:github_url: https://git.door43.org/User./uk_uhg/src/branch/master/content/infinitive_absolute.rst .. _infinitive_absolute: Infinitive Absolute =================== Висновок -------- The infinitive absolute is an extremely flexible non-finite verbal form and can function as an adverb, a finite verb, a verbal complement, or a noun. Its most common use is to express intensity or certainty of verbal action. Визначення ---------- Of all the verbal conjugations in Biblical Hebrew, the Infinitive Absolute is the simplest in form but the most complex in function, demanding the most sensitivity to its context to determine its meaning. The Infinitive Absolute is described as being in the :ref:`absolute state` because it stands on its own as an independent grammatical entity. The form can appear with the conjunction, but it never occurs in any other kind of construction with a prefix or :ref:`suffix`, an attached preposition, or with a :ref:`noun` in a construct chain. The Infinitive Absolute generally has only one form in each :ref:`stem formation` (Qal, Niphal, Piel, etc.), and it does not conjugate according to person, gender, or number like the :ref:`finite` verb forms. Grammatically, the Infinitive Absolute is considered a :ref:`non-finite` verbal form but can function as an :ref:`adverb`, a finite main verb, a verbal complement, or even as a noun. The context must be carefully investigated to discern the precise meaning of an infinitive absolute in each instance. Форма ----- .. csv-table:: Infinive Absolute Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад Qal,קָטוֹל,qatol,kill Niphal,הִקָּטֹל / נִקְטֹל,hiqqatol / niqtol,be killed Hiphil,הַקְטֵל,haqtel,cause to kill Hophal,הָקְטֵל,hoqtel,causing to be killed Piel,קַטֵּל / קַטֹּל,qattel / qattol,slaughter Pual,קֻטֹּל,quttol,be slaughtered Hithpael,הִתְקַטֵּל,hitqattel,kill oneself Функція ------- The Infinitive Absolute can express the following range of meanings. Expresses intensity or certainty of verbal action ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ In most cases, the Infinitive Absolute is paired with a finite verb of the same root. When used in this way, the infinitive absolute functions adverbially, either certifying or intensifying the action of the main verb, depending on the context. Normally an infinitive absolute precedes the main verb, except with :ref:`Imperative` verbs and with :ref:`participles`; in those cases, an infinitive absolute follows. The following example shows an infinitive absolute expressing intensity of action. .. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 2:16 מִכֹּ֥ל עֵֽץ־הַגָּ֖ן **אָכֹ֥ל** תֹּאכֵֽל mikkol 'ets-haggan **'akhol** tokhel from-every tree-of\_the-garden **eating** you-may-eat From every tree in the garden you may **freely** eat. The following example shows an infinitive absolute expressing certainty of action. .. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 2:17 בְּי֛וֹם אֲכָלְךָ֥ מִמֶּ֖נּוּ **מ֥וֹת** תָּמֽוּת beyom 'akholkha mimmennu **moth** tamuth in-day-of your-eating from-it **dying** you-will-die "on the day that you eat from it, you will **surely** die." Functions as a :ref:`finite` main verb ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The Infinitive Absolute often substitutes for a finite verb. In these cases, an infinitive absolute can carry an emotive sense and should be treated with great sensitivity to the context for precise nuance of meaning. The examples listed below are not comprehensive, but only provide a sampling of potential options for the exact meaning. .. csv-table:: Приклад: JOB 40:2 הֲ֭רֹב עִם־שַׁדַּ֣י יִסּ֑וֹר harov 'im-shadday **yissor** [quest.]