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Joel's edits to UHG v.1 (#380)
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Joel D. Ruark
Gogs
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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Adverb
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Summary
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-------
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An adverb is a word that describes the verb, or sometimes describes the
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An adverb is a word that describes a verb, or sometimes describes a
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sentence as a whole. Some
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:ref:`particle`\s
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in Biblical Hebrew are closely related to adverbs.
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@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ of time or an adverb of place, etc.
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Many particles are closely related to adverbs in Biblical Hebrew. A
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general rule is that when a particle occurs after the verb, it functions
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as an adverb; but when a particle appears before the verb, then it
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functions in some other way (usually as a conjunction or a discourse particle). But
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this rule is not universal; both adverbs and adverbial particles
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sometimes appear before the verb rather than after the verb, as in the
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functions in some other way (usually as a conjunction or a discourse marker). But
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this rule is not universal; sometimes both adverbs and particles
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can appear before the verb rather than after the verb, as in the
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example below (GEN 32:11).
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Adverbs of place
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----------------
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describes place or location
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---------------------------
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 22:5
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@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ Adverbs of place
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And-porticos **surrounding surrounding** length
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There were also porticos **all around** the inner wall
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Adverbs of time
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---------------
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describes time
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--------------
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 32:11
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@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ Adverbs of time
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**Then** he-began to-call-out in-name-of Yahweh
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**At that time** people began to call on the name of Yahweh.
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Adverbs of quantity
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-------------------
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describes quantity
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------------------
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 31:41
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@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ Adverbs of quantity
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from\_the-heavens"
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The angel of Yahweh called to Abraham **a second time** from heaven
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Adverbs of manner
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-----------------
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describes manner of action
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--------------------------
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.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 21:14
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@ -118,6 +118,42 @@ Adverbs of manner
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**bitterly** cries there hero.
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even brave soldiers will cry **loudly**.
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describes an entire clause or sentence
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--------------------------------------
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 9:4 –– אַךְ as a restrictive adverb
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אַךְ־בָּשָׂ֕ר בְּנַפְשׁ֥וֹ דָמ֖וֹ לֹ֥א תֹאכֵֽלוּ׃
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**'akh**-basar benafsho damo lo thokhelu
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**However**\ \_meat in-its-life its-blood not you-shall-eat
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**But** you must not eat meat with its life—that is its blood—in it.
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.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 12:2 –– רַ֥ק as a restrictive adverb
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הֲרַ֤ק אַךְ־בְּמֹשֶׁה֙ דִּבֶּ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה
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**haraq** 'akh-bemosheh dibber yehwah
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**only** really\_with-Moses spoken Yahweh
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"Is Moses the **only** one to whom Yahweh has spoken messages to tell
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to us?"
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.. csv-table:: Example: DEU 15:5 –– רַ֥ק as a restrictive adverb
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רַ֚ק אִם־שָׁמ֣וֹעַ תִּשְׁמַ֔ע בְּק֖וֹל יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ
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**raq** 'im-shamoa' tishma' beqol yehwah 'eloheykha
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**only** if\_listening you-will-listen to-voice-of Yahweh your-God
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if **only** you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God
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functions as a noun
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-------------------
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In Biblical Hebrew, sometimes an adverb functions as a noun rather than functioning to describe the verb.
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 65:16
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יִשָּׁבַ֖ע בֵּאלֹהֵ֣י אָמֵ֑ן
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he-will-swear by-God-of **Amen**
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Whoever ... will swear by me, the God of **truth**
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.. note:: Because there are not many direct adverbs in Biblical Hebrew, other kinds of words often function as adverbs.
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@ -194,232 +230,3 @@ Nouns functioning as adverbs
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'ohavem **nedavah**
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I-will-love **free**
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I will love them **freely**
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--------------
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***Editor's note (Joel): this material is for deletion.***
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לֹא
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~~~
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לֹא is for general negation, especially in a verbal clause.
