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joeldruark-patch-1 (#656)
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/pulls/656 Co-authored-by: Joel D. Ruark <joeldruark@noreply.door43.org> Co-committed-by: Joel D. Ruark <joeldruark@noreply.door43.org>
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In Biblical Hebrew, prepositions also function to describe the relationship between a
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:ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verbal complement (:ref:`infinitive construct<infinitive_construct>` verbs
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and :ref:`active<participle_active>` or :ref:`passive<participle_passive>` participles) and the :ref:`finite<verb-finite>`
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main verb of a sentence. In some of these instances, the preposition introduces a dependent verbal phrase
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and thus changes its typical meaning. These specialized uses of prepositions are listed in the article
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on :ref:`infinitive construct<infinitive_construct>` verbs.
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.. note:: Of all the different kinds of words, prepositions are perhaps the
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most flexible in their meaning and are often translated in a variety of
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ways, or sometimes even left untranslated. For this reason, prepositions
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must always be translated with great sensitivity to the context of each
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use. A dictionary or lexicon will describe the various possible meanings
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of each preposition, but generally will not include a complete list of
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individual uses.
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Both Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic have four primary prepositions:
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the prefix בְּ (in, at, by); the prefix לְ (to, for); the prefix כְּ (as, like); and the prefix מִ
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(which is a shortened form of the independent preposition מִן, meaning
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"from"). However, there is also a family of other prepositions.
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It is common for prepositions to be
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combined together or with a noun to form new words that have their own
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range of meanings (similar to :ref:`compound conjunctions<conjunction-compound>`)
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that may or may not overlap with the meaning of the individual component terms.
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In Biblical Hebrew, there are 11 general categories of prepositions: indirect object; spatial; locative; temporal; instrumental;
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correlative; comparative; directional; causal; explanatory; and direct object.
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However, this are also other types of prepositions in Biblical Hebrew. The specific meanings of individual prepositions can
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be found in a dictionary or lexicon.
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Causal
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~~~~~~
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Causal prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "for" or "because", etc.
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This is a secondary use of the prepositions לְ and עַל.
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@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
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Comparative
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Comparative prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "more than" or "greater than", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition מִן.
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Correlative
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Correlative prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "like", "as", "according to", etc.
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This is the primary use of the preposition כְּ.
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Direct Object
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A rare use of the preposition לְ is to indicate the direct object of the verb. When used in this way,
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the preposition is almost always left untranslated in English.
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@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
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Directional
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Directional prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "to", "toward", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition לְ.
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Explanatory
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Explanatory prepositions are often translated into English with terms such as "as", "for", "to", or it can be left untranslated.
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This is a common use of the preposition לְ.
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Indirect Object
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A common use of the preposition לְ (also אֶל, with verbs of speaking) is to indicate the indirect object or recipient of the verbal action.
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When used in this way, the preposition is usually transated into English with "to" or "for", or it can be left untranslated.
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Instrumental
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Instrumental prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "by", "with", "by means of", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition בְּ.
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Locative
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~~~~~~~~
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Locative prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "to" or "from", etc.
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This is a common use of the prepositions אֶל and מִן.
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Spatial
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~~~~~~~
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Spatial prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "in", "on", "under", "with", "beside", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition בְּ.
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Temporal
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~~~~~~~~
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Temporal prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "in", "at", "until", "before", "after", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition בְּ.
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@ -1,46 +1,18 @@
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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/preposition.rst
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.. _preposition:
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Preposition
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===========
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Summary
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-------
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.. include:: includes/preposition_summary.txt
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.. include:: includes/preposition-summary.rst
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Article
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-------
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Biblical Hebrew has four main prepositions: the prefix בְּ (in, at, by);
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the prefix לְ (to, for); the prefix כְּ (as, like); and the prefix מִ
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(which is a shortened form of the independent preposition מִן, meaning
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"from"). However, there is also a family of other prepositions in
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Biblical Hebrew. It is common in Biblical Hebrew for prepositions to be
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combined together or with a noun to form new words that have their own
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range of meanings (similar to :ref:`compound conjunctions<conjunction-compound>`)
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that may or may not overlap with the meaning of the individual component terms.
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In Biblical Hebrew, prepositions also function to describe the relationship between a
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:ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verbal complement (:ref:`infinitive construct<infinitive_construct>` verbs
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and :ref:`active<participle_active>` or :ref:`passive<participle_passive>` participles) and the :ref:`finite<verb-finite>`
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main verb of a sentence. In some of these instances, the preposition introduces a dependent verbal phrase
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and thus changes its typical meaning. These specialized uses of prepositions are listed in the article
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on :ref:`infinitive construct<infinitive_construct>` verbs.
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.. note:: Of all the different kinds of words, prepositions are perhaps the
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most flexible in their meaning and are often translated in a variety of
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ways, or sometimes even left untranslated. For this reason, prepositions
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must always be translated with great sensitivity to the context of each
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use. A dictionary or lexicon will describe the various possible meanings
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of each preposition, but generally will not include a complete list of
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individual uses.
