Joel's edits to UHG v.1 (#453)
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@ -9,21 +9,19 @@ Summary
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Interrogative particles indicate that a sentence is a question. The standard interrogative prefix -הֲ (he with
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Interrogative particles indicate that a sentence is a question. The standard interrogative prefix -הֲ (he with
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hateph pathah vowel) should not be confused with the definite article. The interrogative particles מִי and מָה can also
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hateph pathah vowel) should not be confused with the definite article -הַ (he with pathah vowel). The interrogative particles מִי and מָה can also
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function as interrogative pronouns ("who?" and "what?") or indefinite pronouns ("whoever" and "whatever").
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function as interrogative pronouns ("who?" and "what?") or indefinite pronouns ("whoever" and "whatever").
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Article
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Article
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The interrogative prefix ה-prefix is the standard interrogative particle in Biblie Hebrew and can be differentiated
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The interrogative prefix -הֲ is the standard interrogative particle in Biblie Hebrew and can be differentiated
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from the :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>` by the context and the lack of a daghesh in the consonant immediately
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from the :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>` by the context and the lack of a daghesh in the consonant immediately
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following the prefix. The interrogative prefix, as well as interrogative particles in general, nearly always appear at the
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following the prefix. The interrogative prefix, as well as interrogative particles in general, nearly always appear at the
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beginning of a clause to indicate that the clause is a question and not a statement. However, as in many languages, in Biblical Hebrew a question can be asked rhetorically as a way
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beginning of a clause to indicate that the clause is a question and not a statement. However, as in many languages, in Biblical Hebrew a question can be asked rhetorically as a way
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of making a strong statement. As an example, a person might ask "How can that be?" as a way of expressing a strong sense of
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of making a strong statement. As an example, a person might ask "How can that be?" as a way of expressing a strong sense of
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disbelief in something that has just been said.
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disbelief in something that has just been said.
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There are several different interrogative particles in Biblical Hebrew.
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-הֲ
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-הֲ
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----
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----
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@ -149,67 +147,42 @@ an :ref:`indefinite pronoun<pronoun_indefinite>` ("whatever") when used in the m
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**What** you are-doing
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**What** you are-doing
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**What** are you doing?
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**What** are you doing?
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with prepositions
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 15:8 –– with preposition בְּ
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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by what / how (בַּמָּה)
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'''''''''''''''''''''''
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 15:8
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בַּמָּ֥ה אֵדַ֖ע
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בַּמָּ֥ה אֵדַ֖ע
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**bammah** 'eda'
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**bammah** 'eda'
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**By-the-what** will-I-know
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**By-the-what** will-I-know
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**How** will I know?
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**How** will I know?
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like what / how many, how much (כַּמָּה)
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 47:8 –– with preposition כְּ
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''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 47:8
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כַּמָּ֕ה יְמֵ֖י שְׁנֵ֥י חַיֶּֽיךָ
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כַּמָּ֕ה יְמֵ֖י שְׁנֵ֥י חַיֶּֽיךָ
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**kammah** yeme shene hayyeykha
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**kammah** yeme shene hayyeykha
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**Like-what** days-of years-of your-life
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**Like-what** days-of years-of your-life
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**How long** have you lived?
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**How long** have you lived?
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for what / why (לָמָּה)
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 79:5 —— with preposition עַד
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'''''''''''''''''''''''
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:6
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לָ֚מָּה חָ֣רָה לָ֔ךְ **וְלָ֖מָּה** נָפְל֥וּ פָנֶֽיךָ
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**lommah** harah lakh **welammah** noflu faneykha
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**For-what** you-angry to-you **and-for-what** has-fallen your-face
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**Why** are you angry **and why** are you scowling?
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until what / how long (עַד־מָה)
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'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 79:5
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עַד־מָ֣ה יְ֭הוָה תֶּאֱנַ֣ף לָנֶ֑צַח
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עַד־מָ֣ה יְ֭הוָה תֶּאֱנַ֣ף לָנֶ֑צַח
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**'ad-mah** yehwah te'enaf lanetsah
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**'ad-mah** yehwah te'enaf lanetsah
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**Until\_what** Yahweh will-you-be-angry forever
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**Until\_what** Yahweh will-you-be-angry forever
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"**How long**, Yahweh? Will you stay angry forever?"
