@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ RUT 1 4 rt4c כְּעֶ֥שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים 1 ten years Ten years aft
RUT 1 5 dbr3 וַתִּשָּׁאֵר֙ הָֽאִשָּׁ֔ה 1 leaving the woman without Naomi was widowed.
RUT 1 6 sa4z figs-explicit שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּשְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב 1 she had heard in the country of Moab “while Naomi was living in Moab she heard.” It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: “she heard from Israel while in the region of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 1 6 ser2 יְהוָה֙ 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
RUT 1 6 v86z פָקַ֤ד ... אֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ 1 had helped his people God saw their need and provided good harvests for them.
RUT 1 6 v86z פָקַ֤ד ... אֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ 1 had helped his people God saw their need and provided good harvests for them.
RUT 1 6 u9q2 וְכַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ 1 her daughters-in-law the women who married Naomi’s sons
RUT 1 7 w7ti figs-idiom וַתֵּלַ֣כְנָה בַדֶּ֔רֶךְ 1 they walked down the road “they walked along the road.” To walk down a road is an expression for walking away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 1 8 fu39 כַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ 1 her daughters-in-law “sons’ wives” or “sons’ widows”
RUT 1 8 lxs2 figs-you אִשָּׁ֖ה 1 each of you Naomi was talking to two people, so languages that have a dual form of “you” would use that throughout her talk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
RUT 1 8 hsf7 לְבֵ֣ית אִמָּ֑הּ 1 to your mother’s house “to the home of each of your mothers”
RUT 1 8 i262 חֶ֔סֶד 1 in loving kindness “kindness” includes the ideas of love, kindness, and faithfulness.
RUT 1 8 g4r8 figs-idiom עִם־הַמֵּתִ֖ים 1 with the dead “to your husbands, who died.” Naomi was referring to her two sons that died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 1 8 g4r8 figs-idiom עִם־הַמֵּתִ֖ים 1 with the dead “to your husbands, who died.” Naomi was referring to her two sons that died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 1 9 pm6y יִתֵּ֤ן ... לָכֶ֔ם 1 May grant you “give you” or “allow you to have”
RUT 1 9 c74v וּמְצֶ֣אןָ מְנוּחָ֔ה 1 that you find rest “Rest” here includes security in marriage.
RUT 1 9 v2vx figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית אִישָׁ֑הּ 1 in the house of her husband with their new husbands, not someone else’s husband. This refers to both a physical house that belongs to the husband, and to the protection from shame by being married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 1 10 mag8 figs-exclusive נָשׁ֖וּב 1 we will return When Orpah and Ruth said “we,” they were referring to themselves and not Naomi. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive “we” would use the exclusive form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
RUT 1 10 bq4j figs-you אִתָּ֥ךְ 1 with you Here “you” is the singular form referring to Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
RUT 1 11 ggi3 figs-rquestion לָ֥מָּה תֵלַ֖כְנָה עִמִּ֑י 1 Why will you go with me? This is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “It does not make sense for you to go with me.” or “You should not go with me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 1 11 q2hn figs-rquestion הַֽעֽוֹד־לִ֤י בָנִים֙ בְּֽמֵעַ֔י וְהָי֥וּ לָכֶ֖ם לַאֲנָשִֽׁים 1 Are there still sons in my womb, that they may become your husbands? Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Obviously it is not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 1 11 q2hn figs-rquestion הַֽעֽוֹד־לִ֤י בָנִים֙ בְּֽמֵעַ֔י וְהָי֥וּ לָכֶ֖ם לַאֲנָשִֽׁים 1 Are there still sons in my womb, that they may become your husbands? Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Obviously it is not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 1 12 dyc4 figs-explicit זָקַ֖נְתִּי מִהְי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ 1 I am too old to have a husband The reason a husband would be important can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “too old to marry again and bear more children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 1 12 kh9g יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 would give birth to sons “bear children” or “deliver baby boys”
RUT 1 13 gmc2 figs-rquestion אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲלָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְבִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ 1 would you therefore wait until they were grown? Would you keep yourselves from having a husband? These are rhetorical questions, which do not expect an answer. Alternate translation: “you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would choose to marry a husband now.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 1 13 gh99 figs-metaphor מַר־לִ֤י מְאֹד֙ 1 It is exceedingly bitter to me Bitterness is a metaphor for grief, and what grieves her can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “It greatly grieves me that you have no husbands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 1 13 z9u3 figs-metonymy יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖י יַד־יְהוָֽה 1 the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me The word “hand” refers to Yahweh’s power or influence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 1 13 gh99 figs-metaphor מַר־לִ֤י מְאֹד֙ 1 It is exceedingly bitter to me Bitterness is a metaphor for grief, and what grieves her can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “It greatly grieves me that you have no husbands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 1 13 z9u3 figs-metonymy יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖י יַד־יְהוָֽה 1 the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me The word “hand” refers to Yahweh’s power or influence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 1 14 n47v figs-idiom וַתִּשֶּׂ֣נָה קוֹלָ֔ן וַתִּבְכֶּ֖ינָה 1 Then they lifted up their voices and cried This means that they cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 1 14 t4sl figs-explicit וְר֖וּת דָּ֥בְקָה בָּֽהּ 1 but Ruth held on to her “Ruth clung to her.” Alternate translation: “Ruth refused to leave her” or “Ruth would not leave her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 1 15 ld6g הִנֵּה֙ ... יְבִמְתֵּ֔ךְ 1 Listen, your sister-in-law “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important, your sister-in-law”
RUT 1 17 sje3 figs-idiom יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִי֙ וְכֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף כִּ֣י 1 May Yahweh do to me, and even more, if This refers to Ruth asking God to punish her if she does not do what she said like the english idiom “God forbid, if.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 1 18 rsq2 וַתֶּחְדַּ֖ל לְדַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶֽיהָ 1 she stopped arguing with her “Naomi stopped arguing with Ruth”
RUT 1 19 j9wa writing-newevent וַיְהִ֗י 1 It happened that “It came about.” This is marking a new story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
RUT 1 19 y3us figs-metonymy כָּל־הָעִיר֙ 1 the entire town The “town” refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “everyone in the town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 1 19 y3us figs-metonymy כָּל־הָעִיר֙ 1 the entire town The “town” refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “everyone in the town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 1 19 xnb3 הֲזֹ֥את נָעֳמִֽי 1 Is this Naomi? Since it has been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem and no longer has her husband and two sons, it is likely the women were expressing doubt as to if this woman was actually Naomi. Treat as a real question, not rhetorical.
RUT 1 20 stw5 אַל־תִּקְרֶ֥אנָה לִ֖י נָעֳמִ֑י 1 Do not call me Naomi The name “Naomi” means “my delight.” Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels her life matches her name.
RUT 1 20 stw5 אַל־תִּקְרֶ֥אנָה לִ֖י נָעֳמִ֑י 1 Do not call me Naomi The name “Naomi” means “my delight.” Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels her life matches her name.
RUT 1 20 swe9 translate-names מָרָ֔א 1 Bitter This is a translation of the meaning of the name. It is also often translated according to its sound as “Mara.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
RUT 1 21 n9zc אֲנִי֙ מְלֵאָ֣ה הָלַ֔כְתִּי וְרֵיקָ֖ם הֱשִׁיבַ֣נִי יְהוָ֑ה 1 I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me home again empty When Naomi left Bethlehem, her husband and two sons were living, and she was happy. Naomi blames Yahweh for the death of her husband and sons, saying that he has caused her to return to Bethlehem without them, and now she is bitter and unhappy.
RUT 1 21 jqx5 עָ֣נָה בִ֔י 1 has testified against me “judged me guilty”
@ -61,10 +61,10 @@ RUT 2 1 b4q7 אִ֚ישׁ גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל 1 a man of great weal
RUT 2 2 am6a ר֨וּת הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 Ruth, the Moabite woman Here the story resumes. You need to see how your language restarts a story after a break.
RUT 2 2 c7rk הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 the Moabite woman This is another way of saying the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab.
RUT 2 2 qt4q וַאֲלַקֳטָּ֣ה בַשִׁבֳּלִ֔ים 1 glean heads of grain “gather kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters” or “pick up kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters”
RUT 2 2 j59b figs-idiom אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 in whose eyes I will find favor The phrase “found favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts and judgement. Alternate translation: “who will grant me permission to glean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 2 2 j59b figs-idiom אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 in whose eyes I will find favor The phrase “found favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts and judgement. Alternate translation: “who will grant me permission to glean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 2 2 ed93 בִתִּֽי 1 my daughter Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother. Make sure it is possible in your language to use this word for someone who is not an actual daughter.
RUT 2 3 ht73 וַיִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔הָ 1 She happened to come Ruth was not aware that the field she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi’s relative Boaz.
RUT 2 4 vys2 וְהִנֵּה־בֹ֗עַז 1 Behold, Boaz The word “behold” alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field. Your language may also have a specific way of introducing important events or characters.
RUT 2 4 vys2 וְהִנֵּה־בֹ֗עַז 1 Behold, Boaz The word “behold” alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field. Your language may also have a specific way of introducing important events or characters.
RUT 2 4 q1lv בָּ֚א מִבֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם 1 came from Bethlehem The fields were an unspecified distance outside of Bethlehem.
RUT 2 4 r4bl יְבָרֶכְךָ֥ יְהוָֽה 1 May Yahweh bless you “give you good things” or “make you happy”
RUT 2 5 a5ht לְמִ֖י הַנַּעֲרָ֥ה הַזֹּֽאת 1 Whose is this young woman? Possible meanings are 1) Boaz was asking about Ruth’s husband or 2) Boaz was asking about Ruth’s parents or current guardians.
@ -73,52 +73,52 @@ RUT 2 7 kj7a הַבַּ֖יִת 1 the house “the hut” or “the shelter.
RUT 2 8 ltk3 figs-rquestion הֲל֧וֹא שָׁמַ֣עַתְּ בִּתִּ֗י 1 Will you not listen to me, my daughter? This can be reworded as a command. Alternate translation: “Listen to me, my daughter” or “Note well what I am telling you, my daughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 2 8 ke9b figs-idiom בִּתִּ֗י 1 my daughter This was a kind way of addressing a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz, so make sure the translation of this does not make it sound like she was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 2 9 jq6n figs-metonymy עֵינַ֜יִךְ בַּשָּׂדֶ֤ה 1 Keep your eyes on the field The eyes represent watching something or paying attention to something. Alternate translation: “Watch only the field” or “Pay attention only to the field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 2 9 xc6u figs-rquestion הֲל֥וֹא צִוִּ֛יתִי אֶת־הַנְּעָרִ֖ים לְבִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑ךְ 1 Have I not instructed the young men not to touch you? Boaz used this question to emphasize what he had already done to help Ruth. Alternate translation: “I have given the men strict instructions ... you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 2 9 ub62 אֶת־הַנְּעָרִ֖ים 1 the young men “young male workers ... young female workers.” The word “men” is used three times to refer to the young men who are harvesting in the field. Some languages can say this using one word, and they have a different word that means young women workers.
RUT 2 9 xc6u figs-rquestion הֲל֥וֹא צִוִּ֛יתִי אֶת־הַנְּעָרִ֖ים לְבִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑ךְ 1 Have I not instructed the young men not to touch you? Boaz used this question to emphasize what he had already done to help Ruth. Alternate translation: “I have given the men strict instructions ... you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 2 9 ub62 אֶת־הַנְּעָרִ֖ים 1 the young men “young male workers ... young female workers.” The word “men” is used three times to refer to the young men who are harvesting in the field. Some languages can say this using one word, and they have a different word that means young women workers.
RUT 2 9 v5e4 לְבִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑ךְ 1 not to touch you Possible meanings are 1) the men were not to harm Ruth or 2) the men were not to stop her from gleaning in his field.
RUT 2 9 ahr7 מֵאֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשְׁאֲב֖וּן הַנְּעָרִֽים 1 from what the young men have drawn To draw water means to pull up water from a well or to take it out of a storage vessel.
RUT 2 10 az6y וַתִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔יהָ וַתִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָה 1 Then she fell on her face and bowed down to the ground These are acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
RUT 2 10 az6y וַתִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔יהָ וַתִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָה 1 Then she fell on her face and bowed down to the ground These are acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
RUT 2 10 ug7p מַדּוּעַ֩ מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּעֵינֶ֨יךָ֙ לְהַכִּירֵ֔נִי וְאָּנֹכִ֖י נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 Why have I found favor in your eyes that you should take notice of me, since I am a foreigner? Ruth is asking a real question.
RUT 2 10 x6f8 נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 foreigner Ruth had pledged her loyalty to the God of Israel in private, but she was known publicly as “the Moabitess.”
RUT 2 11 app6 figs-activepassive הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד לִ֗י 1 It has surely been reported to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People have reported to me” or “People have told me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
RUT 2 11 r44n figs-metonymy וַתֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־עַ֕ם 1 have come to a people Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and religion she did not know. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 2 11 r44n figs-metonymy וַתֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־עַ֕ם 1 have come to a people Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and religion she did not know. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 2 12 x5ct יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם ... פָּעֳלֵ֑ךְ 1 reward your deed “repay you” or “pay you back”
RUT 2 12 s2vm פָּעֳלֵ֑ךְ 1 your deed This is an act of faith, choosing to live with Naomi in Bethlehem and trusting Naomi’s God.
RUT 2 12 gnn5 figs-parallelism וּתְהִ֨י מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּ֜ךְ שְׁלֵמָ֗ה מֵעִ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 may full payment be given to you by Yahweh This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh give back to you even more than you have given” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT 2 12 eh86 figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַחֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־כְּנָפָֽיו 1 under whose wings you have come for refuge Boaz uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them, in order to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 2 13 v2q1 figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֨ן בְּעֵינֶ֤יךָ 1 Let me find favor in your eyes Here “find favor” is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: “Please accept me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 2 12 eh86 figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַחֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־כְּנָפָֽיו 1 under whose wings you have come for refuge Boaz uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them, in order to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 2 13 v2q1 figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֨ן בְּעֵינֶ֤יךָ 1 Let me find favor in your eyes Here “find favor” is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: “Please accept me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 2 13 zc5n וְאָנֹכִי֙ לֹ֣א אֶֽהְיֶ֔ה כְּאַחַ֖ת שִׁפְחֹתֶֽיךָ 1 though I am not like one of your female servants Possible meanings are 1) Ruth was not one of Boaz’s female servants or 2) Ruth did not think her marriage to Naomi’s son granted her any privilege in Bethlehem.
RUT 2 14 yht2 לְעֵ֣ת הָאֹ֗כֶל 1 At mealtime This refers to the noontime meal.
RUT 2 14 p256 וְטָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖ךְ בַּחֹ֑מֶץ 1 dip your piece of bread in the wine vinegar This was a simple meal eaten in the field. People would sit on the ground around a cloth that had a bowl of wine vinegar on it and plates of broken bread. They would dip their bread in the vinegar bowl to wet it and add flavor before they ate it.
RUT 2 14 xr6s בַּחֹ֑מֶץ 1 the wine vinegar a sauce that bread was dipped in. The Israelites further fermented some of their wine to make vinegar.
RUT 2 15 v6wr וַתָּ֖קָם לְלַקֵּ֑ט וַיְצַו֩ בֹּ֨עַז אֶת־נְעָרָ֜יו 1 When she got up to glean, Boaz commanded his young men In the context of the commands, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away not to hear Boaz’s instructions. Alternate translation: “And when Ruth got up to gather up grain, Boaz privately told his young men”
RUT 2 15 v6wr וַתָּ֖קָם לְלַקֵּ֑ט וַיְצַו֩ בֹּ֨עַז אֶת־נְעָרָ֜יו 1 When she got up to glean, Boaz commanded his young men In the context of the commands, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away not to hear Boaz’s instructions. Alternate translation: “And when Ruth got up to gather up grain, Boaz privately told his young men”
RUT 2 15 rct9 וַתָּ֖קָם 1 When she got up “As she stood up”
RUT 2 15 a5z9 גַּ֣ם בֵּ֧ין הָֽעֳמָרִ֛ים 1 even among the bundles Here “even” denotes “above and beyond what one normally does.” Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean around the bundles of grain. People who were gleaning were normally forbidden from working that close to the harvested grain.
RUT 2 16 u6hv שֹׁל־תָּשֹׁ֥לּוּ לָ֖הּ מִן־הַצְּבָתִ֑ים 1 pull out for her some grain from the bundles “take some stalks of grain out of the bundles and leave them for her” or “leave behind stalks of grain for her to collect”
RUT 2 16 nn9l וְלֹ֥א תִגְעֲרוּ־בָֽהּ 1 do not rebuke her “do not cause her shame” or “do not dishonor her”
RUT 2 16 u6hv שֹׁל־תָּשֹׁ֥לּוּ לָ֖הּ מִן־הַצְּבָתִ֑ים 1 pull out for her some grain from the bundles “take some stalks of grain out of the bundles and leave them for her” or “leave behind stalks of grain for her to collect”
RUT 2 16 nn9l וְלֹ֥א תִגְעֲרוּ־בָֽהּ 1 do not rebuke her “do not cause her shame” or “do not dishonor her”
RUT 2 17 h3ap וַתַּחְבֹּט֙ 1 she beat out She separated the edible part of the grain from the hull and stalk, which is thrown away.
RUT 2 17 mq6b translate-bvolume כְּאֵיפָ֥ה שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 about an ephah of barley An ephah is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters. Alternate translation: “about 22 liters of barley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
RUT 2 18 etn8 figs-explicit וַתִּשָּׂא֙ וַתָּב֣וֹא הָעִ֔יר 1 She lifted it up and went into the city It is implied that Ruth carried the grain home. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 2 18 r6sz וַתֵּ֥רֶא חֲמוֹתָ֖הּ 1 Then her mother-in-law saw “Naomi saw”
RUT 2 19 bg28 figs-parallelism אֵיפֹ֨ה לִקַּ֤טְתְּ הַיּוֹם֙ וְאָ֣נָה עָשִׂ֔ית 1 Where have you gleaned today, and where did you work? Naomi said almost the same thing in two different ways to show that she was very interested in knowing what had happened to Ruth that day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT 2 20 p8km בָּר֥וּךְ הוּא֙ לַיהוָ֔ה 1 May he be blessed by Yahweh Naomi is asking God to reward Boaz for his kindness to Ruth and herself.
RUT 2 20 ur7z figs-doublenegatives אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב חַסְדּ֔וֹ 1 who has not forsaken his loving kindness “who has continued to be loyal.” Possible meanings are 1) Boaz remembered his obligations to Naomi as a family member or 2) Naomi is referring to Yahweh, who was acting through Boaz or 3) Yahweh has continued to be faithful to the living and the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
RUT 2 20 ljz3 אֶת־הַחַיִּ֖ים 1 to the living “to the people who are still living.” Naomi and Ruth were the “living.”
RUT 2 20 wjr4 figs-nominaladj וְאֶת־הַמֵּתִ֑ים 1 and to the dead Naomi’s husband and sons were the “dead.” This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective “the dead.” Alternate translation: “the people who have already died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
RUT 2 20 ur7z figs-doublenegatives אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב חַסְדּ֔וֹ 1 who has not forsaken his loving kindness “who has continued to be loyal.” Possible meanings are 1) Boaz remembered his obligations to Naomi as a family member or 2) Naomi is referring to Yahweh, who was acting through Boaz or 3) Yahweh has continued to be faithful to the living and the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
RUT 2 20 ljz3 אֶת־הַחַיִּ֖ים 1 to the living “to the people who are still living.” Naomi and Ruth were the “living.”
RUT 2 20 wjr4 figs-nominaladj וְאֶת־הַמֵּתִ֑ים 1 and to the dead Naomi’s husband and sons were the “dead.” This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective “the dead.” Alternate translation: “the people who have already died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
RUT 2 20 cyy2 figs-parallelism קָר֥וֹב לָ֨נוּ֙ הָאִ֔ישׁ מִֽגֹּאֲלֵ֖נוּ הֽוּא 1 That man is our relative, one of our kinsman-redeemers The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT 2 20 zu5f מִֽגֹּאֲלֵ֖נוּ 1 kinsman-redeemers A kinsman-redeemer was a close male relative who could rescue a childless widow from financial ruin by marrying her and having a child with her. He would also reacquire the land his relatives had lost due to poverty and redeem family members who had sold themselves into slavery.
RUT 2 21 k2lz גַּ֣ם׀ כִּי־אָמַ֣ר אֵלַ֗י 1 Indeed, he also aid to me “He even said to me.” This indicates that what follows is the most important part of Boaz’s words to Ruth.
RUT 2 21 g585 עִם־הַנְּעָרִ֤ים אֲשֶׁר־לִי֙ תִּדְבָּקִ֔ין 1 keep close to my young men Boaz was referring to the physical protection his men can provide her.
RUT 2 21 k2lz גַּ֣ם׀ כִּי־אָמַ֣ר אֵלַ֗י 1 Indeed, he also aid to me “He even said to me.” This indicates that what follows is the most important part of Boaz’s words to Ruth.
RUT 2 21 g585 עִם־הַנְּעָרִ֤ים אֲשֶׁר־לִי֙ תִּדְבָּקִ֔ין 1 keep close to my young men Boaz was referring to the physical protection his men can provide her.
RUT 2 22 f2tw תֵֽצְאִי֙ עִם 1 go out with “work with”
RUT 2 22 bcc4 וְלֹ֥א יִפְגְּעוּ־בָ֖ךְ 1 so that they do not harm you Possible meanings are 1) other workers might abuse Ruth or try to seize her and sleep with her or 2) in another field, the owner might interfere or stop her from gleaning until the end of the harvest.
RUT 2 22 bcc4 וְלֹ֥א יִפְגְּעוּ־בָ֖ךְ 1 so that they do not harm you Possible meanings are 1) other workers might abuse Ruth or try to seize her and sleep with her or 2) in another field, the owner might interfere or stop her from gleaning until the end of the harvest.
RUT 2 23 e2vq וַתִּדְבַּ֞ק 1 she stayed close Ruth worked in Boaz’s fields with his workers during the day, so she would be safe.
RUT 2 23 a7qp וַתֵּ֖שֶׁב אֶת־חֲמוֹתָֽהּ 1 She lived with her mother-in-law Ruth went to Naomi’s home to sleep at night.
RUT 2 23 a7qp וַתֵּ֖שֶׁב אֶת־חֲמוֹתָֽהּ 1 She lived with her mother-in-law Ruth went to Naomi’s home to sleep at night.
RUT 3 intro t4y5 0 # Ruth 03 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Boaz’s integrity<br>Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz’s character is important for this story.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “So that things may go well for you”<br>Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi’s daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
RUT 3 1 r7ar חֲמוֹתָ֑הּ 1 her mother-in-law Naomi is the mother of Ruth’s dead husband.
RUT 3 1 f1uc בִּתִּ֞י 1 My daughter Ruth became Naomi’s daughter by marrying her son and further by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem.
RUT 3 1 nxr8 figs-rquestion הֲלֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־לָ֛ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ ... ־לָֽךְ 1 should I not seek rest for you ... with you? Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: “I must look for a place for you to rest ... for you.” or “I must find a husband to care for you ... for you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 3 1 nxr8 figs-rquestion הֲלֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־לָ֛ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ ... ־לָֽךְ 1 should I not seek rest for you ... with you? Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: “I must look for a place for you to rest ... for you.” or “I must find a husband to care for you ... for you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 3 1 uw2p figs-metaphor לָ֛ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ 1 rest for you Possible meanings are 1) literally in finding a house for her to live in or 2) figuratively in finding a husband to care for her. Naomi probably had both senses in mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 3 2 j31t figs-explicit הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑יו 1 young female workers you were with The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: “female workers you have been with in the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 3 2 j31t figs-explicit הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑יו 1 young female workers you were with The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: “female workers you have been with in the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 3 2 b4h8 figs-rquestion הֲלֹ֥א בֹ֨עַז֙ מֹֽדַעְתָּ֔נוּ 1 is he not our kinsman? Naomi probably used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her. Alternate translation: “he is our relative.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 3 2 nd8v הִנֵּה 1 Look This term indicates that the following statement is very important.
RUT 3 2 ms25 זֹרֶ֛ה 1 winnowing To winnow means to separate grain from the unwanted chaff by tossing both the grain and chaff into the air, allowing the wind to blow the chaff away.
@ -138,26 +138,26 @@ RUT 3 8 xun6 וַיֶּחֱרַ֥ד 1 was startled It is not clear what star
RUT 3 8 c23j figs-idiom וַיִּלָּפֵ֑ת 1 He turned over He looked to see what startled him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 8 e7ui אִשָּׁ֔ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽיו 1 a woman was lying at his feet The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness.
RUT 3 9 wj9e אֲמָתֶ֔ךָ 1 your female servant Ruth spoke with humility to Boaz.
RUT 3 9 xp1b figs-idiom וּפָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֨ךָ֙ עַל־אֲמָ֣תְךָ֔ 1 Spread your cloak over your female servant This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: “Marry me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 9 xp1b figs-idiom וּפָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֨ךָ֙ עַל־אֲמָ֣תְךָ֔ 1 Spread your cloak over your female servant This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: “Marry me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 9 l5g4 גֹאֵ֖ל 1 near kinsman a close relative with special responsibilities toward their extended family
RUT 3 10 bjw9 הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥ךְ הָאַחֲר֖וֹן מִן־הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 you have showed more kindness at the end than at the beginning “even more kindness now than before”
RUT 3 10 bjw9 הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥ךְ הָאַחֲר֖וֹן מִן־הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 you have showed more kindness at the end than at the beginning “even more kindness now than before”
RUT 3 10 e7ka הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥ךְ הָאַחֲר֖וֹן 1 you have showed more kindness at the end This refers to Ruth asking Boaz to marry her. By marrying Naomi’s relative, Ruth would provide for Naomi and demonstrate great kindness to Naomi.
RUT 3 10 cbd3 הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 at the beginning This refers to the way Ruth had earlier provided for her mother-in-law by staying with her and gleaning grain for food for them.
RUT 3 10 n84d figs-idiom לְבִלְתִּי־לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙ 1 because you have not gone after “you have not pursued marriage with.” Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 10 n84d figs-idiom לְבִלְתִּי־לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙ 1 because you have not gone after “you have not pursued marriage with.” Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 3 11 ei93 בִּתִּי֙ 1 my daughter Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman.
RUT 3 12 fvq5 גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽנִּי 1 a kinsman nearer than I It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow.
RUT 3 13 gcl8 figs-explicit אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥ךְ 1 if he will redeem you Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and help carry on his family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 3 13 tkz9 חַי־יְהוָ֑ה 1 as Yahweh lives “as surely as Yahweh lives.” This was a common Hebrew vow.
RUT 3 13 gcl8 figs-explicit אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥ךְ 1 if he will redeem you Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and help carry on his family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 3 13 tkz9 חַי־יְהוָ֑ה 1 as Yahweh lives “as surely as Yahweh lives.” This was a common Hebrew vow.
RUT 3 14 vn8p וַתִּשְׁכַּ֤ב מרגלתו 1 she lay at his feet Ruth slept at Boaz’ feet. They did not have sex.
RUT 3 14 dwx1 בטרום יַכִּ֥יר אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵ֑הוּ 1 before anyone could recognize another person This time of day can be spoken of in terms of darkness. Alternate translation: “while it was still dark”
RUT 3 14 dwx1 בטרום יַכִּ֥יר אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵ֑הוּ 1 before anyone could recognize another person This time of day can be spoken of in terms of darkness. Alternate translation: “while it was still dark”
RUT 3 15 hj1e הַמִּטְפַּ֧חַת 1 shawl a piece of cloth worn over the shoulders
RUT 3 15 f5zg שֵׁשׁ־שְׂעֹרִים֙ 1 six ephahs of barley The actual amount is not stated. It was enough to be considered generous, yet small enough for Ruth to carry alone. Some think it was about 30 kilograms.
RUT 3 15 f5zg שֵׁשׁ־שְׂעֹרִים֙ 1 six ephahs of barley The actual amount is not stated. It was enough to be considered generous, yet small enough for Ruth to carry alone. Some think it was about 30 kilograms.
RUT 3 15 gdn8 וַיָּ֣שֶׁת עָלֶ֔יהָ 1 put it on her The amount of grain was so great that Ruth needed help picking it up to carry it.
RUT 3 15 aj7u וַיָּבֹ֖א הָעִֽיר 1 Then he went into the city Most ancient copies have “he went,” but some have “she went.” There are English versions with both. The better choice is “he went.”
RUT 3 16 s7dr figs-explicit מִי־אַ֣תְּ בִּתִּ֑י 1 How did it go, my daughter? What Ruth meant by this question can be made more clear. Alternate translation: “What happened, my daughter?” or “How did Boaz act toward you?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 3 16 w9p9 אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָֽשָׂה־לָ֖הּ הָאִֽישׁ 1 all that the man had done for her “all that Boaz had done”
RUT 3 17 e9xx אַל־תָּב֥וֹאִי רֵיקָ֖ם 1 Do not go empty-handed “Do not go empty-handed” or “Do not go with nothing” or “Be sure to take something”
RUT 3 18 u5rn אִם־כִּלָּ֥ה הַדָּבָ֖ר 1 finished this thing This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth.
RUT 3 16 s7dr figs-explicit מִי־אַ֣תְּ בִּתִּ֑י 1 How did it go, my daughter? What Ruth meant by this question can be made more clear. Alternate translation: “What happened, my daughter?” or “How did Boaz act toward you?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 3 16 w9p9 אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָֽשָׂה־לָ֖הּ הָאִֽישׁ 1 all that the man had done for her “all that Boaz had done”
RUT 3 17 e9xx אַל־תָּב֥וֹאִי רֵיקָ֖ם 1 Do not go empty-handed “Do not go empty-handed” or “Do not go with nothing” or “Be sure to take something”
RUT 3 18 u5rn אִם־כִּלָּ֥ה הַדָּבָ֖ר 1 finished this thing This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth.
RUT 4 intro pz6m 0 # Ruth 04 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### King David<br>Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel’s greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “You must also take Ruth the Moabitess”<br>Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.<br><br>### “This was the custom in former times”<br>This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down.
RUT 4 1 m4by הַשַּׁעַר֮ 1 the gate “the gate of the city” or “the gate of Bethlehem.” This was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. There was an open area by the gate that was used as a meeting place to discuss community matters.
RUT 4 1 kz1g הַגֹּאֵ֤ל 1 the kinsman-redeemer This was the closest living relative to Elimelek.
RUT 4 4 c6xi נֶ֥גֶד 1 in the presence This would make the transaction legal and binding.
RUT 4 4 lgq1 גְּאָ֔ל 1 redeem it This meant to buy the land to keep it within their family.
RUT 4 4 u548 וְאָנֹכִ֖י אַחֲרֶ֑יךָ 1 I am after you Boaz was the next kinsman in line to redeem the land.
RUT 4 5 ut23 בְּיוֹם־קְנוֹתְךָ֥ ... וּ֠מֵאֵת ... קניתי 1 On the day that you buy ... you must also acquire Boaz uses this expression to inform his relative of the additional responsibility he will have if he buys the land.
RUT 4 5 ut23 בְּיוֹם־קְנוֹתְךָ֥ ... וּ֠מֵאֵת ... קניתי 1 On the day that you buy ... you must also acquire Boaz uses this expression to inform his relative of the additional responsibility he will have if he buys the land.
RUT 4 5 ymn8 figs-synecdoche מִיַּ֣ד נָעֳמִ֑י 1 from the hand of Naomi Here the word “hand” represents Naomi, who owns the field. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
RUT 4 5 dya3 figs-idiom וּ֠מֵאֵת ר֣וּת ... קניתי 1 you must also acquire Ruth “you must also marry Ruth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 4 5 b3ps ר֣וּת ... אֵֽשֶׁת־הַמֵּת֙ 1 Ruth ... the widow of a dead man “Ruth ... the widow of Elimelek’s son”
RUT 4 5 b3sy לְהָקִ֥ים שֵׁם־הַמֵּ֖ת 1 to raise up the name of the dead “that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on the name of her dead husband”
RUT 4 6 sx9k אַשְׁחִ֖ית אֶת־נַחֲלָתִ֑י 1 damaging my own inheritance He would have to give some of his own wealth to the children that Ruth might bear.
RUT 4 6 sa7h גְּאַל־לְךָ֤ אַתָּה֙ אֶת־גְּאֻלָּתִ֔י 1 You redeem for yourself my right of redemption “You redeem it yourself” or “You yourself redeem it instead of me”
RUT 4 5 b3ps ר֣וּת ... אֵֽשֶׁת־הַמֵּת֙ 1 Ruth ... the widow of a dead man “Ruth ... the widow of Elimelek’s son”
RUT 4 5 b3sy לְהָקִ֥ים שֵׁם־הַמֵּ֖ת 1 to raise up the name of the dead “that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on the name of her dead husband”
RUT 4 6 sx9k אַשְׁחִ֖ית אֶת־נַחֲלָתִ֑י 1 damaging my own inheritance He would have to give some of his own wealth to the children that Ruth might bear.
RUT 4 6 sa7h גְּאַל־לְךָ֤ אַתָּה֙ אֶת־גְּאֻלָּתִ֔י 1 You redeem for yourself my right of redemption “You redeem it yourself” or “You yourself redeem it instead of me”
RUT 4 7 wga9 writing-background וְזֹאת֩ 1 Now this was the custom The writer of the book explains of the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 4 7 lgf5 writing-background לְפָנִ֨ים 1 in former times “in earlier times.” This implies that the customs had changed from when the story took place until the book was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 4 7 xdr7 נַעֲל֖וֹ 1 his sandal “his sandal”
RUT 4 7 d46w לְרֵעֵ֑הוּ 1 to the other This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his shoe.
RUT 4 9 zz42 לַזְּקֵנִ֜ים וְכָל־הָעָ֗ם 1 to the elders and to all the people This refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town.
RUT 4 9 img5 כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֶֽאֱלִימֶ֔לֶךְ וְאֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְכִלְי֖וֹן וּמַחְל֑וֹן 1 all that was Elimelek’s and all that was Kilion’s and Mahlon’s This refers to all the land and possessions of Naomi’s dead husband and sons.
RUT 4 9 zz42 לַזְּקֵנִ֜ים וְכָל־הָעָ֗ם 1 to the elders and to all the people This refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town.
RUT 4 9 img5 כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֶֽאֱלִימֶ֔לֶךְ וְאֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְכִלְי֖וֹן וּמַחְל֑וֹן 1 all that was Elimelek’s and all that was Kilion’s and Mahlon’s This refers to all the land and possessions of Naomi’s dead husband and sons.
