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Update 'content/conjunction/02.md'
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Joel D. Ruark
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# conjunction Article
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Biblical Hebrew contains only one main conjunction (the prefix וְ), but a whole family of other words can also function as conjunctions. Hebrew sentences usually start with a ו (either as a consonant or as shureq vowel). In Biblical Hebrew, conjunctions are often combined with each other to form compound conjunctions. Compound conjunctions should not be considered merely as the sum of the components, but rather as a single grammatical entity with its own range of meanings which may or may not be different than the individual component words.
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Biblical Hebrew contains only one primary conjunction (the prefix וְ), but a whole family of other words can also function as conjunctions. In Biblical Hebrew, conjunctions are often combined with each other to form compound conjunctions. Compound conjunctions should not be considered merely as the sum of the components, but rather as a single grammatical entity with its own range of meanings which may or may not be different than the individual component words.
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## -וְ
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### Form
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Sentences in Biblical Hebrew almost always begin with the conjunction ו (as either a consonant or a shureq vowel). This conjunction וְ ("and") cannot stand alone as an independent word but must be connected to another word as a prefix. This can be a [noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md), a [verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md), a [pronoun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/pronoun/02.md), or a [particle](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle/02.md). The shewa in וְ can lengthen to a vowel, usually pathah (when paired with the definite article) or qamets (when paired with both the article and a ה prefix), but others are also possible.
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Unlike the other conjunctions, the ו cannot stand alone as an independent word, but must be connected to another word as a prefix. This can be a [noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md), a [verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md), a [pronoun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/pronoun/02.md), or a [particle](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle/02.md). This conjunction of often left untranslated when it begins a sentence or clause.
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NOTE: This conjunction is often left untranslated when it begins a sentence or clause, or when it appears within the sequential verbal forms ([Sequential Suffix Conjugation](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb_sequential_perfect/02.md) and [Sequential Prefix Conjugation](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb_sequential_imperfect/02.md)).
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### Form
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In front of a [direct object marker](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle_direct_object_marker/02.md):
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@ -25,7 +27,8 @@ In front of a [direct object marker](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/ma
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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(note: when describing a list, Hebrew often adds the conjunction between every item on the list. In English this does not always have to be translated).
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NOTE: When describing a list in Biblical Hebrew, the conjunction is often added between every item on the list. In English, this does not always have to be translated.
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In front of a [noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md):
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@ -103,8 +106,6 @@ In front of a [personal pronoun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master
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</tbody>
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</table>
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Most verbs that have a ו prefix are not conjunctions, but form a sequential form of the [suffix conjugation](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb_sequential_perfect/02.md) or [prefix conjugation](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb_sequential_imperfect/02.md).
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### Function
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The conjunction וְ can express any of the following meanings:
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@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ This contrasts two different ideas and is usually translated as “but” in Eng
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</table>
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#### Alternative
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This compares two ideas as potentially equivalent and is usually translated as “or” or "nor" in English.
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This compares two ideas as potentially equivalent and is usually translated as “or” in English.
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* EXO 20:10
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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@ -251,7 +252,7 @@ This is the standard alternative conjunction in Biblical Hebrew, usually transla
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## כִּי
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[NOTE: כִּי is one of the most flexible words in Biblical Hebrew in terms of its meaning. It can function either as a conjunction or as a particle, with many different potential meanings. If in doubt, it is recommended to *always* consult a dictionary or lexicon to confirm how the word is being used in any specific instance.]
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The word כִּי is most often used as a causal conjunction (usually translated, "for"), but it is also commonly used as a conditional conjunction (usually translated, "if"). As a general rule, כִּי is usually conditional when it occurs at the beginning of a sentence, and causal when it occurs in the middle (or toward the end) of a sentence.
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The word כִּי is the standard causal conjunction in Biblical Hebrew, and is usually translated as "for" in English. However, it is also commonly used as a conditional conjunction (usually translated, "if"). As a general rule, כִּי is usually conditional when it occurs at the beginning of a sentence, and causal when it occurs in the middle (or toward the end) of a sentence.
