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Joel's edits to UHG v.1 (#459)
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Joel D. Ruark
Gogs
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@ -80,8 +80,6 @@ This phase is nearly complete.
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#### Items to evaluate:
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* Add the following to parsing morphology? causal particle; conditional particle; discourse particle; compound conjunction; particle of existence; particle of non-existence
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* Separate "preposition with definite article" (Rd) into two distinct morphological items, "preposition" (R) + "definite article" (Td)?
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* Re-evaluate: should the category "determined state" be included in the grammar, or should this be called "definite" instead? There is potential for confusion with Aramaic here. In Hebrew, the "determined state" and "definite" are one and the same thing, but in Aramaic they are not. Perhaps we should use the term "definite" in UHG in order to avoid confusion with the "determined state" in the UAG.
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* Parsing for questionable terms:
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H17 – interjection;
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H24 – common noun, masculine;
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@ -8,13 +8,14 @@ Pronoun
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Summary
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-------
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A pronoun is a word that refers to a person or a thing in an indirect way.
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A pronoun is a word that indirectly refers to a person or a thing. For example: "John" is a proper name, "man" is a common noun,
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and "he" is a pronoun; but all three terms can refer to the same person named "John".
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Article
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-------
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In Biblical Hebrew, pronouns can function as either a :ref:`noun<noun>`, an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`, or a :ref:`relative particle<particle_relative>`.
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For example, the personal pronoun "he" can be used to refer to a man instead of the :ref:`definite<definiteness>` noun "the man".
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In Biblical Hebrew, a pronoun can function as a :ref:`noun<noun>` (personal pronouns), an :ref:`adjective<adjective>` (demonstrative pronouns),
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or a :ref:`relative particle<particle_relative>` (relative pronouns).
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Types
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@ -22,35 +23,35 @@ Types
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Biblical Hebrew contains the following five types of pronouns.
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:ref:`Demonstrative pronoun<pronoun_demonstrative>`
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:ref:`Demonstrative<pronoun_demonstrative>` pronoun
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. include:: pronoun_demonstrative.rst
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:start-after: -------
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:end-before: Article
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:ref:`Indefinite pronoun<pronoun_indefinite>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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:ref:`Indefinite<pronoun_indefinite>` pronoun
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. include:: pronoun_indefinite.rst
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:start-after: -------
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:end-before: Article
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:ref:`Interrogative pronoun<pronoun_interrogative>`
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:ref:`Interrogative<pronoun_interrogative>` pronoun
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. include:: pronoun_interrogative.rst
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:start-after: -------
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:end-before: Article
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:ref:`Personal pronoun<pronoun_personal>`
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:ref:`Personal<pronoun_personal>` pronoun
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. include:: pronoun_personal.rst
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:start-after: -------
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:end-before: Article
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:ref:`Relative pronoun<pronoun_relative>`
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:ref:`Relative<pronoun_relative>` pronoun
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. include:: pronoun_relative.rst
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@ -8,17 +8,13 @@ Pronoun Demonstrative
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Summary
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-------
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Demonstrative pronouns replace or qualify nouns. "This," "that,"
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"these," and "those" are common translations.
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Demonstrative pronouns specifically refer to a person or thing that is presumed familiar to the reader or listener.
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Demonstrative pronouns are usually translated into English with the words "this", "that", "these", or "those".
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Article
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-------
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A demonstrative pronoun is a
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:ref:`pronoun`
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that refers to a
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:ref:`noun`
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or noun phrase that is presumed familiar to the reader or listener. For
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A demonstrative :ref:`pronoun` refers to a :ref:`noun` or phrase that is presumed familiar to the reader or listener. For
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example if it has been mentioned earlier in the sentence. It can also
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function as a demonstrative
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:ref:`adjective`,
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@ -32,21 +28,9 @@ even if they can additionally have a :ref:`particle_definite_article`.
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Form
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----
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In English there are four common demonstrative pronouns that distinguish
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between
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:ref:`number_singular`
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and
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:ref:`number_plural`,
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as well as near and distant: this, these, that, those. In Hebrew the
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same distinctions are made, and on top of that there are
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:ref:`gender_masculine`
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and
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:ref:`gender_feminine`
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forms for each of those (with the exception of the plural, near
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demonstratives which has a
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`common <https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/master/content/gender_common/01.md>`__
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form). Their gender and number are based on the word they replace,
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modify, or refer to.
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Biblical Henrew contains four common demonstrative pronouns that have separate endings for :ref:`singular<number_singular>`
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and :ref:`plural<number_plural>`, as well as :ref:`masculine<gender_masculine>` and :ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`.
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Demonstrative pronouns in Biblical Hebrew do not have separate forms for first, second, or third person.
