Joel's edits to UHG v.1 (#455)
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@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ group.
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**they-have-killed-each-other** the-kings
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the kings **have killed each other**
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.. _rare-stems:
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.. _stem-uncommon:
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Rare stem formations
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--------------------
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@ -15,18 +15,15 @@ context and the specific verb.
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Article
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-------
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The Hiphil form is a verbal
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:ref:`stem`
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formation in Biblical Hebrew, usually indicated by a הִ prefix before
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The Hiphil form is a verbal :ref:`stem formation<stem>` in Biblical Hebrew, usually indicated by a הִ prefix before
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the 1st radical and a hireq-yod (or sometimes tsere) vowel under the 2nd
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radical of the
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:ref:`verb`.
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:ref:`verb<verb>`.
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(This ה changes in the
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:ref:`participle_active`
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and :ref:`verb_imperfect`
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:ref:`participle<participle_active>` and :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`
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forms.) The Hiphil stem is generally used to express causative action in
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active voice. In many cases the
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:ref:`noun`
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:ref:`noun<noun>`
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derived from the same root is the object or result of the hiphil verb
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associated with that root. For example, the Hiphil verb הִמְטִיר means
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"to cause to rain down"; the noun מָטָר means "rain".
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@ -151,11 +148,11 @@ Expresses causative action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Causative action means that the subject of the verb is causing the
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object of the verb either to perform the verbal action (:ref:`verb-dynamic-or-action-verbs`)
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or to be in the state described by the verb (:ref:`verb-stative-or-non-action-verbs`).
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object of the verb either to perform the verbal action (for :ref:`dynamic<verb-dynamic>` verb)
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or to be in the state described by the verb (for :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` verbs).
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The Hiphil stem usually serves this causative function with dynamic
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verbs (and sometimes with stative verbs also). A good example is the
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verb בּוֹא. In the Qal stem, the verb בּוֹא expresses the simple action
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verb בּוֹא. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem, the verb בּוֹא expresses the simple action
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"to come" or "to go". But in the Hiphil stem, the verb בּוֹא expresses
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the causative action "to bring" (meaning, *to cause something to
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come/go*). In English, causative action is expressed using the main verb
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@ -197,7 +194,7 @@ well as the appropriate meaning(s).
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For Baruch son of Neriah **is inciting** you against us
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Some verbs express *different* meanings in *different* stem formations.
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A good example is the verb גָּלָה. In the :ref:`stem_qal`,
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A good example is the verb גָּלָה. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem,
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the verb גָּלָה expresses the simple action "to uncover" or "to reveal".
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But in the Hiphil stem, the verb גָּלָה expresses the simple action "to
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exile". Again, this will be indicated by a dictionary or lexicon.
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@ -211,7 +208,7 @@ exile". Again, this will be indicated by a dictionary or lexicon.
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Some verbs express the *same* meaning in *multiple* stem formations. A
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good example is the verb יָדַע, which expresses the causative action "to
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make known" (meaning, *to cause to know*) in both the :ref:`stem_piel`
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make known" (meaning, *to cause to know*) in both the :ref:`Piel<stem_piel>` stem
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and the Hiphil stem. This also will be indicated by a dictionary or
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lexicon.
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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ the Hiphil and expresses causative action in active voice.
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Article
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-------
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The Hishtaphel is a :ref:`rare stem formation<stem-uncommon-stems>`
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The Hishtaphel is a :ref:`rare stem formation<stem-uncommon>`
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that is unrelated to any other :ref:`stem<stem>`. Similar to the :ref:`Hiphil<stem_hiphil>`, it
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expresses :ref:`causative<stem-action-causative>` action in :ref:`active<stem-voice-active>` voice. In Biblical Hebrew, this
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stem is used almost exclusively with the common verb חוי / חוה, meaning
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@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ Piel stem.
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Article
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-------
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The Hithpael stem is formed from the :ref:`stem_piel`
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The Hithpael stem is formed from the :ref:`Piel<stem_piel>` stem
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by adding the reflexive prefix (הִתְ) and changing the vowel under the
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1st radical. Like the Piel and Pual
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:ref:`stem`,
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1st radical. Like the Piel and :ref:`Pual<stem_pual>`
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:ref:`stems<stem>`,
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it usually has a daghesh in the 2nd radical of the
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:ref:`verb`.
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Generally speaking, the Hithpael stem expresses the reflexive voice of
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:ref:`verb<verb>`.
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Generally speaking, the Hithpael stem expresses the :ref:`reflexive<stem-voice-reflexive>` voice of
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the meaning of a verb in the Piel stem. However, the Hithpael stem is
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quite flexible in its use and can express other kinds of verbal action,
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depending on the context and the specific verb.
