:github_url: https://git.door43.org/User./uk_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_hithpael.rst .. _stem_hithpael: Stem Hithpael ============= Висновок -------- The Hithpael stem is related to the Piel stem formation, and it generally expresses the reflexive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Piel stem. Визначення ---------- The Hithpael stem is formed from the :ref:`Piel` stem by adding the reflexive prefix (הִתְ) and changing the vowel under the 1st radical. Like the Piel and :ref:`Pual` :ref:`stems`, it usually has a daghesh in the 2nd radical of the :ref:`verb`. Generally speaking, the Hithpael stem expresses the :ref:`reflexive` voice of the meaning of a verb in the Piel stem. However, the Hithpael stem is quite flexible in its use and can express other kinds of verbal action, depending on the context and the specific verb. .. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt Форма ----- Paradigm ~~~~~~~~ .. csv-table:: Hithpael Perfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина третя особа,הִתְקַטֵּל,hithqattal,he killed himself жіночий однина третя особа,הִתְקַטְּלָה,hithqattelah,she killed herself чоловічий однина друга особа,הִתְקַטַּלְתָּ,hithqattalta,you killed yourself жіночий однина друга особа,הִתְקַטַּלְתְּ,hithqattalt,you killed yourself common однина перша особа,הִתְקַטַּלְתִּי,hithqattalti,I killed myself common множина третя особа,הִתְקַטְּלוּ,hithqattelu,they killed themselves чоловічий множина друга особа,הִתְקַטַּלְתֶּם,hithqattaltem,you killed yourselves жіночий множина друга особа,הִתְקַטַּלְתֶּן,hithqattalten,you killed yourselves common множина перша особа,הִתְקַטַּלְנוּ,hithqattalnu,we killed ourselves .. csv-table:: Hithpael Imperfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина третя особа,יִתְקַטֵּל,yithqattel,he will kill himself жіночий однина третя особа,תִּתְקַטֵּל,tithqattel,she will kill herself чоловічий однина друга особа,תִּתְקַטֵּל,tithqattel,you will kill yourself жіночий однина друга особа,תִּתְקַטְּלִי,tithqatteli,you will kill yourself common однина перша особа,אֶתְקַטֵּל,'ethqattel,I will kill myself чоловічий множина третя особа,יִתְקַטְּלוּ,yithqattelu,they will kill themselves жіночий множина третя особа,תִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,tithqattelnah,they will kill themselves чоловічий множина друга особа,תִּתְקַטְּלוּ,tithqattelu,you will kill yourselves жіночий множина друга особа,תִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,tithqattelnah,you will kill yourselves common множина перша особа,נִתְקַטֵּל,nithqattel,we will kill ourselves .. csv-table:: Hithpael Sequential Perfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина третя особа,וְהִתְקַטֵּל,wehithqattel,(and) he will kill himself жіночий однина третя особа,וְהִתְקַטְּלָה,wehithqattelah,(and) she will kill herself чоловічий однина друга особа,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתָּ,wehithqattalta,(and) you will kill yourself жіночий однина друга особа,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתְּ,wehithqattalt,(and) you will kill yourself common однина перша особа,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתִּי,wehithqattalti,(and) I will kill myself common множина третя особа,וְהִתְקַטְּלוּ,wehithqattelu,(and) they will kill themselves чоловічий множина друга особа,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתֶּם,wehithqattaltem,(and) you will kill yourselves жіночий множина друга особа,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתֶּן,wehithqattalten,(and) you will kill yourselves common множина перша особа,וְהִתְקַטַּלְנוּ,wehithqattalnu,(and) we will kill ourselves .. csv-table:: Hithpael Sequential Imperfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина третя особа,וַיְּתְקַטֵּל,wayyithqattel,(and) he killed himself жіночий однина третя особа,וַתִּתְקַטֵּל,wattithqattel,(and) she killed herself чоловічий однина друга особа,וַתִּתְקַטֵּל,wattithqattel,(and) you killed yourself жіночий однина друга особа,וַתִּתְקַטְּלִי,wattithqatteli,(and) you killed yourself common однина перша особа,וָאֶתְקַטֵּל,wa'ethqattel,(and) I killed myself чоловічий множина третя особа,וַיְּתְקַטְּלוּ,wayyithqattelu,(and) they killed themselves жіночий множина третя особа,וַתִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,wattithqattelnah,(and) they killed themselves чоловічий множина друга особа,וַתִּתְקַטְּלוּ,wattithqattelu,(and) you killed yourselves жіночий множина друга особа,וַתִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,wattithqattelnah,(and) you killed yourselves common множина перша особа,וַנְּתְקַטֵּל,wannithqattel,(and) we killed ourselves .. csv-table:: Hithpael Infinitive Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад Infinitive Construct,הִתְקַטֵּל,hitqattel,kill oneself Infinitive Absolute,הִתְקַטֵּל,hitqattel,kill oneself .. csv-table:: Hithpael Imperative Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина,הִתְקַטֵּל,hitqattel,he must kill himself жіночий однина,הִתְקַטְּלִי,hitqatteli,she must kill herself чоловічий множина,הִתְקַטְּלוּ,hitqattelu,they must kill themselves жіночий множина,הִתְקַטֵּלְנָה,hitqattelnah,they must kill themselves .. note:: The Jussive form in the Hithpael stem is recognizable only for select verbs. Here the sample verb is גָּלָה (meaning "to uncover one's own nakedness" in the Hithpael stem), where the 3rd radical (ה) has dropped out. .. csv-table:: Hithpael Jussive Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина третя особа,יִתְגַּל,,may he uncover his own nakedness жіночий однина третя особа,תִּתְגַּל,,may she uncover her own nakedness чоловічий однина друга особа,תִּתְגַּל,,may you uncover your own nakedness жіночий однина друга особа,תִּתְגַּלִי,,may you uncover your own nakedness чоловічий множина третя особа,יִתְגַּלוּ,,may they uncover their own nakedness жіночий множина третя особа,תִּתְגַּלְנָה,,may they uncover their own nakedness чоловічий множина друга особа,תִּתְגַּלוּ,,may you uncover your own nakedness жіночий множина друга особа,תִּתְגַּלְנָה,,may you uncover your own nakedness .. csv-table:: Hithpael Cohortative Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад common однина,אֶתְקַטֵּלָה,'ethqattelah,let me kill myself common множина,נִתְקַטֵּלָה,nithqattelah,let us kill ourselves .. csv-table:: Hithpael Participle Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад чоловічий однина,מִתְקַטֵּל,mithqattel,killing oneself жіночий однина,מִתְקַטֶּלֶת,mithqatteleth,killing oneself чоловічий множина,מִתְקַטְּלִים,mithqattelim,killing oneself жіночий множина,מִתְקַטְּלוֹת,mithqatteloth,killing oneself Функція ------- The Hithpael stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action: Expresses the :ref:`reflexive` voice of the Piel stem ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ For most verbs that appear in both the Piel and Hithpael stems in Biblical Hebrew, the Hithpael stem expresses the same kind of action as the Piel stem (:ref:`simple`, :ref:`intensive`, :ref:`resultative`, :ref:`causative`, etc.) but in reflexive voice. A good example is the verb יָדַע. In the :ref:`Qal` stem, the verb יָדַע means "to know" (simple action, active voice). But in the :ref:`Piel` stem, the verb יָדַע means "to make known" (causative action, active voice). Thus, in the Hithpael stem, the verb יָדַע means "to make oneself known" (causative action, reflexive voice). .. