,יִקָּטְלוּ,yiqqatlu,they will be killed жіночий множина третя особа,תִּקָּטַלְנָה,tiqqatalnah,they will be killed чоловічий множина друга особа,תִּקָּטְלוּ,tiqqatlu,you will be killed жіночий множина друга особа,תִּקָּטַלְנָה,tiqqatalnah,you will be killed common множина перша особа,נִקָּטֵל,niqqatel,we will be killed .. csv-table:: Niphal Sequential Perfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина третя особа,וְנִקְטַל,weniqtal,(and) he will be killed жіночий однина третя особа,וְנִקְטְלָה,weniqtelah,(and) she will be killed чоловічий однина друга особа,וְנִקְטַלְתָּ,weniqtalta,(and) you will be killed жіночий однина друга особа,וְנִקְטַלְתְּ,weniqtalt,(and) you will be killed common однина перша особа,וְנִקְטַלְתִּי,weniqtalti,(and) I will be killed common множина третя особа,וְנִקְטְלוּ,weniqtelu,(and) they will be killed чоловічий множина друга особа,וְנִקְטַלְתֶּם,weniqtaltem,(and) you will be killed жіночий множина друга особа,וְנִקְטַלְתֶּן,weniqtalten,(and) you will be killed common множина перша особа,וְנִקְטַלְתֶּנוּ,weniqtaltenu,(and) we will be killed .. csv-table:: Niphal Sequential Imperfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина третя особа,וַיִּקָּטֵל,wayyiqqatel,(and) he was killed жіночий однина третя особа,וַתִּקָּטֵל,wattiqqatel,(and) she was killed чоловічий однина друга особа,וַתִּקָּטֵל,wattiqqatel,(and) you were killed жіночий однина друга особа,וַתִּקָּטְלִי,wattiqqatli,(and) you were killed common однина перша особа,וָאֶקָּטֵל,wa'eqqatel,(and) I was killed чоловічий множина третя особа,וַיִּקָּטְלוּ,wayyiqqatlu,(and) they were killed жіночий множина третя особа,וַתִּקָּטַלְנָה,wattiqqatalnah,(and) they were killed чоловічий множина друга особа,וַתִּקָּטְלוּ,wattiqqatlu,(and) you were killed жіночий множина друга особа,וַתִּקָּטַלְנָה,wattiqqatalnah,(and) you were killed common множина перша особа,וַנִּקָּטֵל,wanniqqatel,(and) we were killed .. csv-table:: Niphal Infinitive Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад Infinitive Construct,הִקָּטֵל,hiqqatel,be killed Infinitive Absolute,הִקָּטֹל / נִקְטֹל,hiqqatol / niqtol,be killed .. csv-table:: Niphal Imperative Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина,הִקָּטֵל,hiqqatel,you must be killed жіночий однина,הִקָּטְלִי,hiqqatli,you must be killed чоловічий множина,הִקָּטְלוּ,hiqqatlu,you must be killed жіночий множина,הִקָּטַלְנָה,hiqqatalnah,you must be killed .. note:: The jussive form in the Niphal stem is recognizable only for select verbs. Here the sample verb is גָּלָה (to uncover), where the 3rd radical (ה) has dropped out. .. csv-table:: Niphal Jussive Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина третя особа,יִגָּל,yiggal,may he be uncovered жіночий однина третя особа,תִּגָּל,tiggal,may she be uncovered чоловічий однина друга особа,תִּגָּל,tiggal,may you be uncovered жіночий однина друга особа,תִּגָּלִי,tiggali,may you be uncovered чоловічий множина третя особа,יִגָּלוּ,yiggalu,may they be uncovered жіночий множина третя особа,תִּגָּלְנָה,tiggalnah,may they be uncovered чоловічий множина друга особа,תִּגָּלוּ,tiggalu,may you be uncovered жіночий множина друга особа,תִּגָּלְנָה,tiggalnah,may you be uncovered .. csv-table:: Niphal Cohortative Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад common однина,אֶקָּטֵלָה,'eqqatelah,let me be killed common множина,נִקָּטֵלָה,niqqatelah,let us be killed .. csv-table:: Niphal Participle Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина,נִקְטָל,niqtal,being killed жіночий однина,נִקְטָלָה,niqtalah,being killed чоловічий множина,נִקְטָלִים,niqtalim,being killed жіночий множина,נִקְטָלוֹת,niqtaloth,being killed Функція ~~~~~~~ The Niphal stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action: Expresses passive voice ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Passive voice means that the subject of the verb is *receiving* the action rather than *performing* the action. In