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@ -148,16 +148,15 @@ Function
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The Hithpael stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal
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action:
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Expresses the reflexive voice of the Piel stem
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Expresses the :ref:`reflexive<stem-voice-reflexive>` voice of the Piel stem
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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For most verbs that appear in both the Piel and Hithpael stems in
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Biblical Hebrew, the Hithpael stem expresses the same kind of action as
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the Piel stem (simple, intensive, resultative, causative, etc.) but in
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reflexive voice. (See the article on the :ref:`stem_niphal`
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for the definition of reflexive voice.) A good example is the verb
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יָדַע. In the Qal stem, the verb יָדַע means "to know" (simple action,
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active voice). But in the Piel stem, the verb יָדַע means "to make
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For most verbs that appear in both the Piel and Hithpael stems in Biblical Hebrew, the Hithpael stem expresses the same kind of
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action as the Piel stem (:ref:`simple<stem-action-simple>`, :ref:`intensive<stem-action-intensive>`,
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:ref:`resultative<stem-action-resultative>`, :ref:`causative<stem-action-causative>`, etc.) but in
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reflexive voice. A good example is the verb
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יָדַע. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem, the verb יָדַע means "to know" (simple action,
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active voice). But in the :ref:`Piel<stem_piel>` stem, the verb יָדַע means "to make
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known" (causative action, active voice). Thus, in the Hithpael stem, the
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verb יָדַע means "to make oneself known" (causative action, reflexive
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voice).
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@ -191,7 +190,7 @@ Expresses simple reflexive action
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The Hithpael stem can be used to express simple reflexive action in two
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ways. First, the Hithpael stem can express a simple action in reflexive
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voice. In these cases, usually the Hithpael stem functions as the
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reflexive voice of the *Qal* (or perhaps Niphal) stem rather than the
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reflexive voice of the *Qal* (or perhaps :ref:`Niphal<stem_niphal>`) stem rather than the
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*Piel* stem. This is the case with the verb אָבַל ("to mourn"), as shown
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in the example below. Secondly, the Hithpael stem can also express
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simple action of a verb that is reflexive by its very nature. In these
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@ -219,10 +218,9 @@ Expresses various other kinds of verbal action
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Sometimes the Hithpael form functions in ways that do not follow the
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strictly the reflexive conventions of the Hithpael stem as listed above.
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Some verbs use the Hithpael stem to describe reciprocal action, middle
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action, passive action, and/or perhaps even stative or other kinds of
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verbal action. (See the article on the :ref:`stem_niphal`
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for the definitions of these kinds of verbal action.) A dictionary or
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Some verbs use the Hithpael stem to describe :ref:`reciprocal<stem-voice-reciprocal>` voice, :ref:`middle<stem-voice-middle>`
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voice, :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice, as well as :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` or other kinds of
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verbal action. A dictionary or
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lexicon will indicate the correct meaning in these instances of the
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Hithpael stem.
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@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ The Hithpalpel :ref:`stem<stem>` is a variation of the :ref:`Hithpael<stem_hithp
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and expresses the :ref:`reflexive<stem-voice-reflexive>` voice of the verbal action of the :ref:`Pilpel<stem_pilpel>` stem.
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The Hithpalpel stem is formed from the Hithpael by dropping the 2nd
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radical and repeating the 1st and 3rd radicals, thus making a form that
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appears to have 4 consonants. It is an extremely rare verbal form in
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appears to have 4 consonants. It is an extremely :ref:`rare stem formation<stem-uncommon>` in
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Biblical Hebrew. Many of the verbs in the the Hithpalpel stem in the
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Hebrew Bible are from the root מָהַהּ ("to linger, delay"). It is
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recommended to *always* consult a dictionary or lexicon for the precise
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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Article
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The Hithpoel :ref:`stem<stem>` is a variation of the :ref:`Hithpael<stem_hithpael>` stem
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and expresses the :ref:`reflexive<stem-voice-reflexive>` voice of the verbal action of the :ref:`Poel<stem_poel>` stem.
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The Hithpoel stem is formed from the Hithpael stem by a vowel change. It
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is an extremely rare verbal form in Biblical Hebrew. It is recommended
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is an extremely :ref:`rare stem formation<stem-uncommon>` in Biblical Hebrew. It is recommended
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to *always* consult a dictionary or lexicon for the precise nuance of
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any verb in the Hithpoel stem.
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@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ It expresses the reflexive voice of the Polel stem.
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Article
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-------
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The Hithpolel stem is a variation of the :ref:`stem_hithpael`
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and expresses the reflexive voice of the verbal action of the :ref:`stem_polel`.
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The Hithpolel stem is a variation of the :ref:`Hithpael<stem_hithpael>`
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and expresses the :ref:`reflexive<stem-voice-reflexive>` voice of the verbal action of the :ref:`Polel<stem_polel>` stem.