RUT 4 9 lwx9 figs-synecdoche מִיַּ֖ד נָעֳמִֽי 1 from the hand of Naomi The hand of Naomi represents Naomi. She was responsible for the money exchange. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
RUT 4 10 nm32 לְהָקִ֤ים שֵׁם־הַמֵּת֙ עַל־נַ֣חֲלָת֔וֹ 1 to raise up the name of the dead man through his inheritance The first son that Ruth bore would be legally considered Mahlon’s son and would inherit the land that Boaz bought from Naomi. Alternate translation: “so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man’s property”
RUT 4 10 gg1m figs-metaphor וְלֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַמֵּ֛ת מֵעִ֥ם אֶחָ֖יו 1 so that his name will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place Being forgotten is spoken of as if one’s name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: “so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers’ descendants and the people of this town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 4 10 nm32 לְהָקִ֤ים שֵׁם־הַמֵּת֙ עַל־נַ֣חֲלָת֔וֹ 1 to raise up the name of the dead man through his inheritance The first son that Ruth bore would be legally considered Mahlon’s son and would inherit the land that Boaz bought from Naomi. Alternate translation: “so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man’s property”
RUT 4 10 gg1m figs-metaphor וְלֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַמֵּ֛ת מֵעִ֥ם אֶחָ֖יו 1 so that his name will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place Being forgotten is spoken of as if one’s name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: “so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers’ descendants and the people of this town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 4 10 xpu5 וּמִשַּׁ֣עַר מְקוֹמ֑וֹ 1 the gate of his place The gate of the town is where important legal decisions were made, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land.
RUT 4 11 ua2a הָעָ֧ם אֲשֶׁר־בַּשַּׁ֛עַר 1 the people who were in the gate “people who were meeting together near the gate”
RUT 4 11 hg6q figs-metaphor הַבָּאָ֣ה אֶל־בֵּיתֶ֗ךָ 1 is coming into your house This has literal and figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. House can also refer to becoming part of Boaz’s family by being his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 4 11 ua2a הָעָ֧ם אֲשֶׁר־בַּשַּׁ֛עַר 1 the people who were in the gate “people who were meeting together near the gate”
RUT 4 11 hg6q figs-metaphor הַבָּאָ֣ה אֶל־בֵּיתֶ֗ךָ 1 is coming into your house This has literal and figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. House can also refer to becoming part of Boaz’s family by being his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 4 11 q47m כְּרָחֵ֤ל׀ וּכְלֵאָה֙ 1 like Rachel and Leah These were the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel.
RUT 4 11 cz4t בָּנ֤וּ ... אֶת־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 built up the house of Israel “bore many children who became the nation of Israel”
RUT 4 11 uk9q וַעֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּאֶפְרָ֔תָה 1 may you prosper in Ephrathah Ephrathah is the name of the clan to which Boaz belonged in Bethlehem.
RUT 4 11 cz4t בָּנ֤וּ ... אֶת־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 built up the house of Israel “bore many children who became the nation of Israel”
RUT 4 11 uk9q וַעֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּאֶפְרָ֔תָה 1 may you prosper in Ephrathah Ephrathah is the name of the clan to which Boaz belonged in Bethlehem.
RUT 4 12 fn52 figs-metaphor וִיהִ֤י בֵֽיתְךָ֙ כְּבֵ֣ית 1 May your house be like the house God abundantly blessed Judah through his son Perez. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 4 12 a433 יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽיהוּדָ֑ה 1 Tamar bore to Judah Tamar was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with her, which continued the family name.
RUT 4 12 xym8 מִן־הַזֶּ֗רַע אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לְךָ֔ 1 through the offspring that Yahweh will give you Yahweh would give Boaz children through Ruth.
RUT 4 13 u21g וַיִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ 1 So Boaz took Ruth “Boaz married Ruth” or “Boaz took Ruth as a wife”
RUT 4 12 xym8 מִן־הַזֶּ֗רַע אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לְךָ֔ 1 through the offspring that Yahweh will give you Yahweh would give Boaz children through Ruth.
RUT 4 13 u21g וַיִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ 1 So Boaz took Ruth “Boaz married Ruth” or “Boaz took Ruth as a wife”
RUT 4 13 gw77 figs-euphemism וַיָּבֹ֖א אֵלֶ֑יהָ 1 He went in to her This is a euphemism that refers to having sexual intercourse. Alternate translation: “He had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
RUT 4 14 qj8v figs-doublenegatives לֹ֣א הִשְׁבִּ֥ית לָ֛ךְ גֹּאֵ֖ל הַיּ֑וֹם 1 who has not left you today without a kinsman=redeemer This phrase can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “who has provided you today with a near kinsman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
RUT 4 14 p8p3 וְיִקָּרֵ֥א שְׁמ֖וֹ 1 May his name be famous This refers to the reputation and character of Naomi’s grandson.
RUT 4 15 hz3e לְמֵשִׁ֣יב נֶ֔פֶשׁ 1 a restorer of life This phrase probably refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life as a result of having a new grandson. Alternate translation: “one who brings joy to you again” or “one who will make you feel young again”
RUT 4 15 z5lw וּלְכַלְכֵּ֖ל אֶת־שֵׂיבָתֵ֑ךְ 1 a nourisher of your old age “he will take care of you when you become old”
RUT 4 15 z5lw וּלְכַלְכֵּ֖ל אֶת־שֵׂיבָתֵ֑ךְ 1 a nourisher of your old age “he will take care of you when you become old”
RUT 4 15 rpc3 figs-idiom ט֣וֹבָה לָ֔ךְ מִשִּׁבְעָ֖ה בָּנִֽים 1 better to you than seven sons “Seven” was the Hebrew number of completeness. Naomi’s sons both died before they produced any offspring, but Ruth bore a grandson to Naomi by Boaz. Alternate translation: “better to you than any son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 4 16 k1w4 וַתִּקַּ֨ח נָעֳמִ֤י אֶת־הַיֶּ֨לֶד֙ 1 Naomi took the child This refers to Naomi holding the child. Make sure it does not sound like she took him away from Ruth.
RUT 4 16 k1w4 וַתִּקַּ֨ח נָעֳמִ֤י אֶת־הַיֶּ֨לֶד֙ 1 Naomi took the child This refers to Naomi holding the child. Make sure it does not sound like she took him away from Ruth.
RUT 4 16 jn29 וַתְּשִׁתֵ֣הוּ בְחֵיקָ֔הּ 1 laid him in her bosom “held him close against her chest.” This is a statement of love and affection for the child.
RUT 4 17 fkf2 יֻלַּד־בֵּ֖ן לְנָעֳמִ֑י 1 A son has been born to Naomi “The child is like a son to Naomi.” It was understood that the child was Naomi’s grandson, not her physical son.
RUT 4 17 fkf2 יֻלַּד־בֵּ֖ן לְנָעֳמִ֑י 1 A son has been born to Naomi “The child is like a son to Naomi.” It was understood that the child was Naomi’s grandson, not her physical son.
RUT 4 17 f9ha figs-explicit אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד 1 the father of David “father of King David.” Though “king” is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that David was King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 4 18 mzm1 תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ 1 the descendants of Perez “the successive descendants.” Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez.
“while Naomi was living in Moab she heard.” It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: “she heard from Israel while in the region of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16
RUT
1
6
ser2
יְהוָה֙
1
Yahweh
This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
17
RUT
1
6
v86z
פָקַ֤ד ... אֶת־ עַמּ֔וֹפָקַ֤ד ... אֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ
1
had helped his people
God saw their need and provided good harvests for them.
18
RUT
1
6
u9q2
וְכַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ
1
her daughters-in-law
the women who married Naomi’s sons
19
RUT
1
7
w7ti
figs-idiom
וַתֵּלַ֣כְנָה בַדֶּ֔רֶךְ
1
they walked down the road
“they walked along the road.” To walk down a road is an expression for walking away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
20
RUT
1
8
fu39
כַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ
1
her daughters-in-law
“sons’ wives” or “sons’ widows”
21
RUT
1
8
lxs2
figs-you
אִשָּׁ֖ה
1
each of you
Naomi was talking to two people, so languages that have a dual form of “you” would use that throughout her talk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
22
RUT
1
8
hsf7
לְבֵ֣ית אִמָּ֑הּ
1
to your mother’s house
“to the home of each of your mothers”
23
RUT
1
8
i262
חֶ֔סֶד
1
in loving kindness
“kindness” includes the ideas of love, kindness, and faithfulness.
24
RUT
1
8
g4r8
figs-idiom
עִם־ הַמֵּתִ֖יםעִם־הַמֵּתִ֖ים
1
with the dead
“to your husbands, who died.” Naomi was referring to her two sons that died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
25
RUT
1
9
pm6y
יִתֵּ֤ן ... לָכֶ֔ם
1
May grant you
“give you” or “allow you to have”
26
RUT
1
9
c74v
וּמְצֶ֣אןָ מְנוּחָ֔ה
1
that you find rest
“Rest” here includes security in marriage.
27
RUT
1
9
v2vx
figs-metonymy
בֵּ֣ית אִישָׁ֑הּ
1
in the house of her husband
with their new husbands, not someone else’s husband. This refers to both a physical house that belongs to the husband, and to the protection from shame by being married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
29
RUT
1
10
mag8
figs-exclusive
נָשׁ֖וּב
1
we will return
When Orpah and Ruth said “we,” they were referring to themselves and not Naomi. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive “we” would use the exclusive form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
30
RUT
1
10
bq4j
figs-you
אִתָּ֥ךְ
1
with you
Here “you” is the singular form referring to Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
31
RUT
1
11
ggi3
figs-rquestion
לָ֥מָּה תֵלַ֖כְנָה עִמִּ֑י
1
Why will you go with me?
This is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “It does not make sense for you to go with me.” or “You should not go with me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
Are there still sons in my womb, that they may become your husbands?
Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Obviously it is not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
33
RUT
1
12
dyc4
figs-explicit
זָקַ֖נְתִּי מִהְי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ
1
I am too old to have a husband
The reason a husband would be important can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “too old to marry again and bear more children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
would you therefore wait until they were grown? Would you keep yourselves from having a husband?
These are rhetorical questions, which do not expect an answer. Alternate translation: “you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would choose to marry a husband now.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
36
RUT
1
13
gh99
figs-metaphor
מַר־ לִ֤י מְאֹד֙מַר־לִ֤י מְאֹד֙
1
It is exceedingly bitter to me
Bitterness is a metaphor for grief, and what grieves her can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “It greatly grieves me that you have no husbands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
The word “hand” refers to Yahweh’s power or influence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
38
RUT
1
14
n47v
figs-idiom
וַתִּשֶּׂ֣נָה קוֹלָ֔ן וַתִּבְכֶּ֖ינָה
1
Then they lifted up their voices and cried
This means that they cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
39
RUT
1
14
t4sl
figs-explicit
וְר֖וּת דָּ֥בְקָה בָּֽהּ
1
but Ruth held on to her
“Ruth clung to her.” Alternate translation: “Ruth refused to leave her” or “Ruth would not leave her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
40
RUT
1
15
ld6g
הִנֵּה֙ ... יְבִמְתֵּ֔ךְ
1
Listen, your sister-in-law
“Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important, your sister-in-law”
46
RUT
1
17
sje3
figs-idiom
יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִי֙ וְכֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף כִּ֣י
1
May Yahweh do to me, and even more, if
This refers to Ruth asking God to punish her if she does not do what she said like the english idiom “God forbid, if.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
47
RUT
1
18
rsq2
וַתֶּחְדַּ֖ל לְדַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶֽיהָ
1
she stopped arguing with her
“Naomi stopped arguing with Ruth”
48
RUT
1
19
j9wa
writing-newevent
וַיְהִ֗י
1
It happened that
“It came about.” This is marking a new story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
49
RUT
1
19
y3us
figs-metonymy
כָּל־ הָעִיר֙כָּל־הָעִיר֙
1
the entire town
The “town” refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “everyone in the town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
50
RUT
1
19
xnb3
הֲזֹ֥את נָעֳמִֽי
1
Is this Naomi?
Since it has been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem and no longer has her husband and two sons, it is likely the women were expressing doubt as to if this woman was actually Naomi. Treat as a real question, not rhetorical.
The name “Naomi” means “my delight.” Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels her life matches her name.
52
RUT
1
20
swe9
translate-names
מָרָ֔א
1
Bitter
This is a translation of the meaning of the name. It is also often translated according to its sound as “Mara.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me home again empty
When Naomi left Bethlehem, her husband and two sons were living, and she was happy. Naomi blames Yahweh for the death of her husband and sons, saying that he has caused her to return to Bethlehem without them, and now she is bitter and unhappy.
54
RUT
1
21
jqx5
עָ֣נָה בִ֔י
1
has testified against me
“judged me guilty”
61
RUT
2
2
am6a
ר֨וּת הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה
1
Ruth, the Moabite woman
Here the story resumes. You need to see how your language restarts a story after a break.
62
RUT
2
2
c7rk
הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה
1
the Moabite woman
This is another way of saying the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab.
63
RUT
2
2
qt4q
וַאֲלַקֳטָּ֣ה בַשִׁבֳּלִ֔ים
1
glean heads of grain
“gather kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters” or “pick up kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters”
The phrase “found favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts and judgement. Alternate translation: “who will grant me permission to glean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
65
RUT
2
2
ed93
בִתִּֽי
1
my daughter
Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother. Make sure it is possible in your language to use this word for someone who is not an actual daughter.
66
RUT
2
3
ht73
וַיִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔הָ
1
She happened to come
Ruth was not aware that the field she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi’s relative Boaz.
67
RUT
2
4
vys2
וְהִנֵּה־ בֹ֗עַזוְהִנֵּה־בֹ֗עַז
1
Behold, Boaz
The word “behold” alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field. Your language may also have a specific way of introducing important events or characters.
68
RUT
2
4
q1lv
בָּ֚א מִבֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם
1
came from Bethlehem
The fields were an unspecified distance outside of Bethlehem.
69
RUT
2
4
r4bl
יְבָרֶכְךָ֥ יְהוָֽה
1
May Yahweh bless you
“give you good things” or “make you happy”
70
RUT
2
5
a5ht
לְמִ֖י הַנַּעֲרָ֥ה הַזֹּֽאת
1
Whose is this young woman?
Possible meanings are 1) Boaz was asking about Ruth’s husband or 2) Boaz was asking about Ruth’s parents or current guardians.
73
RUT
2
8
ltk3
figs-rquestion
הֲל֧וֹא שָׁמַ֣עַתְּ בִּתִּ֗י
1
Will you not listen to me, my daughter?
This can be reworded as a command. Alternate translation: “Listen to me, my daughter” or “Note well what I am telling you, my daughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
74
RUT
2
8
ke9b
figs-idiom
בִּתִּ֗י
1
my daughter
This was a kind way of addressing a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz, so make sure the translation of this does not make it sound like she was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
75
RUT
2
9
jq6n
figs-metonymy
עֵינַ֜יִךְ בַּשָּׂדֶ֤ה
1
Keep your eyes on the field
The eyes represent watching something or paying attention to something. Alternate translation: “Watch only the field” or “Pay attention only to the field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
Have I not instructed the young men not to touch you?
Boaz used this question to emphasize what he had already done to help Ruth. Alternate translation: “I have given the men strict instructions ... you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
77
RUT
2
9
ub62
אֶת־ הַנְּעָרִ֖יםאֶת־הַנְּעָרִ֖ים
1
the young men
“young male workers ... young female workers.” The word “men” is used three times to refer to the young men who are harvesting in the field. Some languages can say this using one word, and they have a different word that means young women workers.
78
RUT
2
9
v5e4
לְבִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑ךְ
1
not to touch you
Possible meanings are 1) the men were not to harm Ruth or 2) the men were not to stop her from gleaning in his field.
79
RUT
2
9
ahr7
מֵאֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשְׁאֲב֖וּן הַנְּעָרִֽים
1
from what the young men have drawn
To draw water means to pull up water from a well or to take it out of a storage vessel.
Then she fell on her face and bowed down to the ground
These are acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
Why have I found favor in your eyes that you should take notice of me, since I am a foreigner?
Ruth is asking a real question.
82
RUT
2
10
x6f8
נָכְרִיָּֽה
1
foreigner
Ruth had pledged her loyalty to the God of Israel in private, but she was known publicly as “the Moabitess.”
83
RUT
2
11
app6
figs-activepassive
הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד לִ֗י
1
It has surely been reported to me
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People have reported to me” or “People have told me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
84
RUT
2
11
r44n
figs-metonymy
וַתֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־ עַ֕םוַתֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־עַ֕ם
1
have come to a people
Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and religion she did not know. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
85
RUT
2
12
x5ct
יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם ... פָּעֳלֵ֑ךְ
1
reward your deed
“repay you” or “pay you back”
86
RUT
2
12
s2vm
פָּעֳלֵ֑ךְ
1
your deed
This is an act of faith, choosing to live with Naomi in Bethlehem and trusting Naomi’s God.
This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh give back to you even more than you have given” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
Boaz uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them, in order to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
Here “find favor” is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: “Please accept me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
Possible meanings are 1) Ruth was not one of Boaz’s female servants or 2) Ruth did not think her marriage to Naomi’s son granted her any privilege in Bethlehem.
91
RUT
2
14
yht2
לְעֵ֣ת הָאֹ֗כֶל
1
At mealtime
This refers to the noontime meal.
92
RUT
2
14
p256
וְטָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖ךְ בַּחֹ֑מֶץ
1
dip your piece of bread in the wine vinegar
This was a simple meal eaten in the field. People would sit on the ground around a cloth that had a bowl of wine vinegar on it and plates of broken bread. They would dip their bread in the vinegar bowl to wet it and add flavor before they ate it.
93
RUT
2
14
xr6s
בַּחֹ֑מֶץ
1
the wine vinegar
a sauce that bread was dipped in. The Israelites further fermented some of their wine to make vinegar.
When she got up to glean, Boaz commanded his young men
In the context of the commands, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away not to hear Boaz’s instructions. Alternate translation: “And when Ruth got up to gather up grain, Boaz privately told his young men”
95
RUT
2
15
rct9
וַתָּ֖קָם
1
When she got up
“As she stood up”
96
RUT
2
15
a5z9
גַּ֣ם בֵּ֧ין הָֽעֳמָרִ֛ים
1
even among the bundles
Here “even” denotes “above and beyond what one normally does.” Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean around the bundles of grain. People who were gleaning were normally forbidden from working that close to the harvested grain.
“take some stalks of grain out of the bundles and leave them for her” or “leave behind stalks of grain for her to collect”
98
RUT
2
16
nn9l
וְלֹ֥א תִגְעֲרוּ־ בָֽהּוְלֹ֥א תִגְעֲרוּ־בָֽהּ
1
do not rebuke her
“do not cause her shame” or “do not dishonor her”
99
RUT
2
17
h3ap
וַתַּחְבֹּט֙
1
she beat out
She separated the edible part of the grain from the hull and stalk, which is thrown away.
100
RUT
2
17
mq6b
translate-bvolume
כְּאֵיפָ֥ה שְׂעֹרִֽים
1
about an ephah of barley
An ephah is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters. Alternate translation: “about 22 liters of barley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
101
RUT
2
18
etn8
figs-explicit
וַתִּשָּׂא֙ וַתָּב֣וֹא הָעִ֔יר
1
She lifted it up and went into the city
It is implied that Ruth carried the grain home. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
102
RUT
2
18
r6sz
וַתֵּ֥רֶא חֲמוֹתָ֖הּ
1
Then her mother-in-law saw
“Naomi saw”
103
RUT
2
19
bg28
figs-parallelism
אֵיפֹ֨ה לִקַּ֤טְתְּ הַיּוֹם֙ וְאָ֣נָה עָשִׂ֔ית
1
Where have you gleaned today, and where did you work?
Naomi said almost the same thing in two different ways to show that she was very interested in knowing what had happened to Ruth that day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
104
RUT
2
20
p8km
בָּר֥וּךְ הוּא֙ לַיהוָ֔ה
1
May he be blessed by Yahweh
Naomi is asking God to reward Boaz for his kindness to Ruth and herself.
“who has continued to be loyal.” Possible meanings are 1) Boaz remembered his obligations to Naomi as a family member or 2) Naomi is referring to Yahweh, who was acting through Boaz or 3) Yahweh has continued to be faithful to the living and the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
106
RUT
2
20
ljz3
אֶת־ הַחַיִּ֖יםאֶת־הַחַיִּ֖ים
1
to the living
“to the people who are still living.” Naomi and Ruth were the “living.”
107
RUT
2
20
wjr4
figs-nominaladj
וְאֶת־ הַמֵּתִ֑יםוְאֶת־הַמֵּתִ֑ים
1
and to the dead
Naomi’s husband and sons were the “dead.” This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective “the dead.” Alternate translation: “the people who have already died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
108
RUT
2
20
cyy2
figs-parallelism
קָר֥וֹב לָ֨נוּ֙ הָאִ֔ישׁ מִֽגֹּאֲלֵ֖נוּ הֽוּא
1
That man is our relative, one of our kinsman-redeemers
The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
109
RUT
2
20
zu5f
מִֽגֹּאֲלֵ֖נוּ
1
kinsman-redeemers
A kinsman-redeemer was a close male relative who could rescue a childless widow from financial ruin by marrying her and having a child with her. He would also reacquire the land his relatives had lost due to poverty and redeem family members who had sold themselves into slavery.
Possible meanings are 1) other workers might abuse Ruth or try to seize her and sleep with her or 2) in another field, the owner might interfere or stop her from gleaning until the end of the harvest.
114
RUT
2
23
e2vq
וַתִּדְבַּ֞ק
1
she stayed close
Ruth worked in Boaz’s fields with his workers during the day, so she would be safe.
# Ruth 03 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Boaz’s integrity<br>Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz’s character is important for this story.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “So that things may go well for you”<br>Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi’s daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
117
RUT
3
1
r7ar
חֲמוֹתָ֑הּ
1
her mother-in-law
Naomi is the mother of Ruth’s dead husband.
118
RUT
3
1
f1uc
בִּתִּ֞י
1
My daughter
Ruth became Naomi’s daughter by marrying her son and further by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem.
Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: “I must look for a place for you to rest ... for you.” or “I must find a husband to care for you ... for you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
120
RUT
3
1
uw2p
figs-metaphor
לָ֛ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ
1
rest for you
Possible meanings are 1) literally in finding a house for her to live in or 2) figuratively in finding a husband to care for her. Naomi probably had both senses in mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: “female workers you have been with in the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
122
RUT
3
2
b4h8
figs-rquestion
הֲלֹ֥א בֹ֨עַז֙ מֹֽדַעְתָּ֔נוּ
1
is he not our kinsman?
Naomi probably used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her. Alternate translation: “he is our relative.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
123
RUT
3
2
nd8v
הִנֵּה
1
Look
This term indicates that the following statement is very important.
124
RUT
3
2
ms25
זֹרֶ֛ה
1
winnowing
To winnow means to separate grain from the unwanted chaff by tossing both the grain and chaff into the air, allowing the wind to blow the chaff away.
138
RUT
3
8
c23j
figs-idiom
וַיִּלָּפֵ֑ת
1
He turned over
He looked to see what startled him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
139
RUT
3
8
e7ui
אִשָּׁ֔ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽיו
1
a woman was lying at his feet
The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness.
“you have not pursued marriage with.” Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
147
RUT
3
11
ei93
בִּתִּי֙
1
my daughter
Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman.
148
RUT
3
12
fvq5
גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽנִּי
1
a kinsman nearer than I
It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow.
149
RUT
3
13
gcl8
figs-explicit
אִם־ יִגְאָלֵ֥ךְאִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥ךְ
1
if he will redeem you
Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and help carry on his family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
150
RUT
3
13
tkz9
חַי־ יְהוָ֑החַי־יְהוָ֑ה
1
as Yahweh lives
“as surely as Yahweh lives.” This was a common Hebrew vow.
This time of day can be spoken of in terms of darkness. Alternate translation: “while it was still dark”
153
RUT
3
15
hj1e
הַמִּטְפַּ֧חַת
1
shawl
a piece of cloth worn over the shoulders
154
RUT
3
15
f5zg
שֵׁשׁ־ שְׂעֹרִים֙שֵׁשׁ־שְׂעֹרִים֙
1
six ephahs of barley
The actual amount is not stated. It was enough to be considered generous, yet small enough for Ruth to carry alone. Some think it was about 30 kilograms.
155
RUT
3
15
gdn8
וַיָּ֣שֶׁת עָלֶ֔יהָ
1
put it on her
The amount of grain was so great that Ruth needed help picking it up to carry it.
156
RUT
3
15
aj7u
וַיָּבֹ֖א הָעִֽיר
1
Then he went into the city
Most ancient copies have “he went,” but some have “she went.” There are English versions with both. The better choice is “he went.”
157
RUT
3
16
s7dr
figs-explicit
מִי־ אַ֣תְּ בִּתִּ֑ימִי־אַ֣תְּ בִּתִּ֑י
1
How did it go, my daughter?
What Ruth meant by this question can be made more clear. Alternate translation: “What happened, my daughter?” or “How did Boaz act toward you?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
“Do not go empty-handed” or “Do not go with nothing” or “Be sure to take something”
160
RUT
3
18
u5rn
אִם־ כִּלָּ֥ה הַדָּבָ֖ראִם־כִּלָּ֥ה הַדָּבָ֖ר
1
finished this thing
This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi’s property and marry Ruth.
161
RUT
4
intro
pz6m
0
# Ruth 04 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### King David<br>Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel’s greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “You must also take Ruth the Moabitess”<br>Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.<br><br>### “This was the custom in former times”<br>This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down.
162
RUT
4
1
m4by
הַשַּׁעַר֮
1
the gate
“the gate of the city” or “the gate of Bethlehem.” This was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. There was an open area by the gate that was used as a meeting place to discuss community matters.
163
RUT
4
1
kz1g
הַגֹּאֵ֤ל
1
the kinsman-redeemer
This was the closest living relative to Elimelek.
166
RUT
4
4
c6xi
נֶ֥גֶד
1
in the presence
This would make the transaction legal and binding.
167
RUT
4
4
lgq1
גְּאָ֔ל
1
redeem it
This meant to buy the land to keep it within their family.
168
RUT
4
4
u548
וְאָנֹכִ֖י אַחֲרֶ֑יךָ
1
I am after you
Boaz was the next kinsman in line to redeem the land.
“You redeem it yourself” or “You yourself redeem it instead of me”
176
RUT
4
7
wga9
writing-background
וְזֹאת֩
1
Now this was the custom
The writer of the book explains of the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
177
RUT
4
7
lgf5
writing-background
לְפָנִ֨ים
1
in former times
“in earlier times.” This implies that the customs had changed from when the story took place until the book was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
178
RUT
4
7
xdr7
נַעֲל֖וֹ
1
his sandal
“his sandal”
179
RUT
4
7
d46w
לְרֵעֵ֑הוּ
1
to the other
This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his shoe.
all that was Elimelek’s and all that was Kilion’s and Mahlon’s
This refers to all the land and possessions of Naomi’s dead husband and sons.
182
RUT
4
9
lwx9
figs-synecdoche
מִיַּ֖ד נָעֳמִֽי
1
from the hand of Naomi
The hand of Naomi represents Naomi. She was responsible for the money exchange. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
to raise up the name of the dead man through his inheritance
The first son that Ruth bore would be legally considered Mahlon’s son and would inherit the land that Boaz bought from Naomi. Alternate translation: “so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man’s property”
so that his name will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place
Being forgotten is spoken of as if one’s name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: “so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers’ descendants and the people of this town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
185
RUT
4
10
xpu5
וּמִשַּׁ֣עַר מְקוֹמ֑וֹ
1
the gate of his place
The gate of the town is where important legal decisions were made, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land.
This has literal and figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. House can also refer to becoming part of Boaz’s family by being his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
188
RUT
4
11
q47m
כְּרָחֵ֤ל׀ וּכְלֵאָה֙
1
like Rachel and Leah
These were the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel.
Ephrathah is the name of the clan to which Boaz belonged in Bethlehem.
191
RUT
4
12
fn52
figs-metaphor
וִיהִ֤י בֵֽיתְךָ֙ כְּבֵ֣ית
1
May your house be like the house
God abundantly blessed Judah through his son Perez. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
192
RUT
4
12
a433
יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽיהוּדָ֑ה
1
Tamar bore to Judah
Tamar was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with her, which continued the family name.
This is a euphemism that refers to having sexual intercourse. Alternate translation: “He had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
196
RUT
4
14
qj8v
figs-doublenegatives
לֹ֣א הִשְׁבִּ֥ית לָ֛ךְ גֹּאֵ֖ל הַיּ֑וֹם
1
who has not left you today without a kinsman=redeemer
This phrase can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “who has provided you today with a near kinsman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
197
RUT
4
14
p8p3
וְיִקָּרֵ֥א שְׁמ֖וֹ
1
May his name be famous
This refers to the reputation and character of Naomi’s grandson.
198
RUT
4
15
hz3e
לְמֵשִׁ֣יב נֶ֔פֶשׁ
1
a restorer of life
This phrase probably refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life as a result of having a new grandson. Alternate translation: “one who brings joy to you again” or “one who will make you feel young again”
“Seven” was the Hebrew number of completeness. Naomi’s sons both died before they produced any offspring, but Ruth bore a grandson to Naomi by Boaz. Alternate translation: “better to you than any son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
This refers to Naomi holding the child. Make sure it does not sound like she took him away from Ruth.
202
RUT
4
16
jn29
וַתְּשִׁתֵ֣הוּ בְחֵיקָ֔הּ
1
laid him in her bosom
“held him close against her chest.” This is a statement of love and affection for the child.
203
RUT
4
17
fkf2
יֻלַּד־ בֵּ֖ן לְנָעֳמִ֑ייֻלַּד־בֵּ֖ן לְנָעֳמִ֑י
1
A son has been born to Naomi
“The child is like a son to Naomi.” It was understood that the child was Naomi’s grandson, not her physical son.
204
RUT
4
17
f9ha
figs-explicit
אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד
1
the father of David
“father of King David.” Though “king” is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that David was King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
205
RUT
4
18
mzm1
תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ
1
the descendants of Perez
“the successive descendants.” Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez.
@ -4,17 +4,17 @@ EZR 1 intro dd25 0 # Ezra 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br>
EZR 1 1 p6b4 translate-ordinal וּבִשְׁנַ֣ת אַחַ֗ת 1 In the first year This refers to the beginning of the reign of King Cyrus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EZR 1 1 y7r9 figs-metonymy מִפִּ֣י יִרְמְיָ֑ה 1 by the mouth of Jeremiah Here “mouth” represents speaking. Alternate translation: “Yahweh did what Jeremiah prophesied that Yahweh would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 1 1 l953 יְהוָ֖ה 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
EZR 1 1 fn3a figs-synecdoche יְהוָ֗ה אֶת־ר֨וּחַ֙ כֹּ֣רֶשׁ 1 Yahweh stirred the spirit of Cyrus Here Cyrus is represented by his spirit. This speaks of Yahweh causing Cyrus to want to act as if he “stirred” his spirit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh ... made Cyrus want to act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 1 1 yiq4 figs-metonymy וַיַּֽעֲבֶר־קוֹל֙ בְּכָל־מַלְכוּת֔וֹ 1 his voice went out throughout all his kingdom The voice is a metonym for the message the voice speaks, and the kingdom is a metonym for the people whom a king rules. Alternate translation: “Cyrus sent a message to everyone over whom he ruled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 1 1 fn3a figs-synecdoche יְהוָ֗ה אֶת־ר֨וּחַ֙ כֹּ֣רֶשׁ 1 Yahweh stirred the spirit of Cyrus Here Cyrus is represented by his spirit. This speaks of Yahweh causing Cyrus to want to act as if he “stirred” his spirit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh ... made Cyrus want to act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 1 1 yiq4 figs-metonymy וַיַּֽעֲבֶר־קוֹל֙ בְּכָל־מַלְכוּת֔וֹ 1 his voice went out throughout all his kingdom The voice is a metonym for the message the voice speaks, and the kingdom is a metonym for the people whom a king rules. Alternate translation: “Cyrus sent a message to everyone over whom he ruled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 1 1 x1wz figs-activepassive בְּמִכְתָּ֖ב לֵאמֹֽר 1 what was written was spoken This can be translated in active form. It might be best to translate so the reader understands that other people might have helped Cyrus get the message to the people over whom he ruled. Alternate translation: “what Cyrus wrote and what his messengers read so people could hear them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 1 2 aqj5 figs-hyperbole מַמְלְכ֣וֹת הָאָ֔רֶץ 1 all the kingdoms of the earth Here “all” is an exaggeration, as there were kingdoms over which Cyrus did not rule. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EZR 1 2 gmx4 figs-explicit ל֣וֹ בַ֔יִת ... בִּֽיהוּדָֽה 1 for him a house ... in Judah You may need to make explicit that the house was for people to worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “a house in ... Judea where people can worship him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 1 3 xf34 עַמּ֗וֹ 1 his people the people who belong to Yahweh.
EZR 1 4 t7ux וְכָל־הַנִּשְׁאָ֗ר מִֽכָּל־הַמְּקֹמוֹת֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר ה֣וּא גָֽר־שָׁם֒ יְנַשְּׂא֨וּהוּ֙ אַנְשֵׁ֣י מְקֹמ֔וֹ 1 Whoever survives in any place where he lives, let the people in that place help him Those Israelites who choose to stay where they are should help those who choose to go to Jerusalem physically and financially.
EZR 1 5 s2yg figs-metonymy לְכֹ֨ל הֵעִ֤יר הָאֱלֹהִים֙ אֶת־רוּח֔וֹ לַעֲל֣וֹת 1 with everyone whose spirit God had stirred up to go up Stirring the spirit is a metonym for making someone want to act. See how you translated these words in [Ezra 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “everyone whom God had made want to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 1 4 t7ux וְכָל־הַנִּשְׁאָ֗ר מִֽכָּל־הַמְּקֹמוֹת֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר ה֣וּא גָֽר־שָׁם֒ יְנַשְּׂא֨וּהוּ֙ אַנְשֵׁ֣י מְקֹמ֔וֹ 1 Whoever survives in any place where he lives, let the people in that place help him Those Israelites who choose to stay where they are should help those who choose to go to Jerusalem physically and financially.
EZR 1 5 s2yg figs-metonymy לְכֹ֨ל הֵעִ֤יר הָאֱלֹהִים֙ אֶת־רוּח֔וֹ לַעֲל֣וֹת 1 with everyone whose spirit God had stirred up to go up Stirring the spirit is a metonym for making someone want to act. See how you translated these words in [Ezra 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “everyone whom God had made want to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 1 6 wwg6 חִזְּק֣וּ בִֽידֵיהֶ֔ם 1 strengthened their hands This refers to the work of the people roused by God in the previous verse.
