:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/suffix_pronominal.rst

.. _suffix_pronominal:

Suffix Pronominal
=================

Summary
-------

Pronominal Suffixes are suffixes that refer to a person or an object at
the end of a noun, a particle, a verb, or a direct object marker. This
suffix can have the meaning of a genitive (such as possession), a direct
object, or an indirect object.

Article
-------

Form
----

Pronominal
:ref:`suffix`
refer to a person or an object and can therefore be
:ref:`gender_masculine`
or
:ref:`number_singular`
or
:ref:`number_plural`,
and be in
:ref:`person_second`,
or
:ref:`person_third`
person, depending on who or what they are referring to.

The suffixes look similar to the corresponding :ref:`pronoun_personal`,
and in many languages will have to be translated with a separate word.
The person or object to which the suffix refers can indicate possession
(as with nouns), or be a direct or indirect object (as with prepositions
and verbs), depending on the context.

.. _suffix_pronominal-nouns:

:ref:`noun`
-----------

Nouns must be in the
:ref:`state_construct`
form before a pronominal suffix can be added, and having a pronominal
suffix automatically makes the noun
:ref:`state_determined-pronominal-suffix`.

Paradigm
~~~~~~~~

With a singular noun

.. csv-table::
  :header-rows: 1

  Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
  common singular first person,סוּסִי,susi,my horse
  masculine singular second person,סוּסְךָ,suskha,your horse
  feminine singular second person,סוּסֵךְ,susekh,your horse
  masculine singular third person,סוּסוֹ / סוּסֹה / סוּסֵהוּ,suso / susoh / susehu,his horse
  feminine singular third person,סוּסהָ / סוּסָהּ,susha / susah,her horse
  common plural first person,סוּסֵנוּ,susenu,our horse
  masculine plural second person,סוּסְכֶם,susekhem,your horse
  feminine plural second person,סוּסְכֶן,susekhen,your horse
  masculine plural third person,סוּסְהֶם / סוּסָם,susehem / susam,their horse
  feminine plural third person,סוּסְהֶן / סוּסָן,susehen / susan,their horse

With a plural noun

.. csv-table::
  :header-rows: 1

  Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
  common singular first person,סוּסַי,susay,my horses
  masculine singular second person,סוּסֶיךָ,susekha,your horses
  feminine singular second person,סוּסַיִךְ,susayikh,your horses
  masculine singular third person,סוּסָיו,susayw,his horses
  feminine singular third person,סוּסֶיהָ,suseyha,her horses
  common plural first person,סוּסֵינוּ,susenu,our horses
  masculine plural second person,סוּסֵיכֶם,susekhem,your horses
  feminine plural second person,סוּסֵיכֶן,susekhen,your horses
  masculine plural third person,סוּסֵיהֶם,susehem,their horses
  feminine plural third person,סוּסֵיהֶן,susehen,their horses

Examples
~~~~~~~~

-  2SA 17:23

.. csv-table::

  וַיָּ֜קָם וַיֵּ֤לֶךְ אֶל־\ **בֵּיתוֹ֙** אֶל־עִיר֔וֹ
  wayyaqom wayyelekh 'el-**betho** 'el-**'iro**
  And-he-stood-up and-went to\_\ **his-house** to\_\ **his-city**
  He went **home** to **his own city**

-  2SA 19:4 (2SA 19:1 in Hebrew)

.. csv-table::

  בְּנִ֤י אַבְשָׁלֹום֙ בְּנִ֣י בְנִ֣י
  **beni** 'avshalowm **beni veni**
  **My-son** Absalom **my-son my-son**
  "**My son** Absalom, **my son**, **my son**!"

-  EZR 9:12

.. csv-table::

  "וְ֠עַתָּה **בְּֽנֹותֵיכֶ֞ם** אַל־תִּתְּנ֣וּ **לִבְנֵיהֶ֗ם
     וּבְנֹֽתֵיהֶם֙** אַל־תִּשְׂא֣וּ לִבְנֵיכֶ֔ם"
  "we'attah **benowthekhem** 'al-tittenu **livnehem uvenothehem**
     'al-tis'u **livnekhem**"
  "And-now **your-daughters** not\_give **to-their-sons
     and-their-daughters** not\_take **for-your-sons**"
  "So now, do not give **your daughters to their sons**; do not take
     **their daughters for your sons**"