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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@ -63,14 +47,14 @@ Paradigm
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masculine plural far,הֵם / הֵמָּה,hemmah / hem,those
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feminine plural far,הֵנָּה,hennah,those
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Note, the "far" forms are identical to the :ref:`pronoun_personal`,
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Note, the "far" forms are identical to the :ref:`personal pronoun<pronoun_personal>`,
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so context will decide how to understand that word.
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Function
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--------
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Replaces a person
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Functions as a noun
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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First / second mention
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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@ -106,8 +90,8 @@ group interacting with each other.
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And-it-called **this** to\_\ **this**
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And **each one** called to **another**
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Qualifies a person
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Apposition to a noun
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When a demonstrative pronoun qualifies a person, it is for emphasis or
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to draw attention to the presence of that person.
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@ -119,36 +103,16 @@ to draw attention to the presence of that person.
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the-you **this** my-son
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you are my **true** son
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 19:5
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וְהִנֵּֽה־\ **זֶ֤ה** מַלְאָךְ֙
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wehinneh-\ **zeh** mal'akh
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And-behold **this** angel
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Suddenly an angel
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Functions as an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Qualifies a noun
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Predicative
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^^^^^^^^^^^
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The demonstrative pronoun usually precedes the noun if it is
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predicative. The preceding demonstrative pronoun does not have the
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definite article, but the noun does.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 4:14
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זֶ֤ה הַיּוֹם֙
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**zeh** hayyom
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**this** the-day
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**this** is the day
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:ref:`adjective-attributive`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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:ref:`Attributive<adjective-attributive>` use
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When it is used as an attributive adjective, the demonstrative pronoun
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often follows the noun, and both the noun and adjective can have a
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:ref:`particle_definite_article`.
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:ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 18:23
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@ -167,10 +131,27 @@ article.
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our-business **this**
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**this** business of ours
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.. _pronoun_demonstrative-function-like-a-relative-pronoun:
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 19:5
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Function like a :ref:`pronoun_relative`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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וְהִנֵּֽה־\ **זֶ֤ה** מַלְאָךְ֙
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wehinneh-\ **zeh** mal'akh
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And-behold **this** angel
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Suddenly an angel
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:ref:`Predicative<adjective-predicate>` use
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 4:14
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זֶ֤ה הַיּוֹם֙
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**zeh** hayyom
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**this** the-day
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**this** is the day
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.. _pronoun_demonstrative-relative:
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Functions as a :ref:`relative particle<particle_relative>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 74:2
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@ -186,8 +167,8 @@ Function like a :ref:`pronoun_relative`
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Leviathan **this**\ \_you-formed
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"Leviathan, **which** you formed"
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Redundant
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^^^^^^^^^
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Redundant use
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The demonstrative pronoun does not always need to be translated.
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@ -8,19 +8,17 @@ Pronoun Relative
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Summary
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-------
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Relative pronouns refer to or introduce nouns or phrases in relative
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clauses. They can be translated as “who,” “that,” “which,” "when," or
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"where."
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Relative pronouns are pronouns which function as a relative particle, that is, to introduce words or phrases that describe a noun.
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Relative pronouns are translated into English as “who", “that", “which", "when", or "where".
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Article
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-------
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Most relative clauses use :ref:`particle_relative`
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rather than relative pronouns. The main relative pronoun is זוּ, and it
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is most commonly used in poetry.
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In Biblical Hebrew, the terms "relative pronoun" and :ref:`"relative particle"<particle_relative>` are two different names for
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the same thing. Either term is grammatically correct.
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Intorducing a dependent clause
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------------------------------
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זוּ
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----
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 15:13
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@ -30,10 +28,10 @@ Intorducing a dependent clause
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people you have rescued
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זֶה
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~~~
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----
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זֶה can also be used as a relative pronoun, but it is actually a
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:ref:`pronoun_demonstrative-function-like-a-relative-pronoun`.
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זֶה is a :ref:`demonstrative<pronoun_demonstrative>` pronoun which sometimes functions as a
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:ref:`relative particle<particle_relative>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 78:54
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@ -41,3 +39,23 @@ Intorducing a dependent clause
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har-\ **zeh** qonthah yeminow
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mountain\_\ **which** has-acquired his-right-hand
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to this mountain **that** his right hand acquired.
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זוֹ / זֹה
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-------
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The two feminine :ref:`demonstratives<pronoun_demonstrative>` זֹה and זוֹ can also function as a :ref:`relative particle<particle_relative>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: ??? ??:??
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הַר־\ **זֶ֝֗ה** קָנְתָ֥ה יְמִינֹֽו׃
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har-\ **zeh** qonthah yeminow
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mountain\_\ **which** has-acquired his-right-hand
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to this mountain **that** his right hand acquired.
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.. csv-table:: Example: ??? ??:??
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הַר־\ **זֶ֝֗ה** קָנְתָ֥ה יְמִינֹֽו׃
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har-\ **zeh** qonthah yeminow
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mountain\_\ **which** has-acquired his-right-hand
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to this mountain **that** his right hand acquired.
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