EZR 1 8 m5w3 translate-names מִתְרְדָ֣ת ... לְשֵׁשְׁבַּצַּ֔ר 1 Mithredath ... Sheshbazzar These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 1 8 wc54 figs-metaphor וַיּֽוֹצִיאֵ֗ם ... עַל־יַ֖ד מִתְרְדָ֣ת הַגִּזְבָּ֑ר 1 brought them out by the hand of Mithredath the treasurer Putting an object into someone’s hand is a metaphor for allowing that person to do what he wants with that object. Here the reader should understand that Cyrus expected Mithredath to do what Cyrus wanted him to do. Alternate translation: “put Mithredath the treasurer in charge of them” or “made Mithredath the treasurer responsible for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 1 8 wc54 figs-metaphor וַיּֽוֹצִיאֵ֗ם ... עַל־יַ֖ד מִתְרְדָ֣ת הַגִּזְבָּ֑ר 1 brought them out by the hand of Mithredath the treasurer Putting an object into someone’s hand is a metaphor for allowing that person to do what he wants with that object. Here the reader should understand that Cyrus expected Mithredath to do what Cyrus wanted him to do. Alternate translation: “put Mithredath the treasurer in charge of them” or “made Mithredath the treasurer responsible for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 1 8 w8rk הַגִּזְבָּ֑ר 1 treasurer official in charge of money
EZR 1 9 hu9c 1 General Information: This is a list of numbered items.
EZR 2 21 iu4s figs-explicit בְּנֵ֣י בֵֽית־לָ֔חֶם 1 The sons of Bethlehem This begins to list the number of people whose ancestors had lived in towns in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 2 21 iu4s figs-explicit בְּנֵ֣י בֵֽית־לָ֔חֶם 1 The sons of Bethlehem This begins to list the number of people whose ancestors had lived in towns in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 2 22 v2ky translate-names נְטֹפָ֖ה 1 Netophah This is the name of a town in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 2 23 l5x8 translate-numbers 0 General Information: This continues the list people who returned from the exile along with the number in each group whose ancestors came from the places listed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EZR 2 62 yiq1 כְתָבָ֛ם הַמִּתְיַחְשִׂ֖ים 1 the records of their ancestry the records that told who their ancestors were
EZR 2 62 jis4 וְלֹ֣א נִמְצָ֑אוּ 1 but they were not found “could not find their names in the records of the priests”
EZR 2 62 qt2w figs-activepassive וַֽיְגֹאֲל֖וּ מִן־הַכְּהֻנָּֽה 1 they were excluded from the priesthood as defiled This can be translated in active form. The abstract noun “priesthood” can be translated as the verb “work as priests.” Alternate translation: “the other priests treated them as if they were unclean and did not allow them to work as priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 2 62 qt2w figs-activepassive וַֽיְגֹאֲל֖וּ מִן־הַכְּהֻנָּֽה 1 they were excluded from the priesthood as defiled This can be translated in active form. The abstract noun “priesthood” can be translated as the verb “work as priests.” Alternate translation: “the other priests treated them as if they were unclean and did not allow them to work as priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 2 62 x8ns וַֽיְגֹאֲל֖וּ 1 so they were excluded ... as defiled not fit to be priests
EZR 2 63 n2du לְאוּרִ֥ים וּלְתֻמִּֽים 1 Urim and Thummim two items like dice that the priests used to decide what God wanted them to do
EZR 2 64 a73j כָּל־הַקָּהָ֖ל 1 whole group This means the whole group that returned back to the land of Judah from the exile.
EZR 2 64 i9g9 translate-numbers אַרְבַּ֣ע רִבּ֔וֹא אַלְפַּ֖יִם שְׁלֹשׁ־מֵא֥וֹת שִׁשִּֽׁים 1 42360 “forty-two thousand three hundred and sixty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EZR 2 64 a73j כָּל־הַקָּהָ֖ל 1 whole group This means the whole group that returned back to the land of Judah from the exile.
EZR 2 64 i9g9 translate-numbers אַרְבַּ֣ע רִבּ֔וֹא אַלְפַּ֖יִם שְׁלֹשׁ־מֵא֥וֹת שִׁשִּֽׁים 1 42360 “forty-two thousand three hundred and sixty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EZR 2 66 t7kb translate-numbers 0 General Information: This is a list of the animals along with the numbers of each kind that returned with the people from the exile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EZR 2 69 qh93 translate-bmoney זָהָ֗ב דַּרְכְּמוֹנִים֙ 1 gold darics A “daric” was a small gold coin used by the Persian Empire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
EZR 2 69 ln9c translate-bweight מָנִ֖ים 1 minas A mina is a unit of weight. One mina equals 550 grams. Minas are normally linked with measuring silver. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EZR 2 69 h3zd וְכָתְנֹ֥ת 1 tunics garments worn next to the skin
EZR 2 70 w7fw בְּעָרֵיהֶ֑ם וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּעָרֵיהֶֽם 1 and all Israel lived in their cities Everyone went back to their home towns in Judea. Not everyone resettled in Jerusalem.
EZR 2 70 w7fw בְּעָרֵיהֶ֑ם וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּעָרֵיהֶֽם 1 and all Israel lived in their cities Everyone went back to their home towns in Judea. Not everyone resettled in Jerusalem.
EZR 3 intro rp9a 0 # Ezra 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins the story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of worship in the new temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Rebuilding the temple<br>They immediately began the temple worship, even though the temple had not yet been built because they feared the people of the surrounding nations.<br>
EZR 3 1 a2ka translate-hebrewmonths הַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י 1 the seventh month This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. It is at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the early rain season. It is during the last part of September and the first part of October on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EZR 3 1 hwv6 figs-simile כְּאִ֥ישׁ אֶחָ֖ד 1 as one man One man is in only one place and has only one purpose. Alternate translation: “for one purpose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
@ -116,17 +116,17 @@ EZR 3 2 ua8i יֵשׁ֨וּעַ 1 Jeshua This is the name of a man. Translate t
EZR 3 2 gq2e translate-names שְׁאַלְתִּיאֵל֙ 1 Shealtiel This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 3 2 yy1u figs-metaphor וַיָּקָם֩ ... וַיִּבְנ֕וּ 1 rose up and built Standing up is a metaphor for beginning to act. Alternate translation: “began to act and built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 3 2 eg3w figs-activepassive כַּכָּת֕וּב בְּתוֹרַ֖ת מֹשֶׁ֥ה 1 as it is written in the law of Moses This can be translated in active form. You may need to make explicit whom and what Yahweh had commanded. Alternate translation: “as Yahweh had commanded them to do in the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 3 3 t8y7 וַיָּכִ֤ינוּ הַמִּזְבֵּ֨חַ֙ עַל־מְכ֣וֹנֹתָ֔יו 1 they set the altar on its foundation “mounted the altar on its stand” or “placed the altar on its stand so it would stay there”
EZR 3 3 t8y7 וַיָּכִ֤ינוּ הַמִּזְבֵּ֨חַ֙ עַל־מְכ֣וֹנֹתָ֔יו 1 they set the altar on its foundation “mounted the altar on its stand” or “placed the altar on its stand so it would stay there”
EZR 3 3 bk73 figs-idiom בְּאֵימָ֣ה עֲלֵיהֶ֔ם 1 dread was on them This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “they were very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EZR 3 3 c33h figs-explicit מֵעַמֵּ֖י הָאֲרָצ֑וֹת 1 because of the people of the land You may need to make explicit what it was about the people of the land that made the Jews afraid. Alternate translation: “because they thought the people of the land wanted to attack them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 3 3 a9a2 ויעל עָלָ֤יו עֹלוֹת֙ לַֽיהוָ֔ה עֹל֖וֹת לַבֹּ֥קֶר וְלָעָֽרֶב 1 They offered on it burnt offerings to Yahweh, both the morning and evening burnt offerings One of the first things the people did was to begin offering sacrifices. This was before the temple was rebuilt.
EZR 3 4 iej2 figs-explicit אֶת־חַ֥ג הַסֻּכּ֖וֹת 1 the Festival of Shelters This is a festival that was celebrated for eight days during the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. It was associated with the time of the exodus when the Israelites lived in tents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 3 4 iej2 figs-explicit אֶת־חַ֥ג הַסֻּכּ֖וֹת 1 the Festival of Shelters This is a festival that was celebrated for eight days during the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. It was associated with the time of the exodus when the Israelites lived in tents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 3 6 x3mt translate-hebrewmonths מִיּ֤וֹם אֶחָד֙ לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ 1 from the first day of the seventh month This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the middle of September on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EZR 3 6 cip8 figs-activepassive וְהֵיכַ֥ל יְהוָ֖ה לֹ֥א יֻסָּֽד 1 although the foundation of the temple of Yahweh had not been laid The Jews began the ceremonies of worship even before they started building the temple. Alternate translation: “they had not yet laid the foundation for the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 3 7 ze22 כְּרִשְׁי֛וֹן כּ֥וֹרֶשׁ מֶֽלֶךְ־פָּרַ֖ס עֲלֵיהֶֽם 1 according to the permission they had from King Cyrus of Persia The letters sent by Cyrus gave the Jews permission to buy materials and build the temple.
EZR 3 7 ze22 כְּרִשְׁי֛וֹן כּ֥וֹרֶשׁ מֶֽלֶךְ־פָּרַ֖ס עֲלֵיהֶֽם 1 according to the permission they had from King Cyrus of Persia The letters sent by Cyrus gave the Jews permission to buy materials and build the temple.
EZR 3 8 eh5s translate-hebrewmonths בַּחֹ֖דֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִ֑י 1 in the second month This is the second month of the Hebrew calendar. This is during the warm season when people are harvesting crops. It is during the last part of April and the first part of May on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EZR 3 8 ckj4 translate-ordinal וּבַשָּׁנָ֣ה הַשֵּׁנִ֗ית 1 in the second year This is during the year after the one in which they returned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EZR 3 8 y8bn figs-explicit אֶל־בֵּ֤ית הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ 1 to the house of God You may need to make explicit that there was no house of God standing when they arrived. Alternate translation: “to where the house of God had stood” or “to where they were going to build the house of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 3 8 y8bn figs-explicit אֶל־בֵּ֤ית הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ 1 to the house of God You may need to make explicit that there was no house of God standing when they arrived. Alternate translation: “to where the house of God had stood” or “to where they were going to build the house of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 3 8 fa38 translate-names וְיֵשׁ֨וּעַ ... יֽוֹצָדָ֜ק 1 Jeshua ... Jozadak These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 3 8 hf5n translate-numbers מִבֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ 1 from twenty years old “20 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EZR 3 9 s6i8 translate-names יֵשׁ֡וּעַ ... חֵֽנָדָ֔ד 1 Jeshua ... Henadad These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ EZR 3 10 kh7e מְלֻבָּשִׁ֜ים 1 in their garments “their special r
EZR 3 10 v35v translate-unknown בַּֽמְצִלְתַּ֔יִם 1 with cymbals two thin, round metal plates that are hit together to make a loud sound (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EZR 3 10 t64z figs-metonymy יְדֵ֖י דָּוִ֥יד 1 the hands of David The hand of a king is a metonym for the power to give commands. Alternate translation: “as David ... had commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 3 11 hgd5 וּבְהוֹדֹ֤ת 1 giving thanks A feeling and expression of appreciation and gratitude for the kindness of another.
EZR 3 11 ut4a figs-abstractnouns כִּֽי־לְעוֹלָ֥ם חַסְדּ֖וֹ עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 His covenant faithfulness to Israel is forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “He faithfully loves Israel forever” or “He is always faithful to his covenant with Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 3 12 xj13 figs-metonymy אֶת־הַבַּ֤יִת הָֽרִאשׁוֹן֙ 1 first house This refers to the first temple that Solomon built, the house of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 3 11 ut4a figs-abstractnouns כִּֽי־לְעוֹלָ֥ם חַסְדּ֖וֹ עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 His covenant faithfulness to Israel is forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “He faithfully loves Israel forever” or “He is always faithful to his covenant with Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 3 12 xj13 figs-metonymy אֶת־הַבַּ֤יִת הָֽרִאשׁוֹן֙ 1 first house This refers to the first temple that Solomon built, the house of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 3 12 rmy5 figs-synecdoche בְּעֵ֣ינֵיהֶ֔ם 1 before their eyes The people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize what they saw. Alternate translation: “in their sight” or “and they saw it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EZR 3 12 d9tw בֹּכִ֖ים בְּק֣וֹל גָּד֑וֹל 1 wept with a loud voice This refers to emotional expression of sorrow involving tears and vocal sounds.
EZR 4 intro x878 0 # Ezra 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worship continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Helping to build the temple<br>The people of the surrounding nations offered to help to build the temple. It is unknown why the Jews refused their help. These other people became their enemies and tried to hinder the work. They even persuaded the king of Persia to stop the Jews from building.<br>
@ -146,12 +146,12 @@ EZR 4 1 uie3 figs-activepassive בְנֵ֤י הַגּוֹלָה֙ 1 the sons
EZR 4 2 spx4 translate-names זְרֻבָּבֶ֜ל 1 Zerubbabel This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 4 2 yx1s translate-names אֵסַ֤ר חַדֹּן֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ אַשּׁ֔וּר 1 Esarhaddon, king of Assyria He ruled in Assyria before Cyrus ruled in Persia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 4 3 xp3f וְיֵשׁ֗וּעַ 1 Jeshua This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:6](../02/06.md).
EZR 4 3 isv8 לֹֽא־לָ֣כֶם וָלָ֔נוּ לִבְנ֥וֹת בַּ֖יִת לֵאלֹהֵ֑ינוּ 1 You may not build a house for our God with us Possible meanings are 1) the Jewish leader felt that Cyrus had authorized only them to build the temple or 2) building the temple was the exclusive work of the Jews and no non-Jew would be permitted to contribute to the work.
EZR 4 4 d9da עַם־הָאָ֔רֶץ 1 the people of the land “the people who were living in the land at that time,” which could include non-Jews and Jews whose families the Babylonians had not taken into exile
EZR 4 4 n1m9 figs-metaphor וַיְהִי֙ ... מְרַפִּ֖ים יְדֵ֣י עַם־יְהוּדָ֑ה 1 made the hands of the people of Judah weak This speaks of the people of the land discouraging the Judeans as if they made their hands physically weak. Alternate translation: “discouraged the Judeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 4 4 aq32 עַם־יְהוּדָ֑ה 1 the people of Judah people who returned from Babylon and settled in the land of Judah
EZR 4 3 isv8 לֹֽא־לָ֣כֶם וָלָ֔נוּ לִבְנ֥וֹת בַּ֖יִת לֵאלֹהֵ֑ינוּ 1 You may not build a house for our God with us Possible meanings are 1) the Jewish leader felt that Cyrus had authorized only them to build the temple or 2) building the temple was the exclusive work of the Jews and no non-Jew would be permitted to contribute to the work.
EZR 4 4 d9da עַם־הָאָ֔רֶץ 1 the people of the land “the people who were living in the land at that time,” which could include non-Jews and Jews whose families the Babylonians had not taken into exile
EZR 4 4 n1m9 figs-metaphor וַיְהִי֙ ... מְרַפִּ֖ים יְדֵ֣י עַם־יְהוּדָ֑ה 1 made the hands of the people of Judah weak This speaks of the people of the land discouraging the Judeans as if they made their hands physically weak. Alternate translation: “discouraged the Judeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 4 4 aq32 עַם־יְהוּדָ֑ה 1 the people of Judah people who returned from Babylon and settled in the land of Judah
EZR 4 5 kd9a לְהָפֵ֣ר עֲצָתָ֑ם 1 to frustrate their plans “to make it so the Judeans could not build the temple as they had planned”
EZR 4 6 iaw6 figs-abstractnouns כָּתְב֣וּ שִׂטְנָ֔ה עַל־יֹשְׁבֵ֥י יְהוּדָ֖ה וִירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 wrote an accusation against the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem The abstract nouns “accusation” can be translated as a verb “accuse.” You may need to make explicit what the enemies accused the Judeans of doing. Alternate translation: “wrote a letter in which they accused those who lived in Judah and Jerusalem of disobeying the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 4 6 iaw6 figs-abstractnouns כָּתְב֣וּ שִׂטְנָ֔ה עַל־יֹשְׁבֵ֥י יְהוּדָ֖ה וִירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 wrote an accusation against the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem The abstract nouns “accusation” can be translated as a verb “accuse.” You may need to make explicit what the enemies accused the Judeans of doing. Alternate translation: “wrote a letter in which they accused those who lived in Judah and Jerusalem of disobeying the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 4 7 x91s translate-names בִּשְׁלָ֜ם מִתְרְדָ֤ת טָֽבְאֵל֙ 1 Bishlam ... Mithredath ... Tabeel names of men (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 4 7 jl52 הַֽנִּשְׁתְּוָ֔ן 1 the letter This is the letter spoken of in [Ezra 4:6](../04/06.md).
EZR 4 7 isg5 אֲרָמִ֖ית 1 Aramaic the language used in that area at the time for official business
@ -160,9 +160,9 @@ EZR 4 8 uu3t translate-names וְשִׁמְשַׁי֙ 1 Shimshai This is a ma
EZR 4 8 hwq8 רְח֣וּם 1 Rehum This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:1](../02/01.md).
EZR 4 10 d6lu translate-names אָסְנַפַּר֙ 1 Ashurbanipal This is a name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 4 10 pu35 translate-names וּשְׁאָ֥ר עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֖ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 4 10 pu35 translate-names וּשְׁאָ֥ר עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֖ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 4 11 a7sk דְּנָה֙ פַּרְשֶׁ֣גֶן אִגַּרְתָּ֔א 1 This is a copy Ezra includes in his writing the content of the letter sent to King Artaxerxes.
EZR 4 11 n6mp translate-names אֱנָ֥שׁ עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֖ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 4 11 n6mp translate-names אֱנָ֥שׁ עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֖ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 4 12 fu8s figs-metonymy קִרְיְתָ֨א מָֽרָדְתָּ֤א ובאישתא 1 the rebellious and evil city The city is a metonym for the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “a city that they plan to live in and rebel against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 4 12 jr26 וְאֻשַּׁיָּ֖א יַחִֽיטוּ 1 repairing the foundations “fixed the foundations” or “mended the foundations”
EZR 4 13 wj57 figs-activepassive הֵ֣ן קִרְיְתָ֥א דָךְ֙ תִּתְבְּנֵ֔א וְשׁוּרַיָּ֖ה יִֽשְׁתַּכְלְל֑וּן 1 if this city is built and the wall is completed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “if they build the city and complete the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 4 16 cr21 figs-activepassive הֵ֣ן קִרְיְתָ֥א דָךְ֙ תִּתְבְּנֵ֔א וְשׁוּרַיָּ֖ה יִֽשְׁתַּכְלְל֑וּן 1 if this city is rebuilt and its walls are completed This can be translated in active form. See how you translated these words in [Ezra 4:13](../04/13.md). Alternate translation: “if they build the city and wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 4 16 n9kz figs-hyperbole חֲלָק֙ ... לָ֥א אִיתַ֖י לָֽךְ 1 you will have no control Here “nothing” is an exaggeration to make the king think that he will be losing much tax money if the Judeans rebel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EZR 4 16 keh5 translate-names בַּעֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֔א 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 4 17 qp5d translate-names וּשְׁאָ֧ר עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֛ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 4 17 qp5d translate-names וּשְׁאָ֧ר עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֛ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 4 17 u66e רְח֤וּם 1 Rehum This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md).
EZR 4 17 hja4 וְשִׁמְשַׁ֣י 1 Shimshai This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:8](../04/08.md).
EZR 4 17 rsd2 נַהֲרָ֛ה 1 the River the Euphrates River
EZR 4 23 zq2h figs-activepassive פַּרְשֶׁ֤גֶן נִשְׁתְּוָנָא֙ דִּ֚י ארתחששתא מַלְכָּ֔א קֱרִ֧י 1 the copy of the letter from King Artaxerxes was read This can be translated in active form, in which case you will need to make explicit who read the decree from the king to the officials. Alternate translation: “The messengers from King Artaxerxes read his decree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 4 23 s349 רְח֛וּם 1 Rehum See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:1](../02/01.md).
EZR 4 23 qu4l וְשִׁמְשַׁ֥י 1 Shimshai See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:7](../04/07.md).
EZR 4 24 kj9i בְּטֵלַת֙ עֲבִידַ֣ת בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֔א דִּ֖י בִּירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם וַהֲוָת֙ בָּֽטְלָ֔א עַ֚ד שְׁנַ֣ת תַּרְתֵּ֔ין לְמַלְכ֖וּת דָּרְיָ֥וֶשׁ 1 the work on the house of God which is in Jerusalem ceased, and it remained stopped until the second year of the reign of Darius This delay lasted about 16 years.
EZR 4 24 kj9i בְּטֵלַת֙ עֲבִידַ֣ת בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֔א דִּ֖י בִּירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם וַהֲוָת֙ בָּֽטְלָ֔א עַ֚ד שְׁנַ֣ת תַּרְתֵּ֔ין לְמַלְכ֖וּת דָּרְיָ֥וֶשׁ 1 the work on the house of God which is in Jerusalem ceased, and it remained stopped until the second year of the reign of Darius This delay lasted about 16 years.
EZR 5 intro rn2j 0 # Ezra 05 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worship continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Rebuilding the temple<br>The prophets Haggai and Zechariah encouraged the Jews to begin again building the temple. This was very important to life in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br>
EZR 5 1 bdb8 translate-names עִדּוֹא֙ 1 Iddo This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 5 2 u7ce translate-names וְיֵשׁ֣וּעַ ... יֽוֹצָדָ֔ק 1 Jeshua ... Jozadak These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 5 2 z38k שְׁאַלְתִּיאֵל֙ 1 Shealtiel This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 3:1](../03/01.md).
EZR 5 2 mz7h לְמִבְנֵ֔א בֵּ֥ית אֱלָהָ֖א 1 to build the house of God This was the temple of God.
EZR 5 3 gs4x translate-names עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֛ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated it in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 5 3 gs4x translate-names עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֛ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated it in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 5 5 gv23 figs-synecdoche וְעֵ֣ין אֱלָהֲהֹ֗ם הֲוָת֙ עַל 1 the eye of God was on The eye represents the person watching over another person. Alternate translation: “God was watching over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EZR 5 5 eu4e figs-activepassive טַעְמָ֖א לְדָרְיָ֣וֶשׁ יְהָ֑ךְ וֶאֱדַ֛יִן יְתִיב֥וּן נִשְׁתְּוָנָ֖א עַל־דְּנָֽה 1 a report could be sent to Darius and a decree was returned concerning this matter This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for an official to send a letter to the king and for the king to send a letter back to them with a decree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 5 5 eu4e figs-activepassive טַעְמָ֖א לְדָרְיָ֣וֶשׁ יְהָ֑ךְ וֶאֱדַ֛יִן יְתִיב֥וּן נִשְׁתְּוָנָ֖א עַל־דְּנָֽה 1 a report could be sent to Darius and a decree was returned concerning this matter This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for an official to send a letter to the king and for the king to send a letter back to them with a decree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 5 6 jbg5 פַּרְשֶׁ֣גֶן אִ֠גַּרְתָּא 1 This is a copy of the letter Ezra includes the contents of the letter to King Darius regarding their work on the temple.
EZR 5 6 uq1x translate-names פַּחַ֣ת עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֗ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 5 6 uq1x translate-names פַּחַ֣ת עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֗ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 5 8 sp27 0 General Information: The letter from Tattenai to the king that began in [Ezra 5:7](../05/07.md) continues.
EZR 5 8 nmq2 וְאָ֖ע 1 timbers wood for building
EZR 5 9 uee9 מַן־שָׂ֨ם לְכֹ֜ם טְעֵ֗ם 1 Who issued you a command “Who gave you permission”
EZR 5 9 uee9 מַן־שָׂ֨ם לְכֹ֜ם טְעֵ֗ם 1 Who issued you a command “Who gave you permission”
EZR 5 11 f9fm 0 General Information: The letter from Tattenai to the king that began in [Ezra 5:7](../05/07.md) continues.
EZR 5 11 m5y2 אֲנַ֣חְנָא הִמּ֡וֹ עַבְדוֹהִי֩ דִֽי־אֱלָ֨הּ 1 We are servants of the God Possible meaning are 1) they were calling the Jewish people servants of God or 2) those who replied were from the tribe of Levi and Aaron, who were the ones actually responsible for the temple worship and sacrifices.
EZR 5 11 a1ui figs-activepassive דִּֽי־הֲוָ֨א בְנֵ֜ה מִקַּדְמַ֤ת דְּנָה֙ שְׁנִ֣ין שַׂגִּיאָ֔ן וּמֶ֤לֶךְ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל֙ רַ֔ב בְּנָ֖הִי וְשַׁכְלְלֵֽהּ 1 that was built many years ago, which a great king of Israel built and completed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the great king of Israel had built and supplied all the equipment for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 5 11 m5y2 אֲנַ֣חְנָא הִמּ֡וֹ עַבְדוֹהִי֩ דִֽי־אֱלָ֨הּ 1 We are servants of the God Possible meaning are 1) they were calling the Jewish people servants of God or 2) those who replied were from the tribe of Levi and Aaron, who were the ones actually responsible for the temple worship and sacrifices.
EZR 5 11 a1ui figs-activepassive דִּֽי־הֲוָ֨א בְנֵ֜ה מִקַּדְמַ֤ת דְּנָה֙ שְׁנִ֣ין שַׂגִּיאָ֔ן וּמֶ֤לֶךְ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל֙ רַ֔ב בְּנָ֖הִי וְשַׁכְלְלֵֽהּ 1 that was built many years ago, which a great king of Israel built and completed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the great king of Israel had built and supplied all the equipment for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 5 11 y9hr וְשַׁכְלְלֵֽהּ 1 completed “supplied all the equipment for it”
EZR 5 12 un5r 0 General Information: The letter from Tattenai to the king continues. Tattenai continues to tell the king what the Judeans had told him beginning in [Ezra 5:11](../05/11.md).
EZR 5 12 pqp8 הַרְגִּ֤זוּ ... לֶאֱלָ֣הּ שְׁמַיָּ֔א 1 provoked the God of heaven to wrath “made the God of heaven become very angry with us”
EZR 5 12 cy4x figs-metonymy הַ֣ב הִמּ֔וֹ בְּיַ֛ד נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּ֥ר מֶֽלֶךְ־בָּבֶ֖ל כסדיא וּבַיְתָ֤ה דְנָה֙ סַתְרֵ֔הּ וְעַמָּ֖ה הַגְלִ֥י 1 he gave them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, the Chaldean, who destroyed this house and deported the people The hand is a metonym for power or control. Also, “Nebuchadnezzar” represents his army. Alternate translation: “allowed the army of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, the Chaldean, to destroy this house and to take the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 5 12 cy4x figs-metonymy הַ֣ב הִמּ֔וֹ בְּיַ֛ד נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּ֥ר מֶֽלֶךְ־בָּבֶ֖ל כסדיא וּבַיְתָ֤ה דְנָה֙ סַתְרֵ֔הּ וְעַמָּ֖ה הַגְלִ֥י 1 he gave them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, the Chaldean, who destroyed this house and deported the people The hand is a metonym for power or control. Also, “Nebuchadnezzar” represents his army. Alternate translation: “allowed the army of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, the Chaldean, to destroy this house and to take the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 5 12 sgt7 וּבַיְתָ֤ה דְנָה֙ סַתְרֵ֔הּ 1 destroyed this house “tore down this house”
EZR 5 13 e3wn כּ֤וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּא֙ שָׂ֣ם טְעֵ֔ם בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֥א דְנָ֖ה לִבְּנֵֽא 1 King Cyrus issued a command to rebuild the house of God Cyrus ordered that the people rebuild God’s temple.
EZR 5 13 e3wn כּ֤וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּא֙ שָׂ֣ם טְעֵ֔ם בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֥א דְנָ֖ה לִבְּנֵֽא 1 King Cyrus issued a command to rebuild the house of God Cyrus ordered that the people rebuild God’s temple.
EZR 5 14 q6am 0 General Information: The letter from Tattenai to the king that began in [Ezra 5:7](../05/07.md) continues. Tattenai continues to tell the king what the Judeans had told him beginning in ([Ezra 5:11](./11.md)).
EZR 5 14 w7ix לְשֵׁשְׁבַּצַּ֣ר 1 Sheshbazzar See how you translated this in [Ezra 1:7](../01/07.md).
EZR 5 14 caq3 וִיהִ֨יבוּ֙ 1 gave them King Cyrus returned the temple objects.
EZR 5 16 myr8 מִתְבְּנֵ֖א 1 under construction built
EZR 5 17 f4m4 0 General Information: The letter from Tattenai to the king that began in [Ezra 5:7](../05/07.md) continues. Tattenai has finished telling the king what the Judeans told him and now asks the king to see if what the Judeans told him was true.
EZR 5 17 abm5 figs-activepassive יִ֠תְבַּקַּר 1 let a search be made This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would like you to have someone investigate this matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 5 17 vii9 הֵ֣ן אִיתַ֗י דִּֽי־מִן־כּ֤וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּא֙ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵ֔ם 1 if it is so that a command was issued by King Cyrus “if there is a record there that King Cyrus issued a law”
EZR 5 17 vii9 הֵ֣ן אִיתַ֗י דִּֽי־מִן־כּ֤וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּא֙ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵ֔ם 1 if it is so that a command was issued by King Cyrus “if there is a record there that King Cyrus issued a law”
EZR 6 intro y5d8 0 # Ezra 06 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The completion of the story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worship occurs in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Temple taxes<br>The king said the Jews were right and ordered money from his taxes to be used to help them with their sacrifices.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br>### Darius<br>In this chapter, Darius is called the king of Assyria. In reality, besides ruling over the former Assyrian Empire, Darius was also king of Persia. Persia had conquered Babylon, which had previously conquered Assyria. This made the king of Persia, the king of Assyria as well. It was unusual to refer to Darius as the king or ruler of Assyria. Ezra may have referred to him in this way to contrast Darius’ actions with those of the former rulers of Assyria, who had treated the Jews very cruelly. It was those earlier Assyrian rulers who had conquered the northern tribes of Israel and deported them to other lands. It was for this reasons that the northern tribes lost their identity and were no longer a distinct people group.<br>
EZR 6 1 spf8 figs-abstractnouns שָׂ֣ם טְעֵ֑ם וּבַקַּ֣רוּ 1 issued a command and a search was made The abstract noun “investigation” can be expressed with the verbs “investigate” or “search.” Alternate translation: “ordered his officials to investigate” or “ordered his officials to search” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 6 1 pb3s figs-explicit שָׂ֣ם טְעֵ֑ם וּבַקַּ֣רוּ 1 issued a command and a search was made What they were to investigate can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “ordered his officials to investigate the records” or “ordered his officials to search and find out if there was a record of King Cyrus telling the Jews to build the house of God in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@ -232,8 +232,8 @@ EZR 6 3 i2dk 0 General Information: This begins the record of King Cyrus’s c
EZR 6 3 ev3b figs-explicit בִּשְׁנַ֨ת חֲדָ֜ה לְכ֣וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּ֗א 1 In the first year of King Cyrus It can be stated clearly that this is the first year of his reign. Alternate translation: “In year 1 of the reign of King Cyrus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EZR 6 3 gi3x figs-activepassive בַּיְתָ֣א יִתְבְּנֵ֔א 1 Let the house be rebuilt This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let the Jews rebuild the house” or “The Jews must rebuild the house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 6 3 ts4a translate-numbers אַמִּ֣ין שִׁתִּ֔ין 1 sixty cubits “60 cubits.” You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “twenty-seven meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EZR 6 4 q3hv figs-explicit נִדְבָּכִ֞ין דִּי־אֶ֤בֶן גְּלָל֙ תְּלָתָ֔א וְנִדְבָּ֖ךְ דִּי־אָ֣ע חֲדַ֑ת 1 with three rows of large stones and a row of new timber This can be stated as a new sentence. Possible meanings are 1) this describes how to build the foundation. Alternate translation: “Build the foundation on three layers of large stones covered with one layer of timber” or 2) this describes how to build the walls. Alternate translation: “Build the house’s walls with three layers of large stones alternating with one layer of timber” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 6 4 tny3 figs-metonymy וְנִ֨פְקְתָ֔א מִן־בֵּ֥ית מַלְכָּ֖א תִּתְיְהִֽב 1 let the cost be paid by the king’s house The phrase “the king’s house” represents King Cyrus’s own wealth in the royal treasury. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will pay for it with money from the royal treasury” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 6 4 q3hv figs-explicit נִדְבָּכִ֞ין דִּי־אֶ֤בֶן גְּלָל֙ תְּלָתָ֔א וְנִדְבָּ֖ךְ דִּי־אָ֣ע חֲדַ֑ת 1 with three rows of large stones and a row of new timber This can be stated as a new sentence. Possible meanings are 1) this describes how to build the foundation. Alternate translation: “Build the foundation on three layers of large stones covered with one layer of timber” or 2) this describes how to build the walls. Alternate translation: “Build the house’s walls with three layers of large stones alternating with one layer of timber” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 6 4 tny3 figs-metonymy וְנִ֨פְקְתָ֔א מִן־בֵּ֥ית מַלְכָּ֖א תִּתְיְהִֽב 1 let the cost be paid by the king’s house The phrase “the king’s house” represents King Cyrus’s own wealth in the royal treasury. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will pay for it with money from the royal treasury” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 6 6 f9x5 0 General Information: This continues the record of King Cyrus’s command that the Jews rebuild God’s temple in Jerusalem, which began in [Ezra 6:3](../06/03.md).
EZR 6 6 xd9g translate-names תַּ֠תְּנַי ... שְׁתַ֤ר בּוֹזְנַי֙ 1 Tattenai ... Shethar-Bozenai Darius writes directly to these men. Translate their names as in [Ezra 5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 6 6 xk9x translate-names וּכְנָוָ֣תְה֔וֹן ... בַּעֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֑ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated it in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ EZR 6 8 ci97 0 General Information: This continues the record of King Cyrus’
EZR 6 8 njb9 figs-activepassive וּמִנִּכְסֵ֣י מַלְכָּ֗א דִּ֚י מִדַּת֙ עֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֔ה אָסְפַּ֗רְנָא נִפְקְתָ֛א תֶּהֱוֵ֧א 1 Let this cost be paid diligently at the expense of the king’s taxes beyond the River This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Use funds from the king’s tribute beyond the river to pay these men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 6 8 te7b figs-explicit וּמִנִּכְסֵ֣י מַלְכָּ֗א דִּ֚י מִדַּת֙ עֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֔ה 1 at the expense of the king’s taxes beyond the River “The king’s tribute” refers to taxes that people pay the king. Alternate translation: “Money from the taxes that you collect for the king from the people beyond the river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 6 11 em18 0 General Information: This continues the record of King Cyrus’s command that the Jews rebuild God’s temple in Jerusalem, which began in [Ezra 6:3](../06/03.md).
