Samuel_Kim_en_uhg/content/number_singular.rst

:github_url: https://git.door43.org/User./uk_uhg/src/branch/master/content/number_однина.rst

.. _number_однина:

Number Singular
===============

Висновок
--------

The однина form of a term refers to a single item, or a collection of items all of the same kind.  

Визначення
----------

In Biblical Hebrew, a word in its однина form usually refers to a single item, or to a collection of items all of the same
kind. For nouns and adjectives, the однина form is the standard form found in a dictionary or lexicon.

Форма
-----

Nouns and adjectives
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

:ref:`Чоловічий<gender_чоловічий>` однина nouns have no special endings.

:ref:`Жіночий<gender_жіночий>` однина nouns usually end in either ־ָה or ־ֶת.

.. csv-table:: Singular Noun Paradigm

  Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
  чоловічий однина absolute,סוּס,sus,stallion
  чоловічий однина construct,סוּס,sus,stallion of
  жіночий однина absolute,סוּסָה,susah,mare
  жіночий однина construct,סוּסַת,susat,mare of

.. csv-table:: Singular Adjective Paradigm

  Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
  чоловічий однина absolute,טוֹב,tov,good
  чоловічий однина construct,טוֹב,tov,good
  жіночий однина absolute,טוֹבָה,tovah,good
  жіночий однина construct,טוֹבַת,tovath,good