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.. include:: includes/preposition-article.rst
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.. include:: includes/hebrew/preposition-article-hebrew.rst
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.. include:: includes/note/preposition-meaning.rst
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Form
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----
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.. csv-table:: Prefix Preposition (with and without the definite article)
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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@ -51,19 +23,9 @@ Form
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Types
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-----
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In Biblical Hebrew, there are 11 general types of prepositions: indirect object; spatial; locative; temporal; instrumental;
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correlative; comparative; directional; causal; explanatory; and direct object.
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However, this are also other types of prepositions in Biblical Hebrew. The specific meanings of individual prepositions can
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be found in a dictionary or lexicon.
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.. include:: includes/preposition-categories.rst
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.. _preposition-ind-obj:
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Indirect Object
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A common use of the preposition לְ (also אֶל, with verbs of speaking) is to indicate the indirect object or recipient of the verbal action.
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When used in this way, the preposition is usually transated into English with "to" or "for", or it can be left untranslated.
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.. include:: includes/preposition-ind-obj.rst
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.. csv-table:: GEN 1:5 –– with the prefixed preposition לְ
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@ -80,12 +42,7 @@ When used in this way, the preposition is usually transated into English with "t
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The woman said **to** the serpent
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.. _preposition-spatial:
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Spatial
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~~~~~~~
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Spatial prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "in", "on", "under", "with", "beside", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition בְּ.
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.. include:: includes/preposition-spatial.rst
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.. csv-table:: GEN 2:7 –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ
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@ -102,12 +59,7 @@ This is a common use of the preposition בְּ.
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The Spirit of God was moving **above** the surface of the waters.
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.. _preposition-locative:
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Locative
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~~~~~~~~
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Locative prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "to" or "from", etc.
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This is a common use of the prepositions אֶל and מִן.
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.. includes:: preposition-locative.rst
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.. csv-table:: GEN 8:9 –– with the prefixed preposition לְ
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@ -124,12 +76,7 @@ This is a common use of the prepositions אֶל and מִן.
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Therefore Yahweh God sent him out **from** the garden of Eden
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.. _preposition-temporal:
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Temporal
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~~~~~~~~
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Temporal prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "in", "at", "until", "before", "after", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition בְּ.
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.. include:: includes/preposition-temporal.rst
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.. csv-table:: GEN 1:1 –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ
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@ -146,12 +93,7 @@ This is a common use of the preposition בְּ.
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**until** you return to the ground
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.. _preposition-instrumental:
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Instrumental
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Instrumental prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "by", "with", "by means of", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition בְּ.
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.. include:: includes/preposition-instrumental.rst
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.. csv-table:: GEN 3:19 –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ
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@ -168,12 +110,7 @@ This is a common use of the preposition בְּ.
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She said "I have produced a man **with** Yahweh's help.
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.. _preposition-correlative:
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Correlative
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Correlative prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "like", "as", "according to", etc.
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This is the primary use of the preposition כְּ.
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.. include:: includes/preposition-correlative.rst
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.. csv-table:: GEN 4:17 –– with the prefixed preposition כְּ
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@ -190,12 +127,7 @@ This is the primary use of the preposition כְּ.
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So Abram went **as** Yahweh had told him to do
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.. _preposition-comparative:
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Comparative
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Comparative prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "more than" or "greater than", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition מִן.
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.. include:: includes/preposition-comparative.rst
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.. csv-table:: Gen 29:30 –– with the prefixed preposition מִן
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@ -212,12 +144,7 @@ This is a common use of the preposition מִן.
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Now the serpent was **more** shrewd **than** any other beast of the field
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.. _preposition-directional:
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Directional
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Directional prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "to", "toward", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition לְ.
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.. include:: includes/preposition-directional.rst
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.. csv-table:: ISA 51:6 –– with the prefixed preposition לְ
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@ -234,12 +161,7 @@ This is a common use of the preposition לְ.
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and looked down **toward** Sodom
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.. _preposition-causal:
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Causal
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~~~~~~
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Causal prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "for" or "because", etc.
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This is a secondary use of the prepositions לְ and עַל.
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.. include:: includes/preposition-causal.rst
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.. csv-table:: GEN 4:6 –– with the prefixed preposition לְ
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@ -256,12 +178,7 @@ This is a secondary use of the prepositions לְ and עַל.
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The men of this place will kill me **to get** Rebekah
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.. _preposition-explanatory:
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Explanatory
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Explanatory prepositions are often translated into English with terms such as "as", "for", "to", or it can be left untranslated.
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This is a common use of the preposition לְ.
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.. include:: includes/preposition-explanatory.rst
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.. csv-table:: GEN 1:14 –– with the prefixed preposition לְ
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@ -278,13 +195,7 @@ This is a common use of the preposition לְ.
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I took her to be my wife
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.. _preposition-dir-obj:
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Direct Object
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A rare use of the preposition לְ is to indicate the direct object of the verb. When used in this way,
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the preposition is almost always left untranslated in English.
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.. include:: includes/preposition-dir-obj.rst
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.. csv-table:: 1 CHR 29:22
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וַיַּמְלִ֤יכוּ שֵׁנִית֙ לִשְׁלֹמֹ֣ה בֶן־דָּוִ֔יד
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