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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/User./uk_uhg/src/branch/master/content/infinitive_absolute.rst
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.. _infinitive_absolute:
Infinitive Absolute
===================
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Висновок
--------
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The infinitive absolute is an extremely flexible non-finite verbal form and can
function as an adverb, a finite verb, a verbal complement, or a noun. Its most common use is to
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express intensity or certainty of verbal action.
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Визначення
----------
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Of all the verbal conjugations in Biblical Hebrew, the Infinitive
Absolute is the simplest in form but the most complex in function,
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demanding the most sensitivity to its context to determine its meaning.
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The Infinitive Absolute is described as being in the :ref: `absolute state<state_absolute>`
because it stands on its own as an independent grammatical entity. The form can appear with the conjunction, but it never occurs in any other kind of construction
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with a prefix or
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:ref: `suffix<suffix>` ,
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an attached preposition, or with a
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:ref: `noun<noun>`
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in a construct chain. The Infinitive Absolute generally has only one
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form in each
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:ref: `stem formation<stem>`
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(Qal, Niphal, Piel, etc.), and it does not conjugate according to
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person, gender, or number like the :ref: `finite<verb-finite>` verb
forms. Grammatically, the Infinitive Absolute is considered a :ref: `non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verbal form but can function as an
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:ref: `adverb<adverb>` ,
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a finite main verb, a verbal complement, or even as a noun. The context must be carefully
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investigated to discern the precise meaning of an infinitive absolute in
each instance.
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Форма
-----
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.. csv-table :: Infinive Absolute Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Синтаксичний аналіз,Іврит,Транслітерація,Переклад
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Qal,קָטוֹל,qatol,kill
Niphal,הִקָּטֹל / נִקְטֹל,hiqqatol / niqtol,be killed
Hiphil,הַקְטֵל,haqtel,cause to kill
Hophal,הָקְטֵל,hoqtel,causing to be killed
Piel,קַטֵּל / קַטֹּל,qattel / qattol,slaughter
Pual,קֻטֹּל,quttol,be slaughtered
Hithpael,הִתְקַטֵּל,hitqattel,kill oneself
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Функція
-------
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The Infinitive Absolute can express the following range of meanings.
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Expresses intensity or certainty of verbal action
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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In most cases, the Infinitive Absolute is paired with a finite verb of
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the same root. When used in this way, the infinitive absolute functions
adverbially, either certifying or intensifying the action of the main
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verb, depending on the context. Normally an infinitive absolute
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precedes the main verb, except with
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:ref: `Imperative<verb_imperative>` verbs
and with
:ref: `participles<participle_active>` ;
in those cases, an infinitive absolute follows.
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The following example shows an infinitive absolute expressing intensity of
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action.
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.. csv-table :: Приклад: GEN 2:16
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מִכֹּ֥ל עֵֽץ־הַגָּ֖ן **אָכֹ֥ל** תֹּאכֵֽל
mikkol 'ets-haggan **'akhol** tokhel
from-every tree-of\_the-garden **eating** you-may-eat
From every tree in the garden you may **freely** eat.
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The following example shows an infinitive absolute expressing certainty of
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action.
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.. csv-table :: Приклад: GEN 2:17
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בְּי֛וֹם אֲכָלְךָ֥ מִמֶּ֖נּוּ **מ֥וֹת** תָּמֽוּת
beyom 'akholkha mimmennu **moth** tamuth
in-day-of your-eating from-it **dying** you-will-die
"on the day that you eat from it, you will **surely** die."
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Functions as a :ref: `finite<verb-finite>` main verb
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The Infinitive Absolute often substitutes for a finite verb. In these
cases, an infinitive absolute can carry an emotive sense and should be
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treated with great sensitivity to the context for precise nuance of
meaning. The examples listed below are not comprehensive, but only
provide a sampling of potential options for the exact meaning.
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.. csv-table :: Приклад: JOB 40:2
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הֲ֭רֹב עִם־שַׁדַּ֣י יִסּ֑וֹר
harov 'im-shadday **yissor**
[quest.]-contend with\_Almighty **faultfinder**
"Should anyone who wishes to criticize **try to correct** the
Almighty?"
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The following example shows an infinitive absolute continuing the action
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of the preceding verb.
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.. csv-table :: Приклад: GEN 41:43
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וְנָת֣וֹן אֹת֔וֹ עַ֖ל כָּל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
**wenathon** 'otho 'al kol-'erets mitsrayim
**and-placing** [dir.obj]-him over whole\_land-of Egypt
Pharaoh **put** him over all the land of Egypt.
