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Joel's edits to UHG v.1 (#392)
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Joel D. Ruark
Gogs
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405d169382
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@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ the definite article, and "account" or "events" is therefore also definite.
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"These were **the events** concerning the heavens and the earth, when
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they were created"
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In the above example, "Egypt" is an intrinsically definite word and
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In the example below, "Egypt" is an intrinsically definite word and
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"land" is therefore also definite.
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.. csv-table:: Example: DEU 10:19
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@ -185,56 +185,40 @@ Function of definiteness
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.. _state_determined-demonstrative:
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Demonstrative
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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refers to a specific person, thing, or idea
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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In these instances the definite article has the same function as a
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:ref:`pronoun_demonstrative`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 19:14 - the night = this night = tonight
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 19:14 -– "the night" = tonight
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אַיֵּ֧ה הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖יךָ הַלָּ֑יְלָה
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'ayyeh ha'anashim 'asher-ba'u 'eleykha **hallaylah**
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Where the-men who\_came-in to-you **the-night**
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Where are the men that came in to you **tonight**?
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 18:21 - the day = this day = today
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 18:21 -– "the day" = today
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תִּתְחַתֵּ֥ן בִּ֖י **הַיֹּֽום**\ ׃
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tithhatten bi **hayyowm**
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You-will-become-son-in-law to-me **the day**.
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**Today** you will be my son-in-law.
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Possessive
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^^^^^^^^^^
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Sometimes a definite adjective can indicate a specific member of a group.
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In this case the definite article has the same function as a :ref:`suffix_pronominal`.
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The person or group to whom the object or objects belong is always
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mentioned in the immediate context.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 16:11
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.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 4:15
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עֹ֚וד שָׁאַ֣ר **הַקָּטָ֔ן** וְהִנֵּ֥ה רֹעֶ֖ה בַּצֹּ֑אן
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'owd sha'ar **haqqatan** wehinneh ro'eh batson
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Still remains **the-youngest** and-see tending to-the-sheep.
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"There remains yet **the youngest**, but he is tending the sheep."
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"וַיָּ֣הָם יְ֠הוָה אֶת־סִֽיסְרָ֨א וְאֶת־כָּל־הָרֶ֧כֶב
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וְאֶת־כָּל־הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֛ה"
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"wayyahom yehwah 'eth-sisera we'eth-kol-harekhev
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we'eth-kol-\ **hammahaneh**"
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"And-he-confused Yahweh [dir.obj]\_Sisera
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and-[dir.obj]\_all\_the-chariots and-[dir.obj]\_all\_\ **the-army**."
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"Yahweh made Sisera's army confused, all his chariots, and all **his
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army**."
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.. csv-table:: Example: SNG 1:8
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 16:23
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הַיָּפָ֖ה בַּנָּשִׁ֑ים
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**hayyafah** bannashim
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**the-fair** among-the-women
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**the fairest** among women
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וְלָקַ֥ח דָּוִ֛ד אֶת־הַכִּנּ֖וֹר
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welaqah dawid 'eth-**hakkinnor**
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and-he-took David [dir.obj]\_**the-harp**
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David took **his harp**
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Already mentioned
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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If an item has been mentioned before, it can take the article later as a
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short reference.
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Sometimes a definite term refers to an item that has been mentioned previously in some way, either directly or indirectly.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 3:24
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@ -257,8 +241,33 @@ short reference.
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"I said, ""Let them put a clean turban on his head!"" So they set **a
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clean turban** on his head"
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Well known fact
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 4:15
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"וַיָּ֣הָם יְ֠הוָה אֶת־סִֽיסְרָ֨א וְאֶת־כָּל־הָרֶ֧כֶב
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וְאֶת־כָּל־הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֛ה"
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"wayyahom yehwah 'eth-sisera we'eth-kol-harekhev
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we'eth-kol-\ **hammahaneh**"
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"And-he-confused Yahweh [dir.obj]\_Sisera
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and-[dir.obj]\_all\_the-chariots and-[dir.obj]\_all\_\ **the-army**."
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"Yahweh made Sisera's army confused, all his chariots, and all **his
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army**."
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 16:23
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וְלָקַ֥ח דָּוִ֛ד אֶת־הַכִּנּ֖וֹר
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welaqah dawid 'eth-**hakkinnor**
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and-he-took David [dir.obj]\_**the-harp**
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David took **his harp**
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Sometimes a definite term refers to an unidentified item with the assumption that the reader already understands the referent,
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either from the context of the narrative or from simple knowledge of the world.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 8:7
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וַיְשַׁלַּ֖ח אֶת־הָֽעֹרֵ֑ב
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wayshallah 'eth-**ha'orev**
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He-sent [dir.obj]\_**the-raven**
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He sent out **a raven**
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 22:6
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@ -271,33 +280,6 @@ Well known fact
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"Then Abraham took the wood for the burnt offering ... he took in his
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own hand **the fire** and **the knife**"
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Vocative
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^^^^^^^^
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Vocative means that you speak to someone directly. In older English this
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is sometimes done with "oh", in modern English there is no special way
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to mark direct address.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 17:58
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בֶּן־מִ֥י אַתָּ֖ה הַנָּ֑עַר
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ben-mi 'attah **hanna'ar**
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Son-of\_whom you **the-young-man**
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"Whose son are you, **young man**?"