EZR 6 11 uqt8 figs-activepassive יִתְנְסַ֥ח אָע֙ מִן־בַּיְתֵ֔הּ וּזְקִ֖יף יִתְמְחֵ֣א עֲלֹ֑הִי וּבַיְתֵ֛הּ נְוָל֥וּ יִתְעֲבֵ֖ד עַל־דְּנָֽה 1 a beam must be pulled from his house and he must be impaled on it. His house must then be turned into a rubbish heap This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I command my officials to pull a beam from his house and impale him on it. They are then to turn his house into a rubbish heap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 6 11 uqt8 figs-activepassive יִתְנְסַ֥ח אָע֙ מִן־בַּיְתֵ֔הּ וּזְקִ֖יף יִתְמְחֵ֣א עֲלֹ֑הִי וּבַיְתֵ֛הּ נְוָל֥וּ יִתְעֲבֵ֖ד עַל־דְּנָֽה 1 a beam must be pulled from his house and he must be impaled on it. His house must then be turned into a rubbish heap This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I command my officials to pull a beam from his house and impale him on it. They are then to turn his house into a rubbish heap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 6 11 w334 אָע֙ 1 a beam a long, sturdy piece of wood, supporting the roof of a house
EZR 6 11 i9yf יִתְמְחֵ֣א 1 impaled pierced through
EZR 6 12 mn8y figs-metonymy דִּ֣י׀ יִשְׁלַ֣ח יְדֵ֗הּ לְהַשְׁנָיָ֛ה לְחַבָּלָ֛ה 1 who extends their hand to change it, or to destroy Lifting the hand represents trying or daring to do something. Alternate translation: “who tries to change ... or to destroy” or “who dares to change ... or to destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@ -249,18 +249,18 @@ EZR 6 12 y3sn figs-abstractnouns לְהַשְׁנָיָ֛ה 1 to change it Th
EZR 6 13 alm6 translate-names תַּתְּנַ֞י ... שְׁתַ֥ר בּוֹזְנַ֖י 1 Tattenai ... Shethar-Bozenai Translate the names of these men as you did in [Ezra 5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 6 15 q4v5 figs-activepassive וְשֵׁיצִיא֙ בַּיְתָ֣ה דְנָ֔ה 1 This house was completed This can be translated in active form. You may need to make explicit which house they completed. Alternate translation: “They completed God’s house” or “They finished building the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 6 15 c1qx translate-hebrewmonths י֥וֹם תְּלָתָ֖ה לִירַ֣ח אֲדָ֑ר 1 the third day of the month of Adar “Adar” is the name of the twelfth and last month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the cold season. The third day is near the middle of February on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EZR 6 15 bhp9 translate-ordinal שְׁנַת־שֵׁ֔ת 1 sixth year King Darius had been ruling for five years, so he was now in year number six of his reign. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EZR 6 16 cq1q figs-explicit וּשְׁאָ֣ר בְּנֵי־גָלוּתָ֗א 1 the rest of the children of the exile These people had been captured and taken to Babylon, but they returned to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the rest of the people who had been taken captive to Babylon and had returned to Jerusalem” or “the rest of the people who had returned from captivity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 6 15 bhp9 translate-ordinal שְׁנַת־שֵׁ֔ת 1 sixth year King Darius had been ruling for five years, so he was now in year number six of his reign. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EZR 6 16 cq1q figs-explicit וּשְׁאָ֣ר בְּנֵי־גָלוּתָ֗א 1 the rest of the children of the exile These people had been captured and taken to Babylon, but they returned to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the rest of the people who had been taken captive to Babylon and had returned to Jerusalem” or “the rest of the people who had returned from captivity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 6 18 iix1 בְּמַחְלְקָ֣תְה֔וֹן 1 to their divisions “groups that work together”
EZR 6 19 j6lm translate-hebrewmonths בְּאַרְבָּעָ֥ה עָשָׂ֖ר לַחֹ֥דֶשׁ הָרִאשֽׁוֹן 1 fourteenth day of the first month This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The fourteenth day is near the beginning of April on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EZR 6 20 j34t figs-metaphor הִֽטַּהֲר֞וּ 1 purified themselves “made themselves pure.” Being pure represents being acceptable to God. Alternate translation: “made themselves acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 6 21 p72z figs-metaphor הַנִּבְדָּ֛ל מִטֻּמְאַ֥ת גּוֹיֵֽ־הָאָ֖רֶץ 1 had separated themselves from the uncleanness of the nations of the land Separating themselves from uncleanness represents refusing to do things that make people unclean. Alternate translation: “They refused to do the things that the people of the land did that made them unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 6 21 alu2 figs-metaphor מִטֻּמְאַ֥ת גּוֹיֵֽ־הָאָ֖רֶץ 1 the uncleanness of the nations of the land Here “uncleanness” represents being unacceptable to God. Alternate translation: “the things that the people of the land did that made them unacceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 6 21 p72z figs-metaphor הַנִּבְדָּ֛ל מִטֻּמְאַ֥ת גּוֹיֵֽ־הָאָ֖רֶץ 1 had separated themselves from the uncleanness of the nations of the land Separating themselves from uncleanness represents refusing to do things that make people unclean. Alternate translation: “They refused to do the things that the people of the land did that made them unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 6 21 alu2 figs-metaphor מִטֻּמְאַ֥ת גּוֹיֵֽ־הָאָ֖רֶץ 1 the uncleanness of the nations of the land Here “uncleanness” represents being unacceptable to God. Alternate translation: “the things that the people of the land did that made them unacceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 6 21 tyz7 figs-metaphor לִדְרֹ֕שׁ לַֽיהוָ֖ה 1 to seek Yahweh Seeking Yahweh represents choosing to know, worship, and obey him. Alternate translation: “chose to obey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 6 22 k6q8 figs-metonymy וְֽהֵסֵ֞ב לֵ֤ב מֶֽלֶךְ־אַשּׁוּר֙ 1 turned the heart of the king of Assyria Turning the king’s heart represents making him think differently about the work of the temple. Alternate translation: “changed the attitude of Assyria’s king” or “made Assyria’s king willing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 6 22 x9ls figs-metaphor לְחַזֵּ֣ק יְדֵיהֶ֔ם בִּמְלֶ֥אכֶת בֵּית־הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 to strengthen their hands in the work of the house of God Strengthening their hands in the work represents helping them to work. The Assyrian king did this by telling them to do the work and providing the money for it. Alternate translation: “to help them do the work of his house” or “to make it possible for them to do the work of his house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 6 22 m7l7 בִּמְלֶ֥אכֶת בֵּית־הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 the work of the house of God This refers to building the temple.
EZR 6 22 k6q8 figs-metonymy וְֽהֵסֵ֞ב לֵ֤ב מֶֽלֶךְ־אַשּׁוּר֙ 1 turned the heart of the king of Assyria Turning the king’s heart represents making him think differently about the work of the temple. Alternate translation: “changed the attitude of Assyria’s king” or “made Assyria’s king willing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 6 22 x9ls figs-metaphor לְחַזֵּ֣ק יְדֵיהֶ֔ם בִּמְלֶ֥אכֶת בֵּית־הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 to strengthen their hands in the work of the house of God Strengthening their hands in the work represents helping them to work. The Assyrian king did this by telling them to do the work and providing the money for it. Alternate translation: “to help them do the work of his house” or “to make it possible for them to do the work of his house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 6 22 m7l7 בִּמְלֶ֥אכֶת בֵּית־הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 the work of the house of God This refers to building the temple.
EZR 7 intro p3he 0 # Ezra 07 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Ezra begins his religious reforms.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s Law<br>The people no longer know the law of Moses. Therefore, the king allows Ezra to return to Judea to teach the people about God’s law. Many people go with him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br>
EZR 7 1 h549 0 General Information: Ezra’s genealogy goes back to Aaron, the first high priest.
EZR 7 1 n9di translate-names שְׂרָיָ֔ה 1 Seraiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 7 6 xd8u וַיִּתֶּן־ל֣וֹ הַמֶּ֗לֶךְ ... כֹּ֖ל בַּקָּשָׁתֽוֹ 1 The king granted to him all his request “The king gave Ezra anything he asked for”
EZR 7 6 w6u9 figs-metonymy כְּיַד־יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהָיו֙ עָלָ֔יו 1 according to the hand of Yahweh his God upon him The “hand” of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s blessing or help. Alternate translation: “the blessing of Yahweh was with Ezra” or “Yahweh was blessing Ezra” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 7 7 tt66 figs-explicit בִּשְׁנַת־שֶׁ֖בַע לְאַרְתַּחְשַׁ֥סְתְּא הַמֶּֽלֶךְ 1 in the seventh year of King Artaxerxes This refers to the seventh year of his reign. Alternate translation: “in the seventh year that Artaxerxes was king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 7 6 xd8u וַיִּתֶּן־ל֣וֹ הַמֶּ֗לֶךְ ... כֹּ֖ל בַּקָּשָׁתֽוֹ 1 The king granted to him all his request “The king gave Ezra anything he asked for”
EZR 7 6 w6u9 figs-metonymy כְּיַד־יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהָיו֙ עָלָ֔יו 1 according to the hand of Yahweh his God upon him The “hand” of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s blessing or help. Alternate translation: “the blessing of Yahweh was with Ezra” or “Yahweh was blessing Ezra” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 7 7 tt66 figs-explicit בִּשְׁנַת־שֶׁ֖בַע לְאַרְתַּחְשַׁ֥סְתְּא הַמֶּֽלֶךְ 1 in the seventh year of King Artaxerxes This refers to the seventh year of his reign. Alternate translation: “in the seventh year that Artaxerxes was king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 7 8 cr7y translate-hebrewmonths בַּחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַחֲמִישִׁ֑י 1 the fifth month This is the fifth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of July and the first part of August on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EZR 7 9 f68n translate-hebrewmonths בְּאֶחָד֙ לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הָרִאשׁ֔וֹן 1 the first day of the first month This is near the middle of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EZR 7 9 s9by translate-hebrewmonths וּבְאֶחָ֞ד לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַחֲמִישִׁ֗י 1 the first day of the fifth month This is near the middle of July on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EZR 7 9 k4wr figs-metonymy כְּיַד־אֱלֹהָ֖יו הַטּוֹבָ֥ה 1 according to the good hand of his God “Hand” represents the power or control that God uses for good results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 7 9 k4wr figs-metonymy כְּיַד־אֱלֹהָ֖יו הַטּוֹבָ֥ה 1 according to the good hand of his God “Hand” represents the power or control that God uses for good results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 7 10 b5p7 figs-metaphor עֶזְרָא֙ הֵכִ֣ין לְבָב֔וֹ לִדְר֛וֹשׁ 1 Ezra had established his heart to seek Establishing his heart represents firmly deciding or committing himself to do something. Alternate translation: “Ezra committed his life to study” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 7 10 y7yr וְלַעֲשֹׂ֑ת 1 to observe “obey”
EZR 7 10 w9d8 חֹ֥ק וּמִשְׁפָּֽט 1 its statutes and ordinances These were the laws that God passed down to Israel through Moses.
EZR 7 11 qjr1 וְזֶ֣ה׀ פַּרְשֶׁ֣גֶן הַֽנִּשְׁתְּוָ֗ן 1 This is a copy of the letter The text following this statement was the decree given by King Artaxerxes.
EZR 7 12 y33a figs-explicit אַ֨רְתַּחְשַׁ֔סְתְּא מֶ֖לֶךְ מַלְכַיָּ֑א 1 Artaxerxes, king of kings “The King of kings” was a title, meaning that he was the greatest of kings, the king that other kings obeyed. Alternate translation: “The Great King Artaxerxes” or “Artaxerxes, the greatest king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 7 13 d9b4 מִנִּי֮ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵם֒ דִּ֣י כָל־מִתְנַדַּ֣ב ... לִמְהָ֧ךְ לִֽירוּשְׁלֶ֛ם 1 I am issuing a decree that all those ... who desire to go up to Jerusalem In those days people needed permission from the king to resettle and rebuild in an area previously destroyed by the conquering nation.
EZR 7 13 d9b4 מִנִּי֮ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵם֒ דִּ֣י כָל־מִתְנַדַּ֣ב ... לִמְהָ֧ךְ לִֽירוּשְׁלֶ֛ם 1 I am issuing a decree that all those ... who desire to go up to Jerusalem In those days people needed permission from the king to resettle and rebuild in an area previously destroyed by the conquering nation.
EZR 7 13 wi2u עִמָּ֖ךְ יְהָֽךְ 1 may go with you The word “you” refers to Ezra.
EZR 7 14 cbf2 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra.
EZR 7 14 h7cx מַלְכָּ֜א וְשִׁבְעַ֤ת יָעֲטֹ֨הִי֙ 1 the king, and his seven counselors The word “I” and the phrase “the king” refer to the same person. The king is reminding the people who hear this letter that he is the author of this letter.
EZR 7 14 v44t figs-explicit לְבַקָּרָ֥א עַל־יְה֖וּד וְלִֽירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם בְּדָ֥ת אֱלָהָ֖ךְ 1 to inquire concerning Judah and Jerusalem according to the law of your God What they were to inquire about can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “to investigate the situation in Judah and Jerusalem, in order to learn whether or not they are obeying God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 7 14 v44t figs-explicit לְבַקָּרָ֥א עַל־יְה֖וּד וְלִֽירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם בְּדָ֥ת אֱלָהָ֖ךְ 1 to inquire concerning Judah and Jerusalem according to the law of your God What they were to inquire about can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “to investigate the situation in Judah and Jerusalem, in order to learn whether or not they are obeying God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 7 15 m1pn figs-explicit וּלְהֵיבָלָ֖ה כְּסַ֣ף וּדְהַ֑ב 1 You are to bring the silver and gold Where they were to bring it can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You are to bring to Jerusalem the silver and gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 7 15 uu8a הִתְנַדַּ֨בוּ֙ 1 have freely offered “Freely” means that they were not forced to offer the money. They gave it because they wanted to. Alternate translation: “the silver and gold that they have willingly offered”
EZR 7 16 p3du figs-explicit הִתְנַדָּב֨וּת עַמָּ֤א וְכָֽהֲנַיָּא֙ 1 the freewill offering of the people and the priests This can be expressed active form. Alternate translation: “what the people and the priests have freely offered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 7 17 pr2c 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra.
EZR 7 17 b2sq figs-explicit אָסְפַּ֨רְנָא תִקְנֵ֜א בְּכַסְפָּ֣א דְנָ֗ה תּוֹרִ֤ין׀ דִּכְרִין֙ אִמְּרִ֔ין וּמִנְחָתְה֖וֹן וְנִסְכֵּיה֑וֹן 1 diligently buy bulls, rams, lambs, and grain offerings and drink offerings The phrase “in full” means as many as are necessary to complete the task. They were to use the gold and silver to buy all they needed in order to worship God in the temple. Alternate translation: “Buy as many of the oxen, rams, lambs, grain and drink offerings as are needed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 7 18 a2bh figs-metaphor עליך וְעַל־אחיך 1 you and your brothers The phrase “your brothers” refers to the people who were doing this work with Ezra. Alternate translation: “your co-workers” or “your companions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 7 18 a2bh figs-metaphor עליך וְעַל־אחיך 1 you and your brothers The phrase “your brothers” refers to the people who were doing this work with Ezra. Alternate translation: “your co-workers” or “your companions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 7 19 h5qf 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra.
EZR 7 19 h6x1 figs-activepassive וּמָֽאנַיָּא֙ דִּֽי־מִתְיַהֲבִ֣ין לָ֔ךְ 1 the objects that were given to you This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “the objects that we have freely given to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 7 19 h6x1 figs-activepassive וּמָֽאנַיָּא֙ דִּֽי־מִתְיַהֲבִ֣ין לָ֔ךְ 1 the objects that were given to you This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “the objects that we have freely given to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 7 19 bkk8 הַשְׁלֵ֕ם קֳדָ֖ם אֱלָ֥הּ יְרוּשְׁלֶֽ 1 deliver in full before the God of Jerusalem The word “him” refers to God.
EZR 7 19 a3tf figs-abstractnouns לְפָלְחָ֖ן בֵּ֣ית אֱלָהָ֑ךְ 1 for the service of the house of your God The abstract noun “service” can be expressed with the verbs “serve” or “use.” Alternate translation: “to use in the house of your God” or “to serve in the house of your God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 7 20 hgu9 גִּנְזֵ֥י 1 treasury a secure place where money is stored
EZR 7 21 wiy2 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra.
EZR 7 21 i7dz translate-names דִּ֖י בַּעֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֑ה 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated it in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 7 21 h6c8 figs-activepassive דִּ֣י כָל־דִּ֣י יִ֠שְׁאֲלֶנְכוֹן עֶזְרָ֨א ... אָסְפַּ֖רְנָא יִתְעֲבִֽד 1 that anything that Ezra ... asks from you, let it be done diligently This can be expressed in active form. “Give Ezra in full anything he asks of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 7 21 h6c8 figs-activepassive דִּ֣י כָל־דִּ֣י יִ֠שְׁאֲלֶנְכוֹן עֶזְרָ֨א ... אָסְפַּ֖רְנָא יִתְעֲבִֽד 1 that anything that Ezra ... asks from you, let it be done diligently This can be expressed in active form. “Give Ezra in full anything he asks of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 7 21 euy1 figs-explicit אָסְפַּ֖רְנָא יִתְעֲבִֽד 1 let it be done diligently The phrase “in full” here represents whatever quantity necessary to do the work. Alternate translation: “should be given as much as he needs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 7 22 c716 translate-numbers כְּסַף֮ כַּכְּרִ֣ין מְאָה֒ 1 one hundred silver talents “100 talents of silver.” You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “3,300 kilograms of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EZR 7 22 cja2 translate-bvolume חִנְטִין֙ כֹּרִ֣ין מְאָ֔ה 1 one hundred cors of wheat You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “22,000 liters of grain” or “twenty thousand liters of grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EZR 7 22 u3yi translate-bvolume בַּתִּ֥ין מְשַׁ֖ח מְאָ֑ה 1 one hundred baths of oil You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: 2,200 liters of oil” or “two thousand liters of oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EZR 7 23 t2e7 לְבֵ֖ית 1 the house This refers to God’s temple.
EZR 7 23 i89i figs-rquestion דִּֽי־לְמָ֤ה לֶֽהֱוֵא֙ קְצַ֔ף עַל־מַלְכ֥וּת מַלְכָּ֖א וּבְנֽוֹהִי 1 For why should his wrath come upon the kingdom of me and my sons? The king uses this question to say that he does not want God’s wrath to come upon them. The implied information is that if they do not do give Ezra what he needs, then God will punish the kingdom. Alternate translation: “For we do not want God’s wrath to come upon the kingdom of me and my sons.” or “For if you do not do these things, God’s wrath will come upon the kingdom of me and my sons.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EZR 7 23 x6h5 figs-metonymy דִּֽי־לְמָ֤ה לֶֽהֱוֵא֙ קְצַ֔ף עַל־מַלְכ֥וּת מַלְכָּ֖א וּבְנֽוֹהִי 1 For why should his wrath come upon the kingdom of me and my sons God’s wrath represents God punishing them. Alternate translation: “For why should God punish the kingdom of me and my sons” or “For if you do not do these things, God will punish the kingdom of me and my sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 7 23 i89i figs-rquestion דִּֽי־לְמָ֤ה לֶֽהֱוֵא֙ קְצַ֔ף עַל־מַלְכ֥וּת מַלְכָּ֖א וּבְנֽוֹהִי 1 For why should his wrath come upon the kingdom of me and my sons? The king uses this question to say that he does not want God’s wrath to come upon them. The implied information is that if they do not do give Ezra what he needs, then God will punish the kingdom. Alternate translation: “For we do not want God’s wrath to come upon the kingdom of me and my sons.” or “For if you do not do these things, God’s wrath will come upon the kingdom of me and my sons.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EZR 7 23 x6h5 figs-metonymy דִּֽי־לְמָ֤ה לֶֽהֱוֵא֙ קְצַ֔ף עַל־מַלְכ֥וּת מַלְכָּ֖א וּבְנֽוֹהִי 1 For why should his wrath come upon the kingdom of me and my sons God’s wrath represents God punishing them. Alternate translation: “For why should God punish the kingdom of me and my sons” or “For if you do not do these things, God will punish the kingdom of me and my sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 7 24 pw3i 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra.
EZR 7 24 wx23 וּלְכֹ֣ם מְהוֹדְעִ֗ין דִּ֣י ... לָ֥א שַׁלִּ֖יט לְמִרְמֵ֥א עֲלֵיהֹֽם 1 We also make known to you that it is not lawful to impose tax, tribute, or custom “We are telling them not to impose any tribute or taxes”
EZR 7 24 ycd8 זַמָּ֨רַיָּ֤א 1 musicians people who play musical instruments
EZR 7 25 r244 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra.
EZR 7 25 qzk1 figs-abstractnouns כְּחָכְמַ֨ת אֱלָהָ֤ךְ דִּֽי־בִידָךְ֙ מֶ֣נִּי שָׁפְטִ֞ין וְדַיָּנִ֗ין 1 according to the wisdom of God that is in your hand, appoint judges and magistrates The abstract noun “wisdom” can be expressed with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “God has made you wise, so you must wisely appoint judges and magistrates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 7 26 sr94 figs-abstractnouns הֵ֤ן לְמוֹת֙ הֵ֣ן לשרשו הֵן־לַעֲנָ֥שׁ נִכְסִ֖ין וְלֶאֱסוּרִֽין 1 whether death, or banishment, or confiscation of goods, or imprisonment The abstract nouns can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: “whether by killing them, banishing them, confiscating their goods, or imprisoning them” or “You may kill them, send them away, take the things the own, or put them in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 7 25 qzk1 figs-abstractnouns כְּחָכְמַ֨ת אֱלָהָ֤ךְ דִּֽי־בִידָךְ֙ מֶ֣נִּי שָׁפְטִ֞ין וְדַיָּנִ֗ין 1 according to the wisdom of God that is in your hand, appoint judges and magistrates The abstract noun “wisdom” can be expressed with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “God has made you wise, so you must wisely appoint judges and magistrates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 7 26 sr94 figs-abstractnouns הֵ֤ן לְמוֹת֙ הֵ֣ן לשרשו הֵן־לַעֲנָ֥שׁ נִכְסִ֖ין וְלֶאֱסוּרִֽין 1 whether death, or banishment, or confiscation of goods, or imprisonment The abstract nouns can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: “whether by killing them, banishing them, confiscating their goods, or imprisoning them” or “You may kill them, send them away, take the things the own, or put them in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 7 27 qh6m 0 Connecting Statement: Ezra praises God because of what King Artaxerxes decreed.
EZR 7 27 t4cz figs-metaphor נָתַ֤ן כָּזֹאת֙ בְּלֵ֣ב הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ לְפָאֵ֕ר אֶת־בֵּ֥ית יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 placed such a thing into the heart of the king to beautify the house of Yahweh which is in Jerusalem Placing things in the king’s heart represents causing him to have certain thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “caused the king to want to glorify Yahweh’s house in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 7 27 t4cz figs-metaphor נָתַ֤ן כָּזֹאת֙ בְּלֵ֣ב הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ לְפָאֵ֕ר אֶת־בֵּ֥ית יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 placed such a thing into the heart of the king to beautify the house of Yahweh which is in Jerusalem Placing things in the king’s heart represents causing him to have certain thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “caused the king to want to glorify Yahweh’s house in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 7 27 w14w figs-metaphor בֵּ֥ית יְהוָ֖ה 1 the house of Yahweh This refers to Yahweh’s temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 7 28 y4zu figs-abstractnouns וְעָלַ֣י הִטָּה־חֶ֗סֶד 1 who has extended covenant faithfulness to me The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “loyal.” Alternate translation: “who has been faithful to me” or “who has been loyal to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 7 28 y4zu figs-abstractnouns וְעָלַ֣י הִטָּה־חֶ֗סֶד 1 who has extended covenant faithfulness to me The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “loyal.” Alternate translation: “who has been faithful to me” or “who has been loyal to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 7 28 q1iu figs-metaphor וַאֲנִ֣י הִתְחַזַּ֗קְתִּי 1 So I was strengthened Being strengthened represents being encouraged. Alternate translation: I am encouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 7 28 gxx2 figs-metonymy כְּיַד־יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהַי֙ עָלַ֔י 1 as the hand of Yahweh my God was upon me Here Yahweh’s hand represents what he did to help Ezra. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh has helped me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 7 28 gxx2 figs-metonymy כְּיַד־יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהַי֙ עָלַ֔י 1 as the hand of Yahweh my God was upon me Here Yahweh’s hand represents what he did to help Ezra. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh has helped me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 8 intro ye9m 0 # Ezra 08 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The people’s return to Judah<br>Many people went back to Judah with Ezra. They trusted God to protect them and the precious items they carried with them, which had been given for the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br>
EZR 8 1 ss8d translate-names 0 General Information: There is an apparent shift in authorship beginning here. Chapters 1-7 were written as if the author were writing about Ezra. Chapter 8 was written as if the author were Ezra. Verses 2-14 are a list of leaders and their ancestors. All of them are men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 8 2 m2b9 מִבְּנֵ֤י פִֽינְחָס֙ גֵּֽרְשֹׁ֔ם 1 of the sons of Phinehas, Gershom This is the first item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Phinehas was Gershom” or “Gershom was the leader of the descendants of Phinehas”
@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ EZR 8 3 m91f פַרְעֹ֖שׁ 1 Parosh See how you translated this man’s na
EZR 8 3 ds2y וְעִמּ֛וֹ הִתְיַחֵ֥שׂ לִזְכָרִ֖ים מֵאָ֥ה וַחֲמִשִּֽׁים 1 with him were registered150 males “with Zechariah there were 150 males listed in the record of his genealogy”
EZR 8 4 c961 translate-names 0 General Information: The list of men’s names continues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 8 4 f7d5 מִבְּנֵי֙ פַּחַ֣ת מוֹאָ֔ב אֶלְיְהֽוֹעֵינַ֖י בֶּן־זְרַֽחְיָ֑ה 1 of the sons of Pahath-Moab, Eliehoenai son of Zerahiah This is the next item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Pahath-Moab was Eliehoenai son of Zerahiah” or “Eliehoenai son of Zerahiah was the leader of the descendants of Pahath-Moab”
EZR 8 4 f7d5 מִבְּנֵי֙ פַּחַ֣ת מוֹאָ֔ב אֶלְיְהֽוֹעֵינַ֖י בֶּן־זְרַֽחְיָ֑ה 1 of the sons of Pahath-Moab, Eliehoenai son of Zerahiah This is the next item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Pahath-Moab was Eliehoenai son of Zerahiah” or “Eliehoenai son of Zerahiah was the leader of the descendants of Pahath-Moab”
EZR 8 4 y6jz וְעִמּ֖וֹ מָאתַ֥יִם הַזְּכָרִֽים 1 with him were two hundred males “with Eliehoenai were two hundred males”
EZR 8 4 kyx7 זְרַֽחְיָ֑ה 1 Zerahiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 7:4](../07/04.md).
EZR 8 8 b23z translate-names 0 General Information: The list of men’s names continues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 8 8 v9nn וּמִבְּנֵ֣י שְׁפַטְיָ֔ה זְבַדְיָ֖ה בֶּן־מִֽיכָאֵ֑ל 1 of the sons of Shephatiah, Zebadiah son of Michael This is the next item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Shephatiah was Zebadiah son of Michael” or “Zebadiah son of Michael was the leader of the descendants of Shephatiah”
EZR 8 8 v9nn וּמִבְּנֵ֣י שְׁפַטְיָ֔ה זְבַדְיָ֖ה בֶּן־מִֽיכָאֵ֑ל 1 of the sons of Shephatiah, Zebadiah son of Michael This is the next item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Shephatiah was Zebadiah son of Michael” or “Zebadiah son of Michael was the leader of the descendants of Shephatiah”
EZR 8 8 cw6w שְׁפַטְיָ֔ה 1 Shephatiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md).
EZR 8 8 u8wj translate-names מִֽיכָאֵ֑ל 1 Michael This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 8 8 w6u1 וְעִמּ֖וֹ שְׁמֹנִ֥ים הַזְּכָרִֽים 1 with him eighty males “with Zebadiah were listed eighty males”
EZR 8 12 z7xc translate-names 0 General Information: This is the end of the list of men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 8 12 a3dx וּמִבְּנֵ֣י עַזְגָּ֔ד יוֹחָנָ֖ן בֶּן־הַקָּטָ֑ן 1 of the sons of Azgad, Johanan son of Hakkatan This is the next item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Azgad was Johanan son of Hakkatan” or “Johanan son of Hakkatan was the leader of the descendants of Azgad”
EZR 8 12 a3dx וּמִבְּנֵ֣י עַזְגָּ֔ד יוֹחָנָ֖ן בֶּן־הַקָּטָ֑ן 1 of the sons of Azgad, Johanan son of Hakkatan This is the next item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Azgad was Johanan son of Hakkatan” or “Johanan son of Hakkatan was the leader of the descendants of Azgad”
EZR 8 12 j4bn וְעִמּ֕וֹ מֵאָ֥ה וַעֲשָׂרָ֖ה הַזְּכָרִֽים 1 with him 110 males “with Johanan were listed 110 males”
EZR 8 12 pr9v translate-numbers מֵאָ֥ה וַעֲשָׂרָ֖ה הַזְּכָרִֽים 1 110 males “one hundred and ten males” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EZR 8 12 elm1 עַזְגָּ֔ד 1 Azgad See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 2:12](../02/12.md).
EZR 8 15 x4yl translate-names 0 General Information: The word “I” in chapter 8 refers to Ezra. He is the author. Verse 16 contains a list of men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 8 15 gl34 הַנָּהָר֙ הַבָּ֣א אֶֽל־אַהֲוָ֔א 1 the river that flows to Ahava Possible meanings are that the “canal” was 1) a waterway that men built or 2) an ordinary river. It can be translated in a more general way. Alternate translation: “the waterway that flows to Ahava”
EZR 8 15 gl34 הַנָּהָר֙ הַבָּ֣א אֶֽל־אַהֲוָ֔א 1 the river that flows to Ahava Possible meanings are that the “canal” was 1) a waterway that men built or 2) an ordinary river. It can be translated in a more general way. Alternate translation: “the waterway that flows to Ahava”
EZR 8 15 cl4j translate-names אַהֲוָ֔א 1 Ahava This is the name of a place (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 8 16 ufp7 לִֽ֠שְׁמַעְיָה 1 Shemaiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 8:13](../08/13.md).
EZR 8 16 sw7e וּלְאֶלְנָתָ֨ן וּלְיָרִ֜יב וּלְאֶלְנָתָ֧ן 1 Elnathan ... Elnathan ... Elnathan There were apparently three men with the same name.
EZR 8 17 a4dg translate-names אִדּ֨וֹ 1 Iddo This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 8 17 akq5 figs-explicit ואוצאה אוֹתָם֙ 1 Next I sent them The word “them” refers to the nine leaders and two teachers written about in [Ezra 8:16](../08/16.md). Alternate translation: “Next I sent those men to Iddo” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 8 17 ggi9 translate-names בְּכָסִפְיָ֣א 1 Kasiphia This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 8 17 nq66 וָאָשִׂימָה֩ בְּפִיהֶ֨ם דְּבָרִ֜ים לְ֠דַבֵּר אֶל־אִדּ֨וֹ ... לְהָֽבִיא־לָ֥נוּ מְשָׁרְתִ֖ים לְבֵ֥ית אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ 1 I put in their mouths the words to speak to Iddo ... to send to us servants for the house of our God The words “that is” introduces what he told them to say. Alternate translation: “I told them to tell Iddo ... to send us servants for the house of God”
EZR 8 17 nq66 וָאָשִׂימָה֩ בְּפִיהֶ֨ם דְּבָרִ֜ים לְ֠דַבֵּר אֶל־אִדּ֨וֹ ... לְהָֽבִיא־לָ֥נוּ מְשָׁרְתִ֖ים לְבֵ֥ית אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ 1 I put in their mouths the words to speak to Iddo ... to send to us servants for the house of our God The words “that is” introduces what he told them to say. Alternate translation: “I told them to tell Iddo ... to send us servants for the house of God”
EZR 8 18 kbq4 translate-names מַחְלִ֔י ... וְשֵׁרֵֽבְיָ֛ה 1 Sherebiah ... Mahli These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 8 18 a7cr figs-metonymy וַיָּבִ֨יאּוּ לָ֜נוּ כְּיַד־אֱלֹהֵ֨ינוּ הַטּוֹבָ֤ה עָלֵ֨ינוּ֙ אִ֣ישׁ 1 So they sent to us by the good hand of our God a man God’s “good hand” represents his kindness in providing for them. Alternate translation: “Because God was kind to us, they sent us a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 8 18 a7cr figs-metonymy וַיָּבִ֨יאּוּ לָ֜נוּ כְּיַד־אֱלֹהֵ֨ינוּ הַטּוֹבָ֤ה עָלֵ֨ינוּ֙ אִ֣ישׁ 1 So they sent to us by the good hand of our God a man God’s “good hand” represents his kindness in providing for them. Alternate translation: “Because God was kind to us, they sent us a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 8 18 kue1 אִ֣ישׁ שֶׂ֔כֶל 1 a man of understanding This is a man of understanding and wisdom.
EZR 8 18 d8n9 בֶּן־לֵוִ֖י בֶּן־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 the son of Levi, the son of Israel Here “Israel” is a man’s name. It is the name God gave to Jacob.
EZR 8 18 d8n9 בֶּן־לֵוִ֖י בֶּן־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 the son of Levi, the son of Israel Here “Israel” is a man’s name. It is the name God gave to Jacob.