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The following example shows an infinitive absolute functioning as an
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emphatic command (either direct or indirect).
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.. csv-table :: Приклад: EXO 20:8
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זָכ֛וֹר אֶת־י֥וֹם הַשַּׁבָּ֖ת
**zakhor** 'eth-yom hashabbath
**Remember** [dir.obj]\_day the-Sabbath
**Remember** the Sabbath day
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The following example shows an infinitive absolute functioning ambiguously
(could be an :ref: `adverb<adverb>` or a finite verb).
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.. csv-table :: Приклад: HOS 10:4
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דִּבְּר֣וּ דְבָרִ֔ים **אָל֥וֹת** שָׁ֖וְא **כָּרֹ֣ת** בְּרִ֑ית
dibberu devarim **'aloth** shawe **karoth** berith
they-speak words **swearing** emptiness **cutting** covenant
"They speak empty words and **make** covenants by **swearing**
falsely."
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Complements the action of the main verb
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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An infinitive absolute (or a pair of infinitive absolutes) can follow a
finite verb of a different root to describe complementary action.
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In the following example, a single infinitive absolute is functioning
adverbially.
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.. csv-table :: Приклад: GEN 30:32
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"אֶֽעֱבֹ֨ר בְּכָל־צֹֽאנְךָ֜ הַיּ֗וֹם **הָסֵ֨ר** מִשָּׁ֜ם כָּל־שֶׂ֣ה׀
נָקֹ֣ד וְטָל֗וּא"
'e'evor bekhol-tsonekha hayyom **haser** misham kol-seh naqod wetalu
"let-me-pass though-all\_your-flock today **turning aside** from-there
every\_sheep speckled and-spotted"
"Let me walk through all your flock today, **removing** from it every
speckled and spotted sheep"
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In the following example, a pair of infinitive absolutes are functioning
adverbially.
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.. csv-table :: Приклад: 1SA 3:12
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בַּיּ֤וֹם הַהוּא֙ אָקִ֣ים ... הָחֵ֖ל וְכַלֵּֽה
bayyom hahu' 'aqim ... **hahel wekhalleh**
in-the-day the-that I-will-carry-out ... **beginning and-ending** .
On that day I will carry out ... **from beginning to end** .
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Expresses progression or continuance of verbal action (הלךְ)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The Infinitive Absolute (and sometimes the
:ref: `Participle<participle_active>` )
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of the specific root הלךְ can be used to express a sense of progression
or continuance of the action of a main verb.
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.. csv-table :: Приклад: Gen 8:3
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וַיָּשֻׁ֧בוּ הַמַּ֛יִם מֵעַ֥ל הָאָ֖רֶץ הָל֣וֹךְ וָשׁ֑וֹב
wayyashuvu hammayim me'al ha'arets **halokh washov**
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"and-they-returned the-waters from-over the-earth **going and-returning** "
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The flood waters receded from off the earth **continually** .
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.. csv-table :: Приклад: 2SA 18:25
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וַיֵּ֥לֶךְ הָל֖וֹךְ וְקָרֵֽב
wayyelekh **halokh weqarev**
and-he-walked **going and-approaching**
The runner came **closer and neared** the city.
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.. csv-table :: Приклад: JDG 14:9
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וַיֵּ֤לֶךְ הָלוֹךְ֙ וְאָכֹ֔ל
wayyelekh **halokh we'akhol**
And-he-walked **going and-eating**
"He ... went on, **eating as he went** "
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Functions as a :ref: `noun<noun>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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This is an extremely rare use of the Infinitive Absolute.
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.. csv-table :: Приклад: ISA 22:13
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"וְהִנֵּ֣ה׀ שָׂשׂ֣וֹן וְשִׂמְחָ֗ה **הָרֹ֤ג** \ ׀ בָּקָר֙ **וְשָׁחֹ֣ט**
צֹ֔אן **אָכֹ֥ל** בָּשָׂ֖ר **וְשָׁת֣וֹת** יָ֑יִן"
"wehinneh sason wesimhah **harog** baqar **weshahot** tson **'akhol**
basar **weshathoth** yayin"
"and-behold joy and-gladness **killing** flesh **and-slaughtering** sheep
**eating** flesh **and-drinking** wine"
"But look, instead, celebration and gladness, **killing** cattle **and
slaughtering** sheep, ** eating** meat ** and drinking** wine"