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"**How long**, Yahweh? Will you stay angry forever?"
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upon what / why (עַל־מָה)
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.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 22:32 –– with preposition עַל
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'''''''''''''''''''''''''
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.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 22:32
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עַל־מָ֗ה הִכִּ֙יתָ֙ אֶת־אֲתֹ֣נְךָ֔
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עַל־מָ֗ה הִכִּ֙יתָ֙ אֶת־אֲתֹ֣נְךָ֔
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**'al-mah** hikkitha 'eth-'athonekha
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**'al-mah** hikkitha 'eth-'athonekha
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**On\_what** did-you-strike [dir.obj]\_your-donkey
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**On\_what** did-you-strike [dir.obj]\_your-donkey
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**Why** have you struck your donkey?
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**Why** have you struck your donkey?
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 44:16
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 44:16 –– with the prefixed conjunction
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וּמַה־נִּצְטַדָּ֑ק
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וּמַה־נִּצְטַדָּ֑ק
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**wumah**-nnitstaddaq
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**wumah**-nnitstaddaq
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**and-what** we-will-justify-ourselves
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**and-what** we-will-justify-ourselves
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**or how** can we justify ourselves?
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**or how** can we justify ourselves?
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 14:15
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 14:15 –– with causal meaning
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מַה־תִּצְעַ֖ק אֵלָ֑י
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מַה־תִּצְעַ֖ק אֵלָ֑י
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**mah**-tits'aq 'ela
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**mah**-tits'aq 'ela
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@ -262,13 +235,6 @@ These are particles of place and can be translated as "where?" or "where is?".
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**Where** Sarah your-wife
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**Where** Sarah your-wife
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**Where** is Sarah your wife?
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**Where** is Sarah your wife?
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.. csv-table:: Example: Gen 4:9
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אֵ֖י הֶ֣בֶל אָחִ֑יךָ
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**'e** hevel 'ahikha
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**Where** Abel your-brother
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"**Where** is Abel, your brother?"
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 19:5
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 19:5
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אַיֵּ֧ה הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖יךָ
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אַיֵּ֧ה הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖יךָ
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@ -302,6 +268,13 @@ This is a particle of time and can be translated as "when?". It is often used wi
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These are particles of cause and literally mean "for what?", but they are usually translated as "why?".
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These are particles of cause and literally mean "for what?", but they are usually translated as "why?".
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:6
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לָ֚מָּה חָ֣רָה לָ֔ךְ **וְלָ֖מָּה** נָפְל֥וּ פָנֶֽיךָ
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**lommah** harah lakh **welammah** noflu faneykha
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**For-what** you-angry to-you **and-for-what** has-fallen your-face
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**Why** are you angry **and why** are you scowling?
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 42:9 (PSA 42:10 in Hebrew)
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 42:9 (PSA 42:10 in Hebrew)
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"לָמָ֪ה שְׁכַ֫חְתָּ֥נִי **לָֽמָּה**\ ־קֹדֵ֥ר אֵלֵ֗ךְ בְּלַ֣חַץ
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"לָמָ֪ה שְׁכַ֫חְתָּ֥נִי **לָֽמָּה**\ ־קֹדֵ֥ר אֵלֵ֗ךְ בְּלַ֣חַץ
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@ -312,10 +285,11 @@ These are particles of cause and literally mean "for what?", but they are usuall
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"**Why** have you forgotten me? You know the hardships that my enemies
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"**Why** have you forgotten me? You know the hardships that my enemies
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bring on me."
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bring on me."
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מַדּ֖וּעַ
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Other interrogative particles
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----
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-----------------------------
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מַדּ֖וּעַ why?
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מַדּ֖וּעַ (why?)
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~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 8:12
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 8:12
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@ -324,10 +298,8 @@ These are particles of cause and literally mean "for what?", but they are usuall
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**Why** my-master is-weeping
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**Why** my-master is-weeping
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"Sir, **why** are you crying?"
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"Sir, **why** are you crying?"
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עַד־אָן
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עַד־אָן (how long?)
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-----
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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עַד־אָן how long?
