:github_url: https://git.door43.org/User./uk_uhg/src/branch/master/content/participle_passive.rst
.. _participle_passive:
Participle Passive
==================

Висновок
--------
.. include:: includes/participle_passive-summary.rst

Визначення
----------
.. include:: includes/participle_article.rst
.. include:: includes/participle_passive-article.rst

.. note:: Only the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem
          has a distinct passive form for the participle; in all other cases, the
          passive (or sometimes reflexive) meaning is determined by the :ref:`stem formation<stem>`
          and the specific verb.

Форма
-----

.. csv-table:: Qal Passive Participle Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
  чоловічий однина Absolute,קָטוּל,qatul,killer / killed
  жіночий однина Absolute,קְטוּלָה,qetulah,killer / killed
  чоловічий множина Absolute,קְטוּלִים,qetulim,killers / killed
  жіночий множина Absolute,קְטוּלוֹת,qetuloth,killers / killed

.. csv-table:: Niphal (usually passive or reflexive voice) Passive Participle Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
  чоловічий однина Absolute,נִקְטָל,niqtal,being killed
  жіночий однина Absolute,נִקְטָלָה,niqtalah,being killed
  чоловічий множина Absolute,נִקְטָלִים,niqtalim,being killed
  жіночий множина Absolute,נִקְטָלוֹת,niqtaloth,being killed

.. csv-table:: Hophal Passive Participle Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
  чоловічий однина Absolute,מָקְטָל,moqtal,being caused to kill
  жіночий однина Absolute,מָקְטֶלֶת,moqteleth,being caused to kill
  чоловічий множина Absolute,מָקְטָלִים,moqtalim,being caused to kill
  жіночий множина Absolute,מָקְטָלוֹת,moqtaloth,being caused to kill

.. csv-table:: Pual Passive Participle Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
  чоловічий однина Absolute,מְקֻטַּל,mequttal,being slaughtered
  жіночий однина Absolute,מְקֻטֶּלֶת,mequtteleth,being slaughtered
  чоловічий множина Absolute,מְקֻטְּלִים,mequttelim,being slaughtered
  жіночий множина Absolute,מְקֻטְּלוֹת,mequtteloth,being slaughtered

.. csv-table:: Hithpael (usually reflexive voice) Passive Participle Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
  чоловічий однина Absolute,מִתְקַטֵּל,mithqattel,killing oneself
  жіночий однина Absolute,מִתְקַטֶּלֶת,mithqatteleth,killing oneself
  чоловічий множина Absolute,מִתְקַטְּלִים,mithqattelim,killing oneself
  жіночий множина Absolute,מִתְקַטְּלוֹת,mithqatteloth,killing oneself

Функція
-------
.. include:: includes/participle_passive-function.rst
.. _participle_passive-adjectival:
.. include:: includes/participle-adjectival.rst
.. include:: includes/participle_passive-adjectival.rst

The following example shows a passive participle functioning as an attributive adjective.

.. csv-table:: Приклад: PSA 149:9

  לַעֲשׂ֤וֹת בָּהֶ֨ם׀ מִשְׁפָּ֬ט כָּת֗וּב
  la'asoth bahem mishpat **kathuv**
  to-do to-them judgment **written**
  They will execute the judgment **that is written**

The following example shows a passive participle functioning as a predicative adjective.

.. csv-table:: Приклад: EXO 5:16

  וְהִנֵּ֧ה עֲבָדֶ֛יךָ מֻכִּ֖ים
  wehinneh 'avadeykha **mukkim**
  and-behold your-servants **beaten**
  "We, your servants, are even **beaten** now"

The following example shows passive participles introducing an entire clause that functions as a predicative adjective.

.. csv-table:: Приклад: PSA 22:7

  וְאָנֹכִ֣י תוֹלַ֣עַת וְלֹא־אִ֑ישׁ **חֶרְפַּ֥ת** אָ֝דָ֗ם **וּבְז֥וּי** עָֽם׃
  we'anokhi thola'ath welo-'ish **herpath** 'adam **uvezuy** 'am
  "and-I worm and-not\_man **scorned-of** humanity **and-despised-of**
     people"
  "But I am a worm and not a man, a **disgrace** to humanity
     **and despised** by the people."

.. _participle_passive-verbal:
.. note:: The subject of a verbal participle usually
          precedes the participle, in contrast to the normal conventions of Hebrew
          :ref:`word order<word_order>`.

.. _participle_passive-verbal-MV:
.. include:: includes/participle-verbal-MV.rst
.. include:: includes/participle_passive-verbal-MV.rst

In the following example, the participle is in the first position,
which is the normal Hebrew :ref:`word order<word_order>` for finite verbs but not for participles.

.. csv-table:: Приклад: ISA 17:2

  עֲזֻב֖וֹת עָרֵ֣י עֲרֹעֵ֑ר
  **'azuvoth** 'are 'aro'er
  **being-forsaken** cities-of Aroer
  The cities of Aroer **will be abandoned**

.. csv-table:: Приклад: 1SA 19:11

  מָחָ֖ר אַתָּ֥ה מוּמָֽת
  mahar 'attah **mumath**
  tomorrow you **being-made-dead**
  tomorrow you **will be killed**

.. _participle_passive-verbal-VC:
.. include:: includes/participle-verbal-VC.rst

.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 38:25

  הִ֣וא **מוּצֵ֗את** וְהִ֨יא שָׁלְחָ֤ה אֶל־חָמִ֙יהָ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר
  hiw **mutseth** wehi sholhah 'el-hamiha lemor
  she **being-brought-out** and-she sent to\_her-father-in-law saying
  "When she **was brought out**, she sent to her father-in-law a message"

.. _participle_passive-nominal:
.. include:: includes/participle-nominal.rst

.. csv-table:: Приклад: JOS 8:34

  כְּכָל־\ **הַכָּת֖וּב** בְּסֵ֥פֶר הַתּוֹרָֽה׃
  kekhol-\ **hakkathuv** besefer hattowrah
  like-all\_\ **the-written** in-book-of the-law
  just as **had been written** in the book of the law