.. _suffix_pronominal-prepositions:

Prepositions
------------

Form
~~~~

The forms that pronominal suffixes take after a preposition can differ
slightly, but never much, from the standard suffixes in the
:ref:`noun_common-paradigm`
above.

ב
^

In, into

-  1SA 25:28

.. csv-table::

  וְרָעָ֛ה לֹא־תִמָּצֵ֥א **בְךָ֖** מִיָּמֶֽיךָ׃
  wera'ah lo-thimmatse **vekha** miyyameykha
  and-evil not\_will-be-found **in-you** from-your-days
  and evil will not be found **in you** so long as you live.

-  JOB 39:12

.. csv-table::

  הֲתַאֲמִ֣ין בֹּ֖ו
  hatha'amin **bow**
  Do-you-believe **in-him**
  Will you depend **on him**?

כ
^

Like, just as

-  2KI 17:15

.. csv-table::

  אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ אֹתָ֔ם לְבִלְתִּ֖י עֲשֹׂ֥ות כָּהֶֽם׃
  'asher tsiwwah yehwah 'otham levilti 'asowth **kahem**
  "whom had-commanded Yahweh [dir.obj]-them to-abstain doing
     **like-them**"
  those that Yahweh had commanded them not to do **like them**.

-  ISA 46:9

.. csv-table::

  וְאֶ֥פֶס **כָּמֹֽונִי**\ ׃
  we'efes **kamowni**
  and no-one **like-me**
  and there is no one **like me**.

ל and אֶל
^^^^^^^^^

To, toward

Possession
''''''''''

-  EXO 19:5

.. csv-table::

  כִּי־\ **לִ֖י** כָּל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃
  ki-\ **li** kol-ha'arets
  for\_\ **to-me** all\_the-earth
  for all the earth is **mine**.

Indirect Object
'''''''''''''''

-  EXO 9:13

.. csv-table::

  וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗יו
  we'amarta **'elayw**
  and-say **to-him**
  and say **to him**

-  JDG 11:36

.. csv-table::

  וַתֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלָ֗יו
  wattomer **'elayw**
  And-she-said **to-him**
  She said **to him**

עַל
^^^

On, upon, over

-  DEU 17:14

.. csv-table::

  אָשִׂ֤ימָה **עָלַי֙** מֶ֔לֶךְ
  'asimah **'alay** melekh
  I-will-set **over-me** king
  I will set a king **over myself**

-  ISA 62:5

.. csv-table::

  יָשִׂ֥ישׂ **עָלַ֖יִךְ** אֱלֹהָֽיִךְ׃
  yasis **'alayikh** 'elohayikh
  he-will-rejoice **over-you** your-God.
  your God will rejoice **over you**.

אַחַר
^^^^^

After, behind

-  2CH 8:8

.. csv-table::

  אֲשֶׁ֨ר נֹותְר֤וּ **אַחֲרֵיהֶם֙** בָּאָ֔רֶץ
  'asher nowthru **'aharehem** ba'arets
  who were-left **after-them** in-the-land
  who were left **after them** in the land

-  JER 9:16 (JER 9:15 in Hebrew)

.. csv-table::

  וְשִׁלַּחְתִּ֤י **אַֽחֲרֵיהֶם֙** אֶת־הַחֶ֔רֶב
  weshillahti **'aharehem** 'eth-haherev
  and-I-will-send-out **after-them** [dir.obj]\_the-sword
  I will send out a sword **after them**

תַּחַת
^^^^^^

Beneath, under, in place of

-  DEU 28:23

.. csv-table::

  וְהָאָ֥רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־\ **תַּחְתֶּ֖יךָ** בַּרְזֶֽל׃
  weha'arets 'asher-**tahteykha** barzel
  and-the-earth which\_\ **under-you** will-be-iron.
  and the earth that is **under you** will be iron.

-  PSA 47:3 (PSA 47:4 in Hebrew)

.. csv-table::

  יַדְבֵּ֣ר עַמִּ֣ים תַּחְתֵּ֑ינוּ
  yadber 'ammim **tahtenu**
  He-will-drive-back peoples **beneath-us**
  He subdues peoples **under us**

עַד
^^^

Unto, until, as far as

-  NUM 23:18

.. csv-table::

  הַאֲזִ֥ינָה **עָדַ֖י** בְּנֹ֥ו צִפֹּֽר׃
  ha'azinah **'aday** benow tsippor
  Listen **unto-me** son-of Zippor.
  "Listen **to me**, you son of Zippor."

-  AMO 4:10

.. csv-table::

  וְלֹֽא־שַׁבְתֶּ֥ם עָדַ֖י
  welo-shavtem **'aday**
  And-not you-have-returned **unto-me**
  Yet you have not returned **to me**

מִן
^^^

From

-  GEN 22:12

.. csv-table::

  וְלֹ֥א חָשַׂ֛כְתָּ אֶת־בִּנְךָ֥ אֶת־יְחִידְךָ֖ **מִמֶּֽנִּי**\ ׃
  welo hasakhta 'eth-binkha 'eth-yehidekha **mimmenni**
  "and-not you-witheld [dir.obj]\_your-son [dir.obj]\_your-only
     **from-me**."
  "you have not withheld your son, your only son, **from me**."

-  1CH 29:14

.. csv-table::

  כִּֽי־\ **מִמְּךָ֣** הַכֹּ֔ל
  ki-\ **mimmekha** hakkol
  for\_\ **from-you** the-all
  all things come **from you**

עִם
^^^

With

-  PSA 50:18

.. csv-table::

  וַתִּ֣רֶץ עִמֹּ֑ו
  wattirets **'immow**
  and-you-are-pleased **with-him**
  you agree **with him**

-  ZEC 14:5

.. csv-table::

  כָּל־קְדֹשִׁ֖ים **עִמָּֽךְ**\ ׃
  kol-qedoshim **'immakh**
  all\_holy-ones **with-him**
  all the holy ones will be **with him**

אֵת
^^^

With

-  PSA 12:4

.. csv-table::

  שְׂפָתֵ֣ינוּ אִתָּ֑נוּ
  sefathenu **'ittanu**
  our-lips **with-us**.
  our lips speak and they **make us prevail**.

-  PRO 1:11

.. csv-table::

  לְכָ֪ה אִ֫תָּ֥נוּ
  lekhah **'ittanu**
  walk **with-us**
  come **with us**

:ref:`verb`
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Form
~~~~