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 6:9
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וְלֹ֤א שָֽׁמְעוּ֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה
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**welo** shame'u 'el-mosheh
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**and-not** they-listened to\_Moses
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**but** they **did not** believe what Moses said
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.. csv-table:: Example: PRO 1:29
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וְיִרְאַ֥ת יְ֝הֹוָ֗ה **לֹ֣א** בָחָֽרוּ
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weyir'ath yehowah **lo** vaharu
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and-fear Yahweh **not** they-chose
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and **did not** choose the fear of Yahweh
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אַל
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~~~
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אַל is used for negative
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:ref:`verb_imperative`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 35:17
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וַתֹּ֨אמֶר לָ֤הּ הַמְיַלֶּ֙דֶת֙ **אַל**\ ־תִּ֣ירְאִ֔י
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wattomer lah hamyalledeth **'al**-tire'i
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and-she-said to-her the midwife **not** you-will-fear
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"the midwife said to Rachel, ""**Do not** be afraid"""
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.. csv-table:: Example: NEH 4:5 (NEH 3:37 in Hebrew)
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וְאַל־תְּכַס֙ עַל־עֲוֺנָ֔ם
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**we'al**-tekhas 'al-'awonam
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**And-not**\ \_you-will-cover over\_their-iniquity
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**Do not** take away their guilt
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אֵין/אַיִן
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~~~~~~~~~~
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אֵין/אַיִן for "there is not".
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.. csv-table:: Example: DEU 28:29
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וְאֵ֥ין מוֹשִֽׁיעַ׃
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**we'en** moshia'
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**and-not** to-save-you
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**and there will not be anyone** to help you.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 6:1
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אֵ֥ין יוֹצֵ֖א וְאֵ֥ין בָּֽא׃
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**'en** yotse we'en ba
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**No-one** going-out and-no-one coming-in.
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**No one** could go enter or leave the city.
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בַּל
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~~~~
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- בַּל is a negative adverb used in poetry.
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 10:6
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אָמַ֣ר בְּ֭לִבּוֹ **בַּל**\ ־אֶמּ֑וֹט
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'amar belibbo **bal**-'emmot
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"He-says in-his-heart **not** I-will-fail"""
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"In his mind he thinks, ""**Nothing** bad can happen to me!"""
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בְּלִי֙
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~~~~~~~
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- בְּלִי֙ is a negative adverb usually used in poetry.
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 19:3 (PSA 19:4 in Hebrew)
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בְּ֝לִ֗י נִשְׁמָ֥ע קוֹלָֽם׃
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**beli** nishma' qolam
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**not** it-is-heard their-voice.
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There is **no** sound from them for anyone to hear.
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בִּלְתִּ֣י
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~~~~~~~~~~
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- בִּלְתִּ֣י can mean "not," "except," or "unless"
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 43:3
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לֹֽא־תִרְא֣וּ פָנַ֔י **בִּלְתִּ֖י** אֲחִיכֶ֥ם אִתְּכֶֽם׃
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lo-thir'u fanay **bilti** 'ahikhem 'ittekhem
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Not\_you-will-see my-face **unless** your-brother with-you.
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"I will not let you see me again **if** you come and your younger
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brother is **not** with you."
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emphasis
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~~~~~~~~
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In Hebrew, adverbs of negation can combine with another negative word to
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add emphasis.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 1:3
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הַֽמִבְּלִ֤י **אֵין**\ ־אֱלֹהִים֙ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל
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hamibbeli **'en**-'elohim beyisra'el
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Because **there-is-no**\ \_God in-Israel
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Is it because **there is no** God in Israel?
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:6
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וַתִּתֵּ֧ן **גַּם**\ ־לְאִישָׁ֛הּ עִמָּ֖הּ וַיֹּאכַֽל׃
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wattitten **gam**-le'ishah 'immah wayyokhal
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And-she-gave **also** to-her-husband with-her and-he-ate.