EZR 8 19 mf7n translate-names יְשַֽׁעְיָ֖ה 1 Jeshaiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 8:7](../08/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 8 20 f9pd וְהַשָּׂרִים֙ 1 officials people with specific authority within a government system
EZR 8 21 zh8n translate-names הַנָּהָ֣ר אַהֲוָ֔א 1 the river Ahava This is the name of the canal that flows to the place called Ahava. See how you translated Ahava and canal in [Ezra 8:15](../08/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 8 21 sq2q figs-metaphor לְבַקֵּ֤שׁ מִמֶּ֨נּוּ֙ דֶּ֣רֶךְ יְשָׁרָ֔ה לָ֥נוּ וּלְטַפֵּ֖נוּ וּלְכָל־רְכוּשֵֽׁנוּ 1 to seek a straight way from him for us and our little ones, and all our possessions The word “seek” represents asking God to do something for them. Here a “straight path” represents safety while they travel. Alternate translation: “to ask God to give us, our little ones, and all our possessions safety while we travel” or “to ask God to protect us, our little ones, and all our possessions while we travel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 8 22 n4fd figs-metonymy יַד־אֱלֹהֵ֤ינוּ עַל־כָּל־מְבַקְשָׁיו֙ לְטוֹבָ֔ה 1 The hand of our God is on all those who seek him for good The hand of God being on people is a metonym for God helping people. Seeking God is a metaphor for serving him. Alternate translation: “God helps all who serve him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 8 22 fb5x figs-metonymy וְעֻזּ֣וֹ וְאַפּ֔וֹ עַ֖ל כָּל־עֹזְבָֽיו 1 but his strength and his wrath are against all those who forsake him God’s might and wrath being on people is a metonym for him punishing people. Forgetting God is a metaphor for refusing to serve him. Alternate translation: “but he punishes all who refuse to serve him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 8 23 nfn4 figs-metaphor וַנָּצ֛וּמָה וַנְּבַקְשָׁ֥ה מֵאֱלֹהֵ֖ינוּ עַל־זֹ֑את 1 So we fasted and sought God about this matter Here seeking God is a metaphor for asking God to do something for them. Alternate translation: “So we fasted and asked God to help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 8 21 sq2q figs-metaphor לְבַקֵּ֤שׁ מִמֶּ֨נּוּ֙ דֶּ֣רֶךְ יְשָׁרָ֔ה לָ֥נוּ וּלְטַפֵּ֖נוּ וּלְכָל־רְכוּשֵֽׁנוּ 1 to seek a straight way from him for us and our little ones, and all our possessions The word “seek” represents asking God to do something for them. Here a “straight path” represents safety while they travel. Alternate translation: “to ask God to give us, our little ones, and all our possessions safety while we travel” or “to ask God to protect us, our little ones, and all our possessions while we travel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 8 22 n4fd figs-metonymy יַד־אֱלֹהֵ֤ינוּ עַל־כָּל־מְבַקְשָׁיו֙ לְטוֹבָ֔ה 1 The hand of our God is on all those who seek him for good The hand of God being on people is a metonym for God helping people. Seeking God is a metaphor for serving him. Alternate translation: “God helps all who serve him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 8 22 fb5x figs-metonymy וְעֻזּ֣וֹ וְאַפּ֔וֹ עַ֖ל כָּל־עֹזְבָֽיו 1 but his strength and his wrath are against all those who forsake him God’s might and wrath being on people is a metonym for him punishing people. Forgetting God is a metaphor for refusing to serve him. Alternate translation: “but he punishes all who refuse to serve him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 8 23 nfn4 figs-metaphor וַנָּצ֛וּמָה וַנְּבַקְשָׁ֥ה מֵאֱלֹהֵ֖ינוּ עַל־זֹ֑את 1 So we fasted and sought God about this matter Here seeking God is a metaphor for asking God to do something for them. Alternate translation: “So we fasted and asked God to help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 8 24 v6yb translate-names לְשֵׁרֵֽבְיָ֣ה חֲשַׁבְיָ֔ה 1 Sherebiah, Hashabiah See how you translated these men’s names in [Ezra 8:19](../08/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 8 26 v4vy translate-numbers כֶּ֗סֶף כִּכָּרִים֙ שֵֽׁשׁ־מֵא֣וֹת וַחֲמִשִּׁ֔ים 1 650 talents of silver “six hundred and fifty talents of silver.” A talent weighs about thirty-three kilograms. You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “22,000 kilograms of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EZR 8 26 an5i translate-numbers וּכְלֵי־כֶ֥סֶף מֵאָ֖ה לְכִכָּרִ֑ים 1 one hundred talents of silver objects “100 talents of silver objects.” You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “3,300 kilograms of silver objects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EZR 8 26 v4vy translate-numbers כֶּ֗סֶף כִּכָּרִים֙ שֵֽׁשׁ־מֵא֣וֹת וַחֲמִשִּׁ֔ים 1 650 talents of silver “six hundred and fifty talents of silver.” A talent weighs about thirty-three kilograms. You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “22,000 kilograms of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EZR 8 26 an5i translate-numbers וּכְלֵי־כֶ֥סֶף מֵאָ֖ה לְכִכָּרִ֑ים 1 one hundred talents of silver objects “100 talents of silver objects.” You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “3,300 kilograms of silver objects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EZR 8 26 ih18 translate-numbers זָהָ֖ב מֵאָ֥ה כִכָּֽר 1 one hundred talents of gold “100 talents of gold.” You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “3,300 kilograms of gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EZR 8 27 q2jm translate-numbers לַאֲדַרְכֹנִ֖ים אָ֑לֶף 1 one thousand darics “1,000 darics.” A “daric” was a small gold coin that people in the Persian Empire used. You can translate this in terms of the number of coins or their weight. Alternate translation: “one thousand Persian gold coins” or “eight and one half kilograms of gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
EZR 8 27 zlh5 וּכְלֵ֨י נְחֹ֜שֶׁת 1 vessels of bronze Bronze is a mixture of copper and another metal. It is stronger than pure copper.
EZR 8 28 rbg4 וָאֹמְרָ֣ה אֲלֵהֶ֗ם 1 Then I said to them “Then I said to the twelve priestly officials”
EZR 8 29 im6g עַֽד־תִּשְׁקְל֡וּ לִפְנֵי֩ שָׂרֵ֨י הַכֹּהֲנִ֧ים וְהַלְוִיִּ֛ם וְשָׂרֵֽי־הָאָב֥וֹת לְיִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 until you weigh them out before the heads of the priests and the Levites, and the heads of the fathers’ houses When they arrived in Jerusalem, they would weigh the silver, gold, and bronze to show that they had not taken any of it for themselves.
EZR 8 29 im6g עַֽד־תִּשְׁקְל֡וּ לִפְנֵי֩ שָׂרֵ֨י הַכֹּהֲנִ֧ים וְהַלְוִיִּ֛ם וְשָׂרֵֽי־הָאָב֥וֹת לְיִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 until you weigh them out before the heads of the priests and the Levites, and the heads of the fathers’ houses When they arrived in Jerusalem, they would weigh the silver, gold, and bronze to show that they had not taken any of it for themselves.
EZR 8 30 ia74 הַכֹּהֲנִ֣ים וְהַלְוִיִּ֔ם 1 The priests and the Levites According to the law of Moses, the tribe of Levi had the work of caring for the temple, its possessions, and the offerings.
EZR 8 31 c4v2 וַֽנִּסְעָ֞ה מִנְּהַ֣ר אַֽהֲוָ֗א 1 We went out from the river Ahava “We left the Ahava Canal” or “We started traveling from the Ahava Canal”
EZR 8 31 c9im translate-names מִנְּהַ֣ר אַֽהֲוָ֗א 1 the river Ahava This is the name of the canal that flows to the place called Ahava. See how you translated this in [Ezra 8:21](../08/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 8 31 ju8u translate-hebrewmonths בִּשְׁנֵ֤ים עָשָׂר֙ לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הָרִאשׁ֔וֹן 1 twelfth day of the first month This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The twelfth day is near the end of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EZR 8 31 b7m1 figs-metonymy וְיַד־אֱלֹהֵ֨ינוּ֙ הָיְתָ֣ה עָלֵ֔ינוּ 1 The hand of our God was on us The hand of God being on people is a metonym for God helping people. Alternate translation: “God was helping us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 8 31 dj8h figs-metonymy וַיַּ֨צִּילֵ֔נוּ מִכַּ֥ף אוֹיֵ֛ב וְאוֹרֵ֖ב עַל־הַדָּֽרֶךְ 1 he delivered us from the hand of the enemy and from those lying in ambush along the road The hand represents what those people might do. It specifically refers to the enemy attacking the group that was traveling. Alternate translation: “he protected us from the attack of the enemy and the ones who wished to ambush us along the road” or “He kept the enemy from attacking us and he kept robbers from ambushing us along the road” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 8 31 b7m1 figs-metonymy וְיַד־אֱלֹהֵ֨ינוּ֙ הָיְתָ֣ה עָלֵ֔ינוּ 1 The hand of our God was on us The hand of God being on people is a metonym for God helping people. Alternate translation: “God was helping us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 8 31 dj8h figs-metonymy וַיַּ֨צִּילֵ֔נוּ מִכַּ֥ף אוֹיֵ֛ב וְאוֹרֵ֖ב עַל־הַדָּֽרֶךְ 1 he delivered us from the hand of the enemy and from those lying in ambush along the road The hand represents what those people might do. It specifically refers to the enemy attacking the group that was traveling. Alternate translation: “he protected us from the attack of the enemy and the ones who wished to ambush us along the road” or “He kept the enemy from attacking us and he kept robbers from ambushing us along the road” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 8 31 pj64 וְאוֹרֵ֖ב 1 those lying in ambush This refers to thieves and robbers who wanted to attack them for their treasures.
EZR 8 33 p3qm figs-activepassive נִשְׁקַ֣ל הַכֶּסֶף֩ וְהַזָּהָ֨ב וְהַכֵּלִ֜ים 1 the silver and the gold and the objects were weighed out This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the twelve priestly officials weighed out the silver, gold and objects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 8 33 b9l2 figs-metonymy נִשְׁקַ֣ל הַכֶּסֶף֩ וְהַזָּהָ֨ב וְהַכֵּלִ֜ים ... עַ֠ל יַד־מְרֵמ֤וֹת 1 the silver and the gold and the objects were weighed out ... into the hand of Meremoth Here “the hand of Meremoth” represents Meremoth’s care of the silver, gold, and objects. The men weighed those things and gave them to Meremoth to take care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 8 33 b9l2 figs-metonymy נִשְׁקַ֣ל הַכֶּסֶף֩ וְהַזָּהָ֨ב וְהַכֵּלִ֜ים ... עַ֠ל יַד־מְרֵמ֤וֹת 1 the silver and the gold and the objects were weighed out ... into the hand of Meremoth Here “the hand of Meremoth” represents Meremoth’s care of the silver, gold, and objects. The men weighed those things and gave them to Meremoth to take care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 8 33 jb4h יֵשׁ֛וּעַ 1 Jeshua See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 2:6](../02/06.md).
EZR 8 35 gxu7 הַ֠בָּאִים מֵֽהַשְּׁבִ֨י בְנֵֽי־הַגּוֹלָ֜ה 1 those who had come back from the captivity, the sons of the exiles These two phrases refer to the Jewish people who were living as exiles in Babylon and who left Babylon and returned to Jerusalem in Judea. Alternate translation: “The ones who came back to Jerusalem from the captivity in Babylon, the people of exile”
EZR 8 35 gxu7 הַ֠בָּאִים מֵֽהַשְּׁבִ֨י בְנֵֽי־הַגּוֹלָ֜ה 1 those who had come back from the captivity, the sons of the exiles These two phrases refer to the Jewish people who were living as exiles in Babylon and who left Babylon and returned to Jerusalem in Judea. Alternate translation: “The ones who came back to Jerusalem from the captivity in Babylon, the people of exile”
EZR 8 36 r5gu וּפַחֲו֖וֹת עֵ֣בֶר הַנָּהָ֑ר 1 the governors in the Province Beyond the River These were the Babylonian officials managing the people west of the Euphrates River, which included the people living in Judea.
EZR 8 36 d38g translate-names וּפַחֲו֖וֹת עֵ֣בֶר הַנָּהָ֑ר 1 the Province Beyond the River This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. It included Judea. See how you translated it in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 9 intro k1yz 0 # Ezra 09 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Intermarriage<br>When Ezra found out that many Jews had married Gentile wives, he prayed to God and asked God why he had been so good to them by letting these few people return from captivity even though they sinned by marrying Gentile wives. They did this before and God had punished them for it. God forbid this type of marriage because it caused the people to worship other gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br>
EZR 9 1 kb76 לֹֽא־נִבְדְּל֞וּ 1 have not separated themselves have married people from other lands and have adopted their religion
EZR 9 3 qhy7 וּכְשָׁמְעִי֙ אֶת־הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֔ה 1 When I heard this matter When Ezra heard that many Israelites had married foreign women and were worshiping their gods
EZR 9 3 ck87 figs-explicit קָרַ֥עְתִּי אֶת־בִּגְדִ֖י וּמְעִילִ֑י וָאֶמְרְטָ֞ה מִשְּׂעַ֤ר רֹאשִׁי֙ וּזְקָנִ֔י 1 I tore my clothing and my robe and pulled out hair from my head and beard Ezra was showing everyone how unhappy he was that people were doing things that offended God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 9 1 kb76 לֹֽא־נִבְדְּל֞וּ 1 have not separated themselves have married people from other lands and have adopted their religion
EZR 9 3 qhy7 וּכְשָׁמְעִי֙ אֶת־הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֔ה 1 When I heard this matter When Ezra heard that many Israelites had married foreign women and were worshiping their gods
EZR 9 3 ck87 figs-explicit קָרַ֥עְתִּי אֶת־בִּגְדִ֖י וּמְעִילִ֑י וָאֶמְרְטָ֞ה מִשְּׂעַ֤ר רֹאשִׁי֙ וּזְקָנִ֔י 1 I tore my clothing and my robe and pulled out hair from my head and beard Ezra was showing everyone how unhappy he was that people were doing things that offended God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EZR 9 4 m8dw לְמִנְחַ֥ת הָעָֽרֶב 1 the evening sacrifice a sacrifice that the priests would offer around the time the sun was going down
EZR 9 5 v2nb מִתַּֽעֲנִיתִ֔י 1 my fasting another way of saying he was “sitting ashamed” ([Ezra 9:4](../09/04.md)). “where I was sitting on the ground to show how ashamed I was”
EZR 9 5 qye1 וָֽאֶכְרְעָה֙ עַל־בִּרְכַּ֔י וָאֶפְרְשָׂ֥ה כַפַּ֖י 1 knelt down on my knees, and spread out my hands “got on my knees and stretched out my arms with my hands open toward the sky”
EZR 9 5 qye1 וָֽאֶכְרְעָה֙ עַל־בִּרְכַּ֔י וָאֶפְרְשָׂ֥ה כַפַּ֖י 1 knelt down on my knees, and spread out my hands “got on my knees and stretched out my arms with my hands open toward the sky”
EZR 9 6 aca6 figs-parallelism עֲוֺנֹתֵ֤ינוּ רָבוּ֙ לְמַ֣עְלָה רֹּ֔אשׁ וְאַשְׁמָתֵ֥נוּ גָדְלָ֖ה עַ֥ד לַשָּׁמָֽיִם 1 our iniquities have risen higher than our head, and our guilt has grown up to the heavens These words are two ways of speaking of iniquity and guilt as if they were physical objects that could grow to be larger than people. The abstract nouns “iniquity” and “guilt” can be expressed as a noun and an adjective, respectively. Alternate translation: “we have committed wicked deeds and we are very guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 9 7 sv5f מִימֵ֣י אֲבֹתֵ֗ינוּ 1 the days of our fathers “the time when our ancestors were alive”
EZR 9 7 wet1 figs-abstractnouns בְּאַשְׁמָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֔ה ... וּבַעֲוֺנֹתֵ֡ינוּ 1 very guilty ... our iniquities The abstract nouns “guilt” and “iniquity” can be translated as an adjective and a verb, respectively. Alternate translation: “very guilty ... Because of the evil deeds we did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 9 7 v9sd figs-metonymy בְּיַ֣ד׀ מַלְכֵ֣י הָאֲרָצ֗וֹת 1 into the hand of kings of the lands Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “were given into the control of the kings of this world” or “were given over to the kings of this world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 9 7 f2hv figs-metonymy בַּחֶ֜רֶב בַּשְּׁבִ֧י וּבַבִּזָּ֛ה וּבְבֹ֥שֶׁת פָּנִ֖ים 1 to the sword, to captivity, and to plunder, and to ashamed faces The sword is a metonym for people killing other people. The abstract nouns “captivity” and “plunder” can be stated as verb phrases. And, “faces” is a synecdoche representing the whole person. Alternate translation: “to our enemies to kill us, to capture us, to steal from us, and to cause us shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EZR 9 8 jqq9 figs-metaphor הָיְתָ֨ה תְחִנָּ֜ה מֵאֵ֣ת׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵ֗ינוּ 1 grace has been shown from Yahweh our God God deciding to be merciful is spoken of as if mercy were a person who could move. Alternate translation: “Yahweh our God has decided to be merciful to us and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 9 9 xh8d figs-abstractnouns וַֽיַּט־עָלֵ֣ינוּ חֶ֡סֶד 1 but he extended covenant faithfulness to us The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “loyal.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ezra 7:28](../07/28.md). Alternate translation: “but he as been faithful to us” or “he has been loyal to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 9 9 xh8d figs-abstractnouns וַֽיַּט־עָלֵ֣ינוּ חֶ֡סֶד 1 but he extended covenant faithfulness to us The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “loyal.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ezra 7:28](../07/28.md). Alternate translation: “but he as been faithful to us” or “he has been loyal to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 9 9 eb2m figs-metonymy לִפְנֵי֩ מַלְכֵ֨י פָרַ֜ס 1 in the sight of the king of Persia The king could not literally see the temple, but he did know about what was happening in Jerusalem. Here “sight” is a metonym for what a person knows. Alternate translation: “so that the king of Persia knows about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EZR 9 9 f833 אֶת־בֵּ֤ית אֱלֹהֵ֨ינוּ֙ 1 the house of our God the temple
EZR 9 9 b5aw figs-metaphor וְלָֽתֶת־לָ֣נוּ גָדֵ֔ר 1 to give us a wall The wall that keeps people safe is a metaphor for Yahweh protecting his people. Alternate translation: “could keep us safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 9 12 uax9 עַד־עוֹלָֽם 1 forever “until the end of the ages”
EZR 9 9 f833 אֶת־בֵּ֤ית אֱלֹהֵ֨ינוּ֙ 1 the house of our God the temple
EZR 9 9 b5aw figs-metaphor וְלָֽתֶת־לָ֣נוּ גָדֵ֔ר 1 to give us a wall The wall that keeps people safe is a metaphor for Yahweh protecting his people. Alternate translation: “could keep us safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EZR 9 12 uax9 עַד־עוֹלָֽם 1 forever “until the end of the ages”
EZR 9 14 jh1x figs-rquestion הֲנָשׁוּב֙ לְהָפֵ֣ר מִצְוֺתֶ֔יךָ וּ֨לְהִתְחַתֵּ֔ן בְּעַמֵּ֥י הַתֹּעֵב֖וֹת הָאֵ֑לֶּה 1 should we again break your commandments and intermarry with the people of these abominations? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “it is very wrong that some of us have broken your commandments and made ... people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EZR 9 14 mn62 figs-rquestion הֲל֤וֹא תֶֽאֱנַף־... לְאֵ֥ין שְׁאֵרִ֖ית וּפְלֵיטָֽה 1 Would you not be angry ... no remnant or survivor? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am afraid that you will be angry ... escape.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EZR 9 14 mn62 figs-rquestion הֲל֤וֹא תֶֽאֱנַף־... לְאֵ֥ין שְׁאֵרִ֖ית וּפְלֵיטָֽה 1 Would you not be angry ... no remnant or survivor? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am afraid that you will be angry ... escape.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EZR 9 15 qhg9 הִנְנ֤וּ 1 Look “Pay attention to what I am about to say”
EZR 9 15 a177 לְפָנֶ֨יךָ֙ בְּאַשְׁמָתֵ֔ינוּ 1 We are before you in our guilt “You can see that we are all guilty”
EZR 9 15 lh5h אֵ֥ין לַעֲמ֛וֹד לְפָנֶ֖יךָ עַל־זֹֽאת 1 no one can stand before you because of this “you do not think that any person is innocent”
EZR 9 15 lh5h אֵ֥ין לַעֲמ֛וֹד לְפָנֶ֖יךָ עַל־זֹֽאת 1 no one can stand before you because of this “you do not think that any person is innocent”
EZR 10 intro ah4y 0 # Ezra 10 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Intermarriages<br>The people agree to divorce their Gentile wives. Many Jews were involved in these mixed marriages. Divorce should not normally have been common for the Jews to engage in, but marriage with non-Jewish women was not allowed.<br>
EZR 10 1 ufb1 figs-pronouns וּכְהִתְפַּלֵּ֤ל עֶזְרָא֙ וּכְ֨הִתְוַדֹּת֔וֹ בֹּכֶה֙ וּמִתְנַפֵּ֔ל 1 As Ezra was praying and confessing, weeping and throwing himself down Ezra speaks of himself as if he were someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
EZR 10 1 ekt7 וּמִתְנַפֵּ֔ל 1 throwing himself down quickly went from standing to lying facedown
@ -437,19 +437,19 @@ EZR 10 2 at6v יְחִיאֵ֜ל 1 Jehiel See how you translated this in [Ezra
EZR 10 2 af7v אֲנַ֨חְנוּ֙ מָעַ֣לְנוּ בֵאלֹהֵ֔ינוּ 1 We have been unfaithful to our God This was made as a public confession, not as a boastful claim.
EZR 10 4 m4vg וַאֲנַ֣חְנוּ עִמָּ֑ךְ 1 we are with you “we will help you”
EZR 10 6 j3bg translate-names יְהוֹחָנָ֣ן ... אֶלְיָשִׁ֑יב 1 Jehohanan ... Eliashib These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 10 8 tv2h וְכֹל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־יָב֜וֹא ... יָחֳרַ֖ם כָּל־רְכוּשׁ֑וֹ וְה֥וּא יִבָּדֵ֖ל 1 Everyone who did not come ... all his property would be forfeited, and he would be excluded “The officials would take all the possessions away from anyone who did not come ... and would excuse them” or “The people of Judah and Jerusalem would take all the possessions away from anyone who did not come ... and would exclude them”
EZR 10 8 tv2h וְכֹל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־יָב֜וֹא ... יָחֳרַ֖ם כָּל־רְכוּשׁ֑וֹ וְה֥וּא יִבָּדֵ֖ל 1 Everyone who did not come ... all his property would be forfeited, and he would be excluded “The officials would take all the possessions away from anyone who did not come ... and would excuse them” or “The people of Judah and Jerusalem would take all the possessions away from anyone who did not come ... and would exclude them”
EZR 10 8 a5ia translate-numbers לִשְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת הַיָּמִ֗ים 1 three days 3 days (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EZR 10 9 kp1w לִשְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת הַיָּמִ֗ים 1 in three days “three days later”
EZR 10 9 v2eh translate-hebrewmonths ה֛וּא חֹ֥דֶשׁ הַתְּשִׁיעִ֖י בְּעֶשְׂרִ֣ים בַּחֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 ninth month and the twentieth day of the month This is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. The twentieth day is near the middle of December on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EZR 10 9 j9d3 בִּרְחוֹב֙ 1 in the square a large open courtyard in front of the temple
EZR 10 10 x4sz figs-abstractnouns מְעַלְתֶּ֔ם 1 have acted unfaithfully The abstract noun “treason” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “helped the enemies of your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EZR 10 10 v95n לְהוֹסִ֖יף עַל־אַשְׁמַ֥ת יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 adding to the guilt of Israel “and now God considers us guilty of worse sin than before”
EZR 10 10 v95n לְהוֹסִ֖יף עַל־אַשְׁמַ֥ת יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 adding to the guilt of Israel “and now God considers us guilty of worse sin than before”
EZR 10 11 man9 וְהִבָּֽדְלוּ֙ 1 separate yourselves move away from, be different from
EZR 10 13 wqu4 figs-litotes וְהַמְּלָאכָ֗ה לֹֽא־לְי֤וֹם אֶחָד֙ וְלֹ֣א לִשְׁנַ֔יִם 1 this is not the work of one or two days This litotes can be translated in positive form. Alternate translation: “we will need a long time to do all this work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
EZR 10 14 fcw7 figs-activepassive לְעִתִּ֣ים מְזֻמָּנִ֔ים וְעִמָּהֶ֛ם זִקְנֵי־עִ֥יר וָעִ֖יר וְשֹׁפְטֶ֑יהָ 1 at the appointed time with the elders and judges of each of their cities This can be translated in active form and as separate sentences. Alternate translation: “at the time that you will determine. Let them come with the city elder and the city judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 10 13 wqu4 figs-litotes וְהַמְּלָאכָ֗ה לֹֽא־לְי֤וֹם אֶחָד֙ וְלֹ֣א לִשְׁנַ֔יִם 1 this is not the work of one or two days This litotes can be translated in positive form. Alternate translation: “we will need a long time to do all this work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
EZR 10 14 fcw7 figs-activepassive לְעִתִּ֣ים מְזֻמָּנִ֔ים וְעִמָּהֶ֛ם זִקְנֵי־עִ֥יר וָעִ֖יר וְשֹׁפְטֶ֑יהָ 1 at the appointed time with the elders and judges of each of their cities This can be translated in active form and as separate sentences. Alternate translation: “at the time that you will determine. Let them come with the city elder and the city judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EZR 10 15 sl99 יוֹנָתָ֧ן בֶּן־עֲשָׂהאֵ֛ל וְיַחְזְיָ֥ה בֶן־תִּקְוָ֖ה עָמְד֣וּ עַל־זֹ֑את 1 Jonathan son of Asahel and Jahzeiah son of Tikvah opposed this Possible meanings are, 1) these men did not want the city officials to investigate the offenses or 2) they did not want anyone to investigate the people’s marriages.
EZR 10 16 jyy9 וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵן֮ 1 did this The people investigated who had married non-Jewish wives.
EZR 10 15 sl99 יוֹנָתָ֧ן בֶּן־עֲשָׂהאֵ֛ל וְיַחְזְיָ֥ה בֶן־תִּקְוָ֖ה עָמְד֣וּ עַל־זֹ֑את 1 Jonathan son of Asahel and Jahzeiah son of Tikvah opposed this Possible meanings are, 1) these men did not want the city officials to investigate the offenses or 2) they did not want anyone to investigate the people’s marriages.
EZR 10 16 jyy9 וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵן֮ 1 did this The people investigated who had married non-Jewish wives.
EZR 10 16 c2z7 translate-hebrewmonths בְּי֤וֹם אֶחָד֙ לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הָעֲשִׂירִ֔י 1 the first day of the tenth month This is the tenth month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the middle of December on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EZR 10 17 kgk5 translate-hebrewmonths י֥וֹם אֶחָ֖ד לַחֹ֥דֶשׁ הָרִאשֽׁוֹן 1 first day of the first month This is near the middle of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EZR 10 18 rqg8 יֵשׁ֤וּעַ 1 Jeshua See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md).
@ -518,4 +518,4 @@ EZR 10 43 tih9 translate-names יְעִיאֵ֤ל 1 Jeiel This is a man’s name
EZR 10 43 tun4 translate-names זָבָ֣ד 1 Zabad This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 10:27](../10/27.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 10 43 kb1m translate-names זְבִינָ֔א ידו וְיוֹאֵ֖ל 1 Zebina ... Jaddai ... Joel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 10 43 jwl8 translate-names בְּנָיָֽה 1 Benaiah This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 10:25](../10/25.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EZR 10 44 f8ms כָּל־אֵ֕לֶּה 1 All of these all the men in the list beginning in [Ezra 10:20](../10/20.md)
EZR 10 44 f8ms כָּל־אֵ֕לֶּה 1 All of these all the men in the list beginning in [Ezra 10:20](../10/20.md)
1
Book
Chapter
Verse
ID
SupportReference
OrigQuote
Occurrence
GLQuote
OccurrenceNote
4
EZR
1
1
p6b4
translate-ordinal
וּבִשְׁנַ֣ת אַחַ֗ת
1
In the first year
This refers to the beginning of the reign of King Cyrus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
5
EZR
1
1
y7r9
figs-metonymy
מִפִּ֣י יִרְמְיָ֑ה
1
by the mouth of Jeremiah
Here “mouth” represents speaking. Alternate translation: “Yahweh did what Jeremiah prophesied that Yahweh would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6
EZR
1
1
l953
יְהוָ֖ה
1
Yahweh
This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
Here Cyrus is represented by his spirit. This speaks of Yahweh causing Cyrus to want to act as if he “stirred” his spirit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh ... made Cyrus want to act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
The voice is a metonym for the message the voice speaks, and the kingdom is a metonym for the people whom a king rules. Alternate translation: “Cyrus sent a message to everyone over whom he ruled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9
EZR
1
1
x1wz
figs-activepassive
בְּמִכְתָּ֖ב לֵאמֹֽר
1
what was written was spoken
This can be translated in active form. It might be best to translate so the reader understands that other people might have helped Cyrus get the message to the people over whom he ruled. Alternate translation: “what Cyrus wrote and what his messengers read so people could hear them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10
EZR
1
2
aqj5
figs-hyperbole
מַמְלְכ֣וֹת הָאָ֔רֶץ
1
all the kingdoms of the earth
Here “all” is an exaggeration, as there were kingdoms over which Cyrus did not rule. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
11
EZR
1
2
gmx4
figs-explicit
ל֣וֹ בַ֔יִת ... בִּֽיהוּדָֽה
1
for him a house ... in Judah
You may need to make explicit that the house was for people to worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “a house in ... Judea where people can worship him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
with everyone whose spirit God had stirred up to go up
Stirring the spirit is a metonym for making someone want to act. See how you translated these words in [Ezra 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “everyone whom God had made want to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
15
EZR
1
6
wwg6
חִזְּק֣וּ בִֽידֵיהֶ֔ם
1
strengthened their hands
This refers to the work of the people roused by God in the previous verse.
16
EZR
1
8
m5w3
translate-names
מִתְרְדָ֣ת ... לְשֵׁשְׁבַּצַּ֔ר
1
Mithredath ... Sheshbazzar
These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
brought them out by the hand of Mithredath the treasurer
Putting an object into someone’s hand is a metaphor for allowing that person to do what he wants with that object. Here the reader should understand that Cyrus expected Mithredath to do what Cyrus wanted him to do. Alternate translation: “put Mithredath the treasurer in charge of them” or “made Mithredath the treasurer responsible for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
This is the name of a town in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
56
EZR
2
23
l5x8
translate-numbers
0
General Information:
This continues the list people who returned from the exile along with the number in each group whose ancestors came from the places listed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
95
EZR
2
61
vg3t
translate-names
חֳבַיָּ֖ה ... הַקּ֑וֹץ ... בַרְזִלַּ֗י
1
Habaiah ... Hakkoz ... Barzillai
These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
96
EZR
2
62
yiq1
כְתָבָ֛ם הַמִּתְיַחְשִׂ֖ים
1
the records of their ancestry
the records that told who their ancestors were
97
EZR
2
62
jis4
וְלֹ֣א נִמְצָ֑אוּ
1
but they were not found
“could not find their names in the records of the priests”
This can be translated in active form. The abstract noun “priesthood” can be translated as the verb “work as priests.” Alternate translation: “the other priests treated them as if they were unclean and did not allow them to work as priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
99
EZR
2
62
x8ns
וַֽיְגֹאֲל֖וּ
1
so they were excluded ... as defiled
not fit to be priests
100
EZR
2
63
n2du
לְאוּרִ֥ים וּלְתֻמִּֽים
1
Urim and Thummim
two items like dice that the priests used to decide what God wanted them to do
101
EZR
2
64
a73j
כָּל־ הַקָּהָ֖לכָּל־הַקָּהָ֖ל
1
whole group
This means the whole group that returned back to the land of Judah from the exile.
This is a list of the animals along with the numbers of each kind that returned with the people from the exile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
A “daric” was a small gold coin used by the Persian Empire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
109
EZR
2
69
ln9c
translate-bweight
מָנִ֖ים
1
minas
A mina is a unit of weight. One mina equals 550 grams. Minas are normally linked with measuring silver. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
Everyone went back to their home towns in Judea. Not everyone resettled in Jerusalem.
112
EZR
3
intro
rp9a
0
# Ezra 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins the story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of worship in the new temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Rebuilding the temple<br>They immediately began the temple worship, even though the temple had not yet been built because they feared the people of the surrounding nations.<br>
113
EZR
3
1
a2ka
translate-hebrewmonths
הַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י
1
the seventh month
This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. It is at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the early rain season. It is during the last part of September and the first part of October on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
114
EZR
3
1
hwv6
figs-simile
כְּאִ֥ישׁ אֶחָ֖ד
1
as one man
One man is in only one place and has only one purpose. Alternate translation: “for one purpose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
116
EZR
3
2
gq2e
translate-names
שְׁאַלְתִּיאֵל֙
1
Shealtiel
This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
117
EZR
3
2
yy1u
figs-metaphor
וַיָּקָם֩ ... וַיִּבְנ֕וּ
1
rose up and built
Standing up is a metaphor for beginning to act. Alternate translation: “began to act and built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
118
EZR
3
2
eg3w
figs-activepassive
כַּכָּת֕וּב בְּתוֹרַ֖ת מֹשֶׁ֥ה
1
as it is written in the law of Moses
This can be translated in active form. You may need to make explicit whom and what Yahweh had commanded. Alternate translation: “as Yahweh had commanded them to do in the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
“mounted the altar on its stand” or “placed the altar on its stand so it would stay there”
120
EZR
3
3
bk73
figs-idiom
בְּאֵימָ֣ה עֲלֵיהֶ֔ם
1
dread was on them
This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “they were very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
121
EZR
3
3
c33h
figs-explicit
מֵעַמֵּ֖י הָאֲרָצ֑וֹת
1
because of the people of the land
You may need to make explicit what it was about the people of the land that made the Jews afraid. Alternate translation: “because they thought the people of the land wanted to attack them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
They offered on it burnt offerings to Yahweh, both the morning and evening burnt offerings
One of the first things the people did was to begin offering sacrifices. This was before the temple was rebuilt.
123
EZR
3
4
iej2
figs-explicit
אֶת־ חַ֥ג הַסֻּכּ֖וֹתאֶת־חַ֥ג הַסֻּכּ֖וֹת
1
the Festival of Shelters
This is a festival that was celebrated for eight days during the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. It was associated with the time of the exodus when the Israelites lived in tents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
124
EZR
3
6
x3mt
translate-hebrewmonths
מִיּ֤וֹם אֶחָד֙ לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ
1
from the first day of the seventh month
This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the middle of September on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
125
EZR
3
6
cip8
figs-activepassive
וְהֵיכַ֥ל יְהוָ֖ה לֹ֥א יֻסָּֽד
1
although the foundation of the temple of Yahweh had not been laid
The Jews began the ceremonies of worship even before they started building the temple. Alternate translation: “they had not yet laid the foundation for the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
according to the permission they had from King Cyrus of Persia
The letters sent by Cyrus gave the Jews permission to buy materials and build the temple.