English, passive voice is expressed using the helping verb "to be." In Biblical Hebrew, the passive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the Niphal form of the verb itself without any helping verbs. .. csv-table:: Приклад: 2KI 21:18 וַיִּקָּבֵ֥ר בְּגַן־בֵּית֖וֹ **wayyiqqaver** began-betho **and-he-was-buried** in-garden-of\_his-house **and he was buried** in the garden of his own house Expresses reflexive voice ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Reflexive voice means that the subject of the verb is *both* performing *and* receiving the action. In English, reflexive voice is expressed using a reflexive pronoun as the object of the verb, "I tell *myself*". In Biblical Hebrew, the reflexive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the Niphal form of the verb itself without any additional words. .. csv-table:: Приклад: NUM 1:21 הִבָּ֣דְל֔וּ מִתּ֖וֹךְ הָעֵדָ֣ה הַזֹּ֑את **hibbodlu** mittokh ha'edah hazzoth **Separate-yourselves** from-midst-of the-congregation the-this **Separate yourselves** from among this community Expresses middle voice ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Middle voice means that the subject receives the action but also is (partially) involved in performing the action. This kind of action stands somewhere between passive voice and reflexive voice. .. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 3:5 וְנִפְקְח֖וּ עֵֽינֵיכֶ֑ם **wenifqehu** 'enekhem **and-they-will-be-opened** your-eyes your eyes **will be opened** Expresses reciprocal voice ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Reciprocal voice means that multiple subjects are in view who are both performing the action for another and receiving the action from another. In English, reciprocal voice is expressed using the phrase "each other" as the object of the verb, "They tell each other." In Biblical Hebrew, the reciprocal nature of the action is expressed by the Niphal form of the verb itself without any additional words. Reciprocal voice must be distinguished from reflexive voice. The phrase "They tell themselves" is reflexive: the subject "they" is a unified group and the action could be expressed reflexively for each indiviподвійне as "he tells himself, and he tells himself, and she tells herself, etc." The phrase "They tell each other" is reciprocal: each member of the group is telling something to another member of the group, and each member of the group is being told something by another member of the group. .. csv-table:: Приклад: 2KI 3:23 נֶֽחֶרְבוּ֙ הַמְּלָכִ֔ים **nehervu** hammelakhim **they-have-killed-each-other** the-kings the kings **have killed each other** Expresses :ref:`simple` action ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ In Biblical Hebrew, some verbs express different meanings in different stem formations. A good example is the Hebrew verb רָאָה. In the Qal stem, the verb רָאָה expresses the simple action "to seֶe". But in the Niphal stem, the verb רָאָה expresses the simple action "to appear". A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the different meanings for these verbs in the various stem formations. .. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 12:7 וַיֵּרָ֤א יְהוָה֙ אֶל־אַבְרָ֔ם **wayyera** yehwah 'el-'avram **And-he-appeared** Йагве to\_Abram Йагве **appeared** to Abram Expresses :ref:`stative` action ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ In Biblical Hebrew, some verbs express stative action in the *Niphal* stem rather than the *Qal* stem. This is a very rare use of the Niphal stem. Stative action is expressed most often using the Qal stem in Biblical Hebrew. .. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 6:6 וַיִּנָּ֣חֶם יְהוָ֔ה כִּֽי־עָשָׂ֥ה אֶת־הָֽאָדָ֖ם בָּאָ֑רֶץ **wayyinnahem** yehwah ki-'asah 'eth-ha'adam ba'arets "**And-he-was-sorry** Йагве that\_he-had-made [dir.obj]\_the-mankind on-the-earth" Йагве **regretted** that he had made mankind on the earth