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The Hithpolel stem is formed from the Hithpael by dropping the 2nd
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radical and repeating the 3rd radical (with a vowel change). It is a
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rare verbal form in Biblical Hebrew. It is recommended to *always*
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:ref:`rare stem formation<stem-uncommon>` in Biblical Hebrew. It is recommended to *always*
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consult a dictionary or lexicon for the precise nuance of any verb in
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the Hithpolel stem.
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@ -15,21 +15,21 @@ Article
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-------
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The Hophal
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:ref:`stem`
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:ref:`stem<stem>`
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is the passive form of the
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:ref:`stem_hiphil`
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:ref:`Hiphil<stem_hiphil>`
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stem formation in Biblical Hebrew. The Hophal stem is usually indicated
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by either a הָ or הֻ prefix to the
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:ref:`verb`.
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(The ה changes in the
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:ref:`participle_active`
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and :ref:`verb_imperfect`
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forms.) The Hophal stem usually expresses the passive voice of the
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:ref:`participle<participle_active>`
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and :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`
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forms.) The Hophal stem usually expresses the :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice of the
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meaning of a verb in the Hiphil stem. Scholars sometimes disagree
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whether certain verb forms should be classified as belonging to the
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Hophal, the
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:ref:`stem_pual`
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or even the :ref:`stem_qal_passive`
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:ref:`Pual<stem_pual>`
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or even the :ref:`Qal Passive<stem_qal_passive>`
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stem. In English, passive voice is expressed using the helping verb "to
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be." In Biblical Hebrew, the passive nature of the verbal action is
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expressed by the Hophal form of the verb itself without any helping
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@ -128,15 +128,15 @@ Function
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The Hophal stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action:
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Expresses the passive voice of the Hiphil stem
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Expresses the :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice of the Hiphil stem
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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For most verbs that appear in Hiphil stem in Biblical Hebrew, the Hophal
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stem expresses the same kind of simple or causative action as the Hiphil
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stem, but in passive voice. A good example is the verb בּוֹא. In the
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:ref:`stem_qal`,
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the verb בּוֹא means "to come" or "to go" (simple action, active voice).
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But in the Hiphil stem, the verb בּוֹא means "to bring" (causative
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:ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem,
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the verb בּוֹא means "to come" or "to go" (:ref:simple<stem-action-simple>` action, :ref:`active<stem-voice-active>` voice).
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But in the :ref:`Hiphil<stem_hiphil>` stem, the verb בּוֹא means "to bring" (:ref:`causative<stem-action-causative>`
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action, active voice). Thus, in the Hophal stem, the verb בּוֹא means
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"to be brought" (causative action, passive voice).
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@ -163,15 +163,15 @@ Hiphil stem, means "to declare", for example:
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Expresses simple action in passive voice
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Some verbs use the Hophal stem to express simple passive action. (This
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Some verbs use the Hophal stem to express simple :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` action. (This
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can be true even if the verb also appears in the Hiphil stem in Biblical
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Hebrew; in such cases, the Hophal form does NOT function strictly as a
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passive of the Hiphil stem.) A good example is the verb יָצַק. In the
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Qal stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the simple action "to pour" or "to
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pour out". In the Hiphil stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the same simple
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:ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the simple action "to pour" or "to
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pour out". In the :ref:`Hiphil<stem_Hiphil>` stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the same simple
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action "to pour". In the Hophal stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the
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simple passive "to be poured" (that is, the passive of both the *Qal*
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stem and the *Hiphil* stem). For some verbs, the Hophal and/or Pual
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stem and the *Hiphil* stem). For some verbs, the Hophal and/or :ref:`Pual<stem_pual>`
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forms can both function as a passive of the Qal stem. In all these
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cases, a dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning.
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@ -182,15 +182,15 @@ cases, a dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning.
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**it-is-poured-out** grace by-your-lips
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grace **is poured** onto your lips
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Expresses various kinds of passive or stative action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Expresses various kinds of passive or :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Sometimes the Pual form is used with specific verbs or in specific
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Sometimes the Hophal form is used with specific verbs or in specific
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contexts to express a specialized meaning for the verbal action. A
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dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning.
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The Hophal stem of the verb יָלַד ("to give birth")
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refers to someone's birthday, for example:
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For example, the Hophal stem of the verb יָלַד ("to give birth")
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refers to someone's birthday:
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 40:20
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@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ refers to someone's birthday, for example:
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It came about on the third day that it was Pharaoh's **birth**\ day.
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The Hophal stem of the verb יָסַד ("to found, establish")
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refers to the foundation of a building, for example:
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refers to the foundation of a building:
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2CH 3:3
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