127
EZR
3
8
eh5s
translate-hebrewmonths
בַּחֹ֖דֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִ֑י
1
in the second month
This is the second month of the Hebrew calendar. This is during the warm season when people are harvesting crops. It is during the last part of April and the first part of May on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
128
EZR
3
8
ckj4
translate-ordinal
וּבַשָּׁנָ֣ה הַשֵּׁנִ֗ית
1
in the second year
This is during the year after the one in which they returned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
129
EZR
3
8
y8bn
figs-explicit
אֶל־ בֵּ֤ית הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙אֶל־בֵּ֤ית הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙
1
to the house of God
You may need to make explicit that there was no house of God standing when they arrived. Alternate translation: “to where the house of God had stood” or “to where they were going to build the house of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
130
EZR
3
8
fa38
translate-names
וְיֵשׁ֨וּעַ ... יֽוֹצָדָ֜ק
1
Jeshua ... Jozadak
These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
131
EZR
3
8
hf5n
translate-numbers
מִבֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙
1
from twenty years old
“20 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
132
EZR
3
9
s6i8
translate-names
יֵשׁ֡וּעַ ... חֵֽנָדָ֔ד
1
Jeshua ... Henadad
These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
136
EZR
3
10
v35v
translate-unknown
בַּֽמְצִלְתַּ֔יִם
1
with cymbals
two thin, round metal plates that are hit together to make a loud sound (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
137
EZR
3
10
t64z
figs-metonymy
יְדֵ֖י דָּוִ֥יד
1
the hands of David
The hand of a king is a metonym for the power to give commands. Alternate translation: “as David ... had commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
138
EZR
3
11
hgd5
וּבְהוֹדֹ֤ת
1
giving thanks
A feeling and expression of appreciation and gratitude for the kindness of another.
The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “He faithfully loves Israel forever” or “He is always faithful to his covenant with Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
This refers to the first temple that Solomon built, the house of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
141
EZR
3
12
rmy5
figs-synecdoche
בְּעֵ֣ינֵיהֶ֔ם
1
before their eyes
The people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize what they saw. Alternate translation: “in their sight” or “and they saw it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
142
EZR
3
12
d9tw
בֹּכִ֖ים בְּק֣וֹל גָּד֑וֹל
1
wept with a loud voice
This refers to emotional expression of sorrow involving tears and vocal sounds.
143
EZR
4
intro
x878
0
# Ezra 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worship continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Helping to build the temple<br>The people of the surrounding nations offered to help to build the temple. It is unknown why the Jews refused their help. These other people became their enemies and tried to hinder the work. They even persuaded the king of Persia to stop the Jews from building.<br>
146
EZR
4
2
spx4
translate-names
זְרֻבָּבֶ֜ל
1
Zerubbabel
This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
147
EZR
4
2
yx1s
translate-names
אֵסַ֤ר חַדֹּן֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ אַשּׁ֔וּר
1
Esarhaddon, king of Assyria
He ruled in Assyria before Cyrus ruled in Persia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
148
EZR
4
3
xp3f
וְיֵשׁ֗וּעַ
1
Jeshua
This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:6](../02/06.md).
Possible meanings are 1) the Jewish leader felt that Cyrus had authorized only them to build the temple or 2) building the temple was the exclusive work of the Jews and no non-Jew would be permitted to contribute to the work.
150
EZR
4
4
d9da
עַם־ הָאָ֔רֶץעַם־הָאָ֔רֶץ
1
the people of the land
“the people who were living in the land at that time,” which could include non-Jews and Jews whose families the Babylonians had not taken into exile
This speaks of the people of the land discouraging the Judeans as if they made their hands physically weak. Alternate translation: “discouraged the Judeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
152
EZR
4
4
aq32
עַם־ יְהוּדָ֑העַם־יְהוּדָ֑ה
1
the people of Judah
people who returned from Babylon and settled in the land of Judah
153
EZR
4
5
kd9a
לְהָפֵ֣ר עֲצָתָ֑ם
1
to frustrate their plans
“to make it so the Judeans could not build the temple as they had planned”
wrote an accusation against the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem
The abstract nouns “accusation” can be translated as a verb “accuse.” You may need to make explicit what the enemies accused the Judeans of doing. Alternate translation: “wrote a letter in which they accused those who lived in Judah and Jerusalem of disobeying the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
155
EZR
4
7
x91s
translate-names
בִּשְׁלָ֜ם מִתְרְדָ֤ת טָֽבְאֵל֙
1
Bishlam ... Mithredath ... Tabeel
names of men (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
156
EZR
4
7
jl52
הַֽנִּשְׁתְּוָ֔ן
1
the letter
This is the letter spoken of in [Ezra 4:6](../04/06.md).
157
EZR
4
7
isg5
אֲרָמִ֖ית
1
Aramaic
the language used in that area at the time for official business
160
EZR
4
8
hwq8
רְח֣וּם
1
Rehum
This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:1](../02/01.md).
161
EZR
4
9
vvp8
translate-names
ארכוי ... שֽׁוּשַׁנְכָיֵ֔א
1
Erech ... Susa
names of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
162
EZR
4
10
d6lu
translate-names
אָסְנַפַּר֙
1
Ashurbanipal
This is a name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
164
EZR
4
11
a7sk
דְּנָה֙ פַּרְשֶׁ֣גֶן אִגַּרְתָּ֔א
1
This is a copy
Ezra includes in his writing the content of the letter sent to King Artaxerxes.
165
EZR
4
11
n6mp
translate-names
אֱנָ֥שׁ עֲבַֽר־ נַהֲרָ֖האֱנָ֥שׁ עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֖ה
1
the Province Beyond the River
This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
166
EZR
4
12
fu8s
figs-metonymy
קִרְיְתָ֨א מָֽרָדְתָּ֤א ובאישתא
1
the rebellious and evil city
The city is a metonym for the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “a city that they plan to live in and rebel against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
167
EZR
4
12
jr26
וְאֻשַּׁיָּ֖א יַחִֽיטוּ
1
repairing the foundations
“fixed the foundations” or “mended the foundations”
This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “if they build the city and complete the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
if this city is rebuilt and its walls are completed
This can be translated in active form. See how you translated these words in [Ezra 4:13](../04/13.md). Alternate translation: “if they build the city and wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
174
EZR
4
16
n9kz
figs-hyperbole
חֲלָק֙ ... לָ֥א אִיתַ֖י לָֽךְ
1
you will have no control
Here “nothing” is an exaggeration to make the king think that he will be losing much tax money if the Judeans rebel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
175
EZR
4
16
keh5
translate-names
בַּעֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֔א
1
the Province Beyond the River
This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
177
EZR
4
17
u66e
רְח֤וּם
1
Rehum
This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md).
178
EZR
4
17
hja4
וְשִׁמְשַׁ֣י
1
Shimshai
This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:8](../04/08.md).
the copy of the letter from King Artaxerxes was read
This can be translated in active form, in which case you will need to make explicit who read the decree from the king to the officials. Alternate translation: “The messengers from King Artaxerxes read his decree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
189
EZR
4
23
s349
רְח֛וּם
1
Rehum
See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:1](../02/01.md).
190
EZR
4
23
qu4l
וְשִׁמְשַׁ֥י
1
Shimshai
See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:7](../04/07.md).
the work on the house of God which is in Jerusalem ceased, and it remained stopped until the second year of the reign of Darius
This delay lasted about 16 years.
192
EZR
5
intro
rn2j
0
# Ezra 05 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worship continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Rebuilding the temple<br>The prophets Haggai and Zechariah encouraged the Jews to begin again building the temple. This was very important to life in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br>
193
EZR
5
1
bdb8
translate-names
עִדּוֹא֙
1
Iddo
This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
194
EZR
5
2
u7ce
translate-names
וְיֵשׁ֣וּעַ ... יֽוֹצָדָ֔ק
1
Jeshua ... Jozadak
These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
195
EZR
5
2
z38k
שְׁאַלְתִּיאֵל֙
1
Shealtiel
This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 3:1](../03/01.md).
This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated it in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
199
EZR
5
5
gv23
figs-synecdoche
וְעֵ֣ין אֱלָהֲהֹ֗ם הֲוָת֙ עַל
1
the eye of God was on
The eye represents the person watching over another person. Alternate translation: “God was watching over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
a report could be sent to Darius and a decree was returned concerning this matter
This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for an official to send a letter to the king and for the king to send a letter back to them with a decree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
201
EZR
5
6
jbg5
פַּרְשֶׁ֣גֶן אִ֠גַּרְתָּא
1
This is a copy of the letter
Ezra includes the contents of the letter to King Darius regarding their work on the temple.
202
EZR
5
6
uq1x
translate-names
פַּחַ֣ת עֲבַֽר־ נַהֲרָ֗הפַּחַ֣ת עֲבַֽר־נַהֲרָ֗ה
1
the Province Beyond the River
This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated this in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
203
EZR
5
8
sp27
0
General Information:
The letter from Tattenai to the king that began in [Ezra 5:7](../05/07.md) continues.
204
EZR
5
8
nmq2
וְאָ֖ע
1
timbers
wood for building
205
EZR
5
9
uee9
מַן־ שָׂ֨ם לְכֹ֜ם טְעֵ֗םמַן־שָׂ֨ם לְכֹ֜ם טְעֵ֗ם
1
Who issued you a command
“Who gave you permission”
206
EZR
5
11
f9fm
0
General Information:
The letter from Tattenai to the king that began in [Ezra 5:7](../05/07.md) continues.
Possible meaning are 1) they were calling the Jewish people servants of God or 2) those who replied were from the tribe of Levi and Aaron, who were the ones actually responsible for the temple worship and sacrifices.
that was built many years ago, which a great king of Israel built and completed
This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the great king of Israel had built and supplied all the equipment for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
209
EZR
5
11
y9hr
וְשַׁכְלְלֵֽהּ
1
completed
“supplied all the equipment for it”
210
EZR
5
12
un5r
0
General Information:
The letter from Tattenai to the king continues. Tattenai continues to tell the king what the Judeans had told him beginning in [Ezra 5:11](../05/11.md).
211
EZR
5
12
pqp8
הַרְגִּ֤זוּ ... לֶאֱלָ֣הּ שְׁמַיָּ֔א
1
provoked the God of heaven to wrath
“made the God of heaven become very angry with us”
he gave them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, the Chaldean, who destroyed this house and deported the people
The hand is a metonym for power or control. Also, “Nebuchadnezzar” represents his army. Alternate translation: “allowed the army of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, the Chaldean, to destroy this house and to take the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
King Cyrus issued a command to rebuild the house of God
Cyrus ordered that the people rebuild God’s temple.
215
EZR
5
14
q6am
0
General Information:
The letter from Tattenai to the king that began in [Ezra 5:7](../05/07.md) continues. Tattenai continues to tell the king what the Judeans had told him beginning in ([Ezra 5:11](./11.md)).
216
EZR
5
14
w7ix
לְשֵׁשְׁבַּצַּ֣ר
1
Sheshbazzar
See how you translated this in [Ezra 1:7](../01/07.md).
217
EZR
5
14
caq3
וִיהִ֨יבוּ֙
1
gave them
King Cyrus returned the temple objects.
221
EZR
5
16
myr8
מִתְבְּנֵ֖א
1
under construction
built
222
EZR
5
17
f4m4
0
General Information:
The letter from Tattenai to the king that began in [Ezra 5:7](../05/07.md) continues. Tattenai has finished telling the king what the Judeans told him and now asks the king to see if what the Judeans told him was true.
223
EZR
5
17
abm5
figs-activepassive
יִ֠תְבַּקַּר
1
let a search be made
This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would like you to have someone investigate this matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
if it is so that a command was issued by King Cyrus
“if there is a record there that King Cyrus issued a law”
225
EZR
6
intro
y5d8
0
# Ezra 06 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The completion of the story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worship occurs in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Temple taxes<br>The king said the Jews were right and ordered money from his taxes to be used to help them with their sacrifices.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br>### Darius<br>In this chapter, Darius is called the king of Assyria. In reality, besides ruling over the former Assyrian Empire, Darius was also king of Persia. Persia had conquered Babylon, which had previously conquered Assyria. This made the king of Persia, the king of Assyria as well. It was unusual to refer to Darius as the king or ruler of Assyria. Ezra may have referred to him in this way to contrast Darius’ actions with those of the former rulers of Assyria, who had treated the Jews very cruelly. It was those earlier Assyrian rulers who had conquered the northern tribes of Israel and deported them to other lands. It was for this reasons that the northern tribes lost their identity and were no longer a distinct people group.<br>
226
EZR
6
1
spf8
figs-abstractnouns
שָׂ֣ם טְעֵ֑ם וּבַקַּ֣רוּ
1
issued a command and a search was made
The abstract noun “investigation” can be expressed with the verbs “investigate” or “search.” Alternate translation: “ordered his officials to investigate” or “ordered his officials to search” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
227
EZR
6
1
pb3s
figs-explicit
שָׂ֣ם טְעֵ֑ם וּבַקַּ֣רוּ
1
issued a command and a search was made
What they were to investigate can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “ordered his officials to investigate the records” or “ordered his officials to search and find out if there was a record of King Cyrus telling the Jews to build the house of God in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
232
EZR
6
3
ev3b
figs-explicit
בִּשְׁנַ֨ת חֲדָ֜ה לְכ֣וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּ֗א
1
In the first year of King Cyrus
It can be stated clearly that this is the first year of his reign. Alternate translation: “In year 1 of the reign of King Cyrus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
233
EZR
6
3
gi3x
figs-activepassive
בַּיְתָ֣א יִתְבְּנֵ֔א
1
Let the house be rebuilt
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let the Jews rebuild the house” or “The Jews must rebuild the house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
234
EZR
6
3
ts4a
translate-numbers
אַמִּ֣ין שִׁתִּ֔ין
1
sixty cubits
“60 cubits.” You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “twenty-seven meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
with three rows of large stones and a row of new timber
This can be stated as a new sentence. Possible meanings are 1) this describes how to build the foundation. Alternate translation: “Build the foundation on three layers of large stones covered with one layer of timber” or 2) this describes how to build the walls. Alternate translation: “Build the house’s walls with three layers of large stones alternating with one layer of timber” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
The phrase “the king’s house” represents King Cyrus’s own wealth in the royal treasury. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will pay for it with money from the royal treasury” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
237
EZR
6
6
f9x5
0
General Information:
This continues the record of King Cyrus’s command that the Jews rebuild God’s temple in Jerusalem, which began in [Ezra 6:3](../06/03.md).
238
EZR
6
6
xd9g
translate-names
תַּ֠תְּנַי ... שְׁתַ֤ר בּוֹזְנַי֙
1
Tattenai ... Shethar-Bozenai
Darius writes directly to these men. Translate their names as in [Ezra 5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
239
EZR
6
6
xk9x
translate-names
וּכְנָוָ֣תְה֔וֹן ... בַּעֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֑ה
1
the Province Beyond the River
This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated it in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
Let this cost be paid diligently at the expense of the king’s taxes beyond the River
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Use funds from the king’s tribute beyond the river to pay these men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
at the expense of the king’s taxes beyond the River
“The king’s tribute” refers to taxes that people pay the king. Alternate translation: “Money from the taxes that you collect for the king from the people beyond the river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
243
EZR
6
11
em18
0
General Information:
This continues the record of King Cyrus’s command that the Jews rebuild God’s temple in Jerusalem, which began in [Ezra 6:3](../06/03.md).
a beam must be pulled from his house and he must be impaled on it. His house must then be turned into a rubbish heap
This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I command my officials to pull a beam from his house and impale him on it. They are then to turn his house into a rubbish heap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
245
EZR
6
11
w334
אָע֙
1
a beam
a long, sturdy piece of wood, supporting the roof of a house
who extends their hand to change it, or to destroy
Lifting the hand represents trying or daring to do something. Alternate translation: “who tries to change ... or to destroy” or “who dares to change ... or to destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
249
EZR
6
13
alm6
translate-names
תַּתְּנַ֞י ... שְׁתַ֥ר בּוֹזְנַ֖י
1
Tattenai ... Shethar-Bozenai
Translate the names of these men as you did in [Ezra 5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
250
EZR
6
15
q4v5
figs-activepassive
וְשֵׁיצִיא֙ בַּיְתָ֣ה דְנָ֔ה
1
This house was completed
This can be translated in active form. You may need to make explicit which house they completed. Alternate translation: “They completed God’s house” or “They finished building the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
251
EZR
6
15
c1qx
translate-hebrewmonths
י֥וֹם תְּלָתָ֖ה לִירַ֣ח אֲדָ֑ר
1
the third day of the month of Adar
“Adar” is the name of the twelfth and last month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the cold season. The third day is near the middle of February on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
252
EZR
6
15
bhp9
translate-ordinal
שְׁנַת־ שֵׁ֔תשְׁנַת־שֵׁ֔ת
1
sixth year
King Darius had been ruling for five years, so he was now in year number six of his reign. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
These people had been captured and taken to Babylon, but they returned to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the rest of the people who had been taken captive to Babylon and had returned to Jerusalem” or “the rest of the people who had returned from captivity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The fourteenth day is near the beginning of April on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
257
EZR
6
20
j34t
figs-metaphor
הִֽטַּהֲר֞וּ
1
purified themselves
“made themselves pure.” Being pure represents being acceptable to God. Alternate translation: “made themselves acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
had separated themselves from the uncleanness of the nations of the land
Separating themselves from uncleanness represents refusing to do things that make people unclean. Alternate translation: “They refused to do the things that the people of the land did that made them unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
Here “uncleanness” represents being unacceptable to God. Alternate translation: “the things that the people of the land did that made them unacceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
260
EZR
6
21
tyz7
figs-metaphor
לִדְרֹ֕שׁ לַֽיהוָ֖ה
1
to seek Yahweh
Seeking Yahweh represents choosing to know, worship, and obey him. Alternate translation: “chose to obey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
Turning the king’s heart represents making him think differently about the work of the temple. Alternate translation: “changed the attitude of Assyria’s king” or “made Assyria’s king willing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
to strengthen their hands in the work of the house of God
Strengthening their hands in the work represents helping them to work. The Assyrian king did this by telling them to do the work and providing the money for it. Alternate translation: “to help them do the work of his house” or “to make it possible for them to do the work of his house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
# Ezra 07 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Ezra begins his religious reforms.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s Law<br>The people no longer know the law of Moses. Therefore, the king allows Ezra to return to Judea to teach the people about God’s law. Many people go with him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br>
265
EZR
7
1
h549
0
General Information:
Ezra’s genealogy goes back to Aaron, the first high priest.
266
EZR
7
1
n9di
translate-names
שְׂרָיָ֔ה
1
Seraiah
See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
270
EZR
7
3
h5gv
translate-names
אֲמַרְיָ֥ה ... עֲזַרְיָ֖ה ... מְרָיֽוֹת
1
Amariah ... Azariah ... Meraioth
This list is all men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
The “hand” of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s blessing or help. Alternate translation: “the blessing of Yahweh was with Ezra” or “Yahweh was blessing Ezra” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
This refers to the seventh year of his reign. Alternate translation: “in the seventh year that Artaxerxes was king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
276
EZR
7
8
cr7y
translate-hebrewmonths
בַּחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַחֲמִישִׁ֑י
1
the fifth month
This is the fifth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of July and the first part of August on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
277
EZR
7
9
f68n
translate-hebrewmonths
בְּאֶחָד֙ לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הָרִאשׁ֔וֹן
1
the first day of the first month
This is near the middle of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
278
EZR
7
9
s9by
translate-hebrewmonths
וּבְאֶחָ֞ד לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַחֲמִישִׁ֗י
1
the first day of the fifth month
This is near the middle of July on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
“Hand” represents the power or control that God uses for good results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
280
EZR
7
10
b5p7
figs-metaphor
עֶזְרָא֙ הֵכִ֣ין לְבָב֔וֹ לִדְר֛וֹשׁ
1
Ezra had established his heart to seek
Establishing his heart represents firmly deciding or committing himself to do something. Alternate translation: “Ezra committed his life to study” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
281
EZR
7
10
y7yr
וְלַעֲשֹׂ֑ת
1
to observe
“obey”
282
EZR
7
10
w9d8
חֹ֥ק וּמִשְׁפָּֽט
1
its statutes and ordinances
These were the laws that God passed down to Israel through Moses.
283
EZR
7
11
qjr1
וְזֶ֣ה׀ פַּרְשֶׁ֣גֶן הַֽנִּשְׁתְּוָ֗ן
1
This is a copy of the letter
The text following this statement was the decree given by King Artaxerxes.
284
EZR
7
12
y33a
figs-explicit
אַ֨רְתַּחְשַׁ֔סְתְּא מֶ֖לֶךְ מַלְכַיָּ֑א
1
Artaxerxes, king of kings
“The King of kings” was a title, meaning that he was the greatest of kings, the king that other kings obeyed. Alternate translation: “The Great King Artaxerxes” or “Artaxerxes, the greatest king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
I am issuing a decree that all those ... who desire to go up to Jerusalem
In those days people needed permission from the king to resettle and rebuild in an area previously destroyed by the conquering nation.
286
EZR
7
13
wi2u
עִמָּ֖ךְ יְהָֽךְ
1
may go with you
The word “you” refers to Ezra.
287
EZR
7
14
cbf2
0
Connecting Statement:
This continues the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra.
288
EZR
7
14
h7cx
מַלְכָּ֜א וְשִׁבְעַ֤ת יָעֲטֹ֨הִי֙
1
the king, and his seven counselors
The word “I” and the phrase “the king” refer to the same person. The king is reminding the people who hear this letter that he is the author of this letter.
to inquire concerning Judah and Jerusalem according to the law of your God
What they were to inquire about can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “to investigate the situation in Judah and Jerusalem, in order to learn whether or not they are obeying God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
290
EZR
7
15
m1pn
figs-explicit
וּלְהֵיבָלָ֖ה כְּסַ֣ף וּדְהַ֑ב
1
You are to bring the silver and gold
Where they were to bring it can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You are to bring to Jerusalem the silver and gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
291
EZR
7
15
uu8a
הִתְנַדַּ֨בוּ֙
1
have freely offered
“Freely” means that they were not forced to offer the money. They gave it because they wanted to. Alternate translation: “the silver and gold that they have willingly offered”
292
EZR
7
16
p3du
figs-explicit
הִתְנַדָּב֨וּת עַמָּ֤א וְכָֽהֲנַיָּא֙
1
the freewill offering of the people and the priests
This can be expressed active form. Alternate translation: “what the people and the priests have freely offered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
293
EZR
7
17
pr2c
0
Connecting Statement:
This continues the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra.
diligently buy bulls, rams, lambs, and grain offerings and drink offerings
The phrase “in full” means as many as are necessary to complete the task. They were to use the gold and silver to buy all they needed in order to worship God in the temple. Alternate translation: “Buy as many of the oxen, rams, lambs, grain and drink offerings as are needed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
295
EZR
7
18
a2bh
figs-metaphor
עליך וְעַל־ אחיךעליך וְעַל־אחיך
1
you and your brothers
The phrase “your brothers” refers to the people who were doing this work with Ezra. Alternate translation: “your co-workers” or “your companions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
296
EZR
7
19
h5qf
0
Connecting Statement:
This continues the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra.
This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “the objects that we have freely given to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
298
EZR
7
19
bkk8
הַשְׁלֵ֕ם קֳדָ֖ם אֱלָ֥הּ יְרוּשְׁלֶֽ
1
deliver in full before the God of Jerusalem
The word “him” refers to God.
299
EZR
7
19
a3tf
figs-abstractnouns
לְפָלְחָ֖ן בֵּ֣ית אֱלָהָ֑ךְ
1
for the service of the house of your God
The abstract noun “service” can be expressed with the verbs “serve” or “use.” Alternate translation: “to use in the house of your God” or “to serve in the house of your God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
300
EZR
7
20
hgu9
גִּנְזֵ֥י
1
treasury
a secure place where money is stored
301
EZR
7
21
wiy2
0
Connecting Statement:
This continues the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra.
302
EZR
7
21
i7dz
translate-names
דִּ֖י בַּעֲבַ֣ר נַהֲרָ֑ה
1
the Province Beyond the River
This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. See how you translated it in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
that anything that Ezra ... asks from you, let it be done diligently
This can be expressed in active form. “Give Ezra in full anything he asks of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
304
EZR
7
21
euy1
figs-explicit
אָסְפַּ֖רְנָא יִתְעֲבִֽד
1
let it be done diligently
The phrase “in full” here represents whatever quantity necessary to do the work. Alternate translation: “should be given as much as he needs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
305
EZR
7
22
c716
translate-numbers
כְּסַף֮ כַּכְּרִ֣ין מְאָה֒
1
one hundred silver talents
“100 talents of silver.” You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “3,300 kilograms of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
306
EZR
7
22
cja2
translate-bvolume
חִנְטִין֙ כֹּרִ֣ין מְאָ֔ה
1
one hundred cors of wheat
You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “22,000 liters of grain” or “twenty thousand liters of grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
307
EZR
7
22
u3yi
translate-bvolume
בַּתִּ֥ין מְשַׁ֖ח מְאָ֑ה
1
one hundred baths of oil
You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: 2,200 liters of oil” or “two thousand liters of oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
For why should his wrath come upon the kingdom of me and my sons?
The king uses this question to say that he does not want God’s wrath to come upon them. The implied information is that if they do not do give Ezra what he needs, then God will punish the kingdom. Alternate translation: “For we do not want God’s wrath to come upon the kingdom of me and my sons.” or “For if you do not do these things, God’s wrath will come upon the kingdom of me and my sons.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
For why should his wrath come upon the kingdom of me and my sons
God’s wrath represents God punishing them. Alternate translation: “For why should God punish the kingdom of me and my sons” or “For if you do not do these things, God will punish the kingdom of me and my sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
311
EZR
7
24
pw3i
0
Connecting Statement:
This continues the decree that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra.
according to the wisdom of God that is in your hand, appoint judges and magistrates
The abstract noun “wisdom” can be expressed with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “God has made you wise, so you must wisely appoint judges and magistrates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
whether death, or banishment, or confiscation of goods, or imprisonment
The abstract nouns can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: “whether by killing them, banishing them, confiscating their goods, or imprisoning them” or “You may kill them, send them away, take the things the own, or put them in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
317
EZR
7
27
qh6m
0
Connecting Statement:
Ezra praises God because of what King Artaxerxes decreed.
placed such a thing into the heart of the king to beautify the house of Yahweh which is in Jerusalem
Placing things in the king’s heart represents causing him to have certain thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “caused the king to want to glorify Yahweh’s house in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
319
EZR
7
27
w14w
figs-metaphor
בֵּ֥ית יְהוָ֖ה
1
the house of Yahweh
This refers to Yahweh’s temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
320
EZR
7
28
y4zu
figs-abstractnouns
וְעָלַ֣י הִטָּה־ חֶ֗סֶדוְעָלַ֣י הִטָּה־חֶ֗סֶד
1
who has extended covenant faithfulness to me
The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “loyal.” Alternate translation: “who has been faithful to me” or “who has been loyal to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
321
EZR
7
28
q1iu
figs-metaphor
וַאֲנִ֣י הִתְחַזַּ֗קְתִּי
1
So I was strengthened
Being strengthened represents being encouraged. Alternate translation: I am encouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
Here Yahweh’s hand represents what he did to help Ezra. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh has helped me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
323
EZR
8
intro
ye9m
0
# Ezra 08 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The people’s return to Judah<br>Many people went back to Judah with Ezra. They trusted God to protect them and the precious items they carried with them, which had been given for the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br>
324
EZR
8
1
ss8d
translate-names
0
General Information:
There is an apparent shift in authorship beginning here. Chapters 1-7 were written as if the author were writing about Ezra. Chapter 8 was written as if the author were Ezra. Verses 2-14 are a list of leaders and their ancestors. All of them are men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
325
EZR
8
2
m2b9
מִבְּנֵ֤י פִֽינְחָס֙ גֵּֽרְשֹׁ֔ם
1
of the sons of Phinehas, Gershom
This is the first item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Phinehas was Gershom” or “Gershom was the leader of the descendants of Phinehas”
of the sons of Pahath-Moab, Eliehoenai son of Zerahiah
This is the next item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Pahath-Moab was Eliehoenai son of Zerahiah” or “Eliehoenai son of Zerahiah was the leader of the descendants of Pahath-Moab”
334
EZR
8
4
y6jz
וְעִמּ֖וֹ מָאתַ֥יִם הַזְּכָרִֽים
1
with him were two hundred males
“with Eliehoenai were two hundred males”
335
EZR
8
4
kyx7
זְרַֽחְיָ֑ה
1
Zerahiah
See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 7:4](../07/04.md).
of the sons of Shephatiah, Zebadiah son of Michael
This is the next item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Shephatiah was Zebadiah son of Michael” or “Zebadiah son of Michael was the leader of the descendants of Shephatiah”
343
EZR
8
8
cw6w
שְׁפַטְיָ֔ה
1
Shephatiah
See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md).
344
EZR
8
8
u8wj
translate-names
מִֽיכָאֵ֑ל
1
Michael
This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
345
EZR
8
8
w6u1
וְעִמּ֖וֹ שְׁמֹנִ֥ים הַזְּכָרִֽים
1
with him eighty males
“with Zebadiah were listed eighty males”
349
EZR
8
11
s7ng
בֵּבָ֑י
1
Bebai
See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:11](../02/11.md).
This is the next item in the list. It can be written with the verb “was.” Alternate translation: “The leader of the descendants of Azgad was Johanan son of Hakkatan” or “Johanan son of Hakkatan was the leader of the descendants of Azgad”
353
EZR
8
12
j4bn
וְעִמּ֕וֹ מֵאָ֥ה וַעֲשָׂרָ֖ה הַזְּכָרִֽים
1
with him 110 males
“with Johanan were listed 110 males”
354
EZR
8
12
pr9v
translate-numbers
מֵאָ֥ה וַעֲשָׂרָ֖ה הַזְּכָרִֽים
1
110 males
“one hundred and ten males” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
355
EZR
8
12
elm1
עַזְגָּ֔ד
1
Azgad
See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 2:12](../02/12.md).
359
EZR
8
14
p7ej
בִגְוַ֖י
1
Bigvai
See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md).
The word “I” in chapter 8 refers to Ezra. He is the author. Verse 16 contains a list of men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
Possible meanings are that the “canal” was 1) a waterway that men built or 2) an ordinary river. It can be translated in a more general way. Alternate translation: “the waterway that flows to Ahava”
363
EZR
8
15
cl4j
translate-names
אַהֲוָ֔א
1
Ahava
This is the name of a place (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
364
EZR
8
16
ufp7
לִֽ֠שְׁמַעְיָה
1
Shemaiah
See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 8:13](../08/13.md).
365
EZR
8
16
sw7e
וּלְאֶלְנָתָ֨ן וּלְיָרִ֜יב וּלְאֶלְנָתָ֧ן
1
Elnathan ... Elnathan ... Elnathan
There were apparently three men with the same name.
366
EZR
8
17
a4dg
translate-names
אִדּ֨וֹ
1
Iddo
This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
367
EZR
8
17
akq5
figs-explicit
ואוצאה אוֹתָם֙
1
Next I sent them
The word “them” refers to the nine leaders and two teachers written about in [Ezra 8:16](../08/16.md). Alternate translation: “Next I sent those men to Iddo” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
368
EZR
8
17
ggi9
translate-names
בְּכָסִפְיָ֣א
1
Kasiphia
This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
I put in their mouths the words to speak to Iddo ... to send to us servants for the house of our God
The words “that is” introduces what he told them to say. Alternate translation: “I told them to tell Iddo ... to send us servants for the house of God”
370
EZR
8
18
kbq4
translate-names
מַחְלִ֔י ... וְשֵׁרֵֽבְיָ֛ה
1
Sherebiah ... Mahli
These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
So they sent to us by the good hand of our God a man
God’s “good hand” represents his kindness in providing for them. Alternate translation: “Because God was kind to us, they sent us a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
See how you translated this man’s name in [Ezra 8:7](../08/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
378
EZR
8
20
f9pd
וְהַשָּׂרִים֙
1
officials
people with specific authority within a government system
379
EZR
8
21
zh8n
translate-names
הַנָּהָ֣ר אַהֲוָ֔א
1
the river Ahava
This is the name of the canal that flows to the place called Ahava. See how you translated Ahava and canal in [Ezra 8:15](../08/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
to seek a straight way from him for us and our little ones, and all our possessions
The word “seek” represents asking God to do something for them. Here a “straight path” represents safety while they travel. Alternate translation: “to ask God to give us, our little ones, and all our possessions safety while we travel” or “to ask God to protect us, our little ones, and all our possessions while we travel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
The hand of our God is on all those who seek him for good
The hand of God being on people is a metonym for God helping people. Seeking God is a metaphor for serving him. Alternate translation: “God helps all who serve him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
but his strength and his wrath are against all those who forsake him
God’s might and wrath being on people is a metonym for him punishing people. Forgetting God is a metaphor for refusing to serve him. Alternate translation: “but he punishes all who refuse to serve him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
Here seeking God is a metaphor for asking God to do something for them. Alternate translation: “So we fasted and asked God to help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
384
EZR
8
24
v6yb
translate-names
לְשֵׁרֵֽבְיָ֣ה חֲשַׁבְיָ֔ה
1
Sherebiah, Hashabiah
See how you translated these men’s names in [Ezra 8:19](../08/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
“six hundred and fifty talents of silver.” A talent weighs about thirty-three kilograms. You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “22,000 kilograms of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
“100 talents of silver objects.” You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “3,300 kilograms of silver objects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
387
EZR
8
26
ih18
translate-numbers
זָהָ֖ב מֵאָ֥ה כִכָּֽר
1
one hundred talents of gold
“100 talents of gold.” You may convert this to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “3,300 kilograms of gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
388
EZR
8
27
q2jm
translate-numbers
לַאֲדַרְכֹנִ֖ים אָ֑לֶף
1
one thousand darics
“1,000 darics.” A “daric” was a small gold coin that people in the Persian Empire used. You can translate this in terms of the number of coins or their weight. Alternate translation: “one thousand Persian gold coins” or “eight and one half kilograms of gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
389
EZR
8
27
zlh5
וּכְלֵ֨י נְחֹ֜שֶׁת
1
vessels of bronze
Bronze is a mixture of copper and another metal. It is stronger than pure copper.
until you weigh them out before the heads of the priests and the Levites, and the heads of the fathers’ houses
When they arrived in Jerusalem, they would weigh the silver, gold, and bronze to show that they had not taken any of it for themselves.
392
EZR
8
30
ia74
הַכֹּהֲנִ֣ים וְהַלְוִיִּ֔ם
1
The priests and the Levites
According to the law of Moses, the tribe of Levi had the work of caring for the temple, its possessions, and the offerings.