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"Then she gave some to her husband, and he ate it."
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Here the smooth translation does not represent the word גַּם.
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גַּם ... גַּם can mean "both... and"
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 44:16
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גַּם־אֲנַ֕חְנוּ **גַּ֛ם** אֲשֶׁר־נִמְצָ֥א הַגָּבִ֖יעַ בְּיָדֽוֹ׃
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**gam**-'anahnu **gam** 'asher-nimtsa haggavia' beyado
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**both**\ \_we **and** who it-was-found the-cup in-his-hand
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**both** we **and** the one in whose sack the cup was found.
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Emphatic
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''''''''
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- גַּם can mean "even"
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 4:9
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"וְהָיָ֡ה אִם־לֹ֣א יַאֲמִ֡ינוּ **גַּם֩** לִשְׁנֵ֨י הָאֹת֜וֹת הָאֵ֗לֶּה
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וְלֹ֤א יִשְׁמְעוּן֙"
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"wehayah 'im-lo ya'aminu **gam** lishne ha'othoth ha'elleh welo
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yishme'un"
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"And-it-is if\_not they-believe **even** in-two-of the-signs the-these
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and-not they-listen"
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"But if they do not believe you or listen to what you say even after
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you show them these two miracles"
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Here the smooth translation does not represent the word גַּם.
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Rhetorical
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''''''''''
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 27:33
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וָאֲבָרֲכֵ֑הוּ **גַּם**\ ־בָּר֖וּךְ יִהְיֶֽה׃
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wa'avarakhehu **gam**-barukh yihyeh
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And-I-will-bless-him **indeed** being-blessed he-will-be.
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I cannot take back that blessing.
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Here the smooth translation does not represent the word גַּם.
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Correlative
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'''''''''''
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- גַּם can mean "on one's part"
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 12:13
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גַּם־יְהוָ֛ה הֶעֱבִ֥יר חַטָּאתְךָ֖
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**gam**-yehwah he'evir hattathekha
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**on his part** Yahweh has-passed-over your-sin
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Yahweh has overlooked your sin.
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Here the smooth translation does not represent the word גַּם.
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Concessive
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''''''''''
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- גַּם can show contrast
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 1:15
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גַּ֛ם כִּֽי־תַרְבּ֥וּ תְפִלָּ֖ה אֵינֶ֣נִּי שֹׁמֵ֑עַ
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**gam** ki-tharbu thefillah 'enenni shomea'
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**Even** though\_you-make-many prayer not-I I-will-listen
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"**Even** though you offer many prayers, I will not listen."
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אַךְ
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^^^^
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Restrictive
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'''''''''''
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- אַךְ can mean "only" or "however"
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 9:4
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אַךְ־בָּשָׂ֕ר בְּנַפְשׁ֥וֹ דָמ֖וֹ לֹ֥א תֹאכֵֽלוּ׃
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**'akh**-basar benafsho damo lo thokhelu
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**However**\ \_meat in-its-life its-blood not you-shall-eat
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**But** you must not eat meat with its life—that is its blood—in it.
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רַ֥ק
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^^^^
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Restrictive
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'''''''''''
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- רַ֥ק can mean "only"
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.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 12:2
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הֲרַ֤ק אַךְ־בְּמֹשֶׁה֙ דִּבֶּ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה
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**haraq** 'akh-bemosheh dibber yehwah
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**only** really\_with-Moses spoken Yahweh
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"Is Moses the **only** one to whom Yahweh has spoken messages to tell
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to us?"
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Emphatic
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''''''''
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- רַ֥ק can mean "if only"
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.. csv-table:: Example: DEU 15:5
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רַ֚ק אִם־שָׁמ֣וֹעַ תִּשְׁמַ֔ע בְּק֖וֹל יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ
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**raq** 'im-shamoa' tishma' beqol yehwah 'eloheykha
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**only** if\_listening you-will-listen to-voice-of Yahweh your-God
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if **only** you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God
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