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### Causal
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@ -299,8 +300,10 @@ This means to express the result or intended outcome of an action/event. In Engl
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### Conditional
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#### Expresses a real condition
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“if”
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This is also a very common use of the word כִּי in Biblical Hebrew. This conjunction can describe either a hypothetical condition or an actual condition, as determined by the context.
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#### Expresses a hypothetical condition
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A hypothetical condition expresses an imaginary action or event that has not actually happened in reality. This kind of conditional conjunction is usually translated as "if" in English. Hypothetical conditions have potential to convey many different nuances of possibility and/or desirability.
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* 2KI 4:29
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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@ -319,8 +322,8 @@ This means to express the result or intended outcome of an action/event. In Engl
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</tbody>
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</table>
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#### Expresses a temporal condition
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* “when”
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#### Expresses an actual condition
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An actual condition expresses an action or event that has actually happened in reality, and is usually translated as "when" or "while" in English. Usually, this kind of condition indicates something that is happening concurrently with the main action/event being described, or something that has happened in the past in certain circumstances.
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* GEN 27:1
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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@ -361,10 +364,16 @@ The word כִּי can also express other conjunctive meanings, often as an adver
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## אִם
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Like the word כִּי, the word אִם in Biblical Hebrew is also quite flexible in its meaning. If in doubt, it is recommended to always consult a dictionary or lexicon for the exact meaning of the word in any specific instance.
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[NOTE: Like the word כִּי, the word אִם in Biblical Hebrew is also quite flexible in its meaning. If in doubt, it is recommended to always consult a dictionary or lexicon for the exact meaning of the word in any specific instance.]
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### Real condition
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The word אִם is most commonly used as a conditional conjunction and is usually translated as "if" in English.
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The word אִם is the standard conditional conjunction in Biblical Hebrew. It is most often used to describe a hypothetical condition and translated as "if" in English. However, this term can can be nuanced and translated in a variety of specific ways, and it can be joined with several other different particles to form various compound conjunctions. Therefore, this word must be translated always with senstivity to the context to express the correct nuance.
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### Conditional
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#### Expresses a hypothetical condition
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A hypothetical condition expresses an imaginary action or event that has not actually happened in reality. This kind of conditional conjunction is usually translated as "if" in English. Hypothetical conditions have potential to convey many different nuances of possibility and/or desirability.
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* GEN 18:26
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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@ -383,10 +392,7 @@ The word אִם is most commonly used as a conditional conjunction and is usuall
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</tbody>
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</table>
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### Concessive condition
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* “though”
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* JER 15:1
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* JER 15:1 –– hypothetical condition as affirmation of an actual condition
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</tbody>
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</table>
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* JER 15:1 –– hypothetical condition as a threat to express negation
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>אִם</b>־יַעֲמֹ֨ד מֹשֶׁ֤ה וּשְׁמוּאֵל֙ לְפָנַ֔י</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>**'im**-ya'amod mosheh ushemu'el lefanay</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>**Though**_stood Moses and-Samuel before-me</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>**Even if** Moses or Samuel were standing in front of me</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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#### Expresses an actual condition
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An actual condition expresses an action or event that has actually happened in reality, and is usually translated as "when" or "while" in English. Usually, this kind of condition indicates something that is happening concurrently with the main action/event being described, or something that has happened in the past in certain circumstances.
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* NUM 14:??
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיְהִי֙ **כִּֽי**־זָקֵ֣ן יִצְחָ֔ק וַתִּכְהֶ֥יןָ עֵינָ֖יו מֵרְאֹ֑ת</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>wayhiy **ki**-zaqen yitshaq wattikhheyna 'enayw mere'oth</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-it-happened **when**_old Isaac and-were-dim his-eyes from-seeing</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>**When** Isaac was old and his eyes were dim so that he could not see</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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* GEN 27:1
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיְהִי֙ **כִּֽי**־זָקֵ֣ן יִצְחָ֔ק וַתִּכְהֶ֥יןָ עֵינָ֖יו מֵרְאֹ֑ת</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>wayhiy **ki**-zaqen yitshaq wattikhheyna 'enayw mere'oth</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-it-happened **when**_old Isaac and-were-dim his-eyes from-seeing</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>**When** Isaac was old and his eyes were dim so that he could not see</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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### Alternative
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This use of the conjunction אִם is often found in a question and is usually translated as "or" in English.
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