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 8:2
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 8:2
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@ -336,10 +308,8 @@ These are particles of cause and literally mean "for what?", but they are usuall
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**How\_long** will-you-say\_these-things
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**How\_long** will-you-say\_these-things
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**How much longer** will you talk like this?
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**How much longer** will you talk like this?
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אֵ֥י מִזֶּ֖ה
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אֵ֥י מִזֶּ֖ה (from where?)
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------
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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אֵ֥י מִזֶּ֖ה from where?
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 25:11
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 25:11
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@ -8,24 +8,22 @@ Particle Relative
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Summary
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Summary
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Relative particles introduce phrases that usually describe nouns but can also sometimes
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Relative particles introduce clauses or phrases that usually describe nouns but can also sometimes
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describe adjectives and/or verbs. In English, relative particles are usually translated as “who,”
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describe adjectives and/or verbs. In English, relative particles are usually translated as “who,”
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“that,” “which,” "when," or "where."
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“that,” “which,” "when," or "where."
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Article
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Article
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Biblical Hebrew utilizes three different particles that introduce
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Biblical Hebrew utilizes three different particles that introduce relative clauses or phrases. The particle אֲשֶׁר and the
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relative phrases. The particle אֲשֶׁר and the prefix -שֶׁ should be
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prefix -שֶׁ function as synonyms: they usually immediately follow nouns and sometimes adjectives. When functioning as a relative
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considered semantic equivalents; they usually immediately follow nouns,
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particle, the word כִּי usually immediately follows a verb of seeing or perceiving.
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and sometimes adjectives. When functioning as a relative particle, the
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word כִּי usually immediately follows a verb of seeing or perceiving.
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אֲשֶׁר
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אֲשֶׁר
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----
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----
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אֲשֶׁר follows a
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אֲשֶׁר follows a
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:ref:`noun`
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:ref:`noun<noun>`
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and introduces a relative clause. Its translation depends on the noun.
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and introduces a relative clause. Its translation depends on the noun.
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For example, if the noun is a place, אֲשֶׁר means “where,” if the noun
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For example, if the noun is a place, אֲשֶׁר means “where,” if the noun
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is a person, it means “who”, and if the noun is an object, it means
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is a person, it means “who”, and if the noun is an object, it means
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-שֶׁ has the same function as אֲשֶׁר, but is a prefix. It also doubles
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-שֶׁ has the same function as אֲשֶׁר, but is a prefix. It also doubles
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the next consonant and follows similar rules regarding the vowel
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the next consonant and follows similar rules regarding the vowel
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patterns as the :ref:`particle_definite_article`.
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patterns as the :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: ECC 1:7
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.. csv-table:: Example: ECC 1:7
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.. include:: includes/ci_flexible.txt
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.. include:: includes/ci_flexible.txt
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Biblical Hebrew uses the particle כִּי to introduce relative clauses
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Biblical Hebrew uses the particle כִּי to introduce relative clauses or phrases
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that describe something that is seen, known, or somehow perceived by a
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that describe something that is seen, known, or somehow perceived by a
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person. Therefore, כִּי usually follows verbs of seeing/perceiving where
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person. Therefore, כִּי usually follows verbs of seeing/perceiving where
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a reader might expect to find אֲשֶׁר. In English, it is usually
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a reader might expect to find אֲשֶׁר. In English, it is usually
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@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ Person First
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Summary
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Summary
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First person is used when the narrator or speaker is the subject of the
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The first person form of a term refers to the person(s) writing or speaking.
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sentence.
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it is "I", "me", or "my", if it is a group of people it is "we", "us",
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it is "I", "me", or "my", if it is a group of people it is "we", "us",
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or "our".
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or "our".
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.. note:: The first person is only used in direct speech.
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Form
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Form
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Summary
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Summary
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Second person is used when the narrator or speaker refers to the reader
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The second person form of a term refers to the person(s) being addressed by a writer or speaker.
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or listener.
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Article
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Article
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Summary
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Summary
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Third person is used when the narrator or speaker refers to someone
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The third person form of a term refers to a person(s) or thing(s) other than the writer/reader or speaker/listener.
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besides himself or the reader or listener.
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Article
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Article
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