Other terms
~~~~~~~~~~~

Besides nouns, a однина term can be recognized by a variety of changes
to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and are hard
to sum up in a simple, helpful way. This paradigm shows a sample of the
kinds of changes that signal a однина form for :ref:`verbs<verb>`, independent :ref:`personal pronouns<pronoun_personal>`,
and :ref:`pronominal suffixes<suffix_pronominal>`.

.. csv-table:: Qal Suffix Conjugation Singular Forms

  Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
  common однина перша особа,קָטַלְתִּי,qatalti,I killed
  друга особа чоловічий однина,קָטַלְתָּ,qatalta,you killed
  друга особа жіночий однина,קָטַלְתְּ,qatalt,you killed
  третя особа чоловічий однина,קָטַל,qatal,he killed
  третя особа жіночий однина,קָטְלָה,qatlah,she killed
  common однина перша особа,אֶקְטֹל,'eqtol,I will kill
  друга особа чоловічий однина,תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,you will kill
  друга особа жіночий однина,תִּקְטְלִי,tiqteli,you will kill
  третя особа чоловічий однина,יִקְטֹל,yiqtol,he will kill
  третя особа жіночий однина,תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,she will kill

.. csv-table:: Independent Personal Pronoun Singular Forms

  Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
  друга особа чоловічий однина,אַתָּה,'attah,you
  друга особа жіночий однина,אַתְּ,'at,you
  третя особа чоловічий однина,הוּא,hu,he / it
  третя особа жіночий однина,הִיא / הִוא,hi / hiw,she / it

.. csv-table:: Direct Object Marker with Pronominal Suffix Singular Forms

  Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
  друга особа чоловічий однина,אֹתְךָ,'othekha,you
  друга особа жіночий однина,אֹתָךְ,'othakh,you
  третя особа чоловічий однина,אֹתוֹ,'otho,him / it
  третя особа жіночий однина,אֹתָהּ,'othah,her / it

.. csv-table:: Pronominal Suffix Singular Forms

  Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
  друга особа чоловічий однина,לְךָ / - ְךָ,lekha / -ekha,(to) you
  друга особа жіночий однина,לָךְ / - ָךְ,lakh / -akh,(to) you
  третя особа чоловічий однина,לוֹ / -וֹ,lo / -o,(to) him
  третя особа жіночий однина,לָהּ / - ָהּ,lah / -ah,(to) her

Приклади
--------

:ref:`Nouns<noun>` marked as однина
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. _number_однина-common:

Common Singular
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. csv-table:: Приклад: ISA 1:3

  יָדַ֥ע שֹׁור֙ קֹנֵ֔הוּ וַחֲמֹ֖ור אֵב֣וּס בְּעָלָ֑יו
  yada' **showr qonehu wahamowr 'evus be'alayw**
  He-knows **ox his-owner and-the-donkey manger-of his-master**
  "The **ox** knows **his owner**, **and the donkey his master's feeding trough**"

:ref:`Proper names<noun_proper_name>` are always однина, but can be either common однина or
:ref:`collective однина<number_однина-collective>`.

.. csv-table:: Приклад: OBA 1:1 –– proper name with common однина

  חֲזֹ֖ון עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה
  hazown **'ovadyah**
  Vision-of **Obadiah**
  The vision of **Obadiah**

.. csv-table:: Приклад: 1SA 29:1 –– proper names with collective однина and common однина

  וְיִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל חֹנִ֔ים בַּעַ֖יִן אֲשֶׁ֥ר **בְּיִזְרְעֶֽאל**\ ׃
  **weyisra'el** honim ba'ayin 'asher **beyizre'el**
  **and-Israel** camped at-the-spring which-is **in-Jezreel**.
  **the Israelites** camped by the spring that is **in Jezreel**.

.. _number_однина-collective:

Collective Singular
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Sometimes a однина noun can refer to an entire kind of item rather than an indiviподвійне entity. For example, the noun עַם
"(people") is однина and refers to an entire group of people as a single unit.

.. csv-table:: Приклад: EXO 6:7 –– collective однина of עַם

  וְלָקַחְתִּ֨י אֶתְכֶ֥ם לִי֙ לְעָ֔ם
  insert transliteration
  And-I-take [dir.obj]-you to-me for-**people**
  I will take you to myself as my **people**

With some nouns, the однина form can be used as either a :ref:`common однина<number_однина-common>` or a collective
однина. For example, the noun עוֹף֙ can mean "bird" or "birds".  

.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 1:21 –– common однина of עוֹף

  וְאֵ֨ת כָּל־ע֤וֹף **כָּנָף֙** לְמִינֵ֔הוּ
  we'eth kol-'of **kanaf** leminehu
  and-[dir.obj] every\_winged **bird** after-its-kind.
  every kind of **bird** that has wings

.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 40:17 –– collective однина of עוֹף

  וְהָע֗וֹף אֹכֵ֥ל אֹתָ֛ם מִן־הַסַּ֖ל מֵעַ֥ל רֹאשִֽׁי
  **weha'of** 'okhel 'otham min-hassal me'al roshi
  **and-the-birds** ate them out-of\_the-basket from-on my-head.
  "**but birds** were eating them from the top basket that was on my
     head"

:ref:`Adjectives<adjective>` marked as однина
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

An adjective (also :ref:`active<participle_active-adjectival>` and :ref:`passive<participle_passive-adjectival>` adjectival
participles) in однина form describes a однина noun (either :ref:`common<number_однина-common>` or
:ref:`collective<number_однина-collective>`).

.. csv-table:: Приклад: 2KI 20:19 –– predicate adjective with common однина

  טֹ֥וב דְּבַר־יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ
  **towv** devar-yehwah 'asher dibbarta
  **Good** word-of\_Йагве that you-spoke.
  The word of Йагве that you have spoken is **good**.

.. csv-table:: Приклад: PRO 28:15 –– adjectival participle with common однина

  אֲרִי־נֹ֭הֵם וְדֹ֣ב שׁוֹקֵ֑ק
  insert transliteration
  lion\_\ **roaring** and-bear **charging**
  Like a **roaring** lion or a **charging** bear 

:ref:`Verbs<verb>` marked as однина
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A :ref:`finite verb<verb-finite>` (and/or :ref:`verbal participle<participle_active-verbal>`) in однина form
indicates that the subject of the verb is однина (either :ref:`common<number_однина-common>` or
:ref:`collective<number_однина-collective>`).

.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 1:20 –– finite verb with collective однина

  וְעוֹף֙ יְעוֹפֵ֣ף עַל־הָאָ֔רֶץ
  insert tranliteration
  and-birds **let-them-fly** on\_[def.art]-earth
  and **let** birds **fly** above the earth

.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 1:11 –– verbal participle with collective однина

  עֵ֚שֶׂב מַזְרִ֣יעַ זֶ֔רַע
  insert transliteration
  herbs **producing** seed
  plants **yielding** seed

Participles marked as однина
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Generally, all :ref:`nominal<participle_active-nominal>` and :ref:`adjectival<participle_active-adjectival>`
participles in множина form use the :ref:`common<number_однина-common>` однина. A :ref:`verbal participle<participle_active-verbal>`
in множина form indicates that the subject of the participle is множина.

.. csv-table:: Приклад: PSA 104:3 –– nominal participle with common однина

  הַֽ֝מְהַלֵּ֗ךְ עַל־כַּנְפֵי־רֽוּחַ
  insert transliteration [NOMINAL PARTICIPLE]
  [def.art]-**walker** on_wings-of_wind
  **you walk** on the wings of the wind
  
.. csv-table:: Приклад: PRO 28:15 –– adjectival participle with common однина

  אֲרִי־נֹ֭הֵם וְדֹ֣ב שׁוֹקֵ֑ק
  insert transliteration
  lion\_\ **roaring** and-bear **charging**
  Like a **roaring** lion or a **charging** bear 

.. csv-table:: Приклад: GEN 1:11 –– verbal participle with collective однина

  עֵ֚שֶׂב מַזְרִ֣יעַ זֶ֔רַע
  insert transliteration
  herbs **producing** seed
  plants **yielding** seed

:ref:`Personal pronouns<pronoun_personal>` and :ref:`pronominal suffixes<suffix_pronominal>` marked as однина
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. csv-table:: Приклад: JER 37:2 –– independent personal pronoun with common однина

  וְלֹ֥א שָׁמַ֛ע **ה֥וּא** וַעֲבָדָ֖יו וְעַ֣ם הָאָ֑רֶץ
  welo shama' **hu** wa'avadayw we'am ha'arets
  and-not he-listened **he** and-his-servants and-people-of the-land
  "but he, his servants, and the people of the land did not listen"

.. csv-table:: Приклад: 2SA 19:4 (2SA 19:1 in Hebrew) –– pronominal suffix with common однина

  בְּנִ֤י אַבְשָׁלֹום֙ בְּנִ֣י בְנִ֣י
  **beni** 'avshalowm **beni veni**
  **My-son** Absalom **my-son my-son**
  "**My son** Absalom, **my son**, **my son**!"