393
EZR
8
31
c4v2
וַֽנִּסְעָ֞ה מִנְּהַ֣ר אַֽהֲוָ֗א
1
We went out from the river Ahava
“We left the Ahava Canal” or “We started traveling from the Ahava Canal”
394
EZR
8
31
c9im
translate-names
מִנְּהַ֣ר אַֽהֲוָ֗א
1
the river Ahava
This is the name of the canal that flows to the place called Ahava. See how you translated this in [Ezra 8:21](../08/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
395
EZR
8
31
ju8u
translate-hebrewmonths
בִּשְׁנֵ֤ים עָשָׂר֙ לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הָרִאשׁ֔וֹן
1
twelfth day of the first month
This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The twelfth day is near the end of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
The hand of God being on people is a metonym for God helping people. Alternate translation: “God was helping us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
he delivered us from the hand of the enemy and from those lying in ambush along the road
The hand represents what those people might do. It specifically refers to the enemy attacking the group that was traveling. Alternate translation: “he protected us from the attack of the enemy and the ones who wished to ambush us along the road” or “He kept the enemy from attacking us and he kept robbers from ambushing us along the road” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
398
EZR
8
31
pj64
וְאוֹרֵ֖ב
1
those lying in ambush
This refers to thieves and robbers who wanted to attack them for their treasures.
399
EZR
8
33
p3qm
figs-activepassive
נִשְׁקַ֣ל הַכֶּסֶף֩ וְהַזָּהָ֨ב וְהַכֵּלִ֜ים
1
the silver and the gold and the objects were weighed out
This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the twelve priestly officials weighed out the silver, gold and objects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
the silver and the gold and the objects were weighed out ... into the hand of Meremoth
Here “the hand of Meremoth” represents Meremoth’s care of the silver, gold, and objects. The men weighed those things and gave them to Meremoth to take care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
those who had come back from the captivity, the sons of the exiles
These two phrases refer to the Jewish people who were living as exiles in Babylon and who left Babylon and returned to Jerusalem in Judea. Alternate translation: “The ones who came back to Jerusalem from the captivity in Babylon, the people of exile”
These were the Babylonian officials managing the people west of the Euphrates River, which included the people living in Judea.
406
EZR
8
36
d38g
translate-names
וּפַחֲו֖וֹת עֵ֣בֶר הַנָּהָ֑ר
1
the Province Beyond the River
This is the name of the province that was west of the Euphrates River. It was across the river from the city of Susa. It included Judea. See how you translated it in [Ezra 4:10](../04/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
407
EZR
9
intro
k1yz
0
# Ezra 09 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Intermarriage<br>When Ezra found out that many Jews had married Gentile wives, he prayed to God and asked God why he had been so good to them by letting these few people return from captivity even though they sinned by marrying Gentile wives. They did this before and God had punished them for it. God forbid this type of marriage because it caused the people to worship other gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br>
408
EZR
9
1
kb76
לֹֽא־ נִבְדְּל֞וּלֹֽא־נִבְדְּל֞וּ
1
have not separated themselves
have married people from other lands and have adopted their religion
our iniquities have risen higher than our head, and our guilt has grown up to the heavens
These words are two ways of speaking of iniquity and guilt as if they were physical objects that could grow to be larger than people. The abstract nouns “iniquity” and “guilt” can be expressed as a noun and an adjective, respectively. Alternate translation: “we have committed wicked deeds and we are very guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
415
EZR
9
7
sv5f
מִימֵ֣י אֲבֹתֵ֗ינוּ
1
the days of our fathers
“the time when our ancestors were alive”
416
EZR
9
7
wet1
figs-abstractnouns
בְּאַשְׁמָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֔ה ... וּבַעֲוֺנֹתֵ֡ינוּ
1
very guilty ... our iniquities
The abstract nouns “guilt” and “iniquity” can be translated as an adjective and a verb, respectively. Alternate translation: “very guilty ... Because of the evil deeds we did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
418
EZR
9
7
v9sd
figs-metonymy
בְּיַ֣ד׀ מַלְכֵ֣י הָאֲרָצ֗וֹת
1
into the hand of kings of the lands
Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “were given into the control of the kings of this world” or “were given over to the kings of this world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
to the sword, to captivity, and to plunder, and to ashamed faces
The sword is a metonym for people killing other people. The abstract nouns “captivity” and “plunder” can be stated as verb phrases. And, “faces” is a synecdoche representing the whole person. Alternate translation: “to our enemies to kill us, to capture us, to steal from us, and to cause us shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
420
EZR
9
8
jqq9
figs-metaphor
הָיְתָ֨ה תְחִנָּ֜ה מֵאֵ֣ת׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵ֗ינוּ
1
grace has been shown from Yahweh our God
God deciding to be merciful is spoken of as if mercy were a person who could move. Alternate translation: “Yahweh our God has decided to be merciful to us and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “loyal.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ezra 7:28](../07/28.md). Alternate translation: “but he as been faithful to us” or “he has been loyal to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
422
EZR
9
9
eb2m
figs-metonymy
לִפְנֵי֩ מַלְכֵ֨י פָרַ֜ס
1
in the sight of the king of Persia
The king could not literally see the temple, but he did know about what was happening in Jerusalem. Here “sight” is a metonym for what a person knows. Alternate translation: “so that the king of Persia knows about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
The wall that keeps people safe is a metaphor for Yahweh protecting his people. Alternate translation: “could keep us safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
should we again break your commandments and intermarry with the people of these abominations?
This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “it is very wrong that some of us have broken your commandments and made ... people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
Would you not be angry ... no remnant or survivor?
This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am afraid that you will be angry ... escape.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
# Ezra 10 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Intermarriages<br>The people agree to divorce their Gentile wives. Many Jews were involved in these mixed marriages. Divorce should not normally have been common for the Jews to engage in, but marriage with non-Jewish women was not allowed.<br>
Everyone who did not come ... all his property would be forfeited, and he would be excluded
“The officials would take all the possessions away from anyone who did not come ... and would excuse them” or “The people of Judah and Jerusalem would take all the possessions away from anyone who did not come ... and would exclude them”
441
EZR
10
8
a5ia
translate-numbers
לִשְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת הַיָּמִ֗ים
1
three days
3 days (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
This is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. The twentieth day is near the middle of December on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
444
EZR
10
9
j9d3
בִּרְחוֹב֙
1
in the square
a large open courtyard in front of the temple
445
EZR
10
10
x4sz
figs-abstractnouns
מְעַלְתֶּ֔ם
1
have acted unfaithfully
The abstract noun “treason” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “helped the enemies of your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
This litotes can be translated in positive form. Alternate translation: “we will need a long time to do all this work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
at the appointed time with the elders and judges of each of their cities
This can be translated in active form and as separate sentences. Alternate translation: “at the time that you will determine. Let them come with the city elder and the city judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
Jonathan son of Asahel and Jahzeiah son of Tikvah opposed this
Possible meanings are, 1) these men did not want the city officials to investigate the offenses or 2) they did not want anyone to investigate the people’s marriages.
452
EZR
10
16
jyy9
וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־ כֵן֮וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵן֮
1
did this
The people investigated who had married non-Jewish wives.
453
EZR
10
16
c2z7
translate-hebrewmonths
בְּי֤וֹם אֶחָד֙ לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הָעֲשִׂירִ֔י
1
the first day of the tenth month
This is the tenth month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the middle of December on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
454
EZR
10
17
kgk5
translate-hebrewmonths
י֥וֹם אֶחָ֖ד לַחֹ֥דֶשׁ הָרִאשֽׁוֹן
1
first day of the first month
This is near the middle of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
455
EZR
10
18
rqg8
יֵשׁ֤וּעַ
1
Jeshua
See how you translated this in [Ezra 2:2](../02/02.md).
518
EZR
10
43
tun4
translate-names
זָבָ֣ד
1
Zabad
This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 10:27](../10/27.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
519
EZR
10
43
kb1m
translate-names
זְבִינָ֔א ידו וְיוֹאֵ֖ל
1
Zebina ... Jaddai ... Joel
These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
520
EZR
10
43
jwl8
translate-names
בְּנָיָֽה
1
Benaiah
This is a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Ezra 10:25](../10/25.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
521
EZR
10
44
f8ms
כָּל־ אֵ֕לֶּהכָּל־אֵ֕לֶּה
1
All of these
all the men in the list beginning in [Ezra 10:20](../10/20.md)
Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
JON front intro hk4p 0 # Introduction to Jonah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Jonah<br><br>1. Jonah tries to run away from Yahweh (1:1-2:10)<br>- Jonah disobeys Yahweh’s first call to go to Nineveh (1:1–3)<br>- Jonah and the Gentile sailors (1:4–16)<br>- Yahweh provides a large fish to swallow Jonah (1:17)<br>- Jonah prays from inside the fish and is rescued (2:1–10)<br>1. Jonah in Nineveh (3:1-4:11)<br>- Yahweh again calls Jonah to go to Nineveh, and Jonah proclaims Yahweh’s message (3:1–4)<br>- Nineveh repents (3:5-9)<br>- Yahweh decides not to destroy Nineveh (3:10)<br>- Jonah is very angry with Yahweh (4:1–3)<br>- Yahweh teaches Jonah about grace and mercy (4:4–11)<br><br>### What is the Book of Jonah about?<br><br>Jonah, son of Amittai, was a prophet from Gath Hepher (2 Kings 14:25). This book tells about what happened to Jonah. It tells how Yahweh shows mercy and grace to Gentiles. It also tells how the Ninevites repented and called out to Yahweh for mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br><br>Yahweh sent Jonah to warn the people of Nineveh that he was ready to punish them. Yahweh said that if they would repent he would not harm them. However, Jonah was an Israelite and he did not want the Ninevites to repent. So Jonah tried to sail away in the opposite direction instead of doing what Yahweh told him to do. But Yahweh stopped him by sending a storm and a large fish to swallow him.<br><br>Jonah repented and warned the Ninevites. As a result, Yahweh taught him that he is concerned about all people, not just the Israelites.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book is traditionally titled “The Book of Jonah” or just “Jonah.” Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as “The Book about Jonah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Jonah?<br><br>Jonah was probably involved in the writing of this book. However, scholars do not know who actually wrote it.<br><br>Jonah lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He prophesied sometime between 800 and 750 B.C. during the reign of King Jeroboam II.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the nation of Assyria?<br><br>During the time of Jonah, Assyria was the most powerful kingdom in the ancient Near East. Nineveh was the capital city of Assyria.<br><br>Assyria was cruel to its enemies. Eventually, Yahweh punished the Assyrians for the wicked things they did.<br><br>### Did Assyria convert to Judaism?<br><br>Some scholars think that the Assyrians started worshiping Yahweh alone. However, most scholars think they continued to worship other false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br>
JON 1 intro xvp2 0 # Jonah 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The narrative of this chapter starts abruptly. This could cause difficulty for the translator. The translator should not attempt to smooth this introduction unless absolutely necessary.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Miracle<br><br>In verse [Jonah 17](./17.md), there is the mention of “a great fish.” It may be difficult to imagine a sea creature big enough to swallow a man whole and who then survives for three days and nights inside. Translators should not try to explain miraculous events in an attempt to make it easier to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Situational irony<br><br>There is an ironic situation in this chapter. Jonah is a prophet of God and should endeavor to do God’s will. Instead, he is running away from God. Although the Gentile sailors are not Israelites, they act out of faith and fear of Yahweh when sending Jonah to a “certain death” by throwing him overboard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>### Sea<br><br>People in the ancient Near East also saw the sea as chaotic and did not trust it. Some of the gods they worshiped were gods of the sea. Jonah’s people, the Hebrews, feared the sea greatly. However, Jonah’s fear of Yahweh was not enough to keep him from going into a ship and sailing to get away from Yahweh. His actions are contrasted by the actions of the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Implicit information<br><br>Even though no one knows for sure where Tarshish was, the writer assumes that the reader knows that Jonah had to face away from Nineveh to go there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
JON 1 1 ll6c figs-idiom וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Now the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 1 1 qa3z דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 the word of Yahweh “the message of Yahweh”
JON 1 1 ll6c figs-idiom וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Now the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 1 1 qa3z דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 the word of Yahweh “the message of Yahweh”
JON 1 1 s6av יְהוָ֔ה 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
JON 1 1 jv8c translate-names אֲמִתַּ֖י 1 Amittai This is the name of Jonah’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JON 1 2 x5ua ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֛ה הָעִ֥יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֖ה 1 Get up and go to Nineveh, the great city “Go to the important city of Nineveh”
JON 1 2 x5ua ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֛ה הָעִ֥יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֖ה 1 Get up and go to Nineveh, the great city “Go to the important city of Nineveh”
JON 1 2 v2xt figs-idiom ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ 1 Get up and go This is a common expression for traveling to distant places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 1 2 jqz9 figs-metonymy וּקְרָ֣א עָלֶ֑יהָ 1 speak out against it God is referring to the people of the city. Alternate translation: “warn the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JON 1 2 rki2 עָלְתָ֥ה רָעָתָ֖ם לְפָנָֽ 1 their wickedness has risen up before me “I know they have been continually sinning”
JON 1 4 jl77 figs-activepassive לְהִשָּׁבֵֽר 1 to be broken up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to break apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JON 1 5 d13r הַמַּלָּחִ֗ים 1 the sailors the men who worked on the ship
JON 1 5 u2bj אֱלֹהָיו֒ 1 his own god Here “god” refers to false gods and idols that people worship.
JON 1 5 sh1b וַיָּטִ֨לוּ אֶת־הַכֵּלִ֜ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר בָּֽאֳנִיָּה֙ 1 They threw the cargo that was in the ship “The men threw the heavy things off the ship.” This was done to keep the ship from sinking.
JON 1 5 sh1b וַיָּטִ֨לוּ אֶת־הַכֵּלִ֜ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר בָּֽאֳנִיָּה֙ 1 They threw the cargo that was in the ship “The men threw the heavy things off the ship.” This was done to keep the ship from sinking.
JON 1 5 tg27 לְהָקֵ֖ל מֵֽעֲלֵיהֶ֑ם 1 to lighten it Making the ship lighter would make if float better. Alternate translation: “to help the ship float better”
JON 1 5 uzt4 וְיוֹנָ֗ה יָרַד֙ אֶל־יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַסְּפִינָ֔ה 1 But Jonah had gone down into the innermost parts of the ship Jonah did this before the storm started.
JON 1 5 uzt4 וְיוֹנָ֗ה יָרַד֙ אֶל־יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַסְּפִינָ֔ה 1 But Jonah had gone down into the innermost parts of the ship Jonah did this before the storm started.
JON 1 5 f63r יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַסְּפִינָ֔ה 1 the innermost parts of the ship “inside the ship”
JON 1 5 g4y4 וַיִּשְׁכַּ֖ב וַיֵּרָדַֽם 1 had lain down and was deeply asleep “was lying there fast asleep” or “was lying there and sleeping deeply.” For this reason, the storm did not wake him up.
JON 1 6 laa3 וַיִּקְרַ֤ב אֵלָיו֙ רַ֣ב הַחֹבֵ֔ל וַיֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖וֹ 1 So the captain came to him and said to him “The man in charge of the ship went to Jonah and said”
JON 1 6 yx7e figs-rquestion מַה־לְּךָ֣ נִרְדָּ֑ם 1 What are you doing sleeping? “Why are you sleeping?” He used this rhetorical question to scold Jonah. Alternate translation: “Stop sleeping!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 1 6 yx7e figs-rquestion מַה־לְּךָ֣ נִרְדָּ֑ם 1 What are you doing sleeping? “Why are you sleeping?” He used this rhetorical question to scold Jonah. Alternate translation: “Stop sleeping!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 1 6 bd4f figs-idiom ק֚וּם 1 Get up! This refers to doing some activity. For Jonah, the Captain is telling him to wake up and pray to his god for safe passage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 1 6 k7a5 figs-idiom קְרָ֣א אֶל־אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ 1 Call upon your god! “Pray to your god!” “Call” refers to getting the attention of someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 1 6 k7a5 figs-idiom קְרָ֣א אֶל־אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ 1 Call upon your god! “Pray to your god!” “Call” refers to getting the attention of someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 1 6 sk7i figs-explicit אוּלַ֞י יִתְעַשֵּׁ֧ת הָאֱלֹהִ֛ים לָ֖נוּ וְלֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד 1 Maybe your god will notice us and we will not perish The implicit information that Jonah’s god might save them could be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Maybe your god will hear and save us so that we will not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 1 7 sc57 וַיֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗הוּ 1 They all said to each other “The sailors all said to each other”
JON 1 7 sc57 וַיֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗הוּ 1 They all said to each other “The sailors all said to each other”
JON 1 7 l5xq לְכוּ֙ וְנַפִּ֣ילָה גֽוֹרָל֔וֹת וְנֵ֣דְעָ֔ה בְּשֶׁלְּמִ֛י הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ 1 Come, let us cast lots, so that we may know on whose account this evil is happening to us “We should cast lots to know who has caused this trouble.” The men believed that the gods would control how the lots fell in order to tell them what they wanted to know. This was a form of divination.
JON 1 7 d726 הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את 1 this evil This refers to the terrible storm.
JON 1 7 at67 וַיִּפֹּ֥ל הַגּוֹרָ֖ל עַל־יוֹנָֽה 1 the lot fell to Jonah “the lot showed that Jonah was the guilty person”
JON 1 7 at67 וַיִּפֹּ֥ל הַגּוֹרָ֖ל עַל־יוֹנָֽה 1 the lot fell to Jonah “the lot showed that Jonah was the guilty person”
JON 1 8 wkh6 וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֔יו 1 Then they said to him “Then the men who were working on the ship said to Jonah”
JON 1 8 e7wb הַגִּידָה־נָּ֣א לָ֔נוּ בַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר לְמִי־הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ 1 Please tell us on whose account this evil is happening to us “Who caused this bad thing that is happening to us?”
JON 1 8 e7wb הַגִּידָה־נָּ֣א לָ֔נוּ בַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר לְמִי־הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ 1 Please tell us on whose account this evil is happening to us “Who caused this bad thing that is happening to us?”
JON 1 9 wav5 יְהוָ֞ה ... אֲנִ֣י יָרֵ֔א 1 I fear Yahweh The word “fear” refers Jonah having a deep respecting God.
JON 1 10 peg3 figs-rquestion מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ 1 What is this that you have done? The men on the ship used this rhetorical question to show how angry they were at Jonah. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 1 10 peg3 figs-rquestion מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ 1 What is this that you have done? The men on the ship used this rhetorical question to show how angry they were at Jonah. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 1 10 us1r figs-metonymy מִלִּפְנֵ֤י יְהוָה֙ ה֣וּא בֹרֵ֔חַ 1 he was running away from the presence of Yahweh Here Yahweh is represented by his presence. Jonah was seeking to escape Yahweh as if Yahweh was present only in the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “Jonah was running away from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JON 1 10 hw1p figs-explicit כִּ֥י הִגִּ֖יד לָהֶֽם 1 because he had told them. What he told them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “because he had said to them, ‘I am trying to get away from Yahweh.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 1 11 kb4c וַיֹּאמְר֤וּ אֵלָיו֙ 1 they said to him “the men on the ship said to Jonah” or “the sailors said to Jonah”
JON 1 11 ik6d נַּ֣עֲשֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ וְיִשְׁתֹּ֥ק הַיָּ֖ם מֵֽעָלֵ֑ינוּ 1 should we do to you so that the sea will calm down “do with you in order to make the sea become calm”
JON 1 11 wxr7 הַיָּ֖ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְסֹעֵֽר 1 the sea became more and more violent This was the reason that the men asked Jonah what they should do. This reason can also be put at the beginning of verse 11 as in the UST.
JON 1 12 h982 כִּ֚י יוֹדֵ֣עַ אָ֔נִי כִּ֣י בְשֶׁלִּ֔י הַסַּ֧עַר הַגָּד֛וֹל הַזֶּ֖ה עֲלֵיכֶֽם 1 for I know that this great storm is happening to you because of me “because I know this huge storm is my fault”
JON 1 13 lcd3 figs-explicit וַיַּחְתְּר֣וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֗ים לְהָשִׁ֛יב אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָׁ֖ה 1 Nevertheless, the men rowed hard to get back to the land The men did not want to throw Jonah into the sea, so they rowed hard as if they were digging into the water to get back to land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 1 13 lcd3 figs-explicit וַיַּחְתְּר֣וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֗ים לְהָשִׁ֛יב אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָׁ֖ה 1 Nevertheless, the men rowed hard to get back to the land The men did not want to throw Jonah into the sea, so they rowed hard as if they were digging into the water to get back to land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 1 13 m3iq הַיָּ֔ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְסֹעֵ֖ר 1 the sea was becoming more and more violent “the storm became worse, and the waves became bigger”
JON 1 14 ap77 וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ 1 Therefore they cried out “Because of this” or “Because the sea became more violent”
JON 1 14 q2xq וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ אֶל־יְהוָ֜ה 1 they cried out to Yahweh “the men prayed to Yahweh”
JON 1 14 wz6z אַל־... נֹאבְדָ֗ה בְּנֶ֨פֶשׁ֙ הָאִ֣ישׁ הַזֶּ֔ה 1 do not let us perish on account of the life of this man “Please do not kill us because we caused this man to die” or “We are going to cause this man to die. But please do not kill us”
JON 1 14 vv5t figs-metaphor וְאַל־תִּתֵּ֥ן עָלֵ֖ינוּ דָּ֣ם נָקִ֑יא 1 do not accuse us of shedding innocent blood “please do not blame us for his death” or “do not consider us guilty when this man dies.” The author speaks of “guilt” as if it were an object that can be placed on top of a person. It refers to making that person accountable for their actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 1 14 q2xq וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ אֶל־יְהוָ֜ה 1 they cried out to Yahweh “the men prayed to Yahweh”
JON 1 14 wz6z אַל־... נֹאבְדָ֗ה בְּנֶ֨פֶשׁ֙ הָאִ֣ישׁ הַזֶּ֔ה 1 do not let us perish on account of the life of this man “Please do not kill us because we caused this man to die” or “We are going to cause this man to die. But please do not kill us”
JON 1 14 vv5t figs-metaphor וְאַל־תִּתֵּ֥ן עָלֵ֖ינוּ דָּ֣ם נָקִ֑יא 1 do not accuse us of shedding innocent blood “please do not blame us for his death” or “do not consider us guilty when this man dies.” The author speaks of “guilt” as if it were an object that can be placed on top of a person. It refers to making that person accountable for their actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 1 15 l9cf וַיַּעֲמֹ֥ד הַיָּ֖ם מִזַּעְפּֽוֹ 1 the sea stopped raging “the sea stopped moving violently” or “the sea became calm”
JON 1 16 r3gs וַיִּֽירְא֧וּ ... יִרְאָ֥ה גְדוֹלָ֖ה 1 feared Yahweh with a great fear “became greatly awed at Yahweh’s power”
JON 1 17 q87y 0 General Information: Some versions number this verse as the first verse of chapter 2. You may want to number the verses according to the main version that your language group uses.
JON 2 intro ae4k 0 # Jonah 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins with a prayer by Jonah, and many translators have chosen to set it apart by setting its lines farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Translators can follow this practice, but they are not obligated to.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sea<br>This chapter contains many terms from the sea.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Poetry<br>Prayers in Scripture often contain a poetic form. Poetry frequently uses metaphors to communicate something with a special meaning. For example, since Jonah was in a fish in the sea, being trapped is compared to a prison. Jonah is overwhelmed by the depth of the sea and expresses this by speaking about the at the “base of the mountains” and in the “belly of Sheol.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Repentance<br>Scholars are divided over whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine or whether he was trying to save his life. In light of his attitude in chapter 4, it is uncertain if he was genuinely repentant. If possible, it is best for translators to avoid making a definitive stance on whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br>
JON 2 1 alr2 יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהָ֑יו 1 Yahweh his God This means “Yahweh, the God he worshiped.” The word “his” does not mean that Jonah owned God.
JON 2 2 al5b וַיֹּ֗אמֶר 1 He said “Jonah said”
JON 2 2 s7fi קָ֠רָאתִי מִצָּ֥רָה לִ֛י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה 1 I called out to Yahweh about my distress “I prayed to Yahweh about my great trouble.” Even though Jonah was praying to Yahweh, he used Yahweh’s name here and not “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I called out to you about my distress”
JON 2 2 s7fi קָ֠רָאתִי מִצָּ֥רָה לִ֛י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה 1 I called out to Yahweh about my distress “I prayed to Yahweh about my great trouble.” Even though Jonah was praying to Yahweh, he used Yahweh’s name here and not “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I called out to you about my distress”
JON 2 2 wdr4 וַֽיַּעֲנֵ֑נִי 1 he answered me “Yahweh responded to me” or “he helped me”
JON 2 2 w8wn figs-metaphor מִבֶּ֧טֶן שְׁא֛וֹל 1 from the belly of Sheol “from the center of Sheol” or “from the deep part of Sheol.” Possible meanings are 1) Jonah was speaking as being in the belly of the whale was being in Sheol or 2) Jonah believed that he was about to die and go to Sheol or 3) He spoke as if he already had died and gone there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 2 3 n5wa 1 General Information: This is a continuation of Jonah’s prayer that started in [Jonah 2:2](../02/02.md). In verse 4 Jonah spoke of something he had prayed before this prayer.
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ JON 2 3 p8fd וְנָהָ֖ר יְסֹבְבֵ֑נִי 1 the currents sur
JON 2 3 c6jx figs-doublet מִשְׁבָּרֶ֥יךָ וְגַלֶּ֖יךָ 1 your billows and your waves These are disturbances on the surface of the ocean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JON 2 4 x1w9 figs-activepassive נִגְרַ֖שְׁתִּי 1 I am driven out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have driven me away” or “You have sent me away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JON 2 4 z1yx figs-synecdoche מִנֶּ֣גֶד עֵינֶ֑יךָ 1 from before your eyes Here Yahweh is represented by his “eyes.” Alternate translation: “from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JON 2 4 b8vk figs-rquestion אַ֚ךְ אוֹסִ֣יף לְהַבִּ֔יט אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁךָ 1 yet I will again look toward your holy temple Jonah has hope that, in spite of all he is going through, he will see the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 2 4 b8vk figs-rquestion אַ֚ךְ אוֹסִ֣יף לְהַבִּ֔יט אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁךָ 1 yet I will again look toward your holy temple Jonah has hope that, in spite of all he is going through, he will see the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 2 5 pu5q 0 General Information: This is a continuation of Jonah’s prayer that started in [Jonah 2:2](../02/02.md).
JON 2 5 rf4b מַ֨יִם֙ 1 The waters “The waters” refers to the sea.
JON 2 5 ca31 נֶ֔פֶשׁ 1 my soul Some versions understand the Hebrew word in this expression to mean “my life.” In that interpretation, the waters were about to take away Jonah’s life.
JON 2 6 dc3r figs-metaphor וַתַּ֧עַל מִשַּׁ֛חַת חַיַּ֖י 1 Yet you brought up my life from the pit Jonah speaks of the place of the dead as if it were a pit. Alternate translation: “But you saved my life from the place of the dead” or “But you saved me from the place where the dead people are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 2 6 i3mx יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהָֽי 1 Yahweh, my God! In some languages, it may be more natural to put this at the beginning of the sentence or next to the word “you.”
JON 2 7 gm7v 0 General Information: This is a continuation of Jonah’s prayer that started in [Jonah 2:2](../02/02.md).
JON 2 7 l2b6 אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי 1 I remembered Yahweh Since Jonah was praying to Yahweh, it might be more clear in some languages to say “I thought about you, Yahweh” or “Yahweh, I thought about you.”
JON 2 7 ue9g figs-metaphor וַתָּב֤וֹא אֵלֶ֨יךָ֙ תְּפִלָּתִ֔י אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁךָ 1 then my prayer came to you, to your holy temple Jonah speaks as if his prayers could travel to God and his temple. Alternate translation: “then you in your holy temple heard my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 2 8 u1l9 מְשַׁמְּרִ֖ים הַבְלֵי־שָׁ֑וְא 1 Those who give attention to useless idols “People pay attention to useless gods”
JON 2 7 l2b6 אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי 1 I remembered Yahweh Since Jonah was praying to Yahweh, it might be more clear in some languages to say “I thought about you, Yahweh” or “Yahweh, I thought about you.”
JON 2 7 ue9g figs-metaphor וַתָּב֤וֹא אֵלֶ֨יךָ֙ תְּפִלָּתִ֔י אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁךָ 1 then my prayer came to you, to your holy temple Jonah speaks as if his prayers could travel to God and his temple. Alternate translation: “then you in your holy temple heard my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 2 8 u1l9 מְשַׁמְּרִ֖ים הַבְלֵי־שָׁ֑וְא 1 Those who give attention to useless idols “People pay attention to useless gods”
JON 2 8 fac9 חַסְדָּ֖ם יַעֲזֹֽבוּ 1 forsake loving faithfulness “are rejecting you, who would be faithful to them”
JON 2 9 z2y4 0 General Information: This is a continuation of Jonah’s prayer that started in [Jonah 2:2](../02/02.md).
JON 2 9 q3yb וַאֲנִ֗י 1 But as for me This expression in English shows that there is a contrast between the people Jonah had just spoken about and himself. They paid attention to useless gods, but he would worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “But I”
JON 2 9 nfd2 בְּק֤וֹל תּוֹדָה֙ אֶזְבְּחָה־לָּ֔ךְ 1 I will sacrifice to you with a voice of thanksgiving This means that Jonah would thank God while he offered a sacrifice to him. It is not clear whether Jonah planned to thank God by singing or shouting joyfully.
JON 2 9 nfd2 בְּק֤וֹל תּוֹדָה֙ אֶזְבְּחָה־לָּ֔ךְ 1 I will sacrifice to you with a voice of thanksgiving This means that Jonah would thank God while he offered a sacrifice to him. It is not clear whether Jonah planned to thank God by singing or shouting joyfully.
JON 2 9 r4j4 figs-abstractnouns יְשׁוּעָ֖תָה לַיהוָֽה 1 Salvation is from Yahweh This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “salvation” is expressed as the verb “save.” “Yahweh is the one who saves people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JON 2 10 dz3j אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָֽׁה 1 upon the dry land “upon the ground” or “onto the shore”
JON 2 10 dz3j אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָֽׁה 1 upon the dry land “upon the ground” or “onto the shore”
JON 3 intro z3ut 0 # Jonah 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter returns to a narrative of Jonah’s life.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Animals<br>According to the king’s proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast he ordered. This most likely reflects their pagan mindset. There was nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have the animals participate in any religious acts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Size of Nineveh<br>When the author talks about the size of Nineveh, the measurements he gives are confusing. The phrase “three days’ journey” is ambiguous in Hebrew, as many scholars have remarked. In Jonah’s day, cities were not as big as they are today. So although Nineveh was a big city, it was not as big as most modern cities.<br><br>### God repenting or relenting<br>The last verse of this chapter says, “So then God changed his mind about the punishment that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it.” This concept of God changing His mind may be troubling for some translators and people may struggle to understand it. God’s character is consistent. This whole book is written from a human viewpoint and so it is hard to understand the mind of God.<br><br>Yahweh is just and merciful so even though God did not follow through with a judgment in this instance, God’s plan is always to punish evil. Later in history this nation did fall and was destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br>
JON 3 1 xj6n figs-idiom וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. See how you translated this in [Jonah 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 3 2 ve4i ק֛וּם לֵ֥ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֖ה הָעִ֣יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֑ה 1 Get up, go to Nineveh, the great city “Go to the important city of Nineveh”
JON 3 1 xj6n figs-idiom וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. See how you translated this in [Jonah 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 3 2 ve4i ק֛וּם לֵ֥ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֖ה הָעִ֣יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֑ה 1 Get up, go to Nineveh, the great city “Go to the important city of Nineveh”
JON 3 2 cl3b figs-idiom ק֛וּם 1 Get up This refers to leaving the place one is at. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 3 2 ir79 וִּקְרָ֤א אֵלֶ֨יהָ֙ אֶת־הַקְּרִיאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י דֹּבֵ֥ר אֵלֶֽיךָ 1 proclaim to it the message that I tell you “tell the people what I tell you to tell them”
JON 3 2 ir79 וִּקְרָ֤א אֵלֶ֨יהָ֙ אֶת־הַקְּרִיאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י דֹּבֵ֥ר אֵלֶֽיךָ 1 proclaim to it the message that I tell you “tell the people what I tell you to tell them”
JON 3 3 g4nk figs-metonymy כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 the word of Yahweh Here “word” represents Yahweh’s message. Alternate translation: “the message of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JON 3 3 k7k9 וַיָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה וַיֵּ֛לֶךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֶ֖ה כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 So Jonah got up and went to Nineveh, according to the word of Yahweh “This time Jonah obeyed Yahweh and went to Nineveh”
JON 3 3 k7k9 וַיָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה וַיֵּ֛לֶךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֶ֖ה כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 So Jonah got up and went to Nineveh, according to the word of Yahweh “This time Jonah obeyed Yahweh and went to Nineveh”
JON 3 3 j8x1 figs-idiom וַיָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה 1 Jonah got up “Jonah left the beach.” The words “got up” refer to preparing to go somewhere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JON 3 3 dt1b וְנִֽינְוֵ֗ה 1 Now Nineveh This word is used here to mark a change from the story to information about Nineveh.
JON 3 3 ye82 figs-idiom מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים 1 a journey of three days “a city of three days’ journey.” A person had to walk for three days to completely go through it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@ -103,53 +103,53 @@ JON 3 4 e1b9 מַהֲלַ֖ךְ י֣וֹם אֶחָ֑ד 1 on the first day’s
JON 3 4 r94k וַיִּקְרָא֙ וַיֹּאמַ֔ר 1 he called out and said “he proclaimed” or “he shouted”
JON 3 4 q2nc translate-numbers אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם 1 forty days “40 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
JON 3 5 e5lm figs-explicit וַיִּלְבְּשׁ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֔ים 1 put on sackcloth Why people put on sackcloth can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “They also put on coarse cloth to show that they were sorry for having sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 3 5 isk5 מִגְּדוֹלָ֖ם וְעַד־קְטַנָּֽם 1 from the greatest of them down to the least of them “from the most significant to the least significant people” or “including all the important people and all the unimportant people”
JON 3 5 isk5 מִגְּדוֹלָ֖ם וְעַד־קְטַנָּֽם 1 from the greatest of them down to the least of them “from the most significant to the least significant people” or “including all the important people and all the unimportant people”
JON 3 6 pna3 הַדָּבָר֙ 1 word “Jonah’s message”
JON 3 6 h9wz וַיָּ֨קָם֙ מִכִּסְא֔וֹ 1 He rose up from his throne “He got up from his throne” or “He stood up from his throne.” The king left his throne to show that he was acting humbly.
JON 3 6 pvp7 מִכִּסְא֔וֹ 1 throne A throne is a chair that the king sits on. It shows that he is the king.