-contend with\_Almighty **faultfinder** "Should anyone who wishes to criticize **try to correct** the Almighty?" The following example shows an infinitive absolute continuing the action of the preceding verb. .. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 41:43 וְנָת֣וֹן אֹת֔וֹ עַ֖ל כָּל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃ **wenathon** 'otho 'al kol-'erets mitsrayim **and-placing** [dir.obj]-him over whole\_land-of Egypt Pharaoh **put** him over all the land of Egypt. The following example shows an infinitive absolute functioning as an emphatic command (either direct or indirect). .. csv-table:: Приклад: EXO 20:8 זָכ֛וֹר אֶת־י֥וֹם הַשַּׁבָּ֖ת **zakhor** 'eth-yom hashabbath **Remember** [dir.obj]\_day the-Sabbath **Remember** the Sabbath day The following example shows an infinitive absolute functioning ambiguously (could be an :ref:`adverb` or a finite verb). .. csv-table:: Приклад: HOS 10:4 דִּבְּר֣וּ דְבָרִ֔ים **אָל֥וֹת** שָׁ֖וְא **כָּרֹ֣ת** בְּרִ֑ית dibberu devarim **'aloth** shawe **karoth** berith they-speak words **swearing** emptiness **cutting** covenant "They speak empty words and **make** covenants by **swearing** falsely." Complements the action of the main verb ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ An infinitive absolute (or a pair of infinitive absolutes) can follow a finite verb of a different root to describe complementary action. In the following example, a single infinitive absolute is functioning adverbially. .. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 30:32 "אֶֽעֱבֹ֨ר בְּכָל־צֹֽאנְךָ֜ הַיּ֗וֹם **הָסֵ֨ר** מִשָּׁ֜ם כָּל־שֶׂ֣ה׀ נָקֹ֣ד וְטָל֗וּא" 'e'evor bekhol-tsonekha hayyom **haser** misham kol-seh naqod wetalu "let-me-pass though-all\_your-flock today **turning aside** from-there every\_sheep speckled and-spotted" "Let me walk through all your flock today, **removing** from it every speckled and spotted sheep" In the following example, a pair of infinitive absolutes are functioning adverbially. .. csv-table:: Приклад: 1SA 3:12 בַּיּ֤וֹם הַהוּא֙ אָקִ֣ים ... הָחֵ֖ל וְכַלֵּֽה bayyom hahu' 'aqim ... **hahel wekhalleh** in-the-day the-that I-will-carry-out ... **beginning and-ending**. On that day I will carry out ... **from beginning to end**. Expresses progression or continuance of verbal action (הלךְ) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The Infinitive Absolute (and sometimes the :ref:`Participle`) of the specific root הלךְ can be used to express a sense of progression or continuance of the action of a main verb. .. csv-table:: Приклад: Gen 8:3 וַיָּשֻׁ֧בוּ הַמַּ֛יִם מֵעַ֥ל הָאָ֖רֶץ הָל֣וֹךְ וָשׁ֑וֹב wayyashuvu hammayim me'al ha'arets **halokh washov** "and-they-returned the-waters from-over the-earth **going and-returning**" The flood waters receded from off the earth **continually**. .. csv-table:: Приклад: 2SA 18:25 וַיֵּ֥לֶךְ הָל֖וֹךְ וְקָרֵֽב wayyelekh **halokh weqarev** and-he-walked **going and-approaching** The runner came **closer and neared** the city. .. csv-table:: Приклад: JDG 14:9 וַיֵּ֤לֶךְ הָלוֹךְ֙ וְאָכֹ֔ל wayyelekh **halokh we'akhol** And-he-walked **going and-eating** "He ... went on, **eating as he went**" Functions as a :ref:`noun` ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ This is an extremely rare use of the Infinitive Absolute. .. csv-table:: Приклад: ISA 22:13 "וְהִנֵּ֣ה׀ שָׂשׂ֣וֹן וְשִׂמְחָ֗ה **הָרֹ֤ג**\ ׀ בָּקָר֙ **וְשָׁחֹ֣ט** צֹ֔אן **אָכֹ֥ל** בָּשָׂ֖ר **וְשָׁת֣וֹת** יָ֑יִן" "wehinneh sason wesimhah **harog** baqar **weshahot** tson **'akhol** basar **weshathoth** yayin" "and-behold joy and-gladness **killing** flesh **and-slaughtering** sheep **eating** flesh **and-drinking** wine" "But look, instead, celebration and gladness, **killing** cattle **and slaughtering** sheep, **eating** meat **and drinking** wine"