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Joel's edits to UHG v.1 (#415)
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Joel D. Ruark
Gogs
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content/stem.rst
111
content/stem.rst
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@ -31,39 +31,39 @@ of each stem:
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The simplest form of the verb, usually with "a" vowels (qamets or patah).
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:ref:`Niphal<stem_niphal>` stem
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Adds נִ (nun with hireq) to the beginning of the verb. If the form also
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adds a prefix (like in the prefix conjugation), the נ disappears and
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causes the 1st radical to double (with a daghesh).
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:ref:`Hiphil<stem_hiphil>` stem
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Often has הִ (he with hireq) before the verb, or a patah under the
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letter that the form adds before the root.
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:ref:`Hophal<stem_hophal>` stem
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Also adds a ה before the verb, but with a qamets hatuf (or sometimes
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qibbuts) vowel.
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:ref:`Piel<stem_piel>` stem
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Here the 2nd radical of the verb is doubled (with a daghesh), and
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usually have a shewa or a hireq under the 1st radical.
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:ref:`Pual<stem_pual>` stem
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Also doubles the 2nd radical but often has a qibbuts under the 1st
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radical.
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:ref:`Hithpael<stem_hithpael>` stem
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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It adds הִתְ (he with hireq and taw with shewa) before the verb, and
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puts a qamets or patah under the 1st radical.
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@ -85,10 +85,12 @@ their most common functions.
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The stem formation of a verb performs the following functions:
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Expresses the kind of verbal action
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. _action-simple:
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Simple action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Simple action refers to a typical :ref:`dynamic<verb-dynamic>` verb;
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that is, the verb describes an action being performed by the subject of the verb.
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@ -100,8 +102,10 @@ that is, the verb describes an action being performed by the subject of the verb
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**And-she-said** Sarai to\_Abram
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So Sarai **said** to Abram
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.. _action-stative:
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Stative action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Stative action refers to a typical :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` verb;
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that is, the verb describes the subject of the verb as being in a certain state/condition.
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@ -113,8 +117,10 @@ that is, the verb describes the subject of the verb as being in a certain state/
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**and-it-was-full** the-earth violence
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**and it was filled** with violence.
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.. _action-causative:
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Causative action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Causative action means that the subject of the verb is causing the
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object of the verb either to perform the verbal action (with :ref:`dynamic<verb-dynamic>` verbs)
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@ -138,8 +144,10 @@ verbal element.
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and-she-went **and-she-filled** [dir.obj]\_the-skin-of water
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She went **and filled** the skin with water
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.. _action-resultative:
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Resultative action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Resultative action means that the primary focus of the verb is on the
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result of the verbal action.
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@ -151,9 +159,10 @@ result of the verbal action.
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and-he-gave ... and-[dir.obj]\_the-boy **and-he-sent-her-away**
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He gave her the boy and **sent her away**
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.. _action-intensive:
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Intensive action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Intensive action means that the verbal action is strengthened in some
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way.
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@ -168,10 +177,12 @@ way.
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Expresses the voice of the verb
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. _voice-active:
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Active voice
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Active voice means that the subject of the verb is performing the verbal action. Most verbs are in the active voice.
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@ -182,17 +193,83 @@ Active voice means that the subject of the verb is performing the verbal action.
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**And-she-said** Sarai to\_Abram
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So Sarai **said** to Abram
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.. _voice-passive:
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Passive voice
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Passive voice means that the subject of the verb is *receiving* the
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verbal action rather than *performing* the verbal action. In English, passive voice is
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expressed using the helping verb "to be." In Biblical Hebrew, the
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passive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the stem formation itself without any helping verbs.
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passive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the Niphal form of
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the verb itself without any helping verbs.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 21:18
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וַיִּקָּבֵ֥ר בְּגַן־בֵּית֖וֹ
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**wayyiqqaver** began-betho
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**and-he-was-buried** in-garden-of\_his-house
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**and he was bur
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**and he was buried** in the garden of his own house
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.. _voice-reflexive:
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Reflexive voice
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Reflexive voice means that the subject of the verb is *both* performing
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*and* receiving the verbal action. In English, reflexive voice is expressed
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using a reflexive pronoun as the object of the verb, "I tell *myself*".
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In Biblical Hebrew, the reflexive nature of the verbal action is
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expressed by the Niphal form of the verb itself without any additional
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words.
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.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 1:21
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הִבָּ֣דְל֔וּ מִתּ֖וֹךְ הָעֵדָ֣ה הַזֹּ֑את
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**hibbodlu** mittokh ha'edah hazzoth
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**Separate-yourselves** from-midst-of the-congregation the-this
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**Separate yourselves** from among this community
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.. _voice-middle:
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Middle voice
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^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Middle voice means that the subject receives the action but also is
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(partially) involved in performing the action. Middle voice
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stands somewhere between passive voice and reflexive voice.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:5
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וְנִפְקְח֖וּ עֵֽינֵיכֶ֑ם
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**wenifqehu** 'enekhem
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**and-they-will-be-opened** your-eyes
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your eyes **will be opened**
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.. _voice-reciprocal:
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Reciprocal voice
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Reciprocal voice means that multiple subjects are in view who are both
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performing the verbal action for another and receiving the verbal action from another.
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In English, reciprocal voice is expressed using the phrase "each other"
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as the object of the verb, "They tell each other." In Biblical Hebrew,
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the reciprocal nature of the action is expressed by the stem formation of
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the verb itself without any additional words.
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Reciprocal voice must be distinguished from reflexive voice. The phrase
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"They tell themselves" is reflexive: the subject "they" is a unified
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group and the action could be expressed reflexively for each individual
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as "he tells himself, and he tells himself, and she tells herself, etc."
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The phrase "They tell each other" is reciprocal: each member of the
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group is telling something to another member of the group, and each
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member of the group is being told something by another member of the
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group.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 3:23
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נֶֽחֶרְבוּ֙ הַמְּלָכִ֔ים
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**nehervu** hammelakhim
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**they-have-killed-each-other** the-kings
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the kings **have killed each other**
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