The forms that pronominal suffixes take after a verb can differ
slightly, but never much, from the standard suffixes in the
:ref:`noun_common-paradigm`
above.

.. _suffix_pronominal-direclty-to-the-verb:

Directly to the verb
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The pronominal suffix can be attached to any verb conjugation, except
for the :ref:`infinitive_absolute`.

-  GEN 37:14

.. csv-table::

  וַיִּשְׁלָחֵ֨הוּ֙ מֵעֵ֣מֶק חֶבְרֹ֔ון וַיָּבֹ֖א שְׁכֶֽמָה׃
  **wayyishlahehu** me'emeq hevrown wayyavo shekhemah
  **and-he-sent-him** from-Valley-of Hebron and-he-came-in Shechem.
  "**So he sent him out** of the Valley of Hebron, and he went to
     Shechem."

-  2CH 15:2

.. csv-table::

  וְאִֽם־\ **תִּדְרְשֻׁ֨הוּ֙** יִמָּצֵ֣א לָכֶ֔ם
  we'im-\ **tidreshuhu** yimmatse lakhem
  And-if\_\ **you-seek-him** he-will-be-found by-you
  "If **you seek him**, he will be found by you"

-  HOS 8:7

.. csv-table::

  זָרִ֖ים **יִבְלָעֻֽהוּ**\ ׃
  zarim **yivla'uhu**
  strangers **will-swallow-him**
  foreigners **will devour it**

.. _suffix_pronominal-with-a-direct-object-marker:

With a :ref:`particle_direct_object_marker` (אֵת)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

-  1SA 17:9

.. csv-table::

  וַעֲבַדְתֶּ֖ם **אֹתָֽנוּ**\ ׃
  wa'avadtem **'othanu**
  and-you-will-serve **[dir.obj]-us**.
  then you will serve **us**.

-  JDG 10:13

.. csv-table::

  וְאַתֶּם֙ עֲזַבְתֶּ֣ם אֹותִ֔י
  we'attem 'azavtem **'owthi**
  And-you have-left **[dir.obj]-me**
  Yet you abandoned **me**