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Joel's edits to UHG v.1 (#414)
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Joel D. Ruark
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content/stem.rst
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content/stem.rst
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@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
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.. _stem:
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Stem
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====
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Stem Formation
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==============
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Summary
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-------
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@ -76,12 +76,13 @@ their most common functions.
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.. csv-table:: Common Stem Functions
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Active Voice,Passive/Reflexive Voice
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--,Active Voice,Passive/Reflexive Voice
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Simple Action,"Qal (simple action, active voice)","Niphal (simple action, passive voice)"
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Causative Action,"Niphal (simple action, passive voice)","Hophal (causative action, passive voice)"
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Intensive Action,"Piel (resultative action, active voice)","Pual (resultative action, passive voice)"
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Intensive Action,--,"Hithpael (resultative action, reflexive voice)"
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Intensive Action,--,"Hithpael (resultative action, reflexive voice)"
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The stem formation of a verb performs the following functions:
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Expresses the kind of verbal action
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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@ -194,99 +195,4 @@ passive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the stem formation itself wi
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וַיִּקָּבֵ֥ר בְּגַן־בֵּית֖וֹ
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**wayyiqqaver** began-betho
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**and-he-was-buried** in-garden-of\_his-house
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**and he was buried** in the garden of his own house
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Reflexive voice
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Reflexive voice means that the subject of the verb is *both* performing
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*and* receiving the verbal action. In English, reflexive voice is expressed
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using a reflexive pronoun as the object of the verb, "I tell *myself*".
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In Biblical Hebrew, the reflexive nature of the verbal action is
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expressed by the stem formation of the verb itself without any additional
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words.
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.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 1:21
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הִבָּ֣דְל֔וּ מִתּ֖וֹךְ הָעֵדָ֣ה הַזֹּ֑את
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**hibbodlu** mittokh ha'edah hazzoth
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**Separate-yourselves** from-midst-of the-congregation the-this
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**Separate yourselves** from among this community
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Middle voice
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Middle voice means that the subject receives the verbal action but also is
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(partially) involved in performing the verbal action. Middle voice
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stands somewhere between passive voice and reflexive voice.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:5
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וְנִפְקְח֖וּ עֵֽינֵיכֶ֑ם
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**wenifqehu** 'enekhem
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**and-they-will-be-opened** your-eyes
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your eyes **will be opened**
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Reciprocal voice
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Reciprocal voice means that multiple subjects are in view who are both
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performing the verbal action for another and receiving the verbal action from another.
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In English, reciprocal voice is expressed using the phrase "each other"
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as the object of the verb, "They tell each other." Reciprocal voice must be distinguished from reflexive voice. The phrase
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"They tell themselves" is reflexive: the subject "they" is a unified
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group and the action could be expressed reflexively for each individual
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as "he tells himself, and he tells himself, and she tells herself, etc."
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The phrase "They tell each other" is reciprocal: each member of the
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group is telling something to another member of the group, and each
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member of the group is being told something by another member of the
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group.
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.. _stem-rare-stems:
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Rare stem formations
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--------------------
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Most of these stems occur only a few times in the Hebrew Bible. Their
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function is usually similar to one of the above stems, or a combination
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of two of them. One simple rule that can help with a first guess as to
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its function is this: If it sounds similar to one of the seven common
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stems, it probably means something similar as well.
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The uncommon stems are:
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:ref:`Hishtaphel<stem_hishtaphel>`
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-
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:ref:`Hithpalpel<stem_hithpalpel>`
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-
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:ref:`Hithpoel<stem_hithpoel>`
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-
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:ref:`Hithpolel<stem_hithpolel>`
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-
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:ref:`Hothpaal<stem_hothpaal>`
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-
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:ref:`Nithpael<stem_nithpael>`
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-
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:ref:`Palel<stem_palel>`
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-
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:ref:`Pealal<stem_pealal>`
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-
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:ref:`Pilel<stem_pilel>`
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-
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:ref:`Pilpel<stem_pilpel>`
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-
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:ref:`Poal<stem_poal>`
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-
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:ref:`Poel<stem_poel>`
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-
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:ref:`Polal<stem_polal>`
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-
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:ref:`Polel<stem_polel>`
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-
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:ref:`Polpal<stem_polpal>`
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-
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:ref:`Pulal<stem_pulal>`
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-
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:ref:`Qal Passive<stem_qal_passive>`
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-
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:ref:`Tiphil<stem_tiphil>`
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**and he was bur
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