JON 3 7 v29b וַיַּזְעֵ֗ק וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙ ... לֵאמֹ֑ר 1 He issued a proclamation and published it, saying “He sent out an official announcement that said” or “He sent his messengers to announce to the people in Nineveh”
JON 3 7 n5fn וּגְדֹלָ֖יו 1 nobles important men who helped the king rule the city
JON 3 7 xw6c הַבָּקָ֣ר וְהַצֹּ֗אן 1 herd nor flock This refers to two kinds of animals that people care for. Alternate translation: “cattle or sheep”
JON 3 7 fw18 figs-explicit אַ֨ל־יִרְע֔וּ וּמַ֖יִם אַל־יִשְׁתּֽוּ 1 Let them not eat, nor drink water “They must not eat nor drink anything.” The reason they were not to eat or drink anything can be made explicit by adding “in order to show that they are sorry for their sins.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 3 7 fw18 figs-explicit אַ֨ל־יִרְע֔וּ וּמַ֖יִם אַל־יִשְׁתּֽוּ 1 Let them not eat, nor drink water “They must not eat nor drink anything.” The reason they were not to eat or drink anything can be made explicit by adding “in order to show that they are sorry for their sins.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 3 8 ld2n 0 General Information: This is a continuation of what the king told the people of Nineveh.
JON 3 8 x6ct וְיִתְכַּסּ֣וּ ... הָֽאָדָם֙ וְהַבְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 But let man and animal “Let both”
JON 3 8 bmf5 figs-activepassive וְיִתְכַּסּ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֗ים הָֽאָדָם֙ וְהַבְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 let man and animal be covered with sackcloth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let people and animals wear sackcloth” or “let people cover themselves and their animals with sackcloth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JON 3 8 mzx6 וְהַבְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 animal The word “animal” refers to animals that people own.
JON 3 8 jh7e figs-explicit וְיִקְרְא֥וּ אֶל־אֱלֹהִ֖ים בְּחָזְקָ֑ה 1 let them cry out loudly to God “pray earnestly to God.” What they were to pray for can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “cry out loudly to God and ask for mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 3 8 jh7e figs-explicit וְיִקְרְא֥וּ אֶל־אֱלֹהִ֖ים בְּחָזְקָ֑ה 1 let them cry out loudly to God “pray earnestly to God.” What they were to pray for can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “cry out loudly to God and ask for mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 3 8 n3ls הֶחָמָ֖ס אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּכַפֵּיהֶֽם 1 the violence that is in his hands This means “the violent things that he does”
JON 3 9 wbt6 figs-rquestion מִֽי־יוֹדֵ֣עַ 1 Who knows? The king used this rhetorical question to get the people to think about something that they might not have thought possible, that if they would stop sinning, God might not kill them. It could be translated as a statement: “We do not know.” Or it could be stated as a word and be part of the next sentence: “Perhaps.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 3 9 wbt6 figs-rquestion מִֽי־יוֹדֵ֣עַ 1 Who knows? The king used this rhetorical question to get the people to think about something that they might not have thought possible, that if they would stop sinning, God might not kill them. It could be translated as a statement: “We do not know.” Or it could be stated as a word and be part of the next sentence: “Perhaps.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 3 9 z3jj יָשׁ֔וּב וְנִחַ֖ם הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 God may turn and relent “God may decide to do something different” or “God may not do what he said he will do”
JON 3 9 uvp9 וְלֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד 1 so that we do not perish “we do not die.” Here perish equates to drowning at sea.
JON 3 10 w3uu וַיַּ֤רְא הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ אֶֽת־מַ֣עֲשֵׂיהֶ֔ם 1 God saw their works “God understood that they stopped doing evil actions”
JON 3 10 w3uu וַיַּ֤רְא הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ אֶֽת־מַ֣עֲשֵׂיהֶ֔ם 1 God saw their works “God understood that they stopped doing evil actions”
JON 3 10 k8am figs-metaphor שָׁ֖בוּ מִדַּרְכָּ֣ם הָרָעָ֑ה 1 they turned from their evil The author speaks of the people stop sinning as if they turned their back to an object. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 3 10 i1gp figs-metaphor וַיִּנָּ֣חֶם הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים עַל־הָרָעָ֛ה אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּ֥ר לַעֲשׂוֹת־לָהֶ֖ם 1 So God relented concerning the disaster that he had said he would do to them Here God deciding not to do the punishment he had planned is spoken of is if he changed his mind. Alternate translation: “God changed his thinking about the punishment that he had said he would do to them” or “God decided not to punish them as he had said he would” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 3 10 i1gp figs-metaphor וַיִּנָּ֣חֶם הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים עַל־הָרָעָ֛ה אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּ֥ר לַעֲשׂוֹת־לָהֶ֖ם 1 So God relented concerning the disaster that he had said he would do to them Here God deciding not to do the punishment he had planned is spoken of is if he changed his mind. Alternate translation: “God changed his thinking about the punishment that he had said he would do to them” or “God decided not to punish them as he had said he would” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JON 3 10 it1a figs-explicit וְלֹ֥א עָשָֽׂה 1 he did not do it What God was to do can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “he did not punish them” or “he did not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 intro ys57 0 # Jonah 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Jonah continues the narrative while bringing the book to what seems like an unusual end. This emphasizes that the book is not really about Jonah. It is about God’s desire to be merciful on anyone, whether Jew or pagan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Jonah’s anger<br>It is important to see the relationship between a prophet and Yahweh. Aprophet was to prophesy for Yahweh, and his words must come true. According to the law of Moses, if that did not happen, the penalty was death. When Jonah told the city of Nineveh that it was going to be destroyed in forty days, he was certain it was going to happen. When it did not happen, Jonah was angry with God because he hated the people of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br>As in other places, Jonah asks rhetorical questions to show how angry he was at Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>### Parallel to Mount Sinai<br>In verse 2, Jonah attributes a series of characteristics to God. A Jewish reader of this book would recognize this as a formula Moses used in speaking about God when he was meeting God on Mount Sinai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### God’s grace<br>When Jonah went outside the city, he got very hot and God graciously provided some relief through the plant. God was trying to teach Jonah through an object lesson. It is important for the reader to see this clearly. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])<br>
JON 4 2 q6bb אָנָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ 1 Ah, Yahweh The word “Ah” expresses Jonah’s feeling of frustration.
JON 4 2 k24b figs-rquestion הֲלוֹא־זֶ֣ה דְבָרִ֗י עַד־הֱיוֹתִי֙ עַל־אַדְמָתִ֔י 1 is this not what I said when I was in my country? Jonah used this rhetorical question to show God how angry he was. Also, what Jonah said when he was back in his own country can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “When I was still in my own country I knew that if I warned the people of Nineveh, they would repent, and you would not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 2 jv5c וְרַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 abundant in covenant faithfulness “very faithful” or “you love people very much”
JON 4 2 wl7j וְנִחָ֖ם עַל־הָרָעָֽה 1 one who relents from sending disaster This means “you say that you will send disaster on sinners, but then you decide not to.” Alternate translation: “you decide not to punish people who sin”
JON 4 3 dm5t figs-explicit קַח־... אֶת־נַפְשִׁ֖י 1 take my life from me Jonah’s reason for wanting to die can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “since you will not destroy Nineveh as you said you would, please allow me to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 2 k24b figs-rquestion הֲלוֹא־זֶ֣ה דְבָרִ֗י עַד־הֱיוֹתִי֙ עַל־אַדְמָתִ֔י 1 is this not what I said when I was in my country? Jonah used this rhetorical question to show God how angry he was. Also, what Jonah said when he was back in his own country can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “When I was still in my own country I knew that if I warned the people of Nineveh, they would repent, and you would not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 2 jv5c וְרַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 abundant in covenant faithfulness “very faithful” or “you love people very much”
JON 4 2 wl7j וְנִחָ֖ם עַל־הָרָעָֽה 1 one who relents from sending disaster This means “you say that you will send disaster on sinners, but then you decide not to.” Alternate translation: “you decide not to punish people who sin”
JON 4 3 dm5t figs-explicit קַח־... אֶת־נַפְשִׁ֖י 1 take my life from me Jonah’s reason for wanting to die can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “since you will not destroy Nineveh as you said you would, please allow me to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 3 yk5v כִּ֛י ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי 1 for it is better for me to die than to live “I would prefer to die than live” or “because I want to die. I do not want to live”
JON 4 4 eb4a figs-rquestion הַהֵיטֵ֖ב חָ֥רָה לָֽךְ 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger? God used this rhetorical question to scold Jonah for being angry about something he should not have been angry about. Alternate translation: “Your anger is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 4 5 q1f7 וַיֵּצֵ֤א יוֹנָה֙ מִן־הָעִ֔יר 1 Jonah went out of the city “left the city of Nineveh”
JON 4 5 af46 מַה־יִּהְיֶ֖ה בָּעִֽיר 1 what might become of the city “what would happen to the city.” Jonah wanted to see if God would destroy the city or not destroy it.
JON 4 6 i4r4 מֵעַ֣ל לְיוֹנָ֗ה לִֽהְי֥וֹת צֵל֙ עַל־רֹאשׁ֔וֹ 1 over Jonah so that it might be shade over his head “over Jonah’s head for shade”
JON 4 5 q1f7 וַיֵּצֵ֤א יוֹנָה֙ מִן־הָעִ֔יר 1 Jonah went out of the city “left the city of Nineveh”
JON 4 5 af46 מַה־יִּהְיֶ֖ה בָּעִֽיר 1 what might become of the city “what would happen to the city.” Jonah wanted to see if God would destroy the city or not destroy it.
JON 4 6 i4r4 מֵעַ֣ל לְיוֹנָ֗ה לִֽהְי֥וֹת צֵל֙ עַל־רֹאשׁ֔וֹ 1 over Jonah so that it might be shade over his head “over Jonah’s head for shade”
JON 4 6 t21k לְהַצִּ֥יל ל֖וֹ מֵרָֽעָת֑וֹ 1 to rescue him from his distress “to protect Jonah from the heat of the sun”
JON 4 7 t7il וַיְמַ֤ן הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ תּוֹלַ֔עַת 1 But God prepared a worm “God sent a worm”
JON 4 7 rw7z וַתַּ֥ךְ אֶת־הַקִּֽיקָי֖וֹן 1 It attacked the plant “The worm chewed the plant”
JON 4 7 rw7z וַתַּ֥ךְ אֶת־הַקִּֽיקָי֖וֹן 1 It attacked the plant “The worm chewed the plant”
JON 4 7 d16m וַיִּיבָֽשׁ 1 so that it withered The plant became dry and died. Alternate translation: “the plant died”
JON 4 8 hmi4 figs-explicit וַיְמַ֨ן אֱלֹהִ֜ים ר֤וּחַ קָדִים֙ חֲרִישִׁ֔ית 1 God prepared a hot east wind God caused a hot wind from the east to blow on Jonah. If wind can only mean a cool or cold wind then you can try this. Alternate translation: “God sent a very hot warmth from the east to Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 8 mnu9 וַתַּ֥ךְ הַשֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ 1 the sun beat down “the sun was very hot”
JON 4 8 u2pl figs-synecdoche עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה 1 on the head of Jonah Jonah may have felt the heat most on his head. Alternate translation: “on Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JON 4 8 u2pl figs-synecdoche עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה 1 on the head of Jonah Jonah may have felt the heat most on his head. Alternate translation: “on Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JON 4 8 z95v וַיִּתְעַלָּ֑ף 1 he became faint “he became very weak” or “he lost his strength”
JON 4 8 eln6 ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי 1 It is better for me to die than to live “I would prefer to die than live” or “Because I want to die. I do not want to live.” See how you translated this in [Jonah 4:3](../04/03.md).
JON 4 9 a5f5 figs-rquestion הַהֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְךָ֖ עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant? God challenges Jonah for being angry that the plant died and yet wanted God to kill the people of Nineveh. Alternate translation: “Your anger about the plant dying is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 4 9 w24z figs-explicit הַהֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְךָ֖ עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant? implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You should be more concerned about the people in Nineveh dying than about the plant dying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 9 h43a הֵיטֵ֥ב חָֽרָה־לִ֖י עַד־מָֽוֶת 1 It is good for me to burn with anger, even to death “It is good that I am angry. Now I am angry enough to die!”
JON 4 9 a5f5 figs-rquestion הַהֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְךָ֖ עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant? God challenges Jonah for being angry that the plant died and yet wanted God to kill the people of Nineveh. Alternate translation: “Your anger about the plant dying is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 4 9 w24z figs-explicit הַהֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְךָ֖ עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant? implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You should be more concerned about the people in Nineveh dying than about the plant dying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 9 h43a הֵיטֵ֥ב חָֽרָה־לִ֖י עַד־מָֽוֶת 1 It is good for me to burn with anger, even to death “It is good that I am angry. Now I am angry enough to die!”
JON 4 10 gkz7 figs-explicit וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה 1 Yahweh said It may be helpful to say that Yahweh was speaking to Jonah. Alternate translation: “Yahweh said to Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JON 4 11 ecl1 figs-rquestion לֹ֣א אָח֔וּס עַל־נִינְוֵ֖ה הָעִ֣יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֑ה ... וּבְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה 1 should I not have compassion for Nineveh, that great city ... and also many cattle? God used this question to emphasize his claim that he should have compassion on Nineveh. Alternate translation: “I certainly should have compassion for Nineveh, that important city ... cattle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 4 11 dqi1 אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־בָּ֡הּ הַרְבֵּה֩ 1 in which there are more than This can also be the beginning of a new sentence. Alternate translation: “There are more” or “It has more”
JON 4 11 c3b7 translate-numbers מִֽשְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ אָדָ֗ם 1 one hundred and twenty thousand people 120,000 people (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
JON 4 11 j35h אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדַע֙ בֵּין־יְמִינ֣וֹ לִשְׂמֹאל֔וֹ 1 who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand This may be a way of saying “they cannot tell the difference between right and wrong.”
JON 4 11 ecl1 figs-rquestion לֹ֣א אָח֔וּס עַל־נִינְוֵ֖ה הָעִ֣יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֑ה ... וּבְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה 1 should I not have compassion for Nineveh, that great city ... and also many cattle? God used this question to emphasize his claim that he should have compassion on Nineveh. Alternate translation: “I certainly should have compassion for Nineveh, that important city ... cattle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JON 4 11 dqi1 אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־בָּ֡הּ הַרְבֵּה֩ 1 in which there are more than This can also be the beginning of a new sentence. Alternate translation: “There are more” or “It has more”
JON 4 11 c3b7 translate-numbers מִֽשְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ אָדָ֗ם 1 one hundred and twenty thousand people 120,000 people (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
JON 4 11 j35h אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדַע֙ בֵּין־יְמִינ֣וֹ לִשְׂמֹאל֔וֹ 1 who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand This may be a way of saying “they cannot tell the difference between right and wrong.”
JON 4 11 q55i writing-background וּבְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה 1 and also many cattle The author is pointing out the depth of Nineveh’s repentance to the extent that Yahweh takes note of the beasts’ participation in the act of repentance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
1
Book
Chapter
Verse
ID
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Occurrence
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OccurrenceNote
2
JON
front
intro
hk4p
0
# Introduction to Jonah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Jonah<br><br>1. Jonah tries to run away from Yahweh (1:1-2:10)<br>- Jonah disobeys Yahweh’s first call to go to Nineveh (1:1–3)<br>- Jonah and the Gentile sailors (1:4–16)<br>- Yahweh provides a large fish to swallow Jonah (1:17)<br>- Jonah prays from inside the fish and is rescued (2:1–10)<br>1. Jonah in Nineveh (3:1-4:11)<br>- Yahweh again calls Jonah to go to Nineveh, and Jonah proclaims Yahweh’s message (3:1–4)<br>- Nineveh repents (3:5-9)<br>- Yahweh decides not to destroy Nineveh (3:10)<br>- Jonah is very angry with Yahweh (4:1–3)<br>- Yahweh teaches Jonah about grace and mercy (4:4–11)<br><br>### What is the Book of Jonah about?<br><br>Jonah, son of Amittai, was a prophet from Gath Hepher (2 Kings 14:25). This book tells about what happened to Jonah. It tells how Yahweh shows mercy and grace to Gentiles. It also tells how the Ninevites repented and called out to Yahweh for mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br><br>Yahweh sent Jonah to warn the people of Nineveh that he was ready to punish them. Yahweh said that if they would repent he would not harm them. However, Jonah was an Israelite and he did not want the Ninevites to repent. So Jonah tried to sail away in the opposite direction instead of doing what Yahweh told him to do. But Yahweh stopped him by sending a storm and a large fish to swallow him.<br><br>Jonah repented and warned the Ninevites. As a result, Yahweh taught him that he is concerned about all people, not just the Israelites.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book is traditionally titled “The Book of Jonah” or just “Jonah.” Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as “The Book about Jonah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Jonah?<br><br>Jonah was probably involved in the writing of this book. However, scholars do not know who actually wrote it.<br><br>Jonah lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He prophesied sometime between 800 and 750 B.C. during the reign of King Jeroboam II.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the nation of Assyria?<br><br>During the time of Jonah, Assyria was the most powerful kingdom in the ancient Near East. Nineveh was the capital city of Assyria.<br><br>Assyria was cruel to its enemies. Eventually, Yahweh punished the Assyrians for the wicked things they did.<br><br>### Did Assyria convert to Judaism?<br><br>Some scholars think that the Assyrians started worshiping Yahweh alone. However, most scholars think they continued to worship other false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br>
3
JON
1
intro
xvp2
0
# Jonah 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The narrative of this chapter starts abruptly. This could cause difficulty for the translator. The translator should not attempt to smooth this introduction unless absolutely necessary.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Miracle<br><br>In verse [Jonah 17](./17.md), there is the mention of “a great fish.” It may be difficult to imagine a sea creature big enough to swallow a man whole and who then survives for three days and nights inside. Translators should not try to explain miraculous events in an attempt to make it easier to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Situational irony<br><br>There is an ironic situation in this chapter. Jonah is a prophet of God and should endeavor to do God’s will. Instead, he is running away from God. Although the Gentile sailors are not Israelites, they act out of faith and fear of Yahweh when sending Jonah to a “certain death” by throwing him overboard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>### Sea<br><br>People in the ancient Near East also saw the sea as chaotic and did not trust it. Some of the gods they worshiped were gods of the sea. Jonah’s people, the Hebrews, feared the sea greatly. However, Jonah’s fear of Yahweh was not enough to keep him from going into a ship and sailing to get away from Yahweh. His actions are contrasted by the actions of the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Implicit information<br><br>Even though no one knows for sure where Tarshish was, the writer assumes that the reader knows that Jonah had to face away from Nineveh to go there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
5
JON
1
1
qa3z
דְּבַר־ יְהוָ֔הדְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה
1
the word of Yahweh
“the message of Yahweh”
6
JON
1
1
s6av
יְהוָ֔ה
1
Yahweh
This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
7
JON
1
1
jv8c
translate-names
אֲמִתַּ֖י
1
Amittai
This is the name of Jonah’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
“The man in charge of the ship went to Jonah and said”
30
JON
1
6
yx7e
figs-rquestion
מַה־ לְּךָ֣ נִרְדָּ֑םמַה־לְּךָ֣ נִרְדָּ֑ם
1
What are you doing sleeping?
“Why are you sleeping?” He used this rhetorical question to scold Jonah. Alternate translation: “Stop sleeping!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
31
JON
1
6
bd4f
figs-idiom
ק֚וּם
1
Get up!
This refers to doing some activity. For Jonah, the Captain is telling him to wake up and pray to his god for safe passage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
32
JON
1
6
k7a5
figs-idiom
קְרָ֣א אֶל־ אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָקְרָ֣א אֶל־אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ
1
Call upon your god!
“Pray to your god!” “Call” refers to getting the attention of someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
Maybe your god will notice us and we will not perish
The implicit information that Jonah’s god might save them could be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Maybe your god will hear and save us so that we will not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
Come, let us cast lots, so that we may know on whose account this evil is happening to us
“We should cast lots to know who has caused this trouble.” The men believed that the gods would control how the lots fell in order to tell them what they wanted to know. This was a form of divination.
Please tell us on whose account this evil is happening to us
“Who caused this bad thing that is happening to us?”
40
JON
1
9
wav5
יְהוָ֞ה ... אֲנִ֣י יָרֵ֔א
1
I fear Yahweh
The word “fear” refers Jonah having a deep respecting God.
41
JON
1
10
peg3
figs-rquestion
מַה־ זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָמַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ
1
What is this that you have done?
The men on the ship used this rhetorical question to show how angry they were at Jonah. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
42
JON
1
10
us1r
figs-metonymy
מִלִּפְנֵ֤י יְהוָה֙ ה֣וּא בֹרֵ֔חַ
1
he was running away from the presence of Yahweh
Here Yahweh is represented by his presence. Jonah was seeking to escape Yahweh as if Yahweh was present only in the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “Jonah was running away from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
43
JON
1
10
hw1p
figs-explicit
כִּ֥י הִגִּ֖יד לָהֶֽם
1
because he had told them.
What he told them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “because he had said to them, ‘I am trying to get away from Yahweh.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
44
JON
1
11
kb4c
וַיֹּאמְר֤וּ אֵלָיו֙
1
they said to him
“the men on the ship said to Jonah” or “the sailors said to Jonah”
Nevertheless, the men rowed hard to get back to the land
The men did not want to throw Jonah into the sea, so they rowed hard as if they were digging into the water to get back to land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
49
JON
1
13
m3iq
הַיָּ֔ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְסֹעֵ֖ר
1
the sea was becoming more and more violent
“the storm became worse, and the waves became bigger”
50
JON
1
14
ap77
וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ
1
Therefore they cried out
“Because of this” or “Because the sea became more violent”
“please do not blame us for his death” or “do not consider us guilty when this man dies.” The author speaks of “guilt” as if it were an object that can be placed on top of a person. It refers to making that person accountable for their actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
54
JON
1
15
l9cf
וַיַּעֲמֹ֥ד הַיָּ֖ם מִזַּעְפּֽוֹ
1
the sea stopped raging
“the sea stopped moving violently” or “the sea became calm”
55
JON
1
16
r3gs
וַיִּֽירְא֧וּ ... יִרְאָ֥ה גְדוֹלָ֖ה
1
feared Yahweh with a great fear
“became greatly awed at Yahweh’s power”
56
JON
1
17
q87y
0
General Information:
Some versions number this verse as the first verse of chapter 2. You may want to number the verses according to the main version that your language group uses.
59
JON
2
intro
ae4k
0
# Jonah 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins with a prayer by Jonah, and many translators have chosen to set it apart by setting its lines farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Translators can follow this practice, but they are not obligated to.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sea<br>This chapter contains many terms from the sea.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Poetry<br>Prayers in Scripture often contain a poetic form. Poetry frequently uses metaphors to communicate something with a special meaning. For example, since Jonah was in a fish in the sea, being trapped is compared to a prison. Jonah is overwhelmed by the depth of the sea and expresses this by speaking about the at the “base of the mountains” and in the “belly of Sheol.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Repentance<br>Scholars are divided over whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine or whether he was trying to save his life. In light of his attitude in chapter 4, it is uncertain if he was genuinely repentant. If possible, it is best for translators to avoid making a definitive stance on whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br>
60
JON
2
1
alr2
יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהָ֑יו
1
Yahweh his God
This means “Yahweh, the God he worshiped.” The word “his” does not mean that Jonah owned God.
“I prayed to Yahweh about my great trouble.” Even though Jonah was praying to Yahweh, he used Yahweh’s name here and not “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I called out to you about my distress”
63
JON
2
2
wdr4
וַֽיַּעֲנֵ֑נִי
1
he answered me
“Yahweh responded to me” or “he helped me”
64
JON
2
2
w8wn
figs-metaphor
מִבֶּ֧טֶן שְׁא֛וֹל
1
from the belly of Sheol
“from the center of Sheol” or “from the deep part of Sheol.” Possible meanings are 1) Jonah was speaking as being in the belly of the whale was being in Sheol or 2) Jonah believed that he was about to die and go to Sheol or 3) He spoke as if he already had died and gone there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
65
JON
2
3
n5wa
1
General Information:
This is a continuation of Jonah’s prayer that started in [Jonah 2:2](../02/02.md). In verse 4 Jonah spoke of something he had prayed before this prayer.
69
JON
2
3
c6jx
figs-doublet
מִשְׁבָּרֶ֥יךָ וְגַלֶּ֖יךָ
1
your billows and your waves
These are disturbances on the surface of the ocean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
70
JON
2
4
x1w9
figs-activepassive
נִגְרַ֖שְׁתִּי
1
I am driven out
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have driven me away” or “You have sent me away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
71
JON
2
4
z1yx
figs-synecdoche
מִנֶּ֣גֶד עֵינֶ֑יךָ
1
from before your eyes
Here Yahweh is represented by his “eyes.” Alternate translation: “from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
Jonah has hope that, in spite of all he is going through, he will see the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
73
JON
2
5
pu5q
0
General Information:
This is a continuation of Jonah’s prayer that started in [Jonah 2:2](../02/02.md).
74
JON
2
5
rf4b
מַ֨יִם֙
1
The waters
“The waters” refers to the sea.
75
JON
2
5
ca31
נֶ֔פֶשׁ
1
my soul
Some versions understand the Hebrew word in this expression to mean “my life.” In that interpretation, the waters were about to take away Jonah’s life.
79
JON
2
6
dc3r
figs-metaphor
וַתַּ֧עַל מִשַּׁ֛חַת חַיַּ֖י
1
Yet you brought up my life from the pit
Jonah speaks of the place of the dead as if it were a pit. Alternate translation: “But you saved my life from the place of the dead” or “But you saved me from the place where the dead people are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
80
JON
2
6
i3mx
יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהָֽי
1
Yahweh, my God!
In some languages, it may be more natural to put this at the beginning of the sentence or next to the word “you.”
81
JON
2
7
gm7v
0
General Information:
This is a continuation of Jonah’s prayer that started in [Jonah 2:2](../02/02.md).
82
JON
2
7
l2b6
אֶת־ יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּיאֶת־יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי
1
I remembered Yahweh
Since Jonah was praying to Yahweh, it might be more clear in some languages to say “I thought about you, Yahweh” or “Yahweh, I thought about you.”
Jonah speaks as if his prayers could travel to God and his temple. Alternate translation: “then you in your holy temple heard my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
“are rejecting you, who would be faithful to them”
86
JON
2
9
z2y4
0
General Information:
This is a continuation of Jonah’s prayer that started in [Jonah 2:2](../02/02.md).
87
JON
2
9
q3yb
וַאֲנִ֗י
1
But as for me
This expression in English shows that there is a contrast between the people Jonah had just spoken about and himself. They paid attention to useless gods, but he would worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “But I”
I will sacrifice to you with a voice of thanksgiving
This means that Jonah would thank God while he offered a sacrifice to him. It is not clear whether Jonah planned to thank God by singing or shouting joyfully.
89
JON
2
9
r4j4
figs-abstractnouns
יְשׁוּעָ֖תָה לַיהוָֽה
1
Salvation is from Yahweh
This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “salvation” is expressed as the verb “save.” “Yahweh is the one who saves people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
90
JON
2
10
dz3j
אֶל־ הַיַּבָּשָֽׁהאֶל־הַיַּבָּשָֽׁה
1
upon the dry land
“upon the ground” or “onto the shore”
91
JON
3
intro
z3ut
0
# Jonah 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter returns to a narrative of Jonah’s life.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Animals<br>According to the king’s proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast he ordered. This most likely reflects their pagan mindset. There was nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have the animals participate in any religious acts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Size of Nineveh<br>When the author talks about the size of Nineveh, the measurements he gives are confusing. The phrase “three days’ journey” is ambiguous in Hebrew, as many scholars have remarked. In Jonah’s day, cities were not as big as they are today. So although Nineveh was a big city, it was not as big as most modern cities.<br><br>### God repenting or relenting<br>The last verse of this chapter says, “So then God changed his mind about the punishment that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it.” This concept of God changing His mind may be troubling for some translators and people may struggle to understand it. God’s character is consistent. This whole book is written from a human viewpoint and so it is hard to understand the mind of God.<br><br>Yahweh is just and merciful so even though God did not follow through with a judgment in this instance, God’s plan is always to punish evil. Later in history this nation did fall and was destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br>
92
JON
3
1
xj6n
figs-idiom
וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־ יְהוָ֛הוַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה
1
The word of Yahweh came
This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. See how you translated this in [Jonah 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
Why people put on sackcloth can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “They also put on coarse cloth to show that they were sorry for having sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
“They must not eat nor drink anything.” The reason they were not to eat or drink anything can be made explicit by adding “in order to show that they are sorry for their sins.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
114
JON
3
8
ld2n
0
General Information:
This is a continuation of what the king told the people of Nineveh.
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let people and animals wear sackcloth” or “let people cover themselves and their animals with sackcloth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
117
JON
3
8
mzx6
וְהַבְּהֵמָ֔ה
1
animal
The word “animal” refers to animals that people own.
“pray earnestly to God.” What they were to pray for can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “cry out loudly to God and ask for mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
119
JON
3
8
n3ls
הֶחָמָ֖ס אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּכַפֵּיהֶֽם
1
the violence that is in his hands
This means “the violent things that he does”
120
JON
3
9
wbt6
figs-rquestion
מִֽי־ יוֹדֵ֣עַמִֽי־יוֹדֵ֣עַ
1
Who knows?
The king used this rhetorical question to get the people to think about something that they might not have thought possible, that if they would stop sinning, God might not kill them. It could be translated as a statement: “We do not know.” Or it could be stated as a word and be part of the next sentence: “Perhaps.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
121
JON
3
9
z3jj
יָשׁ֔וּב וְנִחַ֖ם הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים
1
God may turn and relent
“God may decide to do something different” or “God may not do what he said he will do”
122
JON
3
9
uvp9
וְלֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד
1
so that we do not perish
“we do not die.” Here perish equates to drowning at sea.
So God relented concerning the disaster that he had said he would do to them
Here God deciding not to do the punishment he had planned is spoken of is if he changed his mind. Alternate translation: “God changed his thinking about the punishment that he had said he would do to them” or “God decided not to punish them as he had said he would” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
126
JON
3
10
it1a
figs-explicit
וְלֹ֥א עָשָֽׂה
1
he did not do it
What God was to do can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “he did not punish them” or “he did not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
127
JON
4
intro
ys57
0
# Jonah 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Jonah continues the narrative while bringing the book to what seems like an unusual end. This emphasizes that the book is not really about Jonah. It is about God’s desire to be merciful on anyone, whether Jew or pagan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Jonah’s anger<br>It is important to see the relationship between a prophet and Yahweh. Aprophet was to prophesy for Yahweh, and his words must come true. According to the law of Moses, if that did not happen, the penalty was death. When Jonah told the city of Nineveh that it was going to be destroyed in forty days, he was certain it was going to happen. When it did not happen, Jonah was angry with God because he hated the people of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br>As in other places, Jonah asks rhetorical questions to show how angry he was at Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>### Parallel to Mount Sinai<br>In verse 2, Jonah attributes a series of characteristics to God. A Jewish reader of this book would recognize this as a formula Moses used in speaking about God when he was meeting God on Mount Sinai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### God’s grace<br>When Jonah went outside the city, he got very hot and God graciously provided some relief through the plant. God was trying to teach Jonah through an object lesson. It is important for the reader to see this clearly. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])<br>
128
JON
4
2
q6bb
אָנָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙
1
Ah, Yahweh
The word “Ah” expresses Jonah’s feeling of frustration.
Jonah used this rhetorical question to show God how angry he was. Also, what Jonah said when he was back in his own country can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “When I was still in my own country I knew that if I warned the people of Nineveh, they would repent, and you would not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
130
JON
4
2
jv5c
וְרַב־ חֶ֔סֶדוְרַב־חֶ֔סֶד
1
abundant in covenant faithfulness
“very faithful” or “you love people very much”
131
JON
4
2
wl7j
וְנִחָ֖ם עַל־ הָרָעָֽהוְנִחָ֖ם עַל־הָרָעָֽה
1
one who relents from sending disaster
This means “you say that you will send disaster on sinners, but then you decide not to.” Alternate translation: “you decide not to punish people who sin”
132
JON
4
3
dm5t
figs-explicit
קַח־ ... אֶת־ נַפְשִׁ֖יקַח־... אֶת־נַפְשִׁ֖י
1
take my life from me
Jonah’s reason for wanting to die can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “since you will not destroy Nineveh as you said you would, please allow me to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
133
JON
4
3
yk5v
כִּ֛י ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי
1
for it is better for me to die than to live
“I would prefer to die than live” or “because I want to die. I do not want to live”
134
JON
4
4
eb4a
figs-rquestion
הַהֵיטֵ֖ב חָ֥רָה לָֽךְ
1
Is it good for you to burn with anger?
God used this rhetorical question to scold Jonah for being angry about something he should not have been angry about. Alternate translation: “Your anger is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
The plant became dry and died. Alternate translation: “the plant died”
142
JON
4
8
hmi4
figs-explicit
וַיְמַ֨ן אֱלֹהִ֜ים ר֤וּחַ קָדִים֙ חֲרִישִׁ֔ית
1
God prepared a hot east wind
God caused a hot wind from the east to blow on Jonah. If wind can only mean a cool or cold wind then you can try this. Alternate translation: “God sent a very hot warmth from the east to Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
143
JON
4
8
mnu9
וַתַּ֥ךְ הַשֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ
1
the sun beat down
“the sun was very hot”
144
JON
4
8
u2pl
figs-synecdoche
עַל־ רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖העַל־רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה
1
on the head of Jonah
Jonah may have felt the heat most on his head. Alternate translation: “on Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
145
JON
4
8
z95v
וַיִּתְעַלָּ֑ף
1
he became faint
“he became very weak” or “he lost his strength”
146
JON
4
8
eln6
ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי
1
It is better for me to die than to live
“I would prefer to die than live” or “Because I want to die. I do not want to live.” See how you translated this in [Jonah 4:3](../04/03.md).
Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant?
God challenges Jonah for being angry that the plant died and yet wanted God to kill the people of Nineveh. Alternate translation: “Your anger about the plant dying is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant?
implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You should be more concerned about the people in Nineveh dying than about the plant dying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
It is good for me to burn with anger, even to death
“It is good that I am angry. Now I am angry enough to die!”
150
JON
4
10
gkz7
figs-explicit
וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה
1
Yahweh said
It may be helpful to say that Yahweh was speaking to Jonah. Alternate translation: “Yahweh said to Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
should I not have compassion for Nineveh, that great city ... and also many cattle?
God used this question to emphasize his claim that he should have compassion on Nineveh. Alternate translation: “I certainly should have compassion for Nineveh, that important city ... cattle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand
This may be a way of saying “they cannot tell the difference between right and wrong.”
155
JON
4
11
q55i
writing-background
וּבְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה
1
and also many cattle
The author is pointing out the depth of Nineveh’s repentance to the extent that Yahweh takes note of the beasts’ participation in the act of repentance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
See in Reader
Jesse Griffin