Joel's edits to UHG v.1 (#398)
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@ -15,16 +15,9 @@ Article
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-------
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In Bibical Hebrew, adjectives always match the noun they describe in
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gender
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(:ref:`gender_masculine`
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or
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:ref:`gender_feminine`)
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and number
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(:ref:`number_singular`
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or
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:ref:`number_plural`).
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However, there are some exceptions to this rule. If a noun is
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:ref:`number_dual`,
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gender (:ref:`masculine<gender_masculine>` or :ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`)
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and number (:ref:`singular<number_singular>` or :ref:`plural<number_plural>`).
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However, there are some exceptions to this rule. If a noun is :ref:`dual<number_dual>`,
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its accompanying adjective will be plural. Also, the gender of some
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nouns does not match their apparent form (as in נָשִׁים "women", which is
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grammatically-feminine although it appears grammatically-masculine); in
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@ -38,7 +31,7 @@ Form
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----
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The forms of the adjective closely resemble the forms of the
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:ref:`noun_common`.
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:ref:`common noun<noun_common>`.
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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@ -70,13 +63,13 @@ describes a noun
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The most common use of adjectives in Biblical Hebrew is to describe a noun. There are two kinds of adjective that function in this way, attributive adjectves and predicative adjectives. In almost all
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instances, an attributive adjective immediately follows the noun that it
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describes and has the same form in gender, number, and :ref:`definiteness`.
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describes and has the same form in gender, number, and :ref:`definiteness<definiteness>`.
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Thus, if the noun is masculine, the adjective is also masculine. If the noun is singular, the adjective is
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also singular. If the noun is definite, the adjective is also definite; and so on.
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.. note:: When an :ref:`adjective_cardinal_number` or an
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:ref:`adjective_ordinal_number` is used as attributive
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adjectives, sometimes it comes *before* the noun it describes
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.. note:: When a :ref:`cardinal<adjective_cardinal_number>` or an
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:ref:`ordinal<adjective_ordinal_number>` number functions as an attributive
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adjective, sometimes it comes *before* the noun it describes
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instead of *after* the noun.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 18:17
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@ -95,12 +88,10 @@ also singular. If the noun is definite, the adjective is also definite; and so o
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.. _adjective-predicative:
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Predicative adjectives are adjectives that describe nouns using a
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:ref:`verb-linking`
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verb. Often the linking verb is not present in the Hebrew text and must be
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supplied when translating into English. Like attributive adjectives, a predicative adjective usually has the same form as the noun it
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describes in both gender (masculine/feminine) and number
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(singular/plural). Unlike attributive adjectives, however, a predicative
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Predicative adjectives are adjectives that describe nouns using a :ref:`linking verb<verb-linking>`.
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Often the linking verb is not present in the Hebrew text and must be supplied when translating into English.
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Like attributive adjectives, a predicative adjective usually has the same form as the noun it
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describes in both gender and number. Unlike attributive adjectives, however, a predicative
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adjective can be indefinite even if it describes a definite noun.
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.. note:: Sometimes, predicative adjectives and attributive adjectives look
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@ -120,12 +111,12 @@ adjective can be indefinite even if it describes a definite noun.
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**Good** word-of\_Yahweh that you-spoke.
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The word of Yahweh that you have spoken is **good**.
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.. _adjective-substantive:
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.. _adjective-nominal:
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functions as a noun
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Rather than describing a noun, sometimes in a sentence an adjective itself functions as a noun. This is a called a substantive adjective.
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Rather than describing a noun, sometimes an adjective itself functions as a noun in the sentence. This is called a nominal adjective.
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 3:2
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@ -141,10 +132,12 @@ Rather than describing a noun, sometimes in a sentence an adjective itself funct
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Therefore thus he-says **holy-of** Israel
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"Therefore the **Holy One** of Israel says,"
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.. _adjective-adverbial:
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functions as an adverb
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Sometimes an adjective functions as an adverb, meaning that it describes a verb instead of a noun.
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Sometimes an adjective functions as an adverb, meaning that it describes a verb instead of a noun. This is called an adverbial adjective.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 21:10
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@ -156,6 +149,8 @@ Sometimes an adjective functions as an adverb, meaning that it describes a verb
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Other Uses
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~~~~~~~~~~
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.. _adjective-comparative:
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compares two or more items
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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@ -207,21 +202,21 @@ Biblical Hebrew utilizes different ways to strengthen an adjective to
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its greatest degree ("the smallest", "the greatest", etc.). This is called a superlative adjective.
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Usually, the superlative meaning of an adjective must be determined from the context.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 16:11 –– adjective with the :ref:`preposition_definite_article`
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 16:11 –– adjective with the :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>`
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עֹ֚וד שָׁאַ֣ר הַקָּטָ֔ן
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'owd sha'ar **haqqatan**
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Still remains **the-young**
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There remains yet **the youngest**
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.. csv-table:: Example: MIC 7:4 –– adjective with a :ref:`suffix_pronominal`
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.. csv-table:: Example: MIC 7:4 –– adjective with a :ref:`pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>`
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טוֹבָ֣ם כְּחֵ֔דֶק
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**tovam** kehedeq
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**good-their** like-brier
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**the best of them** is like a brier
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.. csv-table:: Example: SNG 1:8 –– adjective with a prepositional phrase
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.. csv-table:: Example: SNG 1:8 –– adjective with a :ref:`prepositional<preposition>` phrase
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הַיָּפָ֖ה בַּנָּשִׁ֑ים
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**hayyafah** bannashim
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@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Definiteness in Biblical Hebrew serves both a semantic and pragmatic function.
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1) to designate a specific person/thing, or a class of person(s)/thing(s) that are intrinsically definite;
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2) to match a noun to its accompanying descriptor (often with adjectives or participles);
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3) to introduce a relative clause (often with participles); and/or
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4) to indicate a :ref:`superlative<adjective_superlative>` or :ref:`demonstrative<pronoun_demonstrative>` (especially in regard to time) referent.
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4) to indicate a :ref:`superlative<adjective-superlative>` or :ref:`demonstrative<pronoun_demonstrative>` (especially in regard to time) referent.
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However, these are only general designations and do not represent a comprehesive list.
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The concept of definiteness works differently in various languages; therefore, definite/indefinite terms
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should always be translated from Biblical Hebrew into other languages with great sensitivity
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@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ Function of definiteness
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refers to a specific person, thing, or idea
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. _definiteness_demonstrative:
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.. _definiteness-demonstrative:
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 19:14 -– "the night" = tonight
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@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ refers to a specific person, thing, or idea
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You-will-become-son-in-law to-me **the day**.
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**Today** you will be my son-in-law.
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.. _definiteness_superlative:
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.. _definiteness-superlative:
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Sometimes a definite adjective can indicate a :ref:`superlative<adjective_superlative>` member of a group.
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@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ When the definite article is used in front of a
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it refers to the person(s) doing the action described by the verb and is translated very much like a :ref:`particle_relative`.
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The definite article is used in this way usually with non-finite verbal forms (infinitives or participles) and only rarely with finite verbs.
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with a :ref:`verb-non-finite` verb
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with a :ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verb
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 8:19
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@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ with a :ref:`verb-non-finite` verb
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to-Yahweh **the-appeared** to-him
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"to Yahweh, **who had appeared** to him"
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with a :ref:`verb-finite` verb
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with a :ref:`finite<verb-finite>` verb
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 10:24
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