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 6:26
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הוֹשִׁ֖יעָה אֲדֹנִ֥י הַמֶּֽלֶךְ
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hoshi'ah 'adoni **hammelekh**
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Help my-lord **the-king**
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"Help, my master, **king**"
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Unique objects
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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A small number of unique objects in the universe (almost) always receive
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a definite article.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 3:22
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וְהַשֶּׁ֖מֶשׁ זָרְחָ֣ה עַל־הַמָּ֑יִם
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@ -305,8 +287,6 @@ a definite article.
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**and-the-sun** shone on\_\ **the-water**.
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**and the sun** reflected on **the water**.
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Unique object: "the sun"
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.. csv-table:: Example: NEH 9:6
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"עָשִׂ֡יתָ אֶֽת־\ **הַשָּׁמַיִם֩** שְׁמֵ֨י **הַשָּׁמַ֜יִם**
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@ -318,13 +298,19 @@ a definite article.
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"You have made **heaven**, **the** highest **heavens**, with all their
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host, and **the earth** and everything on it"
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Unique objects: "the heavens" and "the earth"
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 18:39
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Classes
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^^^^^^^
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יְהוָ֖ה ה֥וּא **הָאֱלֹהִֽים**\ ׃
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yhwh hu **ha'elohim**
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Yahweh he **the-God**.
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"Yahweh, he is **God**!"
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Sometimes a person or a group belongs to a class or a type of people, or
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an object is made of a class or a type of material.
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refers to a general class/category of items
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Sometimes a definite term refers to a general class or category instead to referring to a specific item.
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This can be a general category of people, a general class of objects, a generic type of material, etc.
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Usually the meaning is clear from the context.
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People
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''''''
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@ -351,6 +337,22 @@ People
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:ref:`participle_active`
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(see below).
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Sometimes the definite article is used in this way when a person directly addresses another person.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 17:58
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בֶּן־מִ֥י אַתָּ֖ה הַנָּ֑עַר
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ben-mi 'attah **hanna'ar**
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Son-of\_whom you **the-young-man**
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"Whose son are you, **young man**?"
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 6:26
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הוֹשִׁ֖יעָה אֲדֹנִ֥י הַמֶּֽלֶךְ
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hoshi'ah 'adoni **hammelekh**
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Help my-lord **the-king**
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"Help, my master, **king**"
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Material
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''''''''
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@ -376,15 +378,13 @@ Material
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the things to be made of bronze, iron for the things to be made of
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iron, and wood for the things to be made of wood**."
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With :ref:`adjective`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Matches an :ref:`adjective` to a :ref:`noun`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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:ref:`adjective-attributive`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When a
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In Biblical Hebrew, when a definite
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:ref:`noun_common`
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is followed by an adjective and both words are definite, the adjective describes an attribute of the noun.
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is followed by a definite adjective, the definiteness of both terms shows that they belong together.
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In other words, that particular adjective is describing an attribute of that particular noun.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 21:45
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@ -400,54 +400,17 @@ is followed by an adjective and both words are definite, the adjective describes
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**the-sufferings the-great** which\_saw your-eyes
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**the great sufferings** that your eyes saw
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Indicates an :ref:`adjective-superlative`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When attached to an adjective, the definite article can indicate that the adjective has the strongest possible meaning.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 16:11
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עֹ֚וד שָׁאַ֣ר **הַקָּטָ֔ן** וְהִנֵּ֥ה רֹעֶ֖ה בַּצֹּ֑אן
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'owd sha'ar **haqqatan** wehinneh ro'eh batson
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Still remains **the-youngest** and-see tending to-the-sheep.
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"There remains yet **the youngest**, but he is tending the sheep."
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.. csv-table:: Example: SNG 1:8
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הַיָּפָ֖ה בַּנָּשִׁ֑ים
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**hayyafah** bannashim
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**the-fair** among-the-women
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**the fairest** among women
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Distinctive
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 18:39
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יְהוָ֖ה ה֥וּא **הָאֱלֹהִֽים**\ ׃
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yhwh hu **ha'elohim**
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Yahweh he **the-God**.
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"Yahweh, he is **God**!"
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Generic classes
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 8:7
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וַיְשַׁלַּ֖ח אֶת־הָֽעֹרֵ֑ב
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wayshallah 'eth-**ha'orev**
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He-sent [dir.obj]\_**the-raven**
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He sent out **a raven**
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Relative
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~~~~~~~~
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Introduces a verbal relative clause
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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When the definite article is used in front of a
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:ref:`verb`,
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it functions like a :ref:`particle_relative`.
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it functions very much like a :ref:`particle_relative`.
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It refers to the person(s) doing the action described by the verb.
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The definite article is used in this way usually with non-finite verbal forms (infinitives or participles) and only rarely with finite verbs.
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With :ref:`participle_passive`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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With a :ref:`verb-non-finite` verb
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 12:7
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@ -464,8 +427,8 @@ With :ref:`participle_passive`
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from-their-place"
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**The soldiers hiding in ambush** quickly rushed out of their place
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With :ref:`verb-finite-verb`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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With a :ref:`verb-finite` verb
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 10:24
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