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 45:1 בְּהִתְוַדַּ֥ע יוֹסֵ֖ף אֶל־אֶחָֽיו **behithwadda**' yosef 'el-'ehayw **when-making-himself-known** Joseph to\_his-brothers when Joseph **made himself known** to his brothers .. csv-table:: Приклад: ISA 8:9 –– *direct* reflexive action, meaning that the verbal subject is also the *direct object* of the verb הִתְאַזְּר֣וּ וָחֹ֔תּוּ **hith'azzeru** wahottu **gird-yourselves** and-be-dismayed **arm yourselves** and be broken in pieces .. csv-table:: Приклад: 1SA 18:4 –– *indirect* reflexive action, meaning that the verbal subject is also the *indirect object* of the verb וַיִּתְפַּשֵּׁט יְהוֹנָתָן אֶת־הַמְּעִיל **wayyithpashet** yehonathan 'eth-hamme'il **And-he-stripped-off** Jonathan [dir.obj]\_the-robe Jonathan **took off** the robe Expresses simple reflexive action ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Hithpael stem can be used to express simple reflexive action in two ways. First, the Hithpael stem can express a simple action in reflexive voice. In these cases, usually the Hithpael stem functions as the reflexive voice of the *Qal* (or perhaps :ref:`Niphal`) stem rather than the *Piel* stem. This is the case with the verb אָבַל ("to mourn"), as shown in the example below. Secondly, the Hithpael stem can also express simple action of a verb that is reflexive by its very nature. In these rare cases, usually the verb appears *only* in the Hithpael stem in Biblical Hebrew. This is the case with the verb אָפַק ("to constrain oneself"), as shown in the example below. .. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 37:34 –– expressing simple action "to mourn" (in reflexive voice, meaning *to mourn physically* via bodily actions) וַיִּתְאַבֵּ֥ל עַל־בְּנ֖וֹ יָמִ֥ים רַבִּֽים **wayyith'abbel** 'al-beno yamim rabbim **And-he-mourned** over\_his-son days many **He mourned** for his son many days. .. csv-table:: Приклад: ISA 45:1 –– expressing simple action "to constrain oneself" וְלֹֽא־יָכֹ֨ל יוֹסֵ֜ף לְהִתְאַפֵּ֗ק welo-yakhol yosef **lehith'appeq** And-not\_he-was-able Joseph **to-restrain-himself** Then Joseph could not **control himself** Expresses various other kinds of verbal action ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Sometimes the Hithpael form functions in ways that do not follow the strictly the reflexive conventions of the Hithpael stem as listed above. Some verbs use the Hithpael stem to describe :ref:`reciprocal` voice, :ref:`middle` voice, :ref:`passive` voice, as well as :ref:`stative` or other kinds of verbal action. A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning in these instances of the Hithpael stem. .. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 42:1 –– expressing reciprocal action לָ֫מָּה **תִּתְרָאוּ**\ ׃ lammah **tithra'u** Why **you-look-at-each-other** Why **do you look at one another**? .. csv-table:: Приклад: PRO 31:30 –– expressing passive (or possibly stative) action הִיא **הִתְהַלָּל**\ ׃ hi **hithhallal** she **is-praised**. she **will be praised**. .. csv-table:: Приклад: Gen 3:8 –– the Hithpael form of the verb הָלַךְ expresses *reciprocating* action (meaning, *going back and forth*) וַֽיִּשְׁמְע֞וּ אֶת־ק֨וֹל יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהִ֛ים **מִתְהַלֵּ֥ךְ** בַּגָּ֖ן wayyishme'u 'eth-qol yehwah 'elohim **mithhallekh** baggan "And-they-heard [dir.obj]\_sound-of Йагве God **going-back-and-forth** in-the-garden" They heard the sound of Йагве God **walking** in the garden .. csv-table:: Приклад: DEU 1:37 –– the Hithpael form of the verb אָנַף ("to be angry") is always used in reference to Йагве גַּם־בִּי֙ **הִתְאַנַּ֣ף** יְהוָ֔ה בִּגְלַלְכֶ֖ם gam-biy **hith'annaf** yehwah biglalkhem Also\_with-me **he-was-angry** Йагве on-your-account Also